germany in particular -- and in march of 1947, secretary of state george marshall second from left fly to moscow for six weeks of negotiations with a soviet counterpart foreign minister -- third from the left. he was -- george marshall allied, of course, with the british and french foreign ministers earnest seven on the far left. george dough from france on the far right. but, of course, those two countries had their own national interest to protect with regard to germany. so these six weeks of negotiations were all focused on the future of germany. , of course, at the end of world war ii, germany was divided into four zones of occupation in the west there was an american, british, and french zone in the east, of course, the soviet zone, and berlin itself which was an outpost in eastern europe was also divided into -- four sectors along the same lines. so the purpose of these moscow deliberations was to find some way to achieve a peace treaty with germany reunify country and end the occupation. there was one narrow issue that divided the united states in the soviet union deeply and tha

ike was in denial when he sent this top secret letter to george marshal. morale is surprisingly high and the men have succeeded in making themselves comfortable. there are no signs of exhaustion and the sick rate is not nearly as high as we would have right to expect. >> it was horrifying what we saw there. >> 24-year-old lieutenant and the second rangers saw things differently than ike. >> i felt so sorry for the american soldiers i saw. they were bedraggled yet they went about doing their duty as they always do. >> but the condition of their troops wasn't the only thing lost on the american commanders. from the outset of the forest campaign, generals eisenhower, bradley and hodges failed to identify a key objective, critical for the drive into germany. >> this is the schwammenauel dam and reservoir where it controlled the level of the river which would dix cate when the americans could get across the river and enter the plain toward the ride. >> the americans initially did not realize the significance of these dams and what would happen if they were to b

you wrote to george marshall directly. and if you go to the marshall papers, in lexington, this letter is still there. and he absolutely rips it apart and marshall forwards it to hap arnold in charge of this and says hap, this is something you may want to look into. and it filters back down and are arnoldson theater commander to eisenhower and are you unhappy with our air support and calls robinette in there why are you doing this? you a response from eisenhower are you are we looked into this. you there are issues. but robinette, while skilled, capable, combat leader, is -- he's wounded which is a big part of it. but he does not ascend to higher you command. you so there are certainly instances. there's a heavy bombing raid at the end of kasserine. they send the american b-man 17's out to try to find rommel's forces as they retreat through kasserine. they tool around for an hour. the weather is bad. they wind up bombing i think actually tibesa or a pass near that so entirely friendly fire. but that's not what they had you

army chief of staff george marshall. that was a match the -- massive buildup of forces in great britain. we had weapons, men, and material. we were following that up in 1943 with an invasion of western europe. that is a direct crossed channel blast into the heart of hitler is him -- hitler. if it looked like the soviet union was going to down or serve -- germany would collapse we would have an emergency landing called operation sledgehammer. those were our operated station options and operational plans. sadly, the planners or at least the strategist had run away from the rest of the military. u.s. military was not ready to carry out any aspect of that strategy in 1942. you could go up and down the force with manpower, training, equipment you name it. it was completely unready to launch. even operation sledgehammer if it comes down to that nothing was ready. winston churchill, oic greg collins right there. our friend when central trail -- winston churchill came up with an answer. it was the only possible solution. a landi

sometimes george marshall is to theng him, get up front line and see what is happening. next week at, what are you doing at the front line so much, get back to headquarters and take care of your paperwork good it is clear everyone in the force from marshall, eisenhower, to the grunt on the frontline, the american military is feeling his way ford in its first be campaign. there are essentially two big mountain ridges which form the back loan i guess we would say of tunisia. they are called dorsal ranges, so there is an eastern dorsal and to the west there is an even larger more difficult mountain range called the western dorsal. eisenhower decides to deploy forward along the eastern dorsal , a forward position as close as possible to tunis. the americans -- allies had father way forward. it is probably a safer position to occupy the western dorsal am a but that would mean giving up territory you had already taken and having to fight for it all over again once the weather turns. position asrward close as possible to tunis, the british in the north who consider themselves t

