in the case of britain in the war, these were manors, large homes there in britain. very often on a beautiful lake whereice kind of retreat these airmen were fed very, very well. they had sports activities. they could listen to music. and quite quaintly as you might imagine they could meet young ladies from the red cross of high reputation. these activities structured in a sense, but designed to make the aircrew relax and forget about recent had seen in memory. as you can imagine, the air force today has spent some time on the whole issue of combat stress and aircrew stress. the accident rate in our air forces absolutely infinitesimal, tiny compared to what it was during the second world war. we have spent millions of dollars and much training time to make aviation, even combat aviation, much safer and more effective. the modern air war, no matter how it is marked by high speed aircraft or remotely title -- remotely piloted vehicles, or technology, computer guided weapons, as long as it has a human dimension, a human element, it is going to be subject to the same kin

it was not able to escalate like it did with britain. go back to the time in the early 1800's and walk us through how monroe would travel to europe, how he would arrive, the time it took to get over there, and then meet with leaders and get that information back to the u.s. by today's standards it had to , be very long and cumbersome. cassandra good: it was a long journey to get to europe. we are talking weeks, depending on what time of year it was. maybe more than four weeks. and you also did not have an international mail service, so if you had to send a letter, you had to find somebody who you trusted to be going where you needed to go. you might find a ship going into new york that then somebody could hand that letter off to someone else to carry it to washington. so it took a really long time, months, for letters to get back to europe. even traveling within europe, through france and spain, and he kept a travel diary where he talks about not , finding a hotel, the roads are a mess. he is there during a drought and a famine, and he j

>> in britain the relations between china and britain are defined by traits. just with regards to the u.k. and chinese relations. britain is the main country for chinese investment, even when the chinese doherty shows that prime minister cameron -- even then the investment was growing. possibly having this artist here , just before the chinese premier is coming for a state visit in october. this could have been a difficult time for british and chinese relations. anchor: some people think it is more than just a coincidence that it was set to run out just before the chinese president was to arrive. >> the bigs edition is in september. the visit that was granted to him originally was only 20 days long. he would have been able to come just in september for 20 days in order to attend the opening. he would have been here for -- >> a special report with an economic angle. anchor: good to have you back. the answer to ebola, a new vaccine could bring west africa's epidemic to an end. medical trials have shown a remarkable 100% success rate so far. and condemnation in t

by 1918, britain made a lot of promises. promising the state taking hussein support for the jewish national home, and even the right to choose the governors to the african cup of nations. by 1918 the british officers were with the design organizations in palestine to assess the possibilities of jewish immigration to britain that britain was also subsidizing the new government in serious with wilson at the sight of it and decided to, quote,, place the self-determination for all it was worth as the secretary put it be annexation slid off the table. instead of the paris peace conference, a compromise was agreed. the german and ottoman territories wouldn't be granted self-government because of the covenants. there were people that were not quite ready to stand in the modern world territories could be annexed. instead, they would be given to jurors, so-called advanced nations who would ever than under the mandate from the league of nations. three classes of mandate were defined. the middle east territories were supposed to be giv

. >> the past week, a controversy over migrants trying to get into britain. it dominated the newspapers. some characterised them as undeserving leaches, a security menace and treat to national values. it's making headlines in greece, italy and germany, dealing with an influx of people making the journey, many of which are cash strapped or war torn. mainstream news concern straits on the impact. the disproportionate way the stories are discovered. it often says mar about the political agendas doing the reporting than the story and given the climate in europe, the rise across the country. this is a story that needs to be contextualized. terminology analysed, numbers examined and premises exposed. our starting point is the french port city of calais. in the interests of disclosure six journalists worked on the preparation of the report from london. none born in the u.k. a producer of chile, a video editor who is an israeli. an israeli camera operator, and producer. our series producer raised in bahrain, and a reporter born in canada. so this report about the cov

