the union with slavery. it is complicated. >> the actual expectation, it is much lower than we might commonly think. to be a loyal citizen in the union is to support. when a friend says, if you are in favor of the war, you say yeah. be honest. don't cheat. there are multiple ways where you can be dishonest and cheat the system. you can't do that. the last thing, the second half of the war, don't whine. a loyal citizen doesn't whine. that is articulated over and over in all sorts of ways. you don't have to do anything, but follow the rules and don't whine. gary: that would mean, don't sell shoddy goods to the government for use in the war effort. is that something you could do to break the rules? matt: it is fine to profit off the war and sell stuff. it is built upon capitalism. it is not fine to cheat by selling goods that fall apart. it is not fine to sell materials that don't match the contract. it is fine to get filthy rich off the rules. gary: is it fine not to put on a blue uniform? [laughter] i don't w

with that, the union sixth corps turns south, leaving a gap for the union 24th core that has now been brought to petersburg to go through and head toward petersburg. at that point, lee is going to send a message to the confederate secretary of war john breckenridge, and breckenridge is going to have that message forwarded to the president of the confederate states, who is in church service on the morning of april 2. that telegraph said "i see no prospect of doing more than holding our position here until night. i am not certain i can do that. i advised that all operations be made for leaving richmond tonight." shortly after, the union's second corps engages the confederate army west of petersburg. they will end up severing the south side railroad, and now lee has no reason to stay. he simply wishes to stay long enough to gather up his army without having to fight street by street for their retreat. he is only allowed to do that because of the confederate resistance there, to the south and west of town, at two little, uncompleted forts, fort greg and fort woodward, which managed to hol

talked about it, there are places where it is the union as it was, the union as it might be the union with slavery the union without slavery. it is complicated. matt: i would say at a base level, the actual expectation is really much lower than we might think. to be a loyal citizen in the union is to support the war. when a friend says, if you are in favor of the war, you say yeah. be honest. don't cheat. there are multiple ways where you can be dishonest and keep this -- cheat the system. you can't do that. the last thing, the second half of the war don't whine. a loyal citizen doesn't whine. that is articulated over and over in all sorts of ways. you don't have to do anything, but follow the rules and don't whine. gary: that would mean, don't sell shoddy goods to the government for use in the war effort. is that something you could do to break the rules? matt: it is fine to profit off the war and sell stuff. it is built upon capitalism. it is not fine to cheat by selling goods that fall apart. it is not fine to sell materials that don't match the contract. it is fine to get filthy r

another thing the union cavalry used on this campaign and tracy ably talked about what the union cavalry was at this point of the war, they wore confederate uniforms and took the persona of -- i think they took the ninth virginia cavalry, fake southern accents, and what they would do is running into the confederate line. they would tell the teamsters go the mules or the horses. as much as they could, interrupt the confederate army. a group of north carolina cavalry under general rufus behringer made a stand at the church. they were pushed back by custer's cavalry. as they fell back they ran into this group of masquerading confederate cavalry who proceeded to capture general rufus behringer. he becomes the first confederate general to be taken prisoner on this campaign. you had these union soldiers dressed as confederates and they were spies. did that answer your question? 's tomorrow we will go into greater detail on the battles. -- where did ron -- did that answer your question, ron? well, tomorrow we will go into , greater detail on the battles. in fact, somebody told me -- pat was tel

chris: another thing the union cavalry used on this campaign and tracy ably talked about what the union cavalry was at this point of the war, they wore confederate uniforms and took the persona of -- i think they took the ninth virginia cavalry fake southern accents, and what they would do is running into the confederate line. they would tell the teamsters go the mules or the horses. as much as they could, interrupt the confederate army. a group of north carolina cavalry under general rufus behringer made a stand at the church. they were pushed back by custer's cavalry. as they fell back they ran into this group of masquerading confederate cavalry who proceeded to capture general rufus behringer. he becomes the first confederate general to be taken prisoner on this campaign. you had these union soldiers dressed as confederates and they were spies. did that answer your question? 's tomorrow we will go into greater detail on the battles. hatch was telling me that some of the media was writing about this -- pat was telling me some of the media was writing about this seminar. of as you will

