from what becomes west virginia, and part of the army of northern virginia. they never fought against each other eye to eye. there were times where they were not that far apart, especially in the shenandoah valley. that was my interest. my co-author, his interest was that he has a whole ton of relatives, ancestors who had fought in the regiment. he has been interested for years and years. we decided a couple years ago to collaborate and put out this book. question?nd to your anymore? well, i'm going to ask the young man, i didn't know him at sheppard. i already retired. maybe if the cameras can get it, he has a veterans metal that was issued by the state of west virginia of your great-great-grandfather? >> great uncle. >> would you bring it up and show it to everybody? sorry to put you on the spot, cameron. come on up. tell them about your great uncle. of the onlys is one metals that was still in charleston up to a year ago, when i finally was able to claim it. when i years ago, started digging into west virginia history, i was a reenactor. i found out i had

today, the virginia house of delegates and the senate of virginia continue working to improve both the lives and livelihoods of all virginians and thomas jefferson's beautiful capital building. the logo behind us and above us underscores that continuity. in 2007, america's 400th anniversary, we worked to focus national and international attention on jamestown. it's the first permanent english settlement in the new world. and on the convergence of cultures, it would shape our country. now in this commemorative year of 2019, we have been drawing more heavily from archaeological and cultural research. we have broadened our perspective. the result? a far more diverse, comprehensive and compelling picture of events has emerged. and we are determined to continue that story and bring to light other seminal events. commemoration 2019, american evolution, spotlights the genesis of american democracy, american slavely, american diversity and opportunity. american survival and american genius. we are resolved to tell the story. today we are gathered on a momentous occasion for the virginia genera

africansse enslaved joint the thousands of virginia's first people, the members of the virginia indian tribes who would also wait centuries to have the same freedoms. hold thesee commemorations of the first representative assembly in the free world, we have to remember who included and who it did not. that is the paradox of virginia, of america and of our representative democracy. a full accounting demands that we confront and discuss those aspects of our history and it demands that we look not just to a point in time 400 years in the past but at how our commonwealth and country have evolved over the course of those four centuries. in many ways, virginia today represents the best of what it means to be american. we know our diversity is our strength. refugees, immigrants, and all, like those who stood on this about 400 years ago, come to virginia in search of a better life. our doors are open and our lights are on. no matter who you are, no matter who you love, and no matter where you came from, you are welcome in virginia. there is nothing, nothing more american than that. todays we s

kirk cox, speaker of the virginia house of delegates. i'm delighted to welcome everyone here at jamestown settlement in the recredit church in james forte. and those viewing these proceedings online or watching from beyond to the 400 that today. of the first and oldest continuous representative legislation body in the western hemisphere. dayforefathers on this very at years ago assembled here the birthplace of american democracy, jamestown. freedom in the form of representative democracy began here in virginia. the unforgettable and inspiring event that happened here, what began here, has changed not only virginia, and not only america, but much of the entire world. special occasions and commemorations like this offer us an opportunity to pause and reflect on the history of 6019. as a retired schoolteacher, i taught government for 30 years. i know the year 1619 was pivotal. as well as complicated. events that year profoundly shaped the history of america. they are 1619 saw the beginning of the highs and lows of america. these included th

becomes west virginia, and part of the army of northern virginia. they never fought against each other eye to eye. there were times where they were not that far apart, especially in the shenandoah valley. that was my interest. my co-author, his interest was that he has a whole ton of relatives, ancestors who had fought in the regiment. he has been interested for years and years. we decided a couple years ago to collaborate and put out this book. did that and to your question? anymore? well, i'm going to ask the young man, i didn't know him at sheppard. i already retired. maybe if the cameras can get it, he has a veterans metal that was issued by the state of west virginia of your great-great-grandfather? >> great uncle. >> would you bring it up and show it to everybody? sorry to put you on the spot, cameron. come on up. tell them about your great uncle. >> well, this is one of the only metals that was still in charleston up to a year ago, when i finally was able to claim it. several years ago, when i started digging into west virginia history, i was