britain won't, the french won't, the greek want. if you have to change the european treaty, you won't be successful. wolfgang schaeuble has to find ways around, in between, and doing things like that. judy: can i just say one thing? this is intellectual laziness on the part of the leaders. it is something else. there is this idea that we can't raise the issue. we have to discuss the issue. two fundamental reasons. one is globalization. second, we have the faltering of the transatlantic relationship. we have the other side of the atlantic saying to europe, get your act together, do the burden sharing, get your euro together. stop leaning on uncle sam. peter: give me one word, each of you, maybe two if you can, what the eu stands for today. ursula: humanity. alan: diversity. peter: judy dempsey? after deep thought -- judy: unfulfilled wishes. peter: ok, humanity, diversity, unfulfilled wishes. here is more on the same question. >> since it was founded, the european union has stood for peace, prosperity, and shared values like human ri

which some of britain's trends have drawn some very different conclusions. the british have declared themselves satisfied with what a have heard here in iran. there are important allies like the saudi's as well as powerful voices in the u.s. say the islamic republic of iran will never change for the better and hope that it will is naive and dangerous. but if things turn out the way the british help, it will add up to a major strategic change and that will alter a great deal in the middle east. you are watching "bbc world news america." still to come -- receiving france's highest honor -- three americans and a britain are rewarded for their courage and tackling an armed man on a train headed to paris. the outgoingrview, atter saysfa, sepp bl he is leaving the game in good shape. >> the institution is not corrupt. there's no corruption in foot all. a general organized corruption. >> there is no corruption within fifa? >> the institution is not corrupt. -- several have walked away because of these investigations and yet you were presiding over the organization

britain, some newspapers follow the thread, the potential ever britain overrun by illegal immigrants. and the other side of the argument people saying that they don't take in enough and should take in more. that is the problem. how do you distinguish who is an economic migrant. what we see today is a deal, collaboration working with the french and british. they have been blaming each other, but now they'll work together. we saw the deal signed with the british foreign secretary teresa may, and the french interior ministry. they signed the deal. it has one concrete goal, to disrupt the people smuggling rings themselves. not so much about people kept out, but disrupting the rings. there'll be a joint chrome, inhabited by french police officers in the u.k. border patrol. they'll share intelligence and work towards the goal. some would see that as progress. >> julie mcdonald, thank you >>> a frenchman in tunisia has been shot dead sues suez. two men on a motorcycle fired shots at three police men, one died on the way to hospital. the others unharmed. in june, 38 people were killed in use

he spoke about what he described as the ability to people to more easily work in britain. the idea that britain should do more to crack down on a that. should improve its immigration laws. that idea was not in this region anymore with people living in this legion. it was expanding right the way across france. while the politicians to argue among themselves, the people behind me, thousands of people behind me, still have nowhere to go. let's go ahead on al jazeera. >> we can solve this thing, but we have to get going. >>> obama begins the next battle ofs had presidency, it's a big one, saving the planet. >> i'm in the nerve center in ririo de janeiro. we'll be watching security at next year's olympic games. ♪ ♪ ♪ get excited for the 1989 world tour with exclusive behind the scenes footage, all of taylor swift's music videos, interviews, and more. xfinity is the destination for all things taylor swift. >> here's a reminder of the top stories on al jazeera. forces loyal to yemen's exiled president have taken the biggest military base from the houthi rebels. pakistan has

so britain was left with a vastly expanded empire. not just in north america, but in india, in africa, one of the last actions of the war actually took place when the british took manila in the philippines. so it was really the first global war, sometimes known as the seven year's war or the french and indian war here in north america. and so this horn is a great sort of embodiment of the optimism that clonian americans had at that point in their history. but, of course, shortly after the riotous celebrations settle down, someone has to pay the bill and this is when reality sets in. so the story we'll tell, then, begins just after this great victorious moment when british policymakers have got to face up to the cost of victory. the price of victory. now that you have something like 80,000 catholic french inhabitants, former french colonists in north america, tens of thousands of native americans who formerly had been part of the french empire in north america, they're all now subjects of king george iii. so armies have to be stationed

reporter: 14 and traveled from a scanner stand -- from afghanistan with one goal, get into britain. last week, prime minister david cameron pledged 10 million euros to improve security around calais. >> this situation will saw -- will not solve itself with more police and more money and more dogs. i have read tabloids that insult the french saying we are cowards saying we will not send in the army. reporter: they migrants trying to get to france from britain has led to finger-pointing on both sides of the channel. in the night from sunday to monday, french police say they stopped 1700 migrants tried to make it across. stewart: tunisia has been coming in. malian soldiers have been killed in an ambush in an area notorious for jihadist attacks. officials say they were fired upon near them paula. in january, 10 malian soldiers were killed in a raid on that base in them paula -- in an pollack -- figures from the nigerian army claims it has rescued from the grasp of boko haram. several camps are said to have been destroyed. reporter: deep in the notorious forest, hundreds of hostages run

