and the church of england, of course, is the national official church of england, of britain, and most of those colonies adopt what we would call a kind of formal establishment of the church of england. but the southern colonies overall are probably the least religious of all the colonial regions which, if you think about that for a second, you'll see why that's a little weird. we think of the southed today as the bible belt, correctly. but in the colonial period, it's different. in the colonial period, there is a kind of formal establishment at least of the church of england, but once you get out past the colonial cities, places like williamsburg, charleston and savannah, the rates of church going and commitment to the church of england is pretty limited. and part of the reason for that if you remember going back to the founding of jamestown these colonies are mostly being founded for business. and it's a little difficult to set up churches in the back country where settlement is so scattered. and so people living in the rural south in the early 1700s, i mean, they might have been chr

especially new england. new england, again, it is the easiest story to tell about the coming of the great awakening. because there is such a linear colonial story in new england of the puritan founding, the decline of puritanism, a sense of building religious crisis in the early 1700s, and the 17 thirties, forties, an outburst of new religious commitment as signaled in the great awakening. a lot of what i will talk about, the background of the great awakening, is tracing the story most specifically of colonial new england. which is the epicenter of the great awakening in america. but the other colonies are definitely affected. okay? why do they have a sense of religious crisis? well one reason you see here is a rise, apparently, in agreed, immorality. we talked about this. about the science people were falling away from their puritan commitment. the pastures are talking all the time about how people are consumed with business affairs, forgetting about their love for god. they are worried society is becoming

especially in new england. new england again is kind of the easiest story to tell about the comingd of the great awakening because there'sli suca linear colonial story in new england about the puritan founding, the e decline of puritanism. a sense of building religious crisis in the early 1700s. then in the 1730s and 40s, an outburst of new religious o commitment has signaled in the great awakening. the background to the great awakening is really tracing the storyme most specifically of colonial c new england which is the epicenter of the great awakening in america butus the other colonies were also greatly affected. why did they have a sense of religious crisis? well, one reason you see here is aab rise apparently in greed, immorality, we've already talked about this. the signs that people were falling away from their puritan commitment. thefa c pastors are talking all time aboutut how people were consumed with business affairs and are forgetting about their love for god. they're worried that society is becomi

even with really strong voices in england who went to have the entire empire and the church of england nobody is willing to disrupt the active union so i feel that's where the establishment works to the benefit of falling the empire together. >> let's talk about the government's role how that was tied to government and policy what more does the government do on either side to promote this system that you talk about? >> the government sets the rules what is legitimate so governments across the board they don't get involved in theological fights between different branches of the presbyterian church. they will not weigh in on that there are serious disputes and different theological factions. on the other hand if you get a group really on the outside a small group who are burning bibles in the town square they are not afforded religious liberty that individuals committing crimes against the state that supports the protestant religion. so religious leaders don't need to go after them. the state will go after them. then there are privileges that go along with it. the naturalization act for

the financing of this came from england, the first bible society for the people. this is the first bible printed in america. it is highlighted in the collection. the last thing i want to mention, this bible here. it is known as the slave bible. and it was specifically produced where they removed the story of the exodus so if the bible was presented to a slave, the idea of god delivering them from their bondage which it tells us in the book of exodus was removed, they would not come up with a hope for freedom. a bible that's been produced without hope. >> it came out of london, it was printed 1808. it was from the british west indies islands, known as the slave bible. as you mention, comes on loan by fisk university. >> this is an interesting one. on another level in the museum we have a special exhibit, call it amazing grace. story of john newton, wilbur force. it shows other bibles created as a slave bible. this is a great one. we also have another large exhibit for that topic. >> one of the very important influential bibles in america, the bible we're looking at

because they are new to england. but after the british conquered canada about 3000 american and english merchants settled in canada. and these people are called the old subjects. their traditional english. and it turns out the old subjects don't like the quebec act. because they don't like that there's no elected assembly, they don't like french law. so throughout the spring of 1775, americans are sending spies into canada and canada is sending spies out. saying the new subjects are indifferent. the old subjects would welcome an american invasion. and they believe there is going to be a support for innovation in canada. and they want canada, because if they could take canada they would get the british off their back basically off their back door. this right down champ lane like trump, lane that's why that's the entry port. that's why they have seized the americans tyke on the rogue. congress also believes, and this is an interesting idea, if they could take canada they would show parliament they were serious. maybe p

