but this is what was coming out of the soviet union. ideologically it's hard to explain and not hard to empathize with people who said this is the real wave of the future. harry gold was one of these guys. when he lost his job in the great depression this is one of the first steps that led to radicalization. he is a courier later on for one of the most important atomic spy and he worked with rosenberg's ring. steve nelson is one of the most unknown of the atomic spy ring leaders. he was a primary recruiter for a lot of the university-based professors who were giving information to the soviet union. nelson was naturalized citizen. he wasn't a u.s. citizen to begin with. he spent time in spain in the spanish and the war. -- the spanish civil war. he was an american volunteer that fought alongside of the republicans in that time. he moved to russia for several years and returned to the united states in the early 1940's. be forewarned he was on the radar the minute he walked back in country. he was not somebody who was able to sneak back in

us and the soviet union. one scorpion bites the other scorpion, the bitee bites back and they're both dead. it doesn't pay to bite anybody in that situation so everybody is deterred. and there was this happy concept for a while. of the the truth situation was captured in a very influential piece written called the delicate balance of terror. and then everybody began to understand that the stability -- now the third word -- the stability of the relationship begins upon the surviveability of your capacity to strike back or your second strike capability. just about when that is sinking n to our mindset, the russians orbit this basketball sized entity, sputnik, and the wonder of putting something in space is surpassed by the horror that if they could put something in space they could put something any place on the ground in the united states. so we leave the 50s with an appreciation for a limit of nuclear weapons. we leave the 50s with an understanding of the difficulty of sustaining credibility of the fragility

we have heard the metaphor to scorpions in a bottle, us and the soviet union. one scorpion bites the other scorpion and the bite deep bites back and they are both dead. it doesn't take a bite anybody now situations everybody is deterred and there was this happy concept for a while. then the truth of the situation was captured in the influential piece written by will tschetter called the delicate balance of terror and everybody began to understand that the stability, the third word come the stability of the strategic relationship depends upon the survivability of your capacity to strike back for your second-strike capability. just about one that is sinking in for a mindset the russians orbit this basketball sized entity sputnik and the wonder of putting something in space is surpassed by the four that they could put something in space or they could put something anyplace on the ground in the united states. so we leave the 50s with an appreciation for the limits. we leave the 50s with an understanding of the difficulty of sustaining credibility of the fragility o

why didn't the collapse of the soviet union result in bloodshed and war? >> well, first of all, we didn't want it to because what had happened before every time there was any kind of an outburst in eastern europe, the soviet union would crack down, kill the leaders, and even be more repressive than before. so what we wanted to do was to keep indications of violence and dissent underneath the soviet radar, and we tried very hard to do that, and when the announcement about the wall came, president bush senior was told by his press secretary, you're going to have to talk to the press. everybody is wondering about this. so i said, we don't really know what the facts are, but anyway the press came into the president's office, and he described what was happening and how uncertain it all was. after he finished that explanation, one of the members of the press said, well, mr. president, you don't seem very elated. i would think you would want to go over and dance on the wall, and he said, well, i'm just not that kind of a person. what we were worried about was tha

they are left over from the days of the former soviet union. right now, the self-declared people's republic is largely dependent on russia. another convoy has just arrived from moscow bringing badly needed food supplies. after months of fighting, most people in the city of den yes card dependent on outside aid. most of the elderly have not received their pensions for months. outside the municipal offices, the subject of new russia is on everyone's lips. only a few dare to express a contrary opinion. >> ukraine -- i don't want to live in russia. russia should leave us alone. i don't need new russia. ukraine is my homeland. i'm russian by origin, but this is my homeland. i love ukraine, and i want to live in ukraine. >> others quickly shout out their disagreement. "my parents built on yet," one lady cries. "who are you to give it away?" many others, young people especially, don't dare to voice a love of ukraine in republic. they face too many threats. and yes goes once a melting pot of different cultures. these days, most people here seem to have