i am kirk cox, speaker of the virginia house of delegates. i'm delighted to welcome everyone here at jamestown settlement in the recreated church in james fort. and those viewing these proceedings online or watching from beyond to the 400 that -- anniversary today. of the first and oldest continuous representative legislation body in the western hemisphere. as our forefathers did on this very day 400 years ago assembled here at the birthplace of american democracy, jamestown. freedom in the form of representative democracy began here in virginia. the unforgettable and inspiring event that happened here, what began here, has changed not only virginia, and not only america, but much of the entire world. special occasions and commemorations like this offer us an opportunity to pause and reflect on the history of 1619. as a retired schoolteacher, i taught government for 30 years. i know the year 1619 was pivotal. as well as complicated. events that year profoundly shaped the history of america. the year 1619 saw the beginning of the highs and low

which is been serving the people of virginia beginning in six virginia beginning in 6t 90. we are delighted with the presence of each of you here and those of you watching. we are truly honored to be joined as a joint assembly by so many distinguished guests. if i could before i recognize some of those distinguished guests, asked that we pause to remember a great leader of our commonwealth who passed away this week. president harrison wilson was a true pioneer in higher education, one of virginia's historic black universities through two decades of progress and growth. join me in a moment of silence and his way. we are truly honored to be joined by so many distinguished guests, deputy secretary of the interior kate mcgregor, amb. of portugal, counsel of defense edward ferguson, clerk of the british house of commons, congressional representative, toi hutchinson , tommy norment, robb wittman . statewide elected officials, the hon. justin fairfax, mark caring, and former lieut. gov. john hager. and we welcome members of the governors cabinet. and former gov. allen, and robert

now known as preservation virginia. their goal was to save and restore disappearing landscape and buildings that embody our colonial tradition . >> successfully securing mary washington frederick berg home. the women establish an organization, 130 years ago and has save more than 500,000 virginia historic places. never veering from the early ambition to acquire jamestown in 1893. obtaining 22 acres including the foundations of the old churches, within that first decade they brought guests and they convince congress to build a seawall preserving jamestown from further erosion. they made alliances with the colonial games of america, and many families of descendents. to construct this church, place monuments, markers, and gates in advance of the anniversary. connections between these organizations and this place of his doric memory remain resolute. in early years they launched an excavation to find the foundations for the first assembly met. although amateurs their careful notes provided clues to marianna hartley, the seni

it was then in virginia. it is today west virginia. in 1859, west virginia did not exist.'s reasons for joining tom brown's army were much more personal. newbie himself was a former slave, although he was free, his wife and children were still in bondage. after several attempts to obtain freedom through trying to raise money to purchase them and negotiate with their master, he was at wits end. he joined john brown's army out of desperation. a last resort to free his family after other avenues had failed. you get a sense of how personal this was through several letters that were found on his person. he was the first man killed at harpers ferry. he died in the first day of fighting. several letters from his wife harriet were found on his person. the letters no longer survive but they were transferred to further the government port. you can get a feeling you read his wife's poignant and powerful and painful letters in which she is telling her husband, the master is struggling economically. he wants to sell me and our children down south soon. i want to be reunited. please come

now known as preservation virginia. their goal was to save and restore disappearing larnd escapes and buildings that embodied our colonial divisions. successfully securing powder magazine and mary washington's fredericksburg home, the women established an organization, the first in the nation over 130 years ago and have saved more than 500,000 virginia historic places. never veering from their early ambition to acquire jamestown in 1893, they were successful and obtained 22 acres including the 17th century church tower and the foundations of the old churches. within that first decade steam schepps brought guests and ever persuasive they convinced congress to build a sea fall preserving. the colonial games, colonial games of america and many family and descendant societies represented here to construct this church, place monuments, markers and gates in advance of the anniversary. connections between these organizations and this place of historic memory remain resolute. in early years with annie gault launched an excavati

and culture in richmond, virginia. and welcome to our latest special exhibition that is titled "determine, the 400-year struggle for black equality." it is part of the statewide commemoration of the 400th anniversary of significant events that happened in virginia. and fundamentally shaped the course of american history. that statewide commemoration is called american evolution 2019. and the determined exhibition is a legacy project of that statewide commemoration. and in particular, determined commemorates the 1619 arrival of the first recorded captive africans in virginia. it looks at the ensuing 400 years and traces the legacy of slavery in virginia through emancipation, segregation, the modern civil rights movement up to the present day. one of the unifying themes is the struggle for equality. it explores various ways in which black virginians have fought for equality, whether that means freedom from enslavement and oppression. whether that means fighting for equal justice and equal access for opportunities. and al