did the union kill the herald tribune? for 40 years, united auto worker presidents walter reuther, leonard woodcock and douglas fraser won higher pay for their members. why in 1979 would fraser agree to take less? employers and labor unions like buyers and sellers, try to make the best deal for themselves. labor and management: how do they come to terms? with economic analyst richard gill we'll examine that question on this edition of economics usa. i'm david schoumacher. fewer than 1/3 of american workers are covered by union contract. but organized labor's strength at the economy's pressure points-- the big smokestack industries, the arteries of transportation and communication-- make them a force to be reckoned with. for more than 75 years labor unions have been a fact of american economic l how did they get pow? we are childn ofmmigrants. the largest number came here around the turn of the century. millions, most of them jewish or italian, unskilled and uneducated settled in new york city's crowded tenements. what kind

united states and the union of the states there under. >>> jesse is a prisoner of war under the union flag and must surrender before his wounds are treated. but he has no intention of giving up. even if the confederacy is defeated. >> for jesse james this is not an end of his conflict. this is the end of someone else's conflict not jesse james' conflict not frank james' conflict. their conflict isn't over. it's still going on. >> with northern interests in power across missouri frank and jesse join forces with a group of brothers who share their fierce hatred for the yankees. the youngers lost their father and family home to the union and served under bloody bill anderson in his brutal campaign of terror. >> they honed that relationship. they realize the potential they had as a fighting force. >> well, just taking the place. >> taking the place? >> the head again federal authority and everything they saw as being oppressors in their lives. >> everyone on the ground now. >> get down! >> it makes sense, then, to express your outrage by robbing banks. put the money in the bag now! >> we

union army was in the south. those men often didn't come alone. some arrived with their entire families necessitating a system of organize that would employ all of these individuals. although they were compensated for their work the $10 wage was not paid to the worker but placed in a general fund to be used for rationing provisions and for the worker and his family making the system rife for abuse. some may say these contrabands should have been happy to be paid at all. this was a whole new ball game. african-american slaved were determined to change their world and provide new opportunities for their families. future freed men did not take abuses in silence. they complained about being exploited whether it was by slave holders or by union officials. one such case it was reported by ama missionary louis c. lockwood that one black man said he worked for the government since the first of july expecting money for his efforts another said they say we are able bodied men. we were to get $8 a month and the women $4. on

union army was in the south. those men often didn't come alone. some arrived with their entire families necessitating a system of organize that would employ all of these individuals. although they were compensated for their work the $10 wage was not paid to the worker but placed in a general fund to be used for rationing provisions and for the worker and his family making the system rife for abuse. some may say these contrabands should have been happy to be paid at all. this was a whole new ball game. african-american slaved were determined to change their world and provide new opportunities for their families. future freed men did not take abuses in silence. they complained about being exploited whether it was by slave holders or by union officials. one such case it was reported by ama missionary louis c. lockwood that one black man said he worked for the government since the first of july expecting money for his efforts another said they say we are able bodied men. we were to get $8 a month and the women $4. on

talked about it, there are places where it is the union as it was, the union as it might be the union with slavery the union without slavery. it is complicated. matt: i would say at a base level, the actual expectation is really much lower than we might think. to be a loyal citizen in the union is to support the war. when a friend says, if you are in favor of the war, you say yeah. be honest. don't cheat. there are multiple ways where you can be dishonest and keep this -- cheat the system. you can't do that. the last thing, the second half of the war don't whine. a loyal citizen doesn't whine. that is articulated over and over in all sorts of ways. you don't have to do anything, but follow the rules and don't whine. gary: that would mean, don't sell shoddy goods to the government for use in the war effort. is that something you could do to break the rules? matt: it is fine to profit off the war and sell stuff. it is built upon capitalism. it is not fine to cheat by selling goods that fall apart. it is not fine to sell materials that don'

gannon: when you look at the union cause, to preserve the union, they saw under arms together, who were reluctant to embrace blue and gray. they saw the as the capstone of their victory that demonstrated they had been right, they had achieved what had to be achieved. they had created a united nation. they were clear on this. freeman who would be able to serve together and go on, a shining model and bring democracy to the world. it was through their service and sacrifice this had been accomplished. >> they trotted out former confederates and made them generals during the war. prof glymph: lee was the council to cuba before the war and was active in reconciliation efforts. it was a huge moment, a huge benchmark. prof. gallagher: and a huge man. he was an actually very active in moving around very much. prof. waugh: he moved quickly when the maine exploded. prof varon: are there east-west differences? prof glymph: clearly. we tend to forget californians fought in the war. we tend to forget in 1862 joseph was getting ready to issue you a preliminary proclamation. he was signing and ordered.