yet, in this age of redoubled growth, of information and innovation, the soviet union faces a choice. it must make fundamental changes or it will become obsolete. [applause] today, this represents a moment of hope. we in the west stand ready to cooperate with those in the east to promote hope and break down barriers that separate people, to create a safer and freer world. surely, there is no better place than berlin, meeting face -- meeting place of east and west, to make a start. [applause] berlin, today is in the past. for theed states stands strict observance and full implementation of all parts of the war power agreement of 1971. let us use this occasion, the of this city,ary to usher in a new era, to instill a safer life for berlin future. let us maintain and develop the ties between the federal republic of the western sectors of berlin, which is permitted with the 1971 agreement. denied by mr. gorbachev, let us eastern andg the western parts of the city together so that all the inhabitants of all of berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of

in the soviet union fell. and i'm not saying this as we have it in oblivion, but there's an argument that something like this which is not a trivial argument. so it's a huge competition and with it we find ourselves in a whole new world. and so we had an international structure which is no longer bipolar and it could be called unipolar and it appears to be part of a fundamental new world order and i love that phrase. it had military force but not in nuclear weapons. and this is the concept of national sovereignty where international technology would replace it in the book that captures a where the world is flat and jessica mathews wrote a piece that also predicted this world that we are moving into with military power as the decade began with this. drove the iraqis out of kuwait. and really there was a huge unilateral reduction and nato no longer had to contend with the warsaw pact and we were not worried about the soviet union, it was gone and russia was our partner. and thus begins the first decade of the 21

us and the soviet union. one scorpion bites the other scorpion, the bitee bites back, and they're both dead. doesn't pay to bite anybody in that situation, so everybody is deterred. and there's this happy concept for a while. and then the truth of the situation was captured in a very influential piece written called "the delicate balance of terror," and then everybody began to understand that stability -- now the third word -- the stability of the strategic relationship depends upon the survivability of your capacity to strike back or your second strike capability. just about when that is sinking in to our mindset, the russians orbit this basketball-sized entity, sputnik. and the wonder of putting something in space is surpassed by the horror that if they could put something in space, they could put something any place. on the ground in the united states. so we leave the '50s with an appreciation for the limits of nuclear weapons, we leave the '50s with an understanding of the difficulty of sustaining credibi

the implosion of the soviet union. and probably an electric that was as content, and ironically, as fateful about government as they had ever been -- tells it all. ironically, we have the president that felt that government should do the least probably did the most to restore respect for america and for the federal government. >> anything to add to that? >> noepe. from clemson, south carolina. my question is directed towards something mr. keen said. you referenced how you once ran for a public office and quickly decided that that was not the route you wanted to take. my question is, what advice would you give s when making our decisions about which to action go to spread our conservative ideas in politics or throughout different career choices? i haveve to say that -- done various things in my life. ae of the things i was was political consultant. and running for public office was an incredibly valuable -- was incredibly valuable because it taught you that the quest for public office is evidence of temporary insanity.

so to the soviet union ultimately do not have the stomach to fire on their own crowds. it was also gone by year's end. china's communist regime remains to this day, offering the trouble in lesson that those who accept reforms sought other states toppled. the regime that sent in the tanks survived. what then is the ultimate lesson of 1989? we all know the fallacy of trying to draw ironclad lessons from history, but i think if there is one -- one lesson, it is not just a story of europe or eastern europe or berlin, but instead it was an intertwined global affair. the lesson is this -- there were, in fact, as the professor mentioned, multiple lessons. when one thinks of 1989 and why it matters, it largely depends on your national point of view. for the americans, the central lesson was that they had one -- won. ronald reagan single-handedly tore the berlin wall down brick by brick. i like to think he took off his shirt like putin before he did it. because he believed in freedom and because he also believed in strength. this person of history offers a blueprint for future a

give me the exact location of the soviet union artillery. give me the exact location of their second echelon. give me the exact location of their special forces. you are looking for exact values of variables. the one on the right is that is not what you spend your energy on buzz that is not of much use to you because even in a moment in time you could find an exact value of a variable. what do we say complex meant? complex changing. it is going to change. what you want to do is determine the relationship of the variables. so in a complicated world, a equals 1, b equalled 2. c equals 3. a goes up, b goes down. you just want know the relationship of the variables and is that relationship going to change. when i got into this, you know, conflict or whatever it is, whenever a went up, b went down. but something happened and now when a goes up, b is going up. the relationship of the variables change. when we say when, i tell folks, we are focussing on when. that's not for the army to decide. definitely not for the trade-off kma commander to decid