did war withamerica to do great britain. a lot of this was feelings of frustration and not getting respect. historians tend to talk about depression, sailors kidnapped by the british, british citizens that were escaping military duties. and that was an issue. and commercial issues, where the british are seizing american ships. they do not want americans supplying france. and both of those things, we can see them as policy issues that are frustrating and problematic and they arouse strong emotions with people. they feel resentment toward great britain, like they are being insulted or humiliated, these are the terms used in a diplomatic writings and personal writings. they are talking about grievances against great britain. >> why was it such a significant war for the u.s.? cassandra good: in terms of policies, nothing changes after at war based on the treaty the end. it goes back to status quo, the way things were before the war. but feelings of national pride, had felt in this war they , and if theywon did win famous battles

britain got 80% of its raw cotton, slaveowning south. >> you can watch this and other programs online at booktv.org. >> you are watching booktv on c-span2, television for six readers. here's a quick look at our primetime lineup this evening. >> booktv recently visited capitol hill to ask members of congress what they are reading this summer. >> first of all i am an avid reader. a catalog of books since i'm such a. my child. my mom really instilled a love of reading for me and i've always looked forward to some reading. very exciting for me today to share my summer reading list. i had the privilege of represent new york's 21st district in my district is steeped in history related to the revolutionary war. so i'm always interested in history so three of the books that on my list this summer on "champlain's dream." i live on lake champlain and it talks about the exploration of new york and some of the canadian provinces. it talks about what i represent in congress. for those interested in history this is a great read, highly recommended and it is by david hackett fischer. a second book w

so britain was left with a vastly expanded empire. not just in north america, but in india, in africa, one of the last actions of the war actually took place when the british took manila in the philippines. so it was really the first global war, sometimes known as the seven year's war or the french and indian war here in north america. and so this horn is a great sort of embodiment of the optimism that colonial americans had at that point in their history. but, of course, shortly after the riotous celebrations settle down, someone has to pay the bill and this is when reality sets in. so the story we'll tell, then, begins just after this great victorious moment when british policymakers have got to face up to the cost of victory. the price of victory. now that you have something like 80,000 catholic french inhabitants, former french colonists in north america, tens of thousands of native americans who formerly had been part of the french empire in north america, they're all now subjects of king george iii. so armies have to be statione

and britain got 80% of its coffin from the slave owning south. so the secessionists figured that britain would have no choice but to back them. the confederate tail would wag the british blog. i will say that again. but what they didn't count on is that the british might hold their nose and accept the fact that they grew. both london could say that was an internal problem for the united states but there were limits. where the british drew the line on this whole question was on the question of the trade with africa which the public and politicians in britain and indeed in the united states have recognized for more than 50 years as essentially a holocaust and which the successive british governments fought against religiously deploying the naval squadrons off the coast of africa, cuba and south america and eventually spending an estimated 2% of the gdp in great britain and the struggle to shut down the middle passage. what he did in his secret dispatches was to take the rhetoric of the southern extremists and turn it against them. the fire eaters a

britain got 80% of its raw cotton from the slave owning south. so the succession has figured that britain would have no choice but to back them. the confederate tail would wag the british bulldog. i don't think i'll say that again. [laughs] were what they did not count on was that the british might hold their knowses would butt. london could say, that was an internal problem for the united states, but there were limits. where the british drew the line on this whole question of slave-grown cotton was on the question of slave trade in africa had recognized for more than 50 years as essentially a holocaust and fight, africa, cuba, south america. what console bunch did in his secret dispatches was to take the rhetoric of the southern extremists and turn it against them. argued that slavery was not a necessary evil in their world, which was the popular view, but a positive good for the inferior black race which god, in fact, had created to be enslaved. the slave trade with africa must be reopened. how could you say it was a bad thing. that was denying