about a, familiar form of governing here in virginia. in which their own interests and concerns what drive legislation. at the company's behest, we divided executive, legislative, and judicial power between the authority of the governor, the council, and this new representative assembly made up of colonists living here in virginia. this elected assembly is now the voice of the people here. this assembly is also going to serve, of course, as a check on the power and a balance to the power of myself and my council. it is my belief that the citizens of virginia have certainly welcomed this method of establishing laws, grounded in english common law and political institutions, including this newly formed representative assembly that will certainly continue to tend to the affairs of virginia for some time to come. today as we mark the first meeting of that general assembly, that took place on the same date these few years past, some would say that as near as may be, we have brought virginia to the laudable form of justice and government that

to virginia. it's great to be here today with former governors, now senators mark warner and tim kaine. former governors mcdonald -- i also want to recognize lieutenant governor justin fairfax. attorney general, congressman bobby scott, congresswoman elaine luria. house of delegates speaker, kirk cox. members of our legislative black caucus and other elected officials. i want to thank everyone who has worked so hard to make this commemoration a reality. fort monroe authority director glenn otis. board of trustees chairman jim moran. members of the fort monroe authority board. national superintendent terry graham. the national parks service. kathy spangler, nancy rodriguez and the team from american evolution. i would also like to thank the 2019 commemorative commission for all the hard work they've done around these events in our own city. we are here today for a commemoration. and a reckoning. today is a time to reckon with the fact that 400 years ago, enslaved africans arrived for the first time

i brought with me my commission as governor of virginia and a new set of instructions from the virginia company of london that has come to be known as the great charter which we hoped would bring stability to this colony suffering under martial law for nearly nine years. we have been at peace with the indians for many years and the harsh hand of martial law rather than a help to the colony was now a hindrance. to further the colony's growth and prosterity, the virginia company had instructed me to end martial law and reinconstitute english common law and justice in the colony. the instructions also allowed me to call for each of the 11 towns and plantations along the river to send two representatives here to the capital at jamestown where these newly appointed burgesses would meet to pass laws on the governing of the colony. citizens of virginia no longer had to fear the arbitrary decisions of company officials for we had brought about a familiar form of governing here in virginia. in which their own interests and concerns would drive legislation. at the company's behest, we decided leg

especially in virginia politics. peter jacob carter is one of 100 black men who served in virginia's gen. assembly from the end of the civil war through 1900. he was one of the longest- serving representatives from northampton county in virginia. he represents this flowering of black political activism, it was through assembling and like peter jacob carter and other black politicians that helped pass the legislation creating public school systems in virginia. readjusting virginia's a dead after the war and other measures like that some of the objects we have related to peter jacobs represent the activism , and the eager embrace of political activism of black man once they had the right to participate in politics. there is a quote here from norfolk county. that showed the voters as they are registered to vote in 1867, there's also a broadside of a mass meeting of the democratic republican association. which was an alliance of black men and white union supporters, who are advocating to give black men the right to vote.

he began activism in virginia. he was a student at virginia union university. through his pastor ship gill filled baptist church and he organized a range of nonviolent protests against segregation. he led marches against segregated swimming pools, he got a demonstration of the public library and other kinds of organizing it to these two protest segregation. regarding his library demonstration, he and other activists went to the whites only section of the public library in 1951. try to check out the biography of a confederate general, robert e lee. shows an amazing amount of --. also for trying to use the whites only section of the library, wyatt walker had the police called and he was arrested. the first of 17 arrests over the course of his career as an activists. that is one of the items we have on view. he became very close friends with dr. martin luther king jr.. they first met at an intra- seminary conference in the early 1950s. walker became king's right-hand man. helped found the southern christian leadership conference. organized many of the nonviolent m

with me my commission is the governor of virginia. that is come to be known as the great charter. which we hoped would bring stability to this colony that was suffering under martial law . we have been at peace with the indians for many years. and it was a hindrance. the growth and prosperity , they instructed me to end martial law and to bring justice to the county. it allowed me to call for 11 townsend plantations to send to representatives to the capital where these newly appointed burgesses would meet the laws. citizens of virginia did not have to fear because we have brought about a familiar form of government here in virginia where their own interest and concern with drive ledges nation. it would divide power between the governor, counsel, and this new representative assembly, the selected assembly is the voice of the people. it serves as a check on the power and balance of myself and my counsel . and it is my belief that the citizens of virginia have welcomed this method of establishing laws and political institutions including