space and in central and eastern europe comparable to what the soviet union had. this is not sending in troops and occupation. this is influence. so the states have to take into account, and to take into account, russian interest, russian desires. to me, if you asked him what is his dream, that might be it. that might be it. and that's the kind of europe that are think would be bad for europe, bad for us and ultimately bad for russia. because i think, well, it would vindicate russian nationalism and feed their ego i think is not sustainable over the long term and it takes russia away from what its real objective should be which is to become part of the 21st century. >> steve, thank you. we want to get to whether or not the west, europe, canada, north america been effective in trying to counter putin but before we get are two questions to put on the table briefly. the first is this. i don't want to leave the witnesses, but when you encounter russians come and i have in many international conferences over the last seven or eight months, the line sometimes is you ame

union. instead, reagan gets a lot of hard marks. as margaret thatcher famously said, you won the cold war without firing a single shot. there is a little hyperbole with that, but that speech being delivered in 1986, and in 1989 the wall coming down is often seen as cause and effect, reagan's great moment. bush was the. president when the wall actually came down. how did he respond to the end of the iron curtain? >> there is the unsung hero of it all. 41, as he is called now. he showed such grace and diplomacy, caution. remember, we did not know what was going to happen. it did not just come tumbling down. it was getting chipped away, bit by bit. it was a fear the soviet army might come in and stop the wall from being ripped down. what he did was handhold ,hancellor kohl and gorbachev and took an adult approach to things. do not brag. do not call it a victory. do not say we won the cold war. do not pound your chest. just wait. we did not know what was going to happen. now, we know german reun

it will be castro ejects soviet union from western hemispheric. u.s. brings cuba back into western orbit. this was the then he put on it. he cast the baton being an intermediary to extraordinary reporters from abc news. it was a woman named lisa howard. anybody remember seeing her? she was the most famous female journalist of her time. she was the first female correspondent for abc news. the first to have her own new show. she has been called the first barbara walters. her whole scheme was to find powerful world leaders and interview them, and make headlines with that. her first was with nikita khrushchev when he came to the u.n.. then she set her sights on fidel castro and pepper the human mission in new york to let her go to cuba the camera to -- camera crew. he had not given any major interview since 1959. she finally got permission to go in april of 1963. as wayne smith will tell you, it is hard to get to him. after being there and waiting for three weeks, she went to donovan who was there and said please broker an introduction. he went to castro a

you may have heard the metaphor, two scorpions in a bottle, us and the soviet union. one scorpion bites the other scorpion, the bitee, bites back and they're both dead. doesn't pay to bite anybody that situation so everybody is deterred. there is this happy concept for a while. and then the truth of the situation was captured in that very influential piece written by wolfsteader, called, the delicate balance of terror. then everybody began to understand, stability, now the third word, the stability of the strategic relationship depends upon the survivability of your capacity to strike back or your second strike capability. just about when that is sinking in, to our mind-set, the russians orbit this basketball-sized entity, sputnik. the wonder of putting something in space is surpassed by the horror they could put something in space they could put something any place on the ground in the united states. so we leave the '50s, with an appreciation for the limit of nuclear weapons. i understand the difficulty of sustaining credibility, of fragility of stability. it was not

[speaker not understood] she talks about how in the soviet union the bureaucracy of the soviet union came to feel that the state was private property. that is a natural tendency of bureaucracies as they think they own thing. rec and park doesn't own the open spaces of san francisco. [ applause ] >> they are there to administer that open space, but they do not own it. it's not theirs to sell or give away. the other thing that is true of the bureaucracy of the soviet union they felt it was their job to decide what was best for the people. it was their job to decide how people should live their lives and use their open space and everything. it's not the job of rec and park or the commission, but their job to facilitate what the people decide is best for themselves. this system isn't working. it isn't working. it's broken down. we should not be coming here, pleading our cause to ask you for stuff. the open space of san francisco needs to be controlled by the neighborhoods, period. it should not be controlled by bureaucracy. it should not be controlled by a commission appointed at-large.