even attempted an invasion of britain itself during the war. [laughter] but it could've happened and things would've gone differently. the french are involved all the way up to rhode island mostly i see. the spanish almost all of their actions aside from the gulf coast and north america were in the west indies said the spanish and the french took quite a few different islands that in fact were on the verge of an aging jamaica when britain agreed to peace. losing massachusetts not that big of a deal, but jamaica is a big deal. actually a moneymaking colony. there's also battles in india and central america. the revolution was a global war sparked by the rebellion. [inaudible] >> i do have two women i wrote about here one once and for both brewster was a scottish woman and one of the things i find about her and both the female characters i followed were both european. they make very few choices about war, independents, where they live. their choices are shaped by the men in their lives and whatever the daily livestock, the big choices are not the

britain and france have announced a joint operation to tackle people smuggling. police will work together to stop gangs trying to smuggle undocumented migrants across the english channel. thousands are camped and hoping to cross to the u.k.. reporter: they are not giving up. even if it means living amongst garbage. these people are hoping to catch a ride on a train or bus. to travel less still a ways through the tunnel to britain on the other side of the english channel. -- to travel as still a ways through the tunnel to britain on the other side of the english channel. >> [indiscernible] reporter: that is likely to become more difficult. french and british ministers have traveled to announce a new operation to secure the area. they thanked police for stopping migrants from escaping and promise them reinforcements. a new joint control center. surveillance cameras. floodlights. infrared detection. all and at stopping people smuggling through the tunnel. -- aimed at stopping people smuggling through the tunnel. >> we are reaching the goal because we have a high lev

britain's foreign secretary phillip will formally reopen the uk embassy on sunday and london will be reopened at the same time. britain withdrew its ambassador to tehran in 2011 after they stormed two diplomatic compounds to protest sanctions imposed by the uk and reopening of the countries is a sign of warming relations after iran and world powers signed a deal on iran's nuclear program and we have an author and journalist and earlier he explained what the warming of relations will mean for iranians and the british people. >> generally for iranians is they will have better access to britain because there are lots living in the uk and would like to come to uk and have access in terms of getting visas rather than going to turkey and the bay for getting the visa and so forth but also i think the british business community is very keen to go to iran and establish their old relations again and investing in iran and having better trade with iran and these are the immediate and the third factor is as iran's relations with the west is gradually open britain would like to have a warm relatio

britain has effectively sealed off the channel tunnel. you would be immigrants are stranded near the french port of calais, living in the makeshift camp known as the jungle. local authorities tolerate it, but aid organization say it is a humanitarian disaster. due fences really solve the problem? even in north africa, migrants have breached the six-meter-high barriers. europe seems to be counting more on isolation and deterrence than giving aid. his fortress europe a betrayal of european values? that's the question. is europe betraying its values? are all european countries going to be building fences and walls internally and externally? katarzyna: that is really terrible. we know from old times that doesn't help to solve the problem. favorable reaction from hungry to build such a fence. you are transferring the problem to neighboring countries. peter: i was looking at the figure for slovakia. refugees have4 been taken in by refugees -- by slovakia, compared to other huge numbers. erik: they have to be christian or something. peter: they

the invasion of britain itself during the war. they had shipping problems i think but it could've happened and things would've gone differently. so the french were involved all the way up to rhode island and mostly at sea, the spanish almost all of their actions were on the gulf coast right in the west and so the spanish and french a quite a few islands and in fact were on the verge of debating when britain agreed to peace. living in massachusetts it's a big deal, it's an actually moneymaking colony but there's battles in india, central america, so the revolution was a global force. >> yes i do have two women i wrote about, one was it scottish woman who what i found about her and most of the female characters that followed were european, they make huge deals about war and where they live, and the men in their lives and whatever their daily lives are it's a big choice. so isabel and margaret were an irish immigrant in louisiana were talking about the forces and how we came across the how i desperately wanted women but they let huge