course, for the most part union -- the union army would be on the offensive in most battles and the confederate army on the defensive. but the militia the reserves of course, these, like, in richmond, these were war clerks and, again, they had other jobs. but they were on call and would be called out. but their numbers probably didn't tilt the army's towards like, the confederate army. but there's two stories of valor by the militia or the reserves that take place in the last year of the war. one of them is on june 9, 1864 at petersburg. it's called the battle of old men and youk boys. and just to the southeast of here, at stanton river bridge, there was a battle again, old men and young boys. these were civilian soldiers who came out and defeated union calvary attacks on both petersburg and on the bridge over stanton river. so they did see some heavy action in that last year. but they were just called out. they were not on duty all of the time. >>> wayne? >> i've always been curious why general lee, you know, didn't -- wasn't aware or didn't do something to prevent that separation of the force

road open to the union army. in the military, there is a maneuver called a pincer movement. that is what is happening here. the infantry are moving around and getting in front of lee's army on the station at the appomattox courthouse. on the morning of april 9, after the engagement on the night of the eighth where union calvary attacked confederate artillery at appomattox station and captured the trains for lee's army. and the next morning general lee, whose main army is in the village of appomattox here, they now have union infantry behind them, union infantry in front of them and shortly thereafter union infantry on the side. basically, lee is trapped in a pincer movement at appomattox courthouse. of course the rest is history. , tomorrow a couple of us will go into further detail. you can see how the military maneuvers of the union and the confederate army brought the armies to appomattox. that was not where he planned to go. he was still planning on going to north carolina. even when he got to appomattox cour

in this war, freedom follows the union army where the union army was successful. lincoln issued his famous proclamation in 1863 but until the confederacy had been brought to heel, it could not be grasped by many slaves in the south. lee's army was so potent a symbol -- the pretense of racial superiority, all the confederacy stood for, this limbs large as a freedom day. there are two stories here at appomattox that involve african-americans, both liberators and the liberated. that makes this symbolically a very powerful symbol. host: our cameras are all over and we have seen the reenactors of the colored troops here as well as the reenactors of some of the freed slaves were here. we hope to be able to see them as well. elizabeth: the caller's right to know that this is a very important subject about which there is still a lot to learn. host: let's go to linda in panama city, florida. caller: first of all, c-span thank you so much. elizabeth, i bought your book when i saw you lecture. i have no question, i have a comment. the book, everyone needs to get it. whatever

of what union meant in the centrality of union during the war from films? take any films. matt: i don't think so. we talked about spielberg's most recent union, -- most recent movie, but the takeaway is about african american soldiers. that's a movie that also is about union. i don't think there is a comparable -- gangs of new york is a movie that is only set there during the civil war very but it really happens in the 1840's. john: you get a very confederate version of the union in gangs of new york because of the wonderful shot in new york where the immigrants are coming off the boat and they are being hustled over and put in uniform and put back on a boat from which they are taking union soldier coffins. it's a very lost cause -- matt: those are literally soldiers you don't know what they are fighting for over there going. joan: i think once reconciliation became the dominant way of interpreting civil war from the earliest 20th century through maybe the 1960's, the union cause was demolished, diminished vanquished. it really is not cinematic as well. lin

