on the art of war. t.w. dot com slash w w one what do you think what do you get for fifty cents. for fish that i. know a lot of visitors did not give which is a disputed stinking coffee almost all the lobster did you know it cost fifty cents to feed one hundred child for one full. day they could do one day. danish. them for ten dollars with a share of the meal sharing children. just fifty cents at the top on your smartphone smartphone users outnumber children by would. imagine the impact you and your friends could have together we can end global hunger please download the app.

for four years from nine hundred fourteen thousand nine hundred eighteen europe seemed on course to destroy itself. on august the fourth nine hundred fourteen germany invaded belgium. most of the world's major powers will soon drawn into the conflict. following the end of world war one europe began the long slow process of

reconstruction. parts of belgium and northern france were devastated. austrian writer. said that the war had affected him deeply. all the pale horses of the apocalypse have stormed into my life revolution and famine terror epidemics and the nationalism that has poisoned the flowering of our european culture. an estimated forty million people were killed in the wall and towns and villages were destroyed some farm fields were polluted by poison gas. large amounts of unexploded ordnance posed a real threat to life and limb. these materials including artillery shells had to be removed by hand.

these farmers are clearing away munitions in the peak of the region of france. people simply tried to make the best of a bad situation. if. the. french authorities ordered captured german soldiers to clear minefields a clear violation of the hague conventions which outlined the basic rights of prisoners. during the war france captured more than

three hundred thousand german troops. in which colts was sent to a prisoner of war camp at sweeney's near there done. they seem to consider me a criminal. but it's clear enough that the french hate us and they want us to pay for. many of the prisoners were suffering from hunger and disease. all of them just wanted to return home. life was also difficult for many french civilians for example post-war inflation drove up the prices of basic foods. volunteers arrived from america to help in the reconstruction effort. philanthropist and morgan and dr and mary dyke set up

a civilian relief organization called the american committee for devastated france . about three hundred fifty american women signed up to serve with the organization morgan wrote to her mother that she enjoyed her work. ethic. the people here need us they've suffered under german occupation they don't have much food and they sleep on bare floors but now they're doing better. than. they were now an estimated six million war orphans in europe.

these polish children eventually found new homes with families in the united states . in france the authorities made all things like these i'm all mouth wards of the state and looked after them until they became adults. that will millions of orphans or abandoned children in russia this led to an increase in juvenile delinquency across the country. street children who didn't have enough to eat often stole food the bolshevik government set up a number of all from the ages but not nearly enough to deal effectively with the problem.

christian center large numbers are all thumbs to live with families in rural canada some of the children were put to work on farms. a canadian m.p. j.s. wordsworth sharply criticized this policy were using children as cheap labor. i was many from the better life in canada than they had known in the slums of britain. was actually. many british women emigrated to commonwealth countries including australia the media claimed there was a shortage of men since seven hundred thousand british troops have been killed in the war was. throughout europe relatives mourn the loss of family members in the conflict. let's

you anian poet author milosz describe the emotions these people experienced as they filed past rings of crosses. over dead. but the dead are not as dead as i am. many families wanted to remove the bodies of their loved ones from mass graves so that they could be given a proper burial. the remains were often excused by military personnel. the bodies of an estimated two hundred thirty thousand victims were recovered in this way and returned to their relatives. nearly one point eight million soldiers are buried in france alone seven hundred thousand french seven hundred fifty

thousand germans three hundred thousand british including sixty thousand canadians i'm sorry four thousand americans many desperate relatives turn to the occult. to try to find missing soldiers. spiritism had become increasingly popular in the previous few decades. the winter knee was a prominent french spiritist philosopher. countless souls float above us eager to communicate. those who died in the war want to show themselves to their relatives. many critics dismissed spiritism as a fraud were. monuments to soldiers who died in the

war were erected in many cities there are an estimated one hundred seventy six thousand world war one memorials in france and there. they include a park a dedicated to soldiers of canada's royal newfoundland regiment. this bronze statue represent the regiment symbol accountable for. the unit suffered heavy casualties in the battle of the song. around the world sculptors worked day and night to keep up with the demand for war memorials. was. on november the eleventh nine hundred twenty king george the fifth unveiled a war memorial in central london its news the senate's odds which means empty to

integrate. this cough and containing the remains of an unknown soldier was then buried at nearby. westminster abbey the senator has since become the focus of british remembrance and commemoration ceremonies. efforts to create a similar memorial in france had been underway for several years a friendship piece said it was the right thing to do. that god. take your rightful place so that we cannot say that the land you have saved has forgotten its greatest heroes so that weeping mothers who have no place to mourn may near let your grave and say. my son you are here.