virginia was no ordinary state. it was by far the most populous state, by itself made up a fifth of the population, the largest state in territory and richest state. it's not surprising 4 out of the first 5 presidents were virginians and working model for the constitution in the convention was the virginia plan. during the first two decades of the republic virginia dominated the nation as no state ever has, as virginia went, so went the nation. there were signs in the 1780s and 1790s virginia was trying to do something about slavery. if virginia could abolish slavery, then it was assumed then the rest of the south would surely follow. in virginia, the harsh black codes of the early 18th century had fallen into neglect. by the time of the revolution, fraternization between white and black slaves had become more common both in sporting events and in religion. the growing of wheat instead of tobacco was changing the nature of slavery in the upper south and many of the planters now calling themselves farmers, began high

virginia. on behalf of preservation virginia' as board of trustees and our jamestown rediscovery foundation board of directors, i share our appreciation of friends and partners gathered today and acknowledge the leadership of the administration, general assembly, american evolution and jamestown-yorktown foundation. also appreciation for the national park service, tribal representatives and members of the descendents and families society. today we commemorate events that occurred on this site for hundred years ago. speakers whoshed follow me will capture the importance of those proceedings and the influence still felt today. and the persistent efforts of women who ensured the preservation. the history embodied in these walls would have been lost if not for the dedication of women. women founded the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, now known as preservation virginia. save and restore disappearing landscapes and buildings that embodied our colonial tradition. the women es

this may be because of living in virginia. it took virginia longtime to decide to secede. after south carolina and the other deep south states seceded, they hated set -- south carolina, they forced them in a box and left them defenseless. virginia says we are not going to be like south carolina. let them hang around and decide what we do. we are going to send delegates from every county to richmond to debate this. most of the delegates who were sent were sent there to save the united states. they voted over and over again not to leave the united states. the guys from augusta county were on the cutting edge of voting to stay in the united states. i do not want to ruin the story for you. they do not. they decided overnight they were loyal confederates. they sacrifice and lead the confederacy all the way through. how do you do that? how do you argue for the union one day and represent the confederate congress the next? that is the sort of thing i think we need to make room in our imagination for rather than rushing a story along. further north, my goal was to give credit to t

in virginia, or the virginia theater, including maryland and pennsylvania, fighting against lee before grant came to direct command there, during which time, when grant came to command in virginia, the union got precisely nowhere. grant came and yes, lost a lot of people, because it was going to take a lot of people to defeat robert e. lee and the confederate forces in virginia. you were not going to do that for free and you are not going to do that for cheap, and grant got it done. the union had had superior forces in virginia before but it took grant to make the horses, superiority -- the forc es, superiority of forces pay off. also, the superiority of forces was not at such a level as to allow an idiot to win the war. again, referring to what, or another method -- myth about grant, he was someone who was drunk all the time, that is -- drop all the time. i have known some friends who have perhaps leaned the other way from me in the civil war, and you can tell where i come from by my complete absence of an accent -- i am joking. some people think i do have an accent. at any rate, i ha

on the big stage in virginia. it didn't decide the war but it's all the big army space each other and got the most attention and most news reporters. the most photographers were around there. most of the pictures you see in the civil war are the virginia theater. it gets attention. he's going against top opposition. he is going to be teaching the army of the potomac to make war in a new way. he has to exercise a lot of confidence. one thing grant had started to do during the civil war was smoking cigars. before the civil war, he smoked a pipe. early pictures of the civil war, he has a beard down to his chest and has a pipe and he doesn't look anything like ulysses s. grant. someone had sent him a cigar after some of his early victories. he had that cigar in his mouth during the battle of fort donaldson, and people heard about grant writing around -- riding around with a cigar, and he got all of these cigars given to him. he felt like he needed to smoke them and set of his pipe. i don't know if it made a difference

the numbers were too great. 40 percent of this state, virginia, or the state of virginia. the state of virginia was made up of black slaves. 60% of south carolina. those proportions are so high, it is difficult for me to see how the problem could have been solved. the best, they thought things were going the right way, but they really did not know the reality. we live with allusions, too, we just don't know what they are. historians will look back and say how could they be thinking that? you have to understand that we don't know our future. they did not know their future any more than we know arispe we have all kinds of addictions about what will be. and we are in better shape to make those predictions, but we really can't be sure what it is going to be like at the end of the 21st century. they did the best they could. i think given the circumstances. know it looks easy when you look back and say, why couldn't we have done that? it just was not going to happen. i do not think there was anything that could have been done to solve the problem. once you get going, as i say, t