george after i retired, herbert walker bush asked me if theuld lead a team to go to soviet union to talk about strategic defense initiative. and those are times when so many people here wouldn't remember, but we're talking about the all the kinds of things to make sure we cool off the temperatures that were running very high and very serious. but we had tut together a meeting with the retired hierarchy with the soviet union and retired hierarchy of the united states of america. and bud and i were the co-chairman. and it started off by being in moscow at a fancy hotel. but when we rearrived, they said the hotel is full and we are going to take you out to one of our places where we have rest and relax ace out in the countryside and blah, blah, blah. they took us out to a beautiful place way out in the countryside but they isolated. and they had some of the most beautiful women you ever seen in your life. the first thing i did was to look for the cameras. and there were none that i found. important field stein kept med mill dogging me and it was all on s.d.i. and i would sit down for breakf

soviet union had become dependent on oil to finance the budget and oil prices came down. what makes mikhail gorbachev a remarkable individual, he was not the first to recognise there were deep political problems in the soviet system. the problem was in order to conduct economic liberalization one needed to conduct reform. he was able to push the reform further. he was brave enough to risk - he was brave enough to risk, introducing the political changes. and turned out the system was frail and brittle. >> when we dissect history, some would get credit for the u.s. government as the author for the fall of the hall. >> i think that's an exaggeration. i don't thing we could ex-closed the united states. the way i put it is mikhail gorbachev was the key actor was important moves. many of reagan's closest advisors including the then director opposed any effort to reach out to mikhail gorbachev. we were skeptical of what mikhail gorbachev was doing as late as november 1997. what regan committed himself to was building a relationship with mikhail gorbachev, particularly after 1986

>> at this time the change was going on in the soviet union, and there was some kind of feeling that the change will reach east germany because the government and the leaders of east germany refused the reforms that were taken, that took place in the soviet union. so there was a feeling that something could happen, but most of the west german people didn't believe that it will happen in the next years, they thought in 10, 20 years a change will come to east germany, and that was a big surprise of the 9th of november, that it all of a sudden came, and nobody really was prepared what happened in that night. >> morgan radford speaking with historian about the fall of the berlin wall >>> the u.k. is marking remembrance on sunday. it was to honour british soldiers serving in combat. crowds lined the streets as 10,000 veterans marched through london. prime minister david cameron noted that the event was poignant in light of the 100th anniversary of the start of world war i. in kandahar they also observed remembrance day, honouring soldiers that have died. british troops stood with coalitio

mostly in the former soviet union. but i think the essential question, and i don't know that anybody here knows the answer to it, and that is why there's so much concern, which is how far does that extend, does it extend to the baltics? does it extend to central asia? does it extend to brighton beach, new york. >> i don't think that in brighton beach, there will be killing people other people. innocent people bombing cities. i don't think so. you have quite strong authority to protect these people. >> but help us to understand. >> but coming back to responsibility to protect. this is a very serious issue. we started to speak about the responsibility to protect. and after the war with the the -- in africa. in many other places. and you know in some countries the force was used. in mali, the last examples. and this is not what i am saying. about the observers. they are there and clear concerns. the other question is how to use the responsibility. it has to be one country or organization. or who has to authorize this, to

they have become possible thanks to the new thinking introduced by the soviet union and other socialist countries in which my country has a part. this policy has radically changed the international situation and created an atmosphere for moving from the arms race to a policy of relaxation of tensions and cool operation with more people -- cooperation with more people. the current events have become possible and necessary because of a number of objective and subjective reasons derived from the socialist society in the recent years. in a way, unthinkable a few months ago, people have expressed a wish for a change. they have demonstrated their willingness to play a decisive door in -- decisive role in shaping the future of the country. despite the achievements in the past year, new things have come up to face new challenges and the radical restructuring of our society has become an inevitable. it is a very critical assessment of the situation and the recent meetings of the socialist unity party of germany has been of extraordinary importance. the meeting has come with a far-reaching progra