francis unknown soldier is that he did the uk to triodes in paradise the grave is marked with an eternal flame. a similar memorial was unveiled in belgium in one nine hundred twenty two. king i'll bet you took part in the ceremonies. america's unknown soldier was laid to rest of the national cemetery near washington national family know for sure the supreme allied commander during the war attended the ceremony. a crow indian chief called plenty coups also took part several decades before he had joined forces with the u.s. army to defend his tribe against enemies including the sioux. plenty coups paid

tribute to the unknown soldier by placing his war bonnet on the ceremonial stuff on the great. vosh told general pershing that he wanted to visit the western u.s. . i want to see the indian tribes. in late november one thousand nine hundred twenty one plus travel to north dakota where he met the suci fred tomahawk that's a ceremony that she's presented for sure the peace pipe which the two men then smoked the chief gave for sure sue name which translates as charging sun. i. don't know some of the nineteenth one thousand nine hundred nineteen the american president woodrow wilson now catalyzed by a stroke was handed a serious defeat by the u.s. senate which refused to ratify the best side peace treaty those who voted against

the treaty believed it would limit the senate's ability to declare war at the same time many americans simply wanted to get on with their lives and to stay out of future european conflicts was i many young women rejected social norms and sort of greater independence they were known as flap us. zelda fitzgerald the wife of author f. scott fitzgerald wrote about them. they walk from their lethargy bobbed their hair put on their best earrings and with a great deal of audacity and rouge went into the battle. a flapper flirted because it was fun and were a one piece bathing suit because she had a good figure she refused to be bored because she was not boring. and she knew that she was doing things that she had always wanted to do. i

i i. i . the senate by failing to ratify the versailles treaty shattered wilson's dream of u.s. participation in the league of nations i. believe held its first session in paris in january nine hundred twenty and later that year moved its headquarters to geneva. the organizations main goal was to preserve world peace but could it do so if the united states was not a member. of. several posts that aside agreements changed the map of europe and the middle east. a nine hundred nineteen treaty formally dissolved the australian garion empath and created an independent state of austria one thousand nine hundred twenty treaty set

up the independent state of hungary to new states appeared on the map ship of slovakia and a nation that would later be known as you could slavia. the new borders paid little attention to ethnic distribution germans were now living in poland and czechoslovakia and gary ans in remaining year and sabs croats and slovenes in yugoslavia these ethnic groups had lived together more or less peacefully in the australian garion empire. the ottoman empire had been home to a diverse mix of ethnic and religious groups including our of. the treaty of sever signed in one nine hundred twenty outlines the breakup of the empire and the creation of a new state that would mainly include ethnic turnips. form autumn and territory in the middle east would be divided between france and britain

france was given a league of nations mandate to govern lebanon and syria. a similar mandate for palestine trans-jordan and iraq was awarded to britain. there were huge reserves the petroleum in iraq and they would now be controlled mostly by british and. the treaty also provided far enough thomas kurdish region in the new turkish state. jewish communities had existed in palestine for centuries. beginning in one nine hundred twenty large numbers of jews most of them from europe began immigrating to the region. zionist organizations demanded that a national home for jewish people should be created in palestine. during the war britain had said that any new jewish state should not disrupt

existing arab communities britain made these and other promises to win arab support against the ottomans. the british officer t.e. lawrence better known as lawrence of arabia served as a liaison between the british and arab forces. in november nine hundred twenty one the jewish agency for palestine was created to oversee jewish interests in the region. zionist leader and future israeli president hi invites my noted at the time . will be as jewish as an england is english and america is america. the seeds of the conflicts between palestinian jews and arabs had been settled. in one thousand nine hundred twenty tensions were running high in constantinople now known as istanbul. immediately after the armistice allied troops occupied the