in britain, women were essential to the war effort in both civilian and military wars. the contribution by civilian men and women to the british war effort was acknowledged with the use of the word "homefront" to describe battles that were being fought on a domestic level with rationing, recycling, and jobs in munition factories and arms, , and in the military. women were also recruited to the the last to work in the coal -- canals, transporting munitions by barge across the u.k. waterways. many women served with the women's auxiliary fire service, the women's auxiliary police corps, and in the air raids, later civil defense service. others did voluntary welfare work with women, voluntary service for civil defense and the salvation army. women were drafted in the sense that they were conscripted into war work by the ministry of labor, including noncombat jobs in the military, such as the women's royal naval service, the women's auxiliary air force, and the auxiliary territorial service. the auxiliary service also recruited women. in the early stage of the war, such serv

it's these kinds of pictures that alarmed people in britain. the numbers of migrants trying to get into britain are relatively small given how many are going elsewhere in europe. >> what we are seeing is a symptom of the fact that the world is in the worst rev tugay crisis since the second world war. thea small proportion are risking their lives crossing the mediterranean. and a tiny proportion are trying to reach the u.k. >> reporter: europe's politicians are in a quandary. it's shaping up to be a long, tense summer along the english channel. >>> the european union is dealing with a my grant crisis on numerous fronts. hungary says its immigration problem has reached unprecedented levels, it's building a four meter high fence along syria. >> for the political block the european union is looking good but closing itself off. this appears to be the most profound expression of europe, the shutting down access to the eu. almost none of the syrians or iraqis or afghans who might want to cross over this border have any intention of staying in hungary.

it's these pictures that alarmed people in britain, but the numbers of migrants trying to get into britain, a few thousand are small, given how many are going elsewhere in europe. >> what we are seeing is that a symptom of the fact that the world is in a grip the worst refugee crisis since the world war ii. a vast majority are hosted by the world's poorest countries. a small proportion is risking their lives crossing the mediterranean. a tiny proportion are trying to reach the u.k. . >> europe's politicians are in a quanedry. desperate people deserve compassion. politicians are not sure of their own electorates. it's shaping up to be a long safe summer >>> hungary says its immigration problem reached unprecedented levels. it's building a 4-meter high fence along the border with serbia >>> for a political block that has been critical the european union is looking good at closing itself off. this appears to be the start of a fence, shutting down access to the e.u. apt its border between hungary and serbia. it's a safe bet that none of the syrians or iraqis or afghans that might want to acros

and yet there are questions from the both sides of the vival and in britain as well. there are questions. and what does it say to you that the leaders of our great countries are confident of moving ahead when so many questions remain? >> it is unfortunate that david cameron and barak obama are pushing the poiseinous deal. it would have been rejected by margaret thatcher she would have hand bagged and it was a betrayal of british interest. >> why? >> it will enhance iran's power and strengthen their position as the world's leading sponsor of terrorism. and it is going to lead to a nuclear armed iran. this is a deal that is drawn up with a regime that cannot be trusted and a regime that is unskruptulous and thoroughly evil in my opinion. and if they deal that, i think the vast majority of americans oppose as opinion poll shows. and a clear majority of the united states congress is against the deal. i do think that it president obama and david cameron are throwing their own countries under the bus. >> it is interesting to see the people who voted to put leaders in office

britain, france, spain, and portugal offered by consent, not by force. that is true enough in many ways. but consent is based on a realistic assessment of alternatives. and guns, like ideas, can profoundly change those assessments. firearms exercise power over the immaterial as well as the material. they reconfigure wills and imaginations as well as bodies. they do this by changing calculations of what they are willing endure, risk, and imagine for the future. the second reason that the arms trade matters is that it bound up three independence wars in dependent relationships. in a nutshell, my argument today is that neither the haitian revolution nor the spanish-american wars for independence could have possibly prevailed without the free trade in arms that came from the u.s., which was itself a neglected but extremely important consequence of the american revolution. prior to the american revolution, a tangle of formal rules, informal structures, and historic legacies made it impossible for even the wealthiest of colonists in the new world to arm themse

great britain, great britain, russia, and china will be represented by high-ranking officers. meantime, the allied armed forces have been ordered to suspend offensive actions. the proclamation of vj day must await the formal signing of the surrender terms by japan. narrator: newsman rush the president's report to a waiting world. in new york city and throughout the rejoicing nation and world, vast throngs of happy people celebrate the end of fighting, the dawn of peace. in times square, it is official. it is all over. it is total victory. [cheering] narrator: all night long, the rejoicing continues. never before in history has there been greater reason to be thankful for peace. the world's free people are united in their determination that the world's piece shown never be endangered again -- the world's peace shall never be endangered again. >> with live coverage of the u.s. house on c-span and the senate on c-span2, here on c-span3 we come him then that coverage by showing you the most relevant congressional hearings and public affairs events. on weekends, c-span3 is home to

