Military Inc. Inside Pakistan Military Economy By Ayesha Siddiqa 2017
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- 2017
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- Military Inc. Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy by Ayesha Siddiqa Second Edition 2017 Introduction -Defining Milbus -Literature survey -What drives Milbus? -Consequences of Milbus -Milbus and Pakistan -Outline of the book 1 Chapter 1 Milbus: a theoretical concept -Civil-military relations framework -A typology of civil- military relations -The civil-military partnership type -The authoritarian-political-military partnership type -The ruler military type -The arbitrator military type -The parent- guardian military type -The warlord type 2- Chapter 2 The Pakistan military: the development of praetorianism, 1947-77 -The military institution -The military’s primary role -The military’s secondary role -The military in politics and governance -Initiation to power, 1947-58 -The rise to power, 1958-71 -Returning to democracy, 1971-7 3 Chapter 3 Evolution of the military class, 1977-2005 -The coercive military, 1977-88 -A thorny partnership, 1988-99 -Consolidation of power, 1999-2005 -Evolving into a military class 4 Chapter 4 The structure of Milbus -The economic empire -Level 1: the organization -Level 2: the subsidiaries -Level 3: the members 5 Chapter 5 Milbus: the formative years, 1954-77 -Setting up the economic empire, 1954-69 The era of restraint 1969-77 6 Chapter 6 Expansion of Milbus, 1977-2005 -Re-establishing financial autonomy, 1977 88 -Civilian- military politic -economic integration, 1988-99 -Consolidating the economic interests, 1999-2005 7 Chapter 7 The New land barons -The military and land -Urban land acquisition -The sociology of military land 8 Chapter 8 Providing for the men: military welfare -Military welfare -The Fauji Foundation model -The AWT model -Welfare for individuals -The political geography of military welfare 9 Chapter 9 The cost of Milbus -The cost of economic inefficiency -Army Welfare Trust: a financial assessment -Fauji Foundation -Shaheen Foundation -Resource pilferage -Frontier Works Organization -Economic opportunity cost 10 Chapter 10 Milbus and the future of Pakistan -Recapping Milbus -Milbus in Pakistan -Milbus and military professionalism -The politics of Pakistan -The impact of Milbus in the future POSTSCRIPT TO THE SECOND EDITION 11 Chapter 11 From Military Government to Military Governance, 2007–16 -From military dominance to military hegemony -Expansion of Milbus 12 Chapter 12 From Military Inc. to Media Inc. -From control to hegemonic power -The image management infrastructure Preface to the Second Edition When the first edition of Military Inc. went into publication in 2007, my expectation was for scholars and experts working on the political economy of national security and civil–military relations to read it and evaluate my argument regarding Milbus being a separate genre of military economy that had adverse implications on several levels. This was indeed a niche economy that existed in a large number of countries, including many in the developed world. Since the businesses are carried out in the name of a soldier’s welfare, people tend to treat this as a minor cost of defence. It is largely ignored, despite the fact that it results in a leakage of money from the state to feed the personal benefits of a few. This is also what makes it, in principle, illegal. However, its negative impact is enhanced in states with politically powerful armed forces. It was to study the impact of Milbus on the economy and politics of a state where civil–military relations were less clearly defined that I used Pakistan as a case study. But publishing this book has turned out to be like stepping on a minefield. The reaction of the military dictator General Pervez Musharraf was intense. The launch of my book was blocked. We did it under very threatening circumstances. I was labelled as a traitor, threatened with being tried for treason and practically hounded out of the country into temporary self-exile. People in Pakistan had noticed Milbus but it had never been outlined and documented for them in such detail. Of course, a lot of details were omitted, not by design but default. I don’t promise to include every detail as it is humanly impossible to collect that amount of data which, in any case, is kept under wraps. My intention was to at least draw an outline to describe what was included in this part of the economy. This genre of military economy is commensurate with the Pakistan Army’s ability to negotiate influence vis-à-vis its civilian competitors. In the process, it expanded the fraternity which benefited from Milbus comprising not just of serving and retired military personnel but of a segment of civilians as well. For me, during those dark times, the biggest encouragement was people who appreciated my argument, including many from the armed forces. The biggest pat on the back was when people I came across by chance would tell me that they appreciated my effort. Like a lot of people in Pakistan, I expected that the turn of events in 2007 would naturally result in civilian stakeholders challenging Milbus and narrowing its scale, if not totally eliminating it. In thinking so, I must have fallen under a spell of naivety because how could I forget my own analysis: that the civilian political leadership (except for during the 1970s) had sustained the growth of this economy. In fact, my purpose in extending an invitation to two politicians, representing the two main national parties, was to question them about their gullibility in treating Milbus simply as a sweetener offered to the military to buy time politically. But the civilian leadership had made its contribution to the growth of an illegal economy for the military elite. Indeed, offering economic bribes to generals or their institution is a flawed idea that can never bear good fruit. After 2007 and many slogans raised against Milbus during the lawyer’s protest (see Chapter 11), the opposition to this economy died down. Furthermore, the power of the army increased. It was just the pattern of power that varied, which made me wonder how did they manage to blindfold an entire society, definitely a competing civilian leadership and the civil society. The answer lay in the military’s image management exercise and its ability to give direction to the national discourse. This second edition lays out the journey from Military Inc. to Media Inc. In post-2007 Pakistan, military power is more intensely entrenched. Being a nuclear weapon state, there is almost no challenge to the military from outside or inside the country. Under the circumstances, Milbus can only grow. Ayesha Siddiqa Islamabad 16 September 2016
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Military Inc. Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy by Ayesha Siddiqa
Second Edition 2017
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