city by this time a nationalist movement was already taking shape. am. the movement was led by general mostafa actually martin who had led off from an forces to victory in the campaign. the nationalists were opposed to the partition of the country as outlined in the treaty of said. if we accept the allies demands there will be no end to their greed. came our organized a new army its primary goal was to drive out greek troops that had occupied the coastal city of smyrna in may nine hundred nineteen and then taken over much of western turkey. jim us forces launched a counterattack in august nineteen twenty two. they pushed greek troops all the way back to the aegean coast. on september

the nights nine hundred twenty two came out of troops reoccupied the city of smyrna . four days later a fire broke out in the city's armenian district and spread quickly at least ten thousand people most said to have died. evidence indicates that the blaze was started by turkish troops kamar later denied any responsibility. tens of thousands of ethnic armenians and greeks fled to the docks to escape the flames at least one hundred fifty thousand were evacuated by british and american ships. meanwhile officials at the league of nations were actively working to repatriate prisoners of war and to improve living conditions for war refugees it's. one of these diplomats

was norwegian explorer a humanitarian and future nobel laureate future of finance and in one thousand nine hundred twenty one now. ansen was appointed the leeks high commissioner for refugees. in one nine hundred twenty two he began issuing refugee travel documents that came to be known as nuns and passports. an estimated four hundred fifty thousand of these documents were issued to people who could not obtain passports from their governments the recipients included russian french artist mark shot guy and russian composer sergey rachmaninoff and igor stravinsky. many of the refugees wanted to emigrate to the us and made their way to the french quarter shelf or to book passage on ships. many of them were housed at the newly constructed or tele teak. the facility could accommodate and

process two thousand refugees at a time they were given a sort of medical examination and disinfected if necessary the refugees were housed in the hotel dormitories until they were cleared to leave. at this time the united states still welcomed immigrants all the restrictions would be imposed in one nine hundred twenty four. the statue of liberty served as a beacon for many of them a poem written by emma lazarus is inscribed on a plaque inside the statues pedestal. give me your tired your poor your huddled masses yearning to breathe free the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. in montreal a rally was organized to call attention to the plight of ukrainian jews famine and anti semitic attacks were widespread in ukraine. an estimated one hundred thousand jews were killed in ukraine during the russian civil

war mostly by anti communist forces the war would continue until nine hundred twenty three. the bolshevik red army defeated a coalition of opposition forces known as the white army the soviet rule was now imposed across the country. the union of soviet socialist republics was officially declared on december the twenty second one thousand nine hundred twenty two the new states now covered nearly one sixth of the us land surface. there was a major famine from one nine hundred twenty one to twenty two one major cause feel thora he seized commodities from peasants to feed the cities and the military. an estimated five million people died in the famine. food supplies donated by your look at the united states soon started arriving.

will shout for also an american relief worker described the situation in one region . people we smack stuart ground bones tree bark and clay they also eat meat from horses dogs cats and rats and they eat straw. there or may see it and dozens die every day. the stench is appalling. by the end of the civil war an estimated one point five million russians had left the country. many of them settled in france often in paris only gets.

wealthy emigres continued to lead lives of luxury. among them was prince felix you support who had coordinated the murder of russ putin in one nine hundred sixteen. how can you not feel comfortable in paris the city brightens the mind. that. you support was a close friend of grand duke dimitri a first cousin of tom nicolas the second dimitri had a brief relationship with fashion designer coco chanel. and there are conflicting reports on how chanel came up with the idea for the distinctive bottle for her perfume chanel number five some say she got the concept from dimitri. in the bottles design has remained essentially the same to this day.