the tea tax that was going to be so provocative in this country was observed and paid in britain. we are all familiar, of course, with the stamp act. in braintree, massachusetts, when they protested it, they were concerned not only about it being passed in a parliament in which they had no representation, but saw the loss of jury trials, local jury trials for admiralty trials which a judge appointed at will and not just a local jury. there are a couple of cases i'd like to mention. one is i've got to hancock case, as many of you probably know, john hancock, founder, president of the continental congress was also a famous tumbler. he was arrested and jailed for failing to obtain a permit to unload a cargo of his ship, the liberty. john adams rose to the occasion and defended him. but i think it gives you an example of what hancock and other smugglers were up against was his ship was seized in june and it was condemned in august, falls in september along with its cargo. but that wasn't good enough for the british government. in october, hancock was sued for the enormous sum of 9,000

iran expelled britain's ambassador. relations have improved since world powers struck a nuclear deal in july. let's go live to paul brennan. so a warming of ties. how important was this for britain to shore up? >> i think it's hugely important. here in the iranian embassy in west london or west central london, there's been a steady stream of officials in and out of the building over my shoulder all morning. there will be a ceremony in a couple of hours time. it will be low key. it's not a huge fanfare. but the significance is greater than the amount of hubbub they are putting on the event. the reason is that iran is a huge marketplace. billions of dollars of business can be done. i think it's illuminating that the composition of the delegation is not just the british foreign secretary. he's also taken a treasury minister and delegation of representatives of big british mining, energy and engineering companies, companies like royal dutch/shell. and the weir group. there are billions of dollars of business that can be don

. >> another night another bid by migrants to get to britain from their camp in france. >> a cyclone whips across the bay of bengal, bringing flooding to myanmar. >> the gift of life, the sisters who gave up a piece of themselves to save their father. >> world's doping chiefs respond to the alarm as reports say a third of the medals won by athletes over a decade could be taped by drugs. >> turkey's military is denying allegations airstrikes against p.k.k. targets have hit civilians. there are growing fears of civilian deathion since bombings. an attack on a police station killed two soldiers. zeina hodor reports. >> a suicide truck bomb killed at least two soldiers and injured 20. authorities are blaming the outallowed kurdistan worker's party or the p.k.k. sunday's bombs is seen as an escalation in the continuing conflict between turkey and the p.k.k. which has spilled on to this street. scenes like these have been recurring in mainly kurdish areas of the country. >> we wanted to organize a match urging the continuation of peace talks. there is chaos in kurdistan. who wanted to crea

britain and france have announced a joint operation to tackle people smuggling. police will work together to stop gangs trying to smuggle undocumented migrants across the english channel. thousands are camped and hoping to cross to the u.k.. reporter: they are not giving up. even if it means living amongst garbage. these people are hoping to catch a ride on a train or bus. to travel less still a ways through the tunnel to britain on the other side of the english channel. -- to travel as still a ways through the tunnel to britain on the other side of the english channel. >> [indiscernible] reporter: that is likely to become more difficult. french and british ministers have traveled to announce a new operation to secure the area. they thanked police for stopping migrants from escaping and promise them reinforcements. a new joint control center. surveillance cameras. floodlights. infrared detection. all and at stopping people smuggling through the tunnel. -- aimed at stopping people smuggling through the tunnel. >> we are reaching the goal because we have a high lev

general strikes, militant ones in britain. in canada. so there were troubles around the world and i think there was a very real fear that 1918 was not the end of something, it was the beginning of another even more dreadful period in human history and so i think wilson was absolutely right to go to paris. i think where he made a mistake was in the way he chose his delegation. he did not include any republicans. well, a nominal republican and paid absolutely no attention to. and this i think was wrong. he also fought the 1918 congressional election as a vote of confidence in himself. he made the making of peace a partisan affair and i think again you can criticize him for that and striking that fdr in 1945 made sure that any peace arrangements he made, any international conferences he went to before he died in 1945 bipartisan, he had bipartisan support for what he was trying to do. i think wilson was right to go to paris. he is blamed ever since for much that went wrong. i mean, the many views of wilson in paris. there's wilson the messia