he said there was this bridge but the soviet union. kennedy was a smart guy. he thought he could explore bringing cuba back into the western orbit and he wanted to see what could be done. of peacefulpartment directory we only had a department of dirty tricks. the issue was how do you do this? what mechanism? it was too sensitive to have an open meeting with fidel castro. how did you do this? the answer became through the negotiating the release of the bay of pigs prisoners. donovan, a famous new york lawyer. he conducted what kissinger would call shuttle diplomacy. he kept flying back-and-forth meeting with castro, starting in the early fall of 1962, a break in the action during the missile crisis, and a flurry of shuttle diplomacy in 1962 which resulted in a trade of $62 million of food and medicine for the actual prisoners. that the prisoners are being loaded onto a series of planes, the cia called o'donovan said we have three froms in castro's jails the technical services division. they are planting eavesdropping devices, in the ceiling of the new china new

all aimed at trying to support the soviet union at that time. one of the things he decided was they couldn't keep the warsaw pact countries like east germany after followed anymore. they were pouring billions of dollars into the warsaw pact. the economics helped bring back the wall. in terms of the politics today, what's going on inside of russia, mikhail gorbachev doesn't make last comments about that. >> okay. jim clancy at brandenburg gate, thanks very much. to bring our viewers up to date on what they're watching now. on the right-hand side of the screen, a service at the berlin wall memorial. very emotional speeches about remembering where berliners were when the wall came down, who they spoke to, honoring as well all of those who lost their lives trying to make it to the west. there you see angela merkel as well as the mayor of berlin seated to her right and other vips and dignitaries listen to the service. in about 20 minutes' time we're expecting a lighting of candles at the national memorial at the berlin wall. we'll have more. stay wit

union on june 12, 1987. just two years later, the wall came down. now we continue on our look back 25 years to the fall of the berlin wall and the events that preceded the ending of the cold war. [applause] >> thank you. thank you very much. , governing mayor gentlemen, 20 and four years ago, president john , speaking to the people of this city and the world at the city hall. since then, two other presidents have come to berlin. today, i myself make my second visit to your city. berlin because it is our duty to speak in this place of freedom. but i must confess we are drawn here by other things as well. by the feeling of history in this city. more than 500 years older than our own nation. grunwald andf the the deer garden. most of all, by courage and determination. perhaps the composer p

well, of course, you've got -- instead of the soviet union, you have got how many nations now? and -- but then and there are also -- there are a lot in africa and other parts of the world that developed. it's an interesting question, and that, you see, throughout this -- throughout this book is the whole relationship between this country and other countries and the number of times that presidents relied on international good will. teddy roosevelt trying to stop the russia-japanese war over manchuria in -- you know, in the early 1905. and then on the other hand, you've got other cases where presidents went completely against the will of the international community. again, one of my favorite stories, which i just love, and i learned so much in the preparing of this is harry truman and the berlin airlift. in 1948, when the soviets decided that they were going to cut off access of the western allies to -- to berlin, and all of the president's top diplomats, all of his top generals said, you know, you're crazy. there is no way we are going to be able to support -- and -- and repleni

and the soviet union innovated afghanistan in 1979, and once that happened it ushered in a cataclysmic upheaval of that society, and the reverberations of that still sort of echo today because a lot of the sort of islamist radicalism we see in the world sort of comes from the experience of the soviet invasion of afghanistan in in the 1980s. once the sowf jets invaded the cia and various other intelligence agencies flooded the country with gucks guns andy and help create a class of warlords, and jmk, is one of those people. somebody who rose from being a school janitor to becoming a very powerful warlord who operated in southern afghanistan. wednesday the -- once the over yets left, the warlords that we had armed turned the guns on each other and ushered in a bloody civil war, which jmk was participant of. the taliban rows as a reaction to the civil war, and pushed aside all the warlords and in many cases arrested them. they arrested jmk. they threw him in jail, tortured him, and in fact when i asked him about -- describe the port torture you suffered. he said the worst was nothing phys

i went to the soviet union in 1972. my daughter went back in 1992. now, when she left to go back, to go over there in 1992, i said to her, well, i hope you really enjoy this trip. i really enjoyed going to the soviet union. and bring me a souvenir back. so when she got back, she sent me an envelope with a souvenir in it. i open it up, and it was a polaroid picture of her. i look at it and say what kind of souvenir is this? a polaroid picture of you? she said, i thought you might want to see the difference of 20 years, when you went as opposed to when i went. and i'm looking at the picture, i'm saying, what does this picture say? she was standing on the mcdonald's golden arch. she was standing under that. i felt so stupid. that i didn't catch that. i point that out to say that nothing stays the same. we have to understand that this country is always moving like a pendulum on a clock. this country does not move linearly from point a to point b to point c. the country is always going back and forth, back and forth. the supreme court goes back and forth.