russian emigres idolized son nicholas who was murdered by the bolsheviks in one nine hundred eighteen you suppose that the russian community in paris was thriving there are russian shops and restaurants we have all four docks trudges training schools and retirement homes paris is a natural destination for immigrants. life in paris was harder for those who had served in the sars army and didn't have a lot of money. many of them ended up driving taxi cabs for a living. the last of these drivers retired in one nine hundred seventy at the age of ninety two. the emigres were concerned about the spread of soviet influence throughout the world. the economic and social dislocation was

caused by world war one prompted many people to join communist parties they believed communism would bring about equality for all. the. support for the communists grew in london berlin new york milan and rome. one of the founders of the italian communist party and sonia graham she travel to moscow in one nine hundred twenty one to study the soviet system. one lives for the party. in italy many anti communist veterans joined a movement led by war hero gabriela down once you. got to show opposed the treaty of versailles because it ordered italy to hand over territory to the new yugoslav state including dalmatia and the city a few men now called being cast. our

victory has been ruined. the moon's you sought to make italy a first rate european power. italy your time has come under four years lie ahead i hear the thunder of eagles tearing through the night. in september one thousand nine hundred nineteen done shows troops occupied few men . the italian government kept trying to drive down out of the city and he finally left in december nineteen twenty. clanchy wrote that europe was in a state of transition. the old world is dying and the new world has not been born in times like these gruesome phenomena appear.

close phenomena included benito mussolini his wife makela noted that mussolini had a certain natural magnetism. his eyes const a spell over you his gaze was wanting his pupils flashed he knew that his eyes exerted power on others. in the years before the war was leni had been a socialist and worked as a journalist in one thousand nine hundred fourteen he became a fervent nationalist. in midland in one thousand nine hundred he founded a fascist combat squad which consisted of about two hundred men. mostly copied much from can't really don't see all the as his supporters wore black shirts . used the ancient roman salute. carry daggers and popularized the slogan annoyed with us. by nine hundred twenty two

mostly news organization had grown to include three hundred thousand men. his populist slogans helped him to bring together veterans disabled veterans the unemployed and members of the lower and middle classes alike. muzzling these black shirts off an engaged leftist in street battles their slogan was mini for legal i don't care. mostly the promise to restore law and order he enforced his policies by arming his supporters with clubs.

mussolini also promised to put a stop to labor strikes. that helped win the support of industrialists including giovanni oniony founder of the fi out automobile company. the political situation in italy was changing quickly. on october the twenty eight thousand nine hundred twenty two about thirty thousand fascist militiamen gathered in rome to demand the resignation of the prime minister this speaking known as the so-called march on rome i. most leni arrived the next day from his headquarters in milan i. i that i he wore a suit and tie instead of his usual fascist uniform.

on october the twenty nine king victor emmanuel appointed mussolini prime minister . as the head of government mussolini chose a policy of cooperation with the catholic church and pursued his aim of transforming italy into a totalitarian state. in germany militarist and nationalist factions united around general eerie shooting dogs who had been the de facto second in command of german forces during the war i knew danoff would later suppose. not at all hitler. hitler said. our people are miserable we must act now so that they do not join the communists.

in january nine hundred twenty three french and belgian troops occupied the rule region because germany had fallen behind in its war reparations payments. those payments contributed to an economic crisis that included runaway inflation the german government kept printing more and more money. plus one point a loaf of bread cost four hundred sixty billion marks. thirteen year old described the situation. when our father brings home his daily pay we spend it right away because the money will soon be worthless. in the rule region tensions increased between local residents and the occupation

troops. these pictures show a french officer assaulting germans who failed to remove their hats during a funeral procession. called november the ninth one thousand nine hundred twenty three hitler and his cohorts staged a coup attempt in munich. the uprising was quickly put down by police and soldiers. hitler was arrested. stefan side wrote at the time. in one nine hundred twenty three the swastikas disappeared and the brown shirts on at off hitler were forgotten. in his rather comfortable prison cell. set about writing his political manifesto to be called mine camps my struggle this work outlines hitler's political and social ideology and maps out his plans for germany.