as virginia went, so went the nation. there were signs in the 1770's -- 1780's and 1790's that virginia was trying to do something about slavery. if virginia could abolish slavery, it was assumed, then the rest of the south would surely follow. in virginia, the harsh black codes of the early 18th century had fallen into neglect, and by the time of the revolution, fraternization between whites and black slaves had become more common, both in sporting events and in religion. the growing of wheat instead of tobacco was changing the nature of slavery in the upper south, and many of the planters, now calling themselves farmers, began hiring out their slaves, suggesting to some that slavery might eventually be replaced by wage labor. other evidence from the upper south seemed to reinforce the idea that slavery was on its way to extinction. what could be a more conspicuous endorsement -- this is incredible when you think about it -- a more conspicuous endorsement of the anti-slave cause than having the college of william and mar

and is a history professor at virginia commonwealth university. the virginia museum of history and culture hosted this event. >> so now for today's program, dr. gregory d. smithers, an associate professor of history at virginia commonwealth university, specializes in native american history, he's the author of several books including "the cherokee diaspora: an indigenous history of migration, resettlement and identity," about which greg spoke here a few years ago. and his newest book on the subject of today's lecture, "native southerners: indigenous

i like what virginia is doing. other states have done it a different way other than the virginia approach that you crafted last year. it's outstanding. and the legislature has to prove it. >> real quick gov. hodges and i've got one for you. >> when i think about gerrymandering i have an older brother who in 1984 told me walter mondale was going to beat ronald reagan because quote everyone you knew was voting for mondale. i said mark you need to get out more often because you might see things a little differently. i think about gerrymandering because districts are drawn like that. the perspective that i have and george talked about a number of important points, but here's the thing that's most important. i had colleagues tell me when i was a legislator that they didn't believe that poverty existed in south carolina. i thought, you would be better served living in a district where you had rich people and poured people. shop owners and corporations. when you have to learn to navigate dealing with all of the different

the other two, one is virginia and one is south carolina. we've already seen the palmetto trees as an example of specifically state pride rather wide once wide o the confederacy came into being. people were shouting very loudly and displaying these things at the same time about us versus them, and our identity versus the other group. but in fact, the south was not unified, even at the moment the confederacy was created. that is something that these -- again, with a bit of interpretation -- can tell us quite clearly. the third and final artifact i want to show you is not pretty like some of these badges are, nor is it menacing like the pike. in fact, i think you will all find it pretty mundane. it is a piece of cotton. i feel like i have to say that quickly, given sometimes when people see this image, they think it is a brain. [laughter] john meacham earlier was talking about the battle of the brain versus the guts. i thought that might be on people's minds this afternoon. [laughter] but no, it is a piece of cotton. it was grown by enslaved g

at least not all of virginia. now, the southern culture zone that native americans called home prior to contact and, indeed, after contact with europeans, begins roughly around the nodaway river, among the nodaway peoples, and in what is today southwestern virginia. that was traditionally cherokee hunting lands. it's in those hunting lands that cherokee warriors, in particular, often had contact with the monokin in central virginia. so the geography of the south changes when we take a native perspective on southern history and this is something that i developed and explained in more detail in the book. in addition, also the stories and the way we talk about the stories of the south change as well. let me just sort of talk about someone who you probably all have heard of before. a young girl in the 17th century by the name of pocahontas. she's often thought of as a friend to the english. marries john rolf. saves john smith. these are mythologies. these become historical truisms over time that become embedded in the

well, virginia is a royal colony. the royal governor of virginia is a man by the name of lord dunmore. as early as may, 1775, right after lexington and concord, lord dunmore seizes all the gunpowder seized at the capital, colonial williamsburg. has anyone been to colonial williamsburg? ever see the powder magazine? the big, brick building? he seizes all the gunpowder there because he doesn't want american rebels to get it. around the summer of six 1775, he fights these skirmishes partly led by patrick henry. give me liberty or give me death, that guy. the other thing dunmore does, and we will pick this up later in the class, in november he issues a proclamation that he tells slaves, any slave who enters british area and takes up arms will be set free. what dunmore is doing is creating a force made up of a handful of british regulars, loyalists and slaves and by the fall of 1775, he has about 1200 of these people in the area around norfolk, virginia. dunmore please to a british warship. we saw british authority collaps