and the soviet union invaded afghanistan in 1979, and once that happened. it sort of ushered in a cataclysmic upheaval of that society and reverberations of that echo today because a lot of the islamic radicalism we see in the world sort of comes from the experience of the soviet invasion of afghanistan in the 1980s. and once the soviets invaded, the cia and other intelligence agencies flooded the country with gucks and money, and in the process -- with guns and money and in the process created classic warlord, and jmk, the character in my book, is one of those people. rows from being a school janitor to becoming a very powerful warlord, who operated in southern afghanistan. once the soviets left the various warlords we armed turned their guns on each other and ushered in a bloody civil war and jmk was a participant. the taliban rose as a reaction to the civil war and pushed aside all these warlords and in many cases arrested them. and they arrived jmk, threw him in. >> tortured him, and in fact when i asked him about -- describe the worst type of torture,

mikhail gorbachev, the man who oversaw the end of the soviet union. and lack fluensa, a strayed union, banned and moved into power. many of the great leaders, if you will, of the sweeping change have come here. there's a lot of tension with europe and russia as records the situation in ukraine. >> you were there among the millions in berlin. >> there were observances all across europe, marking 100 years since world war i. queen elizabeth and british leaders attended services. security around the dignitaries is the tightest it's been for a decade. human remains recently discovered from the wreckage of malaysia airlines flight 17 arrived this weekend. the cove jens taken to an army base. malaysia airlines flight 17 was shot in july over east ukraine with 298 people on board. >> pope francis has demoted a conservative american cardinal critical of his agenda. the pope removed cardinal raymond burke as head of the highest judicial authority, giving him a ceremonial commission. he was against commune union to divorced catholics and welcoming gays at last m

we come from the soviet union. we know how to live in a situation of censorship. is not the worst thing in the world. you can manage. >> when you mention vladimir putin, what one phrase or characteristic most defined the man you know? that the perception in the world or the u.n.? where the state department of the u.s.? what one quality, for you, defines him? >> there are two qualities. one for me is important, when he became president, he was in the kremlin. a journalist asked him, how do you think about all this luxury here? he said, i have seen the hermitage. that was important. when he became president, nobody knew who he was. people were asking who he was. the first ruler of russia came from a large city, the first language is german, coming from a city like st. petersburg is important. all the good thing for him come from st. petersburg. >> the characteristics are, he is cultured. >> he has a good cultural background which means he has good taste. he understands the importance of culture. he tries to help culture. he is an intellectual, more than other rulers

this understanding is a foundation for new relations between poland and the soviet union, relations much better than before. these improved mutual relations will also contribute to stabilization of peace in europe, removing east-west tensions. the pols have a long and nobodylt history, and wants peace and friendship with all nations and country, and particularly with the soviet union, more than we do. we believe that it is only now conditions for such a coexistence and friendship are emerging. poland is making an in port and contribution to a better future for europe, to a european reconciliation, also to the vastly important polish-german reconciliation, the overcoming of all divisions and the strengthening of human rights on our continent. it does not come easily for poland. the second world war, poland was the first country to fall victim of aggression. her losses in terms of human lives and actual property were the heaviest. her fight was the longest. she was always a dedicated member of the victorious alliance. her soldiers fought in all the war theaters. in 1945, poland was, theore

they called on mikhail gorbachev, the secretary-general of the soviet union, to bring down the wall. a symbol of a divided city, country and planet by a superpower standoff. people are coming and there is the night symphony. it is something that germans feel proud of. given the dark periods of the past. this is something we feel we can share with ourselves and show to the world. it was an instance of change. >> there's a lot of balloons tethered to the ground. we saw angela merkel at the war memorial. she was accompanied by the former soviet leader mikhail gorbachev. it's interesting. she's been talking about a new cold war and he blames the west. >> he has been speaking about the world being on the verge of a new cold war. those words are weighty coming from the man, opening and restructuring the soviet union, the ideas that were really a breath of fresh air in the 1980s, if you recall that era, when we had to live in a world that was divided and had an absurd symbol of the berlin wall. because of tensions over ukraine and the middle east, and western triumphalism to use his words,

