you have something like the oral vaccine for polio, which was actually you would put it in a little dixie cup full of water or on a sugar cube and the patient would just drink it but if you're getting a shot it would be through hypodermic needle. the method that was used in in dr. waterhouse's day was essentially a braiding the skin or making one or more cuts in the skin and then inserting the material. onto and into the skin the the insertion was because you would already made the cut that that was possible. and so that was if you if you've seen in a medical history collection, or maybe another museum either a lancet, which is just one knife. sometimes folding or a fleam which is several different blades often kind of lever activated from a little box. it's kind of horrifying looking if you think about it and if you think about possibly opening it wrong and cutting yourself, but either of those would create that basically opportunity for the outside material to get in the skin even though you're not giving the person a shot as we know it today. right, so there's actually two people had q

dixie in maple falls, washington. we want to hear from you, dixie, go ahead. caller: first of all, peace for all. i sit on the canadian word border and we have lots of refineries here. there's not a lot of -- well, one of the refineries just closed down, you know. so there's not -- anyhow, our gas in linden, washington went to $4.97. i just got gas last night. we have canadian folk coming down to this area. their liters are very, very high. we also have up in our beautiful area, great big ships that have come down to bellingham, washington. and they're tracking, i think that's the word for it, tracking in this area and you know, what do you do? who do you talk to? tracking, people going and rising the prices. washington is one of the -- we can hit it first. host: got it. bernie in louisville, kentucky, how is it impacting you, higher gas prices. caller: hi, greta, been a minute. everybody's situation is different and my situation is probably not so bad. yes, it's impacted waiting in line at the bigger box scores that sell cheap gas, you have to wait a while. o

dixie in maple falls, washington. we want to hear from you, dixie, go ahead. caller: first of all, peace for all. i sit on the canadian word border and we have lots of refineries here. there's not a lot of -- well, one of the refineries just closed down, you know. so there's not -- anyhow, our gas in linden, washington went to $4.97. i just got gas last night. we have canadian folk coming down to this area. their liters are very, very high. we also have up in our beautiful area, great big ships that have come down to bellingham, washington. and they're tracking, i think that's the word for it, tracking in this area and you know, what do you do? who do you talk to? tracking, people going and rising the prices. washington is one of the -- we can hit it first. host: got it. bernie in louisville, kentucky, how is it impacting you, higher gas prices. caller: hi, greta, been a minute. everybody's situation is different and my situation is probably not so bad. yes, it's impacted waiting in line at the bigger box scores that sell cheap gas, you have to wait a while. o

therere is a lot of chatter about climate change every committee and conversation with the l 1 million dixie fire last year and as far as the campfire in paradise was the big one and then to manage in the way that gives a way to battle fire and contain fire more easily. it is talk on one side but not amuch action but when they can bring w helicopters in mexico they can find time for that. pretty amazing. but when we look back at the camp fire in paradise it was post fire a lot of damage done to the trees that were left behind. because fema had to deal with the protocol see had many acres that were still considered dangerous and left behind. so we need to update those policies. so i appreciate that effort. but local groups and local inputs about these realities and after a while what we are underlying is we need fema to have more flexibility not to have a slowdown of bureaucracy so let me talk that out about some of the things that fema could be doing and how the committee could help to be more flexible with a disaster response. not just farms and checking boxes that immediate needs because t

he gives this screeching white supremacist oration at the dixie crack convention. i mentioned hubert humphrey also in 48 it's time paraphrasing to walk out of the shadow of states rights and into this sunlight of human rights. i mean what a moment that's why they walk out. yes, because he was giving a talk. he was then may have minneapolis and he'd give me a talk at that convention. thank you 48 to support, what was that a minority plank from the platform committee supporting civil rights bill and the speech was so powerful and enough liberal. especially labor liberals got behind it that the party as a whole did adopted as soon as they adopted it, you know, a lot of the southern democrats so they handwriting on the wall and they walked out. lbj and his big majorities fdr. i don't know if fdr had to overcome any filibusters. i don't know if the filibuster was used all that often in the 1930s, but when you look at the senate majorities during the new deal years and you wondering how did fdr get this program through 65 70 sometimes 75 democratic senators now some of t