integrated with the whole army in the 70s is because george marshall knew the hello girls. they took his phone calls. >> i think as well, in 2016, they worked in a very female veterans or something.>> one more time. yes. so my 2016, these women, they finally got recognized along with the women of world war ii were known as the wasps. they were service pilots and the barry goldwater, he had been a pilot inworld war ii as well . and he couldn't believe the women pilots of world war ii get what he got. so they advanced their legislation of the hello girls in the wasps, they went in together on the same piece oflegislation . then arlington announced, we're just running out of space so the wasps weren't real soldiers anyhow so they won't be buried here.as recent as two years ago, i'm sorry i forget the name. i think it was in arizona congresswoman. went to congress and said one more time, the soldiers. so legislature was half in 2016 and signed by president obama. and had their status as true soldiers yet again. >> and i mean, after stuff like this, these wonderful authors have

in mid april after meeting with stalin, george marshall flies home and thinks a famous radio address in whichan he announces the patient is seeking while the doctors did a great and we will not wait any longer. that is the cooperative arrangement that we made with the soviet union at 1945 where an end the soviets had undermined a of them and they've committed economically but they were not doing anything of the sort so they said that it was at an end. while they were in moscow, the president was delivering his famous doctrine speech into things that were worth highlighting about the speech, he famously pledges to the countries facing aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. but he emphasizes that it is economic and financial aid e tht is essential to the stabilization in the political processes. so, now he's beginning to foreshadow what would become the new marshall plan at this emphasis on the system, so the idea behind this is that we needed some way to counter the soviet conventional military force dominance in europe. at the end of world war ii the

marshall directly. if you go to the marshall papers in lexington, this letter is still there. he absolutely rips apart. marshall forwards it and says, this is something you may want to look into. if filters back down. eisenhower gets to call him in and go, why are you doing this? in marshall's papers, there is a response saying look into this. incapable, -- he does not ascend to higher command. there are certainly instances. there is a heavy bombing raid at the end of kazarene. they tool around for an hour. the weather is bad. it is entirely friendly fire. that is not what they train for -- to try to find tactical forces in the field. finding something out in the middle of the western dorsal was probably beyond the capability at the time. chris.k you very much, [applause] you are watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter at c-span history. keep up with the latest history news. q&a, yale on c-span's university law school profe

courtesy of general george c. marshall. a massive build up of force in great britain in the course of 1942. we weigh them down with the weapons and men and material and that would be operation bolaro following it up in 1943 with the invasion of western europe. a direct cross channel blast into the heart of europe and hitlerism and that would be operation round up. all good military planners plan for eventualities. if it looks like the soviet union or germany was going to collapse, we would have operation sledge hammer. those were the three operation plans since 1942 unfolded. sadly, the planners, perhaps or the strategist run away from the rest of the military. the u.s. military wasn't ready to carry out the strategy? 1942 and you can go and you happen down the force. manpower, training, equipment, you name it. just completely unready to launch any aspect, bolaro or round up or operation sledge hammer if it came down to that. nothing ready. our great friend, winston churchill. hi, greg. good to see you greg, church of socie

he wrote to george marshall directly. if you go to the marshall papers in lexington this letter is still there and he absolutely rips it apart. marshall forwards it to arnold who says this is something you may want to look into. of course, it filters back down. are you unhappy with our air support? and then eisenhower gets to call in and go why are you doing this? and marshall's papers there is response from eisenhower suggest we look into this. there are issues but while skilled, capable, combat leader will not send. he is wounded but does not ascend to higher command. there is a heavy bombing raid at the end. they send the american b 17s out to try to find rommel's forces. the weather is bad. they wind up arming i think a pass near that. it is entirely friendly fire. that is not what they trained for. they were used to bombing ports and bombing air fields in tunisia and sicily and italy. finding something out in the middle was probably a little beyond their capability at the time. >> thank you very much, chris. [ applau

marshall directly. if you go to the marshall papers in lexington, the letters are still there and he absolutely rips it apart. he forwards it. you this is something you may want to look into. it filters down. he sends it to theater commander. are you unhappy with our air support? eisenhower gets to call and go, why are you doing this? and marshall's papers, too, there is a response from eisenhower. yes, we've looked into this. there are issues, but robinette, while skilled capable combat leader, it will not ascend and unfortunately he's wounded which is a big part of it. he does not ascend to higher command. there are certainly instances. there is a heavy bombing raid at the end of kasserine. they sent b-17s to find the forces. they tool around for an hour. the weather certificate bad. they wind up bombing i think tabessa or near that. it is entirely friendly fire. but again, that is not what they trained for to find tactical forces in the field. they were used to bombing ports and air fields in tunisia