space and in central and eastern europe comparable to what the soviet union had. this is not sending in troops and occupation. this is influence so these states have to take into account and do take into account russian interest in russian desires. to me, if you asked him what is his dream, that might be it. that might be yet and that's the kind of year that i think would be bad for europe and bad for us and ultimately bad for russia because i think well it vindicates russian nationalism and feeds their ego is not sustainable over the long term and takes russia away from what its real objective should be which is to become part of the 21st century. >> steve thank you. we want to get to whether or not the west europe canada and north america have been effective in trying to counter putin but leave before we do that there are two questions for on the table very briefly. the first of this. i don't want to leave the witnesses but when you encounter russians and i have in many international conferences over the last 78 months the line sometimes is you americans drove u

the east german government and president gorbachev of the soviet union steptly to take the final and to tear that while down. -- wall down. it is gone in substance. it should be gone inform. -- in form. the east german people are as theirting a new, parents and grandparents did a quarter of a century ago, that the human longing for freedom is universal and cannot be extinguished. government support a that does not respond to the needs of its people. mr. president, this is an historic event. it can be made even more so if the east german government now acts to tear the wall down. i urge them to do so. i urge president gorbachev to encourage them to do so. then, will wey know that their proposals of today have substance and meaning. mr. president, i yield the floor. >> we continue now on american history tv with a look back 25 years to the fall of the berlin wall on november 9, 1989. the following day, east german he reacted to the news. >> good evening. germannting the democratic republic of the -- to the united states of america. what a surprise. seems as though -- >> cannot hear, si

marking the unofficial end of the cold war between the united states and the soviet union. now a generation later, they are celebrating. we're live with the latest. hi, greg. >> reporter: yeah, being marked right now in berlin, the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall. truly one of the most historic moments in the recent past. a million people are crowding into the area where the wall stood, marking the wall's 9 mile loop, balloons. there have been celebrations, concerts, ceremonies. angela merkel saying that the fall of the wall shows us that dreams can come true. the moment was historic. it was the beginning of the end of the cold word. u.s. troops were stationed right there in west berlin as well as throughout germany. here is how one veteran remembered this moment. >> i don't have television. a friend called me. i live way up in a mountains. i drove 20 miles to his house where he has television and i saw people dancing. >> dreams can come true for that man as well. the reformist leader of the soviet leader at the time has been in berlin this weekend. but he h

union and the yearning for jews to get out of the soviet union and now looking back at that as history and sort of trying to find the meaning in that. >> and so if somebody is interesting in one day, one book and this particular novel, how do they participate? >> they can actually just -- a website one day, one book.com. and they can as an institution actually join in and we are very happy to help them from -- whether they have a book group or affiliated with institution they can actually get books from us and sort of have a sponsored book discussion. our idea is really to bring the library out into the community and so that -- we can have exchanges of ideas where people are at. what's really nice is that what people have book discussions, it goes way beyond the book itself. that's what we really look is for books to stimulate meaningful discussion. >> one of the release why people join a book club is for that conversation about what they're reading in common and how -- what is the e -- shares more personally of one's life that goes beyond the topic of the book itself. what do you thin

give me the exact location of the soviet union artillery. give me the exact location of their second echelon. give me the exact location of their special forces. you are looking for exact values of variables. the one on the right is that is not what you spend your energy on buzz that is not of much use to you because even in a moment in time you could find an exact value of a variable. what do we say complex meant? complex changing. it is going to change. what you want to do is determine the relationship of the variables. so in a complicated world, a equals 1, b equals 2. c equals 3. a goes up, b goes down. you just want know the relationship of the variables and is that relationship going to change. when i got into this, you know, conflict or whatever it is, whenever a went up, b went down. but something happened and now when a goes up, b is going up. the relationship of the variables change. when we say when, i tell folks, we are focussing on when. that's not for the army to decide. definitely not for the trade-off commander to decide. you