for the north, the union is not abstract, it is concrete. now if you sit down in alabama virginia, how are you going to take to this rhetoric coming from the yankees up north? what are you going to respond by saying? >> it was not treason. jennifer murray: right. it wasn't treason. so what is the south going to do? switching gears. basalt is going to start to -- the south is going to start to create their own constellation of civil war memories. and the south will create and perpetuate the very same notion of the lost cause. so reconciliation is the dominant theme of post-civil war america, but it is not monolithic. it is malleable, it is changing. and when you take union veterans and confederate veterans and you stack their memories together, you get this very complicated , colorful tapestry of civil war memories. everybody remembers the war differently, particularly in the northern and southern divide. it is quite obvious. this is relative to what we talked about last time when you all read out of james foster 's book "ghosts of the confed

and stability for the union. chaos, the voice of reason emerges in abraham lincoln. >> white man takes the slave to america now. who will inform the negro, is free. you don't object to me taking my hog to nebraska, therefore i must not object to you taking your slaves. i admit it is perfectly logical if there is no difference between hogs and negros. the kansas- nebraska act is passed and expands slavery. and the vote ignites a fire storm. violence divides nebraska and kansas and spilling over in western missouri and battle lines are drawn in jesse's hometown. and bush whackers face off against the abolitionist. these men on both sides of the divide fighting in a local level and using brutal tactics. on the james' family farm she is busy shaping the next generation of bush whackers and she sos it as her duty to fight for the confederacy. >> don't take anything from the yankees. it is every man's responsibility to hang o. >> her coaching is what criminalologist is violence conditioning. we own slaves and no one is

the more they demand those unions, the more the union people make so they're looking out for their union members for sure but this $15, that's a trojan horse to get more pay for the unions. >> emily, you support this campaign why? >> what the unions were doing in organizing i'd like to point out the reason that these protests look diverse is because they were diverse. they were not paid to be there, there were students community, out there on their own, fast food workers out there striking because this impacts them, they need it but the reason this took such, the reason this blew up in so many ways and brought so many people out together is because people are really saying that the minimum wage is not enough for them. they understand there's a recovery they're not feeling it. >> and jonas, there has been some growing consensus we've seen seattle we've seen oakland, different cities raising the minimum wage and also some major employers walmart, target mcdonald's. so this has had, the pressure has had some effect. >> definitely and i kind of side with emily. i don't think it's such a clev

the longer this the longer this war went on the mormon the union can bring to bear for the more union army's would come from the south and cause damage. he thought that the south social worker with snap. basically he thought basically he thought that he had to break the north political we will. and so that's why you find them so devoted to the concept of trying to destroy the union army. even after his greatest victories is extremely frustrated. he doesn't celebrated. the union army got away and a way that he felt he had to destroy the union army. time was not necessarily on his side. >> i came across an interesting comment. making dictator. >> it was published in newspapers at the time. they openly said basically george washington was essentially a dictator at the end of the revolutionary war. lee was never interested in that. he thought that he could barely do what he had to do to oversee the army in virginia. how could he possibly take responsibility for anything else? that said he does enough accepting the title of general in chief of all the confederate forces which makes his job

and save the union. but the great issues for how you would transform the emancipation of 4 million people into some kind of civil and political liberty -- how you would reunite north and south -- readmit 11 former confederate states back into the union -- how you would form a new union or a new constitution had yet to be determined. we had been living out to broad kinds of legacies ever since. legacies about race, the quality before law and the legacy of states rights and federalism that are today all over our political culture. both of these are still at the heart and center of what we debate in this country. host: you talk about people wanting the civil war to be done with. what do you mean by that? dr. blight: it is the most divisive and bloody event in our history. it represents the biggest dilemmas in our history. representing the fact that we are the nation that owned slaves . the people and then the nation that owned slaves for two and a half centuries. representing the fact that we had the most v

he became the curator of the union cemeteries after the war. there's another side to war that people sometimes don't want to hear or acknowledge. war has a grandeur. that's the flip side of the horror. more than 70,000 men in line in the full view. just think about that. they never forgot it. the men in the union who fought at gettysburg, always thought about watching those men coming towards them. and standing there. they said the site was beyond experience. may, 1864. even that as my rapture as i think of it. an american world war ii pilot wrote never did i feel so much alive. never did the earth and all the surroundings look so bright and sharp. i have my life. when you treat veterans and work with veterans, this must be acknowledged. in many ways, it's difficult to dealing with what's not in combat. how could one possibly approach that? by the way, they talked about fear. private frederick cut ler, the 72nd, pennsylvania. i had been asked how i felt going to battle. he says, well, the truth, i was scared. badly scared. but once in gauge wit