well, virginia, virginia have a royal colony. most populist, wealthiest, largest royal colony and the royal governor is a man by the name of lord dunmore. as early as may of 1975, lord dunmore seizes all the gun powder held at the capital colonial williamsberg. anybody been there? ever see the powder magazine, the big brick building? they seize all the gun powder there because he doesn't want the american rebels to do it. throughout the summer of '75 n dunmore fights little militias. give me liberty or give me death, that guy. the other thing lord dunmore does, and we'll pick it up later, but in november lord dunmore issues a proclamation that he tells any slave who enters british area and takes up arms will be set free. what dunmore is doing is creating a forest made up of a hand full of british regulars, loyalists and slaves. and by the fall of 1775, he has about 1200 of these people in the area around norfolk, virginia. dunmore flees to a british warship. you'll see these guys. we saw british authority collapse in new jersey i

jenkins withdraws into west virginia. actually maryland, sorry. jenkins moves back into pennsylvania on june 22. the new yorkers now fearing infantry is coming with artillery abandon ship and head back to harrisburg, now leaving the cumberland valley unprotected. other than a few scattered calvary units, units of the first new york calvary, for example. there are some local units floating around there. but most of the calvary in these units are not very experienced with the exception of the first new yorkers. they thought the rebels are coming into the cumberland valley. jenkins follows the railroad. they go to mechanicsburg. he will set up shop. again, the map shows you the railroad tracks on the main streets of mechanicsburg, and this is the largest hotel, one of the most important hotels in town during the civil war years. that is the railroad hotel, appropriate named, and was also a ticket office. it had the unheard-of rooms for women and an indoor powder room for men. it had indoor plumbing, at least for a while. they had a very nice hotel th

maryland and virginia. you have officers walking through many people thinking abraham lincoln will never be inaugurated. he will be assassinated. winfield scott putting up cannons in and around the capitol. saying anybody disrupt the proceedings i will lash that person to a canon and fire them out the window the capital. he said should that person be a legislator from his native state, virginia, he said he will state, virginia, he said he will manure the grounds with his remains. lincoln trying to keep the union together. the question of civil war is in your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen. you can have no work without being the aggressor. he's hopeful about it. the mystic cores memory stretching from every patriot grave and every living heart but once again swell the course of the union untouched by the better angels of our nature. famous words indeed. it didn't last because you know the south is beginning to get ready for the war. they know that the words coming. they seem to be more ready than the nort

and culture in richmond, virginia. and welcome to our latest special exhibition that is tl

jenkins withdraws into west virginia. actually maryland, sorry. jenkins moves back into pennsylvania on june 22. yorkers now fearing infantry is coming with artillery abandon ship and head back to harrisburg, now leaving the cumberland valley unprotected. other than a few scattered calvary units, units of the first new york calvary, for example. there are some local units floating around there. but most of the calvary in these units are not very experienced with the exception of the first new yorkers. they thought the rebels are coming into the cumberland valley. railroad.llows the they go to mechanicsburg. he will set up shop. again, the map shows you the railroad tracks on the main streets of mechanicsburg, and this is the largest hotel, one of the most important hotels in town during the civil war years. that is the railroad hotel, appropriate named, and was also a ticket office. it had the unheard-of rooms for women and an indoor powder room for men. and an indoor powder room for men. it had indoor plumbing at least for a while. a very nice ho

later, to the southeast and the golds, where virginia city is, more gold was found. that was one of more predominant gold strikes. story was one of those who heard about and viewed this valley and came to realize this was a fertile valley for agriculture. a lot of people who would come up the bozeman trail and make it through on the bozeman trail over the bozeman path and into this valley, they may have originally intended to go to the gold fields an virginia city, bannock, maybe last chance golds up where helena is, but once they got a view of this valley and realize the agricultural potential, they decided to file their claim 160 acres and just stay right here. story realize that. he was not really a big farmer, per se, but he had some ideas for mercantile store, a cattle herd, and that was the main impetus. virginia city, like most mining towns, pretty rough place to live great he and his wife, ellen, were starting a family, so it really was not the ideal location to live in. so they came over here to bozeman. from there, the first he did was he went down to texas