in 1560 the first edition of this text english puritans fled from england to geneva. while they were there because they were under protestant persecution, they produced what is known as the geneva bible because it was translated there. this is the very first english bible that would use the hebrew and the greek in its translation. it's also the first english bible to contain what is known as the typeset that we are familiar with in the newspaper as well today. before you had this medieval gothic text. and now you have the more friendly, easier text to look upon. it's also the first bible with study notes. and the study notes is what makes this bible so controversial. for instance, in the book of daniel when daniel refuses to bow down and worship the king, the notes say that he did write in the eyes of god because he obeyed the law of god over the law of man. so, if you're a monarchy or if you're the papacy at the time, you now have a book that contradicts your authority. so it wasn't a very influential book when it came to the monarchy and to the church at that time p

they're a new englander. all americans are from boston. that document keeps talking about the habitants. who are the habitants? anybody pick that up? >> the french -- >> the french canadians. that's exactly right. the common people. the farmers. so those are the people who you don't know if they're going to help the americans or not. that's what everything was ultimately riding on. from that document, the baby journal, did you see any ways the french canadians helped americans? anybody see anything? this is question number two that i passed out. yeah? >> they protect the spies -- i have it written done in my notes. what i read was, there were three spies that stayed and there was a notice sent to have them removed and then the general that was supposed to remove them told a friend of his that they needed to get them out before -- >> okay. they aid american spies. anything else? >> they smuggled food and armorments. anybody else? some of them stand guard, some of them fight with the americans. not that many. did anybody see anything why the

but we pick new england, obviously, that's where it all started. and just started going through here with some very key documents. why don't you tell us about a few? these >> sure, as you mentioned, we're starting in new england where is where the first colonies resettled. and the artifacts that we have it included here are basically land deeds or components or property ownership that have been granted to the colonists from the king at that time period. we're looking at massachusetts, pennsylvania, we're looking at maryland, kate was talking about the religious toleration, or in toleration, if you, will in pennsylvania, as you, know was a colony that was founded primarily to be religiously tolerant. of the quakers, of the baptist, some of the catholics. so all we're welcome in this particular colony which would, eventually as we know, become the state of pennsylvania. so these are the acts and laws, and, again the -- showing their ownership. and it really shows, they sickly, upon the acts and the laws, showing their using part of the bible to use a

you go to the big castles over in england, i'm told, that there are weapons on the walls. but these are not the governor's personal weapons. these are all part of virginia. they're hanged by our militia. that way these can be taken down and use them in virginia's defense. they have several times actually our governor, lord dunmore took some weapons off the wall just last year, when he went out west. he went out to the ohio territory. it's part of virginia. he fought the shawnee indians out there and even returned here to his house with a few young shawnee warriors, who are living here awaiting for their peace treaty, which might get very interesting seeing as -- well, i'm not sure if you have heard the news yet. it would seem that our governor lord dunmore ran out the back door in the middle of the night last night. interesting times. you would think he would feel safe here in this house, but apparently not. normally he would attend to his business right here at the palace, a good bit in this parlor over here. you might notice there's a desk here in the parlor. that is for

the army defendant as far as darby in the heart of england sewing panic and london. although it was eventually crushed the rebellion revived the appetite for books documenting the barbara pharisees of the roman church. the sufferings of john's free masonry complete with engravings of all of the torture he had endured was published at the perfect moment. he became a celebrity, the book was widely translated here was a martyr for free masons and it's inviolable secrecy. except, things did not quite go in the way he said. over two centuries later, the inquisition's transcription of his interrogation served from the archives to reveal he did give away free masonry that he vowed to protect. there he sensibly, faced with the prospect of the torture chamber he told all. indeed he rarely waited for them to open their mouth before answering all their questions. not that his confession saved him from being tortured, portuguese inquisitors are rarely needed much of an excuse to break out the instruments of pain. they wrecked twice for liver 15 minutes each time just to make sur