the positive case for unions. if you take what i just said our public-sector unions teachers and police and firefighters, are they less democratic than hedge fund managers who want to take over this money in funding? one of your points is that public-sector unions is not the counterbalance to concentrated capital or to owners or employers that they are in the private sector. they are pushing agendas which are about raising wages, increasing work in the public sector, but they are working to private sector unions together. you see alliances between public and private sector unions. one of the arguments is they are playing democracy at the bargaining table. people do that all the time. i contribute to partisan politics. i argue in public forums like this. unions, because they're pushing democratic thoughts, are increasing democracy and doing it with the alliance is a private sector for the great many other insecure workers. ross reynolds: this is getting good. daniel, i would like to hear you respond to some of what

the union would expand. the union was dynamic. the union was processed. the union was a movement toward a better world because what it demonstrated -- we've talked about equality. we know how important that is. we're all equal. but what is the point of equality? it enables you to consent. you can't consent if you're not equal. and what do you consent to? you consent to that which enhances the welfare of mankind. because suddenly the people are governing themselves. they're not under the heel of despots and pirates. -- tyrants. now self-government. and i want to tell you this, my fellow americans -- [laughter] prof. onuf: i'm getting worked up now. you can tell. prof. gallagher: have a sip of water. prof. onuf: i better. [laughter] prof. onuf: americans, you're just going to have to wait a minute. democratic government. hold on to your seats. is an engine for moral progress. i am channeling jefferson. i am channeling the enlightenment, the democratic enlightenment. once the people rule themselves, government will improve. we will no longer have coercive de

of what union meant in the centrality of union during the war from films? take any films. matt: i don't think so. we talked about spielberg's most recent union -- most recent movie, but the takeaway is about african american soldiers. that's a movie that also is about union. i don't think there is a comparable -- gangs of new york is a movie that is only set there during the civil war very but it really happens in the 1840's. john: you get a very confederate version of the union in gangs of new york because of the wonderful shot in new york where the immigrants are coming off the boat and they are being hustled over and put in uniform and put back on a boat from which they are taking union soldier coffins. it's a very lost cause. matt: those are literally soldiers you don't know what they are fighting for over there going. joan: i think once reconciliation became the dominant way of interpreting civil war from the earliest 20th century through maybe the 1960's, the union cause was demolished, diminished vanquished. it really is not cinematic as well. lincol

and bloody bill dead, the union army hunts down the rest of the bush whackers. jesse splits from the group. and shot in the chest. frank is captured and surrendered. and he's forced to take an oath pledging loyalty to the union. i will faithfully support and defend the constitution and the union of the united states there under. jesse is a prisoner of war and must surrender before his wounds are treated. but he has no intention of giving up. even if the confederacy is defeated. >> for jesse james, this is not the end of his conflict. it is the end of someone else's conflict and not jesse and frank james conflict. it is not over. it is still going on. with northern interest in power across missouri, frank and jesse join forces with a group of brothers that share hatred for the yankees. the ungers lost their home and family to the union and served under bloody bill anderson. >> the jams and unger ares knew each other well before that civil war and they realized the potential for a fighting force. >> are you ready? >> well, it is just matter of picking the place. >

the united farm workers union. legendary labor and civil rights advocate dolores huerta. i'm maria hinojosa. this is one on one. captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> hinojosa: dolores huerta, you are an icon in the latino community, the cofounder of the united farm workers union. you have your own foundation now, the dolores huerta foundation. it's truly an honor to have you on our show. >> well, thank you, maria. it's an honor to be here. >> hinojosa: so a lot of people probably may not immediately know your name. but if you say united farm workers, if you say cesar chavez, if you say the grape boycott of the 1970s, then people kind of start piecing it together. but you are an extraordinary leader in your own right, dolores. and i kind of wonder, how do you put that into place, where on the one hand you were side by side this amazing leader, cesar chavez, and yet you were a leader onto yourself, but always a little bit behind the scenes. >> i think we did different tasks. i mean, i was pretty