the citizenship process in virginia. individuals that are american citizens being declared noncitizens by the state election officials. and being removed from the roles. this is a problem iris needs to address because the voter system is broken. not working because of technology changes in the last 30 years since it was passed, it is important i believe that only citizens beyond the roles, easy ways to fix that. cooperate with state officials, the federal government state officials cooperate through post registration to verify citizenship. allowing space to do some form of the citizenship verification is not interested. easily solved. chairman, back to my time? >> thank you mr. klein. you are recognized. >> thank you. the ranking member suggested i have to differ based on experienced commonwealth of pennsylvania. most a decade ago the pennsylvania controlled legislator passed a number of voter suppression measures struck down been wildly gerrymandered electoral amount, this legislation was neutral but it has disparate im

now, joe johnston virginia wounds have flared up. is unfit for field duty. fieldy when he is fit for duty in mid-april, is anything else going on in the west that attention at is this point? that's when grant, u.s. grant the batteries at vehiclesburg and it becomes very clear that the mississippi front really, really active which of course it does with the vehiclesburg campaign. johnston is ordered away with elements of bragg's army to counter that. that is the detachment that will be defeated at the battle of of 1863.n may o where are we in the army of tennessee at this point? is this a happy organization, ready to take the field, a good of leaders? no, emphatically no. to heal over in again once johnston leaves and realizes bragg will be here and and we to work together have to continue to work together. the wounds begin to heal, but a the scabs are , ripped off again. i invite you at some point to go look at the kentucky campaign official records. you notice half of the reports 1862.done in the fall of the other half were done in the spring of 1863 and br

-- virginia's governor. he has a proven record of bipartisanship working to advance u.s. interests and security abroad. and most importantly he is the various chair of the senate intelligence committee where he has worked with senator richard burr and other senators on both sides of the aisle. this combination of the private sector, technology world and public service world, i think gives him particularly keen insights into the topic that we are discussing today. and he ha has really been in the forefront of leading conversations about technology, economic and trade issues. all of which are at the core of the u.s.-china relationship. thank you everybody for joining us today. thank you for those joining online. if you are using social media, please use the hashtag -- and join us for the conversation at hashtag sen werner at usip. with that please welcome o join me in welcoming senator warner. >> thank you, nancy. thank you for introduction. thank you for the great work usip does on so many subjects. it's grea

as one would hope, in a state that figured so prominently in the civil war, virginia is blessed with a large and deep

. >>> founded in 1607 jamestown, virginia, first settlement in north america. the summer marked the arrival of the first african slaves and the first meeting of the kbenl sgen assembly which established government in the colony. next on american history tv. a commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the first virginia general assembly. this is part one of a three-part ceremony. >> governor northam and distinguished guests welcome to historic jamestown. i have the great honor to serve as chief executive officers for preservation virginia. on behalf of prive revauxation virginia's board of trustees and our jamestown rediscovery foundation board of directors,

near it, to the west, was virginia city. so montana's history is bound up in mining. those miners who jumped across from idaho and earlier, california, in 1850's, jumped across into montana and those miners spread out looking for the gulch is as they called them. so they looked in yellowstone, but they did not really make a gold strike. that was fortunate for yellowstone. it probably saved the national park, the fact that there was not a gold strike. or we would have had a gold strike there instead of a national park. so bozeman pretty early became an outfitting point for yellowstone, as did virginia city. and i think that is the key connection. is that those two towns, as early as 1880, were in a kind of competition. and virginia city quickly lost that battle of being an outfitting point. they were too far away. bozeman, only 75 miles away for the north entrance, one that battle - won that battle. yellowstone was already effectively the first attraction for tourists in the interior of the american west. that is pretty significant. that is a big deal. part of that imp

50 miles to washington, or to one of the river ports in eastern virginia. ok? how about the army out in mississippi? they can rely on the united states navy going up and down the mississippi river, right? good, short, secure lines of supply. what about the army of the cumberland? the army of the cumberland's forward base in nashville, 30 miles northwest of murfreesboro, you can supply in through the cumberland river, but the cumberland river can be very fickle, shall we say. there are times where, because of the shoals just downstream from the city of nashville, you get steamers up as well as you can. you have the option of the railroad --ational the louisville-nashville railroad, which parallels interstate 65 and at nashville, nashville and chattanooga and the rest is paralleled by interstate 24. you can see it marked on your map. basically everything you are going to need are going to ride the rails, the single track railroad. now, once you leave louisville, between louisville and nashville, that 183 miles, at best you are going through neutral territory, eve