britain, france, spain, and portugal offered by consent, not by force. that is true enough in many ways. but consent is based on a realistic assessment of alternatives. and guns, like ideas, can profoundly change those assessments. firearms exercise power over the immaterial as well as the material. they reconfigure wills and imaginations as well as bodies. they do this right changing -- by changing calculations what they are willing to conjure, -- endure risk, and imagined the futures. the second reason that the arms trade matters is that ist bound up three independence wars in dependent relationships. in a nutshell, my argument today is that neither the haitian revolution nor the spanish-american war spray dependence could have possibly prevailed without the free trade in arms that came from the u.s., which was itself a neglected but extremely important consequence of the american revolution. prior to the american revolution, a tangle of formal rules, informal structures, and historic legacies made it impossible for even the wealthiest of colonists in

great britain, russia, and china will be represented by high-ranking officers. meantime, the allied armed forces have been ordered to suspend offensive actions. the proclamation of vj day must await the formal signing of the surrender terms by japan. rush the newsman a waitings report to world. in new york city and throughout the rejoicing nation and world, vast throngs of happy people celebrate the end of fighting, the dawn of peace. square, it is official. it is all over. it is total victory. [cheering] narrator: all night long, the rejoicing continues. never before in history has there been greater reason to be thankful for peace. the world's free people are united in their determination that the world's piece shown never be endangered again -- the world's peace shall never be endangered again. >> follow the c-span cities tour as we travel outside the washington beltway to communities across america. >> the idea for the cities tour is to take the programming for book tv and american history tv on the road, to produce programming that is more visual, a window

the britain leads the championship by 28 points. competitive video gaming may or may not be your idea of genuine sports, but the prize money on offer is very real. it's predicted the east port market will generate a billion worth of revenue within the next few years. with high stakes comes the temptation for gamers to cheat. >> reporter: productions of this magnitude are usually reserved for global music and sporting superstars. but there's a new player exploding on to the world stage. welcome to the world of e-gaming. >> a lot of more people are knowing your face and the brand you play for, even at my home town people come up and ask for autographs and photos. it's a bit much to take in. at some point. it's a bit of a nuisance to be known as a superstar. >> opinions remain fiercely divided on whether competitive video gaming is a sport. but it's certainly trying to present itself as just that. one of e-gaming's largest organizations drug testing players. >> we began working with the world anti-doping agency and the national anti-do

that britain, france, spain, and portugal governed by consent, not by force. that is true enough in many ways. but consent is based on a realistic assessment of alternatives. and guns, like ideas, can profoundly change those assessments. firearms exercise power over the immaterial as well as the material. they reconfigure wills and imaginations as well as bodies. and they do this by changing people's calculations of what they are willing endure, risk, and imagine for the future. the second reason that the arms trade matters is that it bound up three independence wars in dependent relationships. in a nutshell, my argument today is that neither the haitian revolution nor the spanish-american wars for independence could have possibly prevailed without the free trade in arms that came from the u.s., which was itself a neglected but extremely important consequence of the american revolution. prior to the american revolution, a tangle of formal rules, informal structures, and historic legacies made it impossible for even the wealthiest of colonists in the new world

. >>> for the first time in four years, britain and iran have roped embassies in each other's capitals coming weeks after iran reached a deal in curbing his nuclear program. paul brennan from london has our report. >> reporter: this is the first visits to duh tanaka ran by a british foreign secretary in 12 years. and a sign of the importance with which britain attaches to reestablishing relations it the islamic republic, this is not just about diplomatic niceties. july's agreement to curb iran's fuchs lahr program allows for the progressive lifting of sanctions. and bri britain is one of many business opportunities on the horizon. >> i hope as sanctions are gradually lifted off and iran reintegrates more effectively in to the international economy, we will also see a thawing of relationships particularly between saudi arabia and iran. >> reporter: less than four years since the british embassy compound was over run by angry protesters. the mob burned a car and ransacked the buildings. in retaliation the u.k. expelled iranian diplomats from london. >> things have changed now in iran. si