options outside of the european union and it's about russia displaying to the european union that it has friends within the european union. there are likely to be deals made here as you said in your lead in there. we may get something coming out of this like a selected exemption for the blanket embargo that russia impressed on european fresh fruit and veg and other produce. greece may have an exemption. and we may have a gas deal. the big question in the european union is what greece will offer russia in return. >> rory challands live in moscow for us >>> hundreds of young polish men and women are kinding up to join parr military groups. the rise in recruitment is driven by conflict in eastern ukraine with polls considering russia a dlat. tim has the report from warsaw. >> deep in the woods, a weekend hobby has taken on new significance. played with model weapons, but the sound of real gunfire. the weekend hobby taking on a new significance. 4 hours drive away is the ukraine border. a country in real conflict. poland's part-time militia say no one can be certain of moscow's intention

at the same time, the union sixth corps is moving through. having captured the picture lines at jones farm on march 25th they now find themselves much closer to the confederate line than they had been. so he will end up breaking through the confederate lines there south of petersburg. and once they breakthrough to the south even lee from his headquarters at the turnbel house can see his lines crumbling. he sends the commander for that sector down to figure out what is going on and a.p. hill and one staff officer come across two union soldiers in the woods. they order them to surrender and the union soldiers shoot first. and a.p. hill will be lost. petersburg is getting ready to fall. and with that, the union sixth corps turns south to push all of the con fed rats out of the line south of them. leaving a gap fortunon 24th corps, the army of the james that is brought to petersburg to go through andhood in petersburg. at that point, lee is going to send a message to the confederate secretary of war, john breckenridge. and breckenridge is going h

the more they demand those unions, the more the union people make so they're out for thers for this $15, that's a trojan horse to get more pay for the unions. >> emily, you support th campy? >> what the unions were doi organizing i'd like to point out the reason that these protests look diverse is because they were diverse. they were not paid to be there, there were students community, out there on their own, fast food workers out there striking because this impacts them, they need it but the reason this took such, the reason this blew up in so many ways and brought so many people out together is because people are really saying that the minimum wage is not enough for them. they understand there's a recovery they're not feeling it. >> and jonas, there has been some growing consensus we've seen seattle we've seen oakland, different cities raising the minimum wage and also some major employers walmart, target mcdonald's. so this has had, the pressure has had some effect. >> definitely and i kind of side with emily. i don't think it's such a clever, organized scheme so much as the unions a

right of the union line. he is facing bentonville. he asks his commander, he says, i don't suppose you would have any objection to my making a little reconnaissance, to which blair replies, none whatsoever. there's a little bit of george patton in joe mauer. he sees this as a precursor. when he does for his little reconnaissance is he takes his two available brigades and decides to attack the confederate lines in bentonville. it just so happens that johnston's headquarters is right there. it takes mauer about an hour to get across the swamp, reach the confederate line. the only confederates he is facing -- poor excuse of a skirmish line. general johnston directs hardy to put together a counterattacking force to stop progress. it will take time for them to collect strength. and just before hardy can launches counterattack he punches a hole in the confederate line. their 16th shooter henrys, are able to get all the way to bentonville. they come within a few yards of cutting off johnston's only line of retreat.

united states and the union of the states there under. >>> jesse is a prisoner of war under the union flag and must surrender before his wounds are treated. but he has no intention of giving up. even if the confederacy is defeated. >> for jesse james this is not an end of his conflict. this is the end of someone else's conflict, not jesse james' conflict, not frank james' conflict. their conflict isn't over. it's still going on. >> with northern interests in power across missouri frank and jesse join forces with a group of brothers who share their fierce hatred for the yankees. the youngers lost their father and family home to the union and served under bloody bill anderson in his brutal campaign of terror. >> they honed that relationship. they realize the potential they had as a fighting force. >> well, just taking the place. >> taking the place? >> the head again federal authority and everything they saw as being oppressors in their lives. >> everyone on the ground now. >> get down! >> it makes sense, then, to express your outrage by robbing banks. put the money in the bag now! >> w