and not of their own volition as well as multiple countries and empires in europe england being one among these but not the first to establish a permanent settlement as we discussed as well as indigenous people in durham mingling with africans on what is now the united states of america but racially with indian territory. stretching from the atlantic to the pacific including hawaii and alaska. we don't even called the american revolutionary era. i did that on purpose because it tends to suck all the air out of the room let me recommend i teach a class specifically on that. it does tend to overshadow the rest of the colonial era if included. and most of you, like most americans are asked to think on what colonial history means to you, you thought about a few white men with colors of the atlantic coast that signed the american and fought the revolution. most of us i think, unless we take advanced history courses, or do a lot of outside reading have a pretty narrow conception of what colonial america is. we had a very memorable example of one of your classmates showing a halloween costume is

it goes to the very legitimacy of those suggesting we should rebel against england. it's a very heated conversation that we find, and it's over the proper interpretation of scripture, where they're misappropriating simply to advance a political objective of the moment. >> thank you. would either of you care to elaborate on that? >> i always perk up when i see someone, and we are talking about the founding period here, when someone loses something because of their commitment to following what the bible says. i think that's when you have someone on your hands who is really committed to the scripture. my favorite example of this is a presbyterian pastor in savannah who was a delegate of the first continental congress for georgia. he was as moderate as anyone about the taxes and concerns about british authority and colonies. but in 1775, when he saw that, the trend was heading towards independence and revolution, rather than just resistance. he said we can't do that is christians. we can't rise up against the government because of the reasons. i don't think that argument

the 26th division was made up of national guard units from new england, including massachusetts where bell grew up. she was a graduate of vasser college, in fact, was the class president. her family owned a textile company with the name of skinner, and she had a passion for france. she came over here before the war, during the war, and then came back in 1919, and that's when she discovered this village, and it was destroyed. she decided that she needed to help out. she raised money, gave some of her own money, including clothes to the citizens who had to move back here after the war in decimated conditions. but she helped rebuild the village, including the school that i'm standing in front of right now. plus she set up a wash basin in town, so the citizens could clean their clothes. i'm now walking through the school, and two my left here is a plaque honoring ms. bell skinner. and of course it says she was called the god mother because she took care of the citizens of the village after the war, and she was so concerned about the inhabitants. walking out into the courtyard, you get a m

this house comes from wish to assure england and the time we are showing a 1620 -- 1640s. they have 150 -- 300 acres of land. they're going wheat, barley, rye, harvesting that in hiring people to help them. they also have about 100 sheep they are sharing those twice a year end selling the fleeces. then the lady of the house as well as her daughters to be responsible for milking the cows say 15 or 30 of them. they're going to go ahead, take the milk and make cheese they'll be selling that market. those to be the sources of income for this family. they are working hard, they are doing well. and they are basically the top of the working class but you could also refer to them as the middle and sorts. once again they are this is based on the woodhouse family. they had edward and cecelia woodhouse on one side of the house here we have there's a date that says ew on the date stone. that stands for edward woodhouse. this was his home. he and his wife, cecilia, had six children for this is a common style of timber framing you can see the timbers here. there is not as much a void in

cy harshly attacked by the congregational ministers in new england. and so again, he's very -- i think he's deeply and personally wounded by some of the things they say about him. and so, again, i think you have to look at the context in which he makes some of the harsh statements against clergymen around the election of 1800. if it we jump ahead another decade and a half, he runs into conflicts with presbyterians in central virginia over who's going to be the professors at his new university of virginia. and there were some presbyterian ministers that were not keen on the people he wanted to hire. again, he lashes out in some very harsh anti-clerical statements. i think it's always useful to look at the political context in which he makes some of the statements to understand where he's coming from with that particular kind of expression from jefferson. >> thank you. this next question is for dr. kid. did jefferson as doctrinal faith make him a better bridge builder between various relujous groups? and did a similar thing work for lincoln? >> yeah. i

and for many new englanders in particular this exposure to washington, d.c. is their first exposure to rural slavery. he writes his daughter a few days before the opening of the last session of the sixth congress. the first session to meet in washington, d.c. this is in late 1800. he writes, the ground as you approach georgetown is excellent for roads. being of red course gravel but is in very bad repair by reason of many gull skpooes a great want of labor. -- whose at that timered inhabitants bespeak wretchedness and whoa a landlord -- great pride but little money. he goes on. but the capitol of the what of the capitol? why, it is a high, though magnificent pile it is but one wing of the original design. the bother in another wing is yet only to appear to the imagination from a view of the foundation which is laid in stone and lyme. you can see that in this i will station here. this is the capitol that george thatcher and his roommate from maine appear at at the end of the century, 1800. it is november 1800 when they convene. they actually meet here. i show