you wrote to george marshall directly. and if you go to the marshall papers, in lexington, this letter is still there. and he absolutely rips it apart and marshall forwards it to hap arnold in charge of this and says hap, this is something you may want to look into. and it filters back down and are arnoldson theater commander to eisenhower and are you unhappy with our air support and calls robinette in there why are you doing this? you

he wrote to george marshall directly. if you go to the marshall papers in lexington, this letter is still there and he absolutely rips it apart. of course, marshall forwards it to hap arnold who's in charge of this and says, hap, this is something you may want to look into it. of course, it filters back down. are you unhappy with our air force? eisenhower gets to call robinette in and say, why are you doing this? in marshall's papers, too, there's a response from eisenhower, yes we've looked into this, there are issues but rob robinette, skilled, capable, combat leader will not ascend. he does not ascend to higher command. there are certainly instances. heavy bombing raid at the end of kasserine, send the american b-17s out to try to find rommel's forces. they tool around for an hour. the weather ee's bad. they end up bombing tibessa or a pass near that. that's not what they trained for to find tactical forces in the field. they were used to bombing ports and bombing airfields in tunisia, sicily, and italy. finding someth

whole army in the late 60s early 70s is because george marshall knew the hello grossman they took us calls. [laughter] >> wasn't their case in 2016 where they weren't going to bury some of the female veterans or something. >> yes, one more time. yeah, 2016 these women they finally got recognized along with women of world war ii known as the wasps, women's heirs service pilot and barry goldwater got so interested because he had been a pilot in world war ii as well and he couldn't believe that the women pilots of world war ii didn't get what he got in so he advanced their legislation into fellow girls and the wasps when it together on the same piece of legislation that goldwater sponsored. then in 2016 arlington announced you know, were running out of space so the wasps weren't real soldiers anyway so they will be buried here. as recent as two years ago and i'm sorry i forget the name of it was an arizona congressman who again went to congress and said one more time we are soldiers and again legislation was passed in 2016 signed by president obama and their status as true, full soldier

and he concluded his remarks, this was a former army general, george marshall, who just became secretary of state saying he could not imagine a graduate of that institution having completed his education without theering the text of peloponnesian wars by thucydides. must've of been astonished but the point was that good officers and good citizens who take their work seriously, are lifelong students of history. speaker this morning, david kennedy, is perhaps the most extraordinary practitioner of his craft in a university now with us. a graduate of stanford. he was educated in new haven. he was a professor at oxford. he has written a number of books about american history and culture, one of which is probably known to most of you, a book called "freedom from fear." it's a history of the depression but most famously, the best synoptic history of the united states during the second world war. he represents, it seems to me, the best in university teaching. he is an evangelist in behalf of poet --t, and is the john dryden says of a predecessor of his, looking at his work, here we may say is g

wrow to george marshall directly. and if you go to the marshall papers, in lexington, this letter is still there. and he absolutely rips it apart and marshall forwards it to hap arnold in charge of this and says hap, this is something you may want to look into. and it filters back down and arnoldson theater commander to eisenhower and are you unhappy with our air support and calls robinette in there why are you doing this? a response from eisenhower we looked into this. there are issues. but robinette, while skilled, capable, combat leader, is -- he's wounded which is a big part of it. but he does not ascend to higher command. so there are certainly instances. there's a heavy bombing raid at the end of kasserine. they send the american b-man 17's out to try to find rommel's forces as they retreat through kasserine. they tool around for an hour. the weather is bad. they wind up bombing i think actually tibesa or a pass near that so entirely friendly fire. but that's not what they had trained for to find tactical forces

with the whole army in the 60s and 70s is because george marshall knew the hello girls. they took his phone calls. >> i think as well and there was a case in 2016 where they went very some of the female veterans or something. >> one more time. yeah, 2016 these women -- they finally got recognized along with the women of world war ii were known as the wasps, women's heirs of his pilots. barry goldwater got so interested in this because he had been a pilot in one were to come as well. he couldn't believe women pilots of world war ii didn't get what he got in so he advanced their legislation and the hello girls and the wasps when it together on the same piece of legislation that goldwater sponsor. then in 2016 arlington announced you know, were running out of space. the wasps weren't real soldiers anyway so they won't be buried here. as recent as two years ago and i'm sorry if i forget the name it was in arizona comes with who again went to congress and said over time these were soldiers and again legislation was passed in 2016 signed by president obama and their status as