poised to join the union. u.s. senator steven douglas proposes a controversial plan, splitting the two in half. >> this leaves the decision on whether a new territory would be slavery-free to the voters. >> this is no triumph. peace to the country and stability for the union. >> from the chaos, a voice of reason emerges in abraham lincoln. >> white man takes his man to the slave and as much as you do not object to my taking my in nebraska, therefore i must not object to your taking your slave. now, i admit this is perfectly logical. if there, in fact, is no difference between hogs and negros. >> despite lincoln's effort, the kansas, nebraska, act is passed, the decision that expands slavery. this settles nothing and ignites a firestorm and divides kansas and nebraska and battle lines are drawn in jesse's hometown. they face off against abolitionists called jayhawkers. >> these were men on both sides of the union rebels divide fighting at a local level using brutal tactics. >> on the james' family farm, zerelda is b

>> you're right, the unions won't be happy until walmart is fully in control of the unions. however, these closures look sudden and fishy and weird. the trouble is it goes to the national labor relations board, which is union-friendly so walmart i don't think will even get a fair hearing. >> what do you think, ben? >> ain't gonna let the service union turn me around turn me around. >> i would put singing on the list -- >> do you remember that song? >> that was unnecessary. >> you know they can unionize. i don't care what they do. they have the best sliced honey ham in the world. adam what do you think? >> i think this is why ben's a hollywood star and the rest of us are not. >> you're exactly right. >> i think we're all in agreement. that the unions will not lay off walmart until walmart is unionized. >> i used to like that song. remember look for the union label. ♪ when you are buying ♪ >> yeah look at the time. all right. my thanks to you for joining us. the nasdaq finally back to a record high. now get ready to hit highs of their own. stick around. >>> nasdaq it could

the union at this moment. but the fact they had defeated lee lent additional symbolic meaning to the surrender. for lee and his army of northern virginia typified in the eyes of the usct men the slave-holding elite and the pretext of racial superiority. according to tom morris chester, a newspaper editor, the confederate capitulation was sweet because it was a rebuke to the first families of virginia who chester reilly dubs after the surrender the fleet footed virginians. in short men such as george washington williams and thomas morris chester made and sustained over decades the bold claim that in defeating lee's army african-american troops had dealt a death blow for all that the army stood for, including slavery itself. they insisted that the union army victory emanated from the courage but that black slaves imbibed that courage and it had a civil rights message into grant's terms. my point is that we see mag nimminity embraced by northerns and southerners but they viewed that with different kinds of meanin

the doctrine was founded that a state had a right to secede from the union, leave the federal union if their interests were being violated. they believed they were just exercising that sovereign right. a highly contested notion, of course. deeply contested by the lincoln administration and ultimately by the voters of the north. states rights did terra part the confederacy from within. they had to become a centralized government. they had to tax their own citizens. they had to communicate. they had to make their railroads run on time. they had to get production done in north carolina that would be shared with for junior. they had to get troops out of georgia to use them in virginia. sometimes, governors would resist that. they died of states rights, to a degree. it's an irony, their own tragic, achilles' heel. how far is our current politics of states rights going to go? i have no idea. i would not know what to predict. i would suggest it's going to be here for a long time. it has great traction. it has tremendous media power. it has tremendous financial backing. it has tremendous backi

at the end of the day the union soldiers will have stacks of rifles. some units back in their camps hid their flags, tucked them you should their coats. some money cut the flags up and divided them as souvenirs. some units burned their flags. the third arkansas did something unique. their flag was on a captured union flag staff. when they turned over their flag they left a note on it that said dear mr. yankee please return this flag staff to the 9th. it was captured in 1864. it was signed big rebel. for the most part this was done with respect on both sides and after the confederates returned to their camp they were issued parole passes and free to start the journey home. the journey home is fascinating topic onto itself. the total for appomattox. the latest total that we have is 28,231 28,231. as you're going to see that is the smallest of the major surrenders. what makes appomattox unique as we talk about the others is both armies are in contact. we had this horrible ceremonies. we had a series of formal surrenders that take place over a couple of da