we're looking right now at a painting which we actually had to go to london england to find. it's called the shot heard around the world. it's one of the most beautifully rendered illustrative descriptions of the very first shots fired at lexington green on the morning of april 19, 1775. along with the flint lock rifles and muskets that surround the painting it tells the story of the encounter with the british that misty morning in april. the question a lot of people have and i had as a kid growing up, why was it that when one misty morning in april when 70-minute men answered the night paul revere and he looked at his men and said don't fire unless fired upon. but if they mean to have a war let it begin here. and then 300 red coated british regulars under the charge of major pitcairn appeared from the road from cambridge, a was fired and the american revolution began. why was it that different from the others. the truth we don't find in the history books was that general gauge commanding general pitcairn's regimen had given him written orders that morning to go from cambridg

england and france sent a military expedition to seize the canal. russia proposed a soviet american force to restore order but secretary dulles prevailed on the combatants to yield to a u.n. mission pending mediation. also in the mideast a communist faction attempted to overthrow the lebanese government. its president asked for aid from the united states. in the first application of the eisenhower doctrine, the president dispatched u.s. marines to beirut despite strong russian protests. the presence of the marines quickly restored order. when an acceptable plan was adopted in the united nations guaranteeing the integrity of lebanon, american troops were withdrawn in favor of a u.n. force. a simmering international problem came to a head in 1958 when the red forces came to a head in 1958 when islands were bombed by the republic of china. the united states's seventh fleet prepared for action, though america's allies opposed intervention. the president of the republic of china was persuaded by the secretary of state to not invade the mainland. the shel

worktime dispatches 85 in total from england, north africa and sicily appeared in the herald tribune between june and december 1943 and was syndicated in newspapers all across the country except for oklahoma as well as in australia, new zealand, and south america. we have no other writers so likely to catch on paper the inner things people do not know about war. steinbeck been on the front lines for the invasion of italy pretty returned to new york in october 1933 with a burst eardrums, partial amnesia and ptsd. upon his return steinbeck in writing canterbury row. later recalled a group of soldiers had asked him to write something funny that is it about the war, we are sick of war. based on the life of his close friend the marine biologist who influences non- way of thinking canterbury road was a celebration of nonconformity. steinbeck's treatment of an enduring collection of characters living on the edges of monterey society might even be considered the first novel of the american counterculture. in the work he refused two and the boys a self defined a social outcast of the virtuous

we're looking right now at a painting which we actually had to go to london, england, to find. it's called "the shot heard around the world." and it's one of the most beautifully rendered illustrating described fired on lexington green on 1775. along with the rifles and muskets that surround the painting it tells the story of the encounter with the british that misty morning april. the question a lot of people have and i said as a kind growing up, why is it one misty morning in april when 70-minute men answered the night paul revere and he looked at his men and said don't fire unless fired upon. but if they mean to have a war let it begin here. and then 300 red-coated british regulars under the charge appeared from the road of cambridge, a shot was fired as the american revolution began. why was it that different from the others. the general had given him written orders that morning to go from cambridge, via lexington and remove all stands of muskets, powder, shot and artillery. there were actually guns this morning. that was the line in the sand. that was the point of no retur

he is harshly attacked by the -- ministers in new england. i think he is deeply and personally wounded by some of the things they say about him. again i think you have to look at the context in which he makes harsh statements around clergy men around the election of 1800. if we jump ahead, we runs into conflicts withist press buytarians over who were going to be at his new university of virginia. again, he kind of lashes out in some harsh anti-clerical statements. so i think it is always useful to look at the political context in which he makes some of these statements to understand where he is coming from with that particular kinds of expression from jefferson. >> thank you. this next question is for dr. kidd. did franklin's knowledgeable but non-doctrinal faith make him a better bridge builder between various religious groups? did a similar thing work for lincoln? >> yeah. i think it did. he was on very friendly terms with lots of different kinds of churches and ministers. when he was in philadelphia he most commonly would attend the city's

and it's huge in england and the liverpool -- becomes brown shipley and montagu norman. part of that risk culture is framed by that moment and framed by the panic of 1987. 1887. >> todd asks you mention -- what lessons at harriman lebec and others learn from their experience? >> if you talk to people in that world these societies which were called secret societies but it yelled called senior society was this place where once you were selected in one of these rare places where you could clearly be yourself whether you are a trusted zone of silence later on in the 60s where there was his backlash against the elite and establishment culture hair men in lubbock were seen as leading the united states down to the garden path of vietnam more and what was seen dennis duke divinity led everyone to question the cold war was just a way for the establishment elites to rich themselves in the fact that they were all in part of the society meant clearly behind closed doors there were secret past of being cemented by the cobol and partly why brothers harriman and that world that's consp