in spain general me again prematurely vera overthrew the parliamentary government in september nineteen twenty three and set up a military dictatorship. by a young and talented army officer francisco franco rose steadily through the ranks during the early years of primo to the various regime. franco was now about to embark on a successful career with the spanish foreign legion in morocco. in one thousand nine hundred twenty one franco had been promoted to deputy commander of the legion of spain controlled a strip of land in northern morocco that included the beef mountains the rest of morocco was a french protectorate during world war one local residents were forced to work in

the mines that provided raw materials for french armaments factory. in september one nine hundred twenty one the people of the reef region declared their independence from spain. paddy the uprising was led by mohammed abdul karim who managed to unite the various berber tribes. on july the twenty first the insurgents inflicted a decisive defeat on spanish troops at the battle of and while. the rebels suffered. eight hundred casualties out of a force of about three thousand experts differ on the number of spanish troops that were killed or wounded but the losses were huge. in september nine hundred

twenty five french and spanish supported by warships landed on the northern moroccan coast pushed inland and defeated the insurgents'. atrocities were committed by both sides. in this new iraq and soldier beheaded his brother who had joined the rebels. a number of spanish soldiers were executed by the insurgents after they had surrendered. the french and spanish launched air attacks against rebel positions. spain used mustard gas a chemical weapon against the insertion of. the combat use of naval air and ground forces finally brought an end to the fighting.

in may nine hundred twenty six up to korean surrendered to the french news reels of this event was shown in french cinema. is elderly father and his family who seek the protection of the victors. historians differ home a significant of the reef war some see it as the last of the colonial conflicts others believe it set the stage for future walls of d. colonizing. the years immediately following world war one were mobbed by major social and political dislocation. many people abandon religion and turn to political and. ajman to try to make some sense of life. by the mid one nine hundred twenty s. fascist movements were growing throughout your. day. communism

had spread to the shores of the united states in one thousand nine hundred nineteen this led to a red scare during which a number of communists and ana can switch reported. about two hundred fifty of them were sent to russia on the transport ship dubbed the soviets on. was. in january nine hundred twenty the united states out from all the production importation and sale of alcoholic beverages this was commonly known as prohibition and its supporters had claimed for decades that alcohol contributed to a decline in moral values. he also titties and forced the new law with a vengeance destroying large quantities of b.s. wine and spirits. thanks much.

organized criminal gangs stepped in it wants to fill the void. chicago mob boss al capone made a fortune selling illegal alcohol. this era is often referred to as the roaring twenty's i mean dances and treating the charleston became popular. people engaged in daring public stunts and not to cinemas to see the. chocola. hundred u.s. senator albert beveridge had declared that the twentieth century will be america american thought will dominate american progress will give

a color and direction america will make it a law strange. america exported jazz to europe. american entertain edges of bacon became the times does paris french writer. love tasha's the rot of sizzle has found its style. the french results of the nineteen twenties a crazy the funny funny. and his tending way religion his memoir a movable feast. to live in paris was like being given a great treasure. jazz music was also popular in berlin stefan zweig describes these years in his memoir the road of yesterday. as the value of money decreased all other values began to slip and talk of enthusiastic

ecstasy a mixture of impatience and fanaticism golden times for everything that was extravagant and until i. in the post-war years many people wanted to live life to the fullest and bury their memories of tara and death. in germany hitler promised to tear up the valley side treaty and to restore the country to its pre-war glory. by the late one nine hundred twenty s. economic crises threaten to spin out of control and plunge the world once again into conflict. after world war one the people of europe demonstrated a remarkable will to survive but did the politicians learn lessons from the war and take action to settle disputes peacefully. the sad fact of the matter is that they

did not. comment on the war. for sarah willis. is a passion. and profession joined her on her journey of musical discovery. this time in cuba i am here in havana for the two thousand and seventeen mozart festival out here on the streets you can hear cuban music on every corner and hear

in the cathedral there's mozart going on. fifteen zero zero eight zero black. equal india. how can a country's economy grow and harmony its people and the environment when there are doing as well look at the bigger picture india a country that faces many challenged. his and his people are striving to create a sustainable future clever projects from europe and india. thirty minutes on the w. continent is reinventing itself. as africa's tech scene discovers its true potential. inventors entrepreneurs and high tech professionals talk about their

visions successes and day to day business. history in everyone most small. businesses mathematician. digital africa starts december twelfth on t.w. . french president emmanuel mccrone has called for closer cooperation with germany on security and defense and for a more united and sober in europe he was addressing the german parliament on the country's day of remembrance join chancellor angela merkel in laying a wreath at germany's central memorial for the victims of war and oppression. yemen's who the movement has said it is halting drone and missile attacks in

a statement the group said the move was to prepare for a cease fire to the four year conflict if agreed by this.