besides marshall ok george bell so he's here in australia a few months ago in front of the australian royal commission on sexual abuses within the church ear recognised knowing sexual abuses from australian trius but did not denounce them to justice so what do you think of him being in this he nine with that story i have been to australia last year i've travelled i have been in the diocese i met with three survivors from the school where are now powell was at that time that the vice director of the school and. willing gage to cooperate with justice and it will operate in the sense of setting up a safeguard in measures in the same way you will this is future but you didn't denounce sexual abuse it's very far and isn't this you know and he admitted is it sucking for you or not of course it was shocking you know for him to be in this you nine and not have been denouncing her sexual abuse on minors you know for sure. it has always in chile here. documents and that has you is has waited five years after the first victim spoke out to take action and to remove the prized father correct. and

then you have george marshall here and you have eisenhower in europe, you have that break and communication is lot better. then washington can play a greater role than they could in the 19th century. >> behind military success. >> it's interesting, there's different reasons for failures. confidence is one of them. ego and narcissism's and it's not just confined to the military, but when you're looking at some of these characters when he had people like yuli sisk grant and sherman in the confederates then you have the braxton bragg's and men whose ego and personality get in the way of them doing their job and it creates bad things. unfortunately when there's bad things men die and that's a reality, it's not pleasant part of the story. >> host: does it wherein you after a while writing about death and warren tragedy? >> guest: yes. in my last book it's not a happy -- and i've tacked to a number of veterans i can see it in their faces and the way they talk to me that tragedy and what they went through 65 years later is still part of who they are and whether is frostbite in your fingers are sim

you get to world war i, world war ii, your people like george marshall here in world war ii and have eisenhower in europe. you have that break and of course to medication is a lot better. you get to the 20th century, washington can play a greater role in what's going on then he could have in the 19th century. >> another theme, behind military success or failures. >>. [laughter] failure, is interesting. there are different reasons for failures. competence, ego, narcissism, all of these terrible character traits. it is not just confined to the military, that is everywhere in culture. but when loyou're looking at so of the characters, i will go back to the civil war. when you have people like grant and sherman and their confederates certainly, robert e lee would be among those. they have these -- sheridan, men whose ego and personality gets in the way of them doing their job and it creates bad things. unfortunately a war when there are better things, often men die. that is reality. it is not a pleasant part of the story but it is a story. >> after while writing about death and war -- >>

when you get world war i, world war ii, you've got people like george marshall here in world war ii and eisenhower in europe . you've got that break and of course the communication is a lot better. you get to the 20thcentury, washington can play a librarian role in what's going on and they could in the 19th century . >>another theme, behind military success are a lot of failures . >>. >> failure, it's interesting though. there are different reasons for failure. there's incompetence and that's certainly one of them. ego, narcissism. all of these terrible counter traits and it's not just confined to the military. that's everywhere in our culture. when you're looking at some of these characters, some of the generals and i'll go back to the civil war. when you have people like ulysses grant and william sherman and their confederates certainly and we would be among those, but then you got the braxton bragg's and the phil sheridan's, men whose ego and whose personality gets in the way of them doing their job and it creates bad things. unfortunately a war, there are bad things, men died and of

marsha marshall, i value this aid more than active participation of their troops. i value this aid. what is that aid? eisenhower came to casablanca to watch french and american -- the french and americans work together to unload 30,000 troops in 13 hours from the second convoy that had arrived in casablanca. for eisenhower, this is worth everything because the logistical lines he badly needs to keep american troops supplied is going to come true. so in 1940, there are 100 americans in french morocco. by the end of 1942 there are more than 60,000 american troops. it's a huge increase. they were everywhere. there were pup tents. americans were popping their tents in town squares. so the movie. you knew we were going to have to talk about the movie. warner brothers could not believe its luck because it opened up the newspaper on november 9th, 10th, 11th and there are headlines about this place called casablanca. casablanca wasn't very well known to the american public until the american invasion in north africa but here are headlines talking about the americans in cas

one thing that people do not talk much about was marshall was at valley forge. he was with george washington in a situation where it was clear that letting the states do their own thing was not necessarily a good idea, because you had an army, a so-called army that could not do what it needed to do because the states were not providing the supplies that were necessary. there is background parts of john marshall's life that play a very important role in what eventually becomes his vision of the nation. host: we will take a call next from robert in middletown, new york. caller: good evening. i am really enjoying the show. and marshall's decision, he made some references to the fact that his case must be decided peacefully or there would be a source of hostile legislation, perhaps even hostility. that it would be an overstatement to suggest that marshall was saying we are risking civil war if the relationship between the states and government was not worked out peacefully? guest: absolutely. you have to remember the nation was not very old. and while many people wh