, yankee division and new england national guard and also to let people -- to remind people that it was not just the u.s. marine corps fighting in this area. now having said that, sometimes there were marines that came from massachusetts so he was a new englander. actually a marine, secretary lult thomas ashley, young guy, you know in, his mid-20s. he was actually killed pretty early in the battle for hill 142. he was a member of the 5th regiment marine, the regiment that took what is essentially the northern part of the battlefield at belleau wood. essentially the half that is still managed by the abmc, primarily the 5th regiment. he never would have seen belleau wood, at least not close up, because he didn't live long enough to get there, but he was -- he was killed in taking out one of the german machine guns there on hill 142, so, again, it's not just belleau wood for the marine corps. the marine corps fought at the la mer farm. >> the gold star mother's pilgrimages, do you down when they game here to the cemetery? it was before the cemetery was dedicated, right? >> the gold star pi

the church of england claimed him as one of them. the presbyterians thought him half a presbyterian. and the friends believed him a wet quaker. which basically means a quaker who's not so well behaved. um, the key, i think, to understanding franklin's ambivalent faith is the contrast between the skepticism of his adult life. and the indelible imprint of his childhood puritanism. the intense piety and faith of his parents acted as a tether. restraining franklin's skepticism. as a teenager, it's true, he abandoned his parents' puritan beliefs. but that same, traditional faith kept him from getting too far away. he would stretch his moral and doctrinal tether to the breaking point. by the end of a youthful sojourn he made, when he returned to philadelphia, he resolved to conform more closely to his parents' ethical code. and he steered away from extreme deism. could he craft a christianity centered on virtue, rather than traditional doctrine? and avoid alienating his parents, at the same time? more importantly, could he convince the eva

there are some nice aerobic making done in england and france. i do not note the current justices are wearing. i note some of the prior justices, justice ginsburg had a rowboat from france. so, they can get them from a variety of sources it's not that hard to find a judicial robe these days. >> that's good to know. [laughter] >> in case you need one. [laughter] well, that is about at the end of our time. thank you so much for joining us in this webinar. it was an absolute pleasure. for all of you,. [inaudible] you should bring people back to visit. >> no word yet. one day soon. >> all right. but, any details you wanted to talk about about the article, where people could fight it? >> the articles in the next issue of the journal of supreme court history which is put out by the supreme court historical society. i believe it's published online already. the paper copies are being printed and will be sent out soon. the historical science society has a separate website than the court itself. you can check out their website to, to look into it. >> the s

the right to keep and bear arms, as justice scalia understands it, is a right that comes over from england, the premise is that when they're writing the second amendment in 1861 they're simply encoding a british understanding. now, very quickly, it becomes apparent that that's not really -- it's hard to do that. why? because as james madison identified very early on when talking about a completely different constitutional provision, the 7th amendment, he says, well, i'm not sure -- is it the common law that existed in england? is it our common law? is it the common law as repealed by our statutes? what we end up with is this kind of weird mishmash of we've got english history and we've got american history and, you know, as justice harlan once said, the business of constitutional decision-making is figuring out what traditions we adopted and what traditions we broke from. and so when we're doing this sort of history analysis, that's really the question, there's -- i mean, the tradition in england was to disarm what they called papists. well, that's not our tradition, but that's part of the

the tradition in england was to disarm what they called,, right? well, that's not our tradition. but that's part of the tradition. and so, trying to sort that out is the tough part about doing the analogy. but it doesn't mean that it can't be done, it just means it's hard. >> can i ask a follow-up to that two and that'll be for both of you. which, is is it part of the story as, well the extent of which the founders understood and english common law tradition and actually to which the extent there which there actually was a common law tradition? >> i think that's a good point to raise because one way of reframing heller, probably a much better way than they actually did was the second amendment intended to elevate traditional common -- to actually express provision, and i think the general consensus among scholars, who have gone over the evidence is that that's absolutely not what the second ammendment was about that doesn't mean that english common law of self-defense wasn't further entrenched as american, like clearly was. but the second amendment was about a very different cons