>> virginia. [laughter] prof. murray: virginia is heard from today. mead. i'd want the mead monument preserved for sure. what about the pennsylvania monument? seems to make sense. what about the lincoln speech monument? those are the ones you would think would be preserved, and you can read this itinerary in the very last category of monuments not to be melted down, not to be melted down, because they're so important. the park service listed three. one of them was virginia. first confederate monument that goes up in 1917. the second one was north carolina. a monument that's sculpted by the same individual that does mount rushmore, so it had artistic merit. and the third monument is the state of alabama. so the national park service's priority, if the war becomes so cataclysmic that they have to disassemble the monuments, the most monumental civil war battlefield, is to save the three confederate state monuments. they justify this because of the monuments artistic merit. we know the war doesn't become that bad, but think about disasempling the gettysburg com

wittman, united states house of representatives, first congressional district of virginia. congressman wittman. [ cheers and applause ] >> well, thank you, folks, and good morning, and welcome to america's first district, and welcome to jamestown, the locus of so much of our history. it was here where a small group of adventurers established the very foundation of this nation, a nation built on democracy and the rule of law. mr. president, you made all americans proud earlier this summer when you traveled to normandy to recall and honor the

announcer: watch the entire three-part ceremony commemorating the 400th anniversary of the virginia first assembly starting monday at 8:00 p.m. eastern. you're watching american history tv. announcer: next on lectures in history stony brook university , professor paul kelton taught a class about abraham lincoln and native americans. he talked about the dakota wars in minnesota which resulted in 38 executions, the removal of the navajo, and the 1864 sand creek massacre. prof. kelton: so, good afternoon everyone. thank you. today's lecture will be on abraham lincoln. many few probably do not think about abraham lincoln in context of american indian or indigenous history. that is what we're going to talk about today. after all, abraham lincoln had a lot on his plate. when he was president. the civil war. and that dominated most of his attention. but underneath the surface of the civil war, lay some important events involving american indians. events that might make abraham lincoln more of a problematic figure than he ordinarily is. so let's consider some u.s. events in american indian affair

virginia continued in this piecemeal fashion of writing slavery. and it should be said white supremacy, into law. it was not until the beginning of the 18th century, however, that virginia developed a full-fledged slave code. even before there was the united states, slavery was in place as was a racial hierarchy that has stubbornly resisted extinction. we know, that the vast bulk of the millions of people torn from africa and brought to the new world ended up in south america, brazil particularly, and the west indies. scholars estimate that only around 750,000 africans came to the mainland of north america. out of the millions who were torn from africa. by the time of the civil war, that number had gone to over 4 million people. that number has continued to rise to over 13 million people today. it is fitting that we take note of the journey of africans to north america. we have made progress. but there's no doubt that we are still grappling with rules, ideas, and notions that were already put into place in 1619, about who africans were and what pla

echoing these fears, william byrd the third, one of the largest slaveowners in virginia, wrote about the public danger so many slaves represented, and future president james madison agreed that blacks who were free would soon be at war with whites, if too near. slaveholders other believed there was always a possibility of war between the races because they understood slaves, just like white men, would always try to free themselves. but these ideas of being at war with one another were not new, but were rather the same ideas that were generated by the very first settlers throughout the bursar's colonies -- throughout the british colonies, about their enslaved populations. these tensions were only verified during and after the haitian revolution. the colonists were afraid, according to lieutenant governor william boll of south carolina, that need grows may become their enemies, if not their masters. and this is the real issue, they would be unable to withstand or prevent slaves from taking over the region after successful insurrection. sir alexander coming connell gold blacks in south

in virginia, the problems were worse than getting on the rolls. it was cans levelled through the citizenship process in virginia and individuals who were american citizens were being declared non-citizens by the state election officials and being removed from the rolls. this is a problem that congress needs to address because the voter motor system is broken and it is not working because of technology changes in the last 30 years since motor voter 25 years since was passed. so it is important, i believe, that only citizens be on the rolls and there are easy ways to fix that. cooperate with state officials, federal governments and state officials cooperate to post registration verify citizenship. allow states to do some form of citizenship verification that was non-intrusive and it's easily solved. mr. chairman, i yield back the balance of my time. >> thank you, mr. klein. >> miss scanlon, you're recognized. >> thank you. >> the ranking member suggested in his opening remarks that evidence of disparate impact is not proof of discrimination and i ha