there were only two actors in space at that point: the united states and the soviet union. and the key provision in there is "no property rights in space." absent property rights how can we engage in moon mining, extraction? that's going to be an interesting question that has to be worked out. and there's lots of lawyers who deal with space law who've been debating this for years. but until there's actually a test case it probably won't be resolved. >> all of the international laws that's and all the regulations we have about space exploration are designed for states. so we don't really have any laws or regulations in place for corporations. >> if we put too many rules in place right now that lead to us not being able to open space, i think it would be an obscenity. i think it is anti-life. >> the most vocal supporters of a space free-for-all are the corporations and their billionaire backers. they insist it is not only their right to stake a claim in space, they're scratching a fundamental human 'itch'. it may appear rather abstract -- but 7 billion people back on earth, s

they are re-creating what the afghans created in the 1980s in the war against the soviet union in the invasion created jihad central. it's interesting in this book you recount the drafting of the manual and your note that there should have been a chapter on the information operations and there wasn't a chapter. it's mentioned that it's not highlighted as much as he would like. it's against the radical islamists has been the failure to create. during the cold war between the u.s. information agency which actually did before. and the information operations campaign. at the end of the cold war we disbanded the agency and we haven't stood up and re-created it in a war that is primarily. so that failing is the single biggest u.s. government failing. the military i think has a relatively small degree of responsibility for that. the current events in iraq demonstrate is likely to be i think. help me out with about as alien and because one way that i can read the news of the last several months that the united states spent years of dollars in us so that they were alone they left apart. much o

eric: and the leader of the soviet union has a chilling warning to the u.s. been 25 yeas since the fall of the before lin wall and the end of communist grip on millions, but he says we are on the brink of another cold war. >> mr. gorbachev, open this gate. [cheers and applause] mr. gorbachev, tear down this wall. [cheers and applause] when it comes to medicare, everyone talks about what hapns when you turn sixty-five. but, really, it's what you do before that counts. see, medicare doesn't cover everything. only about eighty percent of part b medical costs. the rest is on you. [ male announcer ] consider an aarp medicare supplement insurance plan insured by unitedhealthcare insurance company. like all standardized medicare supplement insurance plans, it could really save you in out-of-pocket medical costs. so, call now and request this free decision guide. discover how an aarp medicare supplement plan could go long™ for you. do you want to choose your doctors? avoid networks? what about referrals? [ male announcer ] all plans like these let you visit any doc

i strongly urge the east german government and president gorbachev of the soviet union directly to take the final step and to tear that wall down. it is gone in substance. it should be gone in form. the east german people are demonstrating a new, as their parents and grandparents did a quarter of a century ago, that the human longing for freedom is universal and cannot be extinguished. no wall can support a government that does not respond to the needs of its people. mr. president, this is an historic event. it can be made even more so if the east german government now acts to tear the wall down. i urge them to do so. i urge president gorbachev to encourage them to do so. only then, only then, will we know that their proposals of today have substance and meaning. mr. president, i yield the floor. >> we continue on american history television with a look back at the fall of the berlin wall on november 9, 1989. he reacted to the news. >> good evening. representing the german democratic republic of the united states -- to the united states of america. what a surprise. it seems as though --

tallinn has modernized at an astounding rate since the fall of the soviet union. its business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for me, the real attraction of tallinn -- workaday

has been more closely allied with pakistan, the old soviet union and russia with india, but those old alliances are shifting, in 2000 -- this year india became the largest buy are of weapons, pakistan inked a deal with russia. how are those representing? >> they represent a sense of each of the countries in the region that they have to find new arrangements that the old cold war arrangements that existed are no longer sufficient to give them assurance of security and support. pakistan in large measure because in fact pakistan had supported the afghan taliban and seems to continue to do so, despite the fact that it is morphed into their own territory. and india, because it relied very heavily on the soviet union, to be kind of a bullwark against american dominance as they saw that as a potential. and with the failure of the soviet union at the end of the cold war i think they shifted and began to again look at the united states with a somewhat open attitude. those that have made a difference and while pakistan is not going to be an ally of russia the idea of put it this way opening up