and for many new englanders in particular, this is the first exposure to rural slavery. he arrives with his daughter eliza a few days before the last session of the sixth congress, and the last session of washington, d.c. and this is late 1800, and the ground before he approaches georgetown is being red coarse gravel and in many repair because of gullies and winding through. this is exhibited for the first time to my senses the precious effects of slavery, a soil impoverished by overtilling and many negro huts, and here and there, a landlord whose externals we speak with great pride and little money. he goes on, and the capital, and what of the capital? it is a high and though magnificent pile, and one wing of the original design. one wing is only appearing to the imagination with the foundation which is laid in stone and lime. you can see it in tillistration here. this is the capitol that george thatcher and his roommate, both from maine, appear at in the end of the century really from 1800 and it is november 1800 when they convene, and they actually meet here, and i sh

we're looking right now at painting, which we actually had to go to london england to find. it's called the shot heard around the world and it's one of the most beautifully rendered illustrative descriptions of the very first shots fired at lexington green on the morning of april 1975. along with the flint rifles and muskets that around the painting, this kind of tells the story of that very first encounter with the british that misty morning in april. but the question that a lot of people have, and i had as a little kid growing up, why was it that one misty morning in april, when 70 minute men answered the call of paul revere the night before saying that the british were coming and lined up on lev clinton green and captain looked at his men and said, don't fire unless fired upon. but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here. and at had 300 red coated british regulars under the charter major appeared from the road from cambridge. a shot was fired in the american revolution began. why was it that morning was any different from any of the others? the truth is, we don't fi

>> well, let's take england because that's a case where so much of the influence on this country. in the 17th century england went through a great struggle because the puritans did not want to conform to what was the publicly acknowledged religion. and over the course of several generations, they were able to make a case and basically the english rulers sided with the act of toleration that there had to be space for those who were not church of england people. so that would be one very clear example and it has repercussions. there are others in the netherlands and in france and the english example for us is the most important. >> yeah. >> just to note one early example which is often forgotten in these kind of discussions and that is we have a very early example in the roman empire at the beginning of the fourth century. robert has written expertly about this. namely the so-called edict of milan which was co-authored by the co-emperors at the time, constantine in 313, and it is sometimes misunderstood that what milan did was grant toleration to christians. in fact, that had been d

set up in germany england and in texas usa. proxima gulf and east coast the u.s. navy brought an approximate 12 million gallons of aviation fuel to germany every month. we carried enough gas for the trip and return. one of our gang institute a little. tiny handkerchief parachutes. great guy. candy and handkerchiefs good flying jobs with the rest of us the power and gave them breathing room, each plane got an altitude in the moving block of space. the most modern communication facilities in the airlift work. that is how we could fly three roundtrips a day and supply of food and fuel to city of two and half million with a handful of planes. and even supplied the kids who waited on a certain hill. our nl available online c-span.org/history. >> welcome to finding a source. i am carmichael of gettysburg college also the director of the civil institute. with my assistant director of the civil institute, good evening ashley how are you? >> i'm doing all right pete's. tonight get amy greenberg with this, she's thero

they had been used in england especially in lower courts and by lawyers and in the united states in late 18 centuries judges don stark robes on the bench. george with was a prominent lawyer and statesman and we know that he favored the black robes look. in 1772 he ordered from a merchant in london quote a robe such as worn by casa, the better that i had which was scandalous and i couldn't figure out what was so scandalous about the first show but a black robe is customarily worn and hopefully was a less scandalous choice. and i haven't pinned down the exact moment when marshall starts giving credit for bringing the black robe and to our national economic graffiti but i suspect it was in the early 20th century perhaps around 1901 in the celebrations of his appointment as chief justice. it inspired a flurry of newspaper articles and speeches and dinner parties like this one here that was held in england. regardless of its voracity the icon of the martial robe has taken on a life of its own. these are just a few quotes from supreme court justices. there is power in symbolism and in the stor