committee, every conversation but we suffer out here with forests that are not managed which we had the dixie fire last year and several other fires as well as the camp fire in paradise, i will talk about that in a moment here yet we can hardly get the forest service to manage the lands in a way that will give us some way to battle fire and contain fire more easily. talk on one side but not much action the forest service has time for helicopters in new mexico, they managed to find time to do that. to our folks in fema, looking back at the camp fire in paradise, there was an issue where there was a lot of damage to trees that were left behind because fema had a lot of practice with those protocols, treating them as debris so many acres in an area still considered dangerous and left behind so we were able to update those policies so i appreciate that effort but it did take a lot of effort with local groups, local inputs about these realities after wildfires etc.. we need fema to have more flexibility to adapt to situations and not have a slowdown in bureaucracy. let me toss that out to erica bo

we suffer out here with forests, they're not managed, we had 1 million acre dixie fire just last year. and several other fires in the six digit -- as well as the campfire and paradise which was a big one, i'll be talking about that in a moment. here we can hardly get the forest service -- manager lands in the way that will give us some way to battle fire and contain fire much more easily. so it's talk on one time but not much action. forest service has time this week to go down and see from helicopters new mexico. managed to find time to do that. pretty freaking amazing. to our folks in fema, when we look back at the campfire in paradise. there was an issue of postfire where there's a lot of damage trees, dead trees that were left behind because i think fema really hadn't had a lot of practice with those protocols and what you do is still standing trees and treating them as debris. so we had many many acres in an area that was struck concert dangerous and left behind. so they were able to update those policies and get the free cleaning supply to more those trees which is helpful. so i

we had a million acre dixie fire just last year and several other fires in the six digit range. and as well as the campfire in paradise as a big one. i'll be talking about that in a moment here. yet we could hardly get the forest service to manage the lands in a way to give us some way to battle fire and contain fire much more easily. so, it's talk on one side, but not much action. but forest service has time this week to go down and shoot cattle from helicopters in new mexico. they managed to find time to do that. pretty freaking amazing. anyway. to our folks in fema, when we look back at the campfire in paradise, there was an issue with post fire where there is a lot of damaged trees, dead trees, blackened trees, that were left behind because i think fema had a lot of practice with those protocols on what you do to still standing trees and treating them as debris. so you it had many acres in an area still considered dangerous and left behind. so we're able to update those policies and get to the free cleaning to apply to more of the trees which was helpful so i appreciate that

in 2021 the united states experienced record-breaking wildfires like the dixie wildfire in california that burned nearly 1 million acres of land, larger than new york city dallas and los angeles combined. millions of acres of land were once indigenous and we now call the national parks. we know that there is so much of the in kitchen is this practices that have been going on from a linea including control of deliberate burns they cleared out without burning large indigenous trees. >> you have healthy fire adapted plants and an ecosystem that has lots of biodiversity with natural selection and national mortality. >> and ms. knight despite the benefits that you just outlined when the united states forcibly displaced native american tribes federal fire policies disband nato controlled millennia long burning practices to care for the land instead promoted fire suppression designed to protect watersheds is that correct? >> yes and her cultural practices of the 1970s and one of those prohibited -- so are part of our ceremonies and part of our lifestyles. >> up until the 1970s the colonizati

we see that often across the dixie area, the south but we certainly do not normally see it in these metro metropolis is like the new orleans metro alex. yes yes, certainly i obviously we talked about a lot about hurricanes hitting new orleans. it seems very unusual to be talking about a tornado. right there. close to the big easy, robert. let me ask you about what is next here in terms of trying to get a better sense of the damage how bad things are and repairing the infrastructure . and is there any possibility that we see the death toll rises there? we know at least one person confirmed dead. yes you make a great 0.1 person unfortunately lost their life. a young man, we're told by officials. there are injuries now. i will say they worked throughout the night. officials did to try and go house to house to see if there were any other people. that may have lost their lives right now. that is not the case. so as as we speak here this morning, central time, one person has lost their life. multiple injuries as far as moving forward and the assessment the national weather service will play a b

brawny paper towels, dixie cups, quilted northern toilet paper are helping the spilling of ukrainian blood. authentic brand groups, also known as aeropostale, any bauer, nine west all in the hall of shame. before you bite into cinnabon, and he ends -- auntie ann's pretzels, you are taking a bite out of democracy in ukraine. trivia, diamond crystal, avon cosmetics, lg appliances, mission tortillas, verrilli tires are produced by companies on, he says, the shameful list. caller: -- nation that has people in it that want to make money by overcharging people, they should be also. that is important. host: al in california. your thoughts? caller: quick question. i do not think it is enough. greta, do you drive an electric car? host: why do you ask? caller: congress just passed a $1.5 trillion budget. there is $15 billion worth of aid for ukraine. i do not know how much is food and help much is weapons. there was another thing i thought was important. there is a lot of video out there. one that i thought was important -- on november 27, 2021, antony blinken was in ukraine talking to the gov