and i think one thing that people don't talk much about was marshall was at valley forge. he was with george washington in a situation where it was clear that letting the states do their own thing was not necessarily a good idea. because you had an army -- so-called army that couldn't do what it needed to do because the states were not providing the supplies that were necessary. and there's background parts of john marshall's life that play a very important role in what eventually becomes his vision of the nation. >> we're going to take a call from robert next in middletown, new york. hi, robert, welcome. >> good evening. i'm really enjoying the show. in marshall's decision, he made some references to the fact that this case must be decided peacefully or there would be a -- a source of hostile legislation and perhaps even hostility. am i correct in what -- would it be an open statement to suggest that marshall was saying that we were risking civil war relationship between the state and the federal governments were not worked out peacefully? >> oh, absolutely. you got to re

henry brown who wrote the majority opinion and george sheriff, an appointee. stephen johnson [inaudible] had the longest appointment. john marshall harlan, we have talked about him in past cases and he was alone dissent. what else should people do about this court? the dissent.and is he had opposed the 13th amendment as a congressman from kentucky, the 13th amendment is the one abolishing slavery and he opposed civil rights legislation in 1866 and 1875. harlan is thehat one dissenter although it is worth noting that we know from other evidence, other opinions he wrote and extra judicial writings that even john harland would have no problem with state and dated -- mandated segregation. white, maybe it is worth noting you did not have a democratic president all the way from the civil war until 1884. you coulde first time get southerners on the supreme court and one of those was edward white who had been a confederate soldier and had klan- to -- belonged to like and as asians. it took a long time for the south jamaica put a cold comeback but finally they are gett

henry brown who wrote the majority opinion and george sheriff, an appointee. stephen johnson fields had the longest appointment. john marshall harlan, we have talked about him in past cases and he was alone dissent. what else should people know about this court? michael: harland is the dissent. he had opposed the 13th amendment as a congressman from kentucky, the 13th amendment is the one abolishing slavery and he opposed civil rights legislation in 1866 and 1875. it is ironic that harlan is the one dissenter although it is worth noting that we know from other evidence, other opinions he wrote in extra judicial writings that even john harland would have no problem with state mandated segregation. justice white, maybe it is worth noting you did not have a democratic president all the way from the civil war until 1884. that is the first time you could get southerners on the supreme court and one of those was edward white who had been a confederate soldier and had belonged to klan-like organizations. it took a long time for the south jamaica put a cold comeback b

also served as a marine judge advocate and court marshal judge. currently an adjunct professor at west town and george washington. author of a number of book onop. he'll be talking about other cases involved in the my lai massacre. our last presenter is brigadier general joseph b.berger. u.s. army court of criminal appeals. he's a west point graduate and served as president since june 2017. additionally, served in germany, somalia, iraq, afghanistan, and a number of stateside appointments. before he begins his remarks, perhaps a bit on the rules of engagement. once all the remarks are completed, we will take questions from the floor. there will be personnel here from csis and from cmh who will be circulating the room and collecting your questions on the cards provided. they will collect the cards and give them to me. please indicate your name, affiliation, and to whom you are addressing your question whether it be to a specific panelist or the panel in general. so without further adieu, eric, the floor's yours. >> testing. testing. all right. agai

. >> on the other side was thurgood marshall. big nate -- some of these are big names in civil rights. jack greenberg argued part of the delaware case, george hayes and james may britt. to show another video, because you talked about the impact of this social side -- social science. test,e a video about this and we will talk more about this deciding the justices this case. [video clip] the doll test was integral because it clearly demonstrated that separate was not equal. separate was not good, and separate was an injustice. what we are looking at are the dolls that the doctors used in their studies. the tests were a series of did to try tolark determine racial awareness in young children. the implication being that, in a segregated society, if children theaware of race and differences in race, and the differences and how different racial groups are treated, it would impact how they felt about themselves. what they did that actually became very well known, and part of the brown case, they showed young children black and white dol

and george sharus, a harrison appointee. one lincoln appointee. steven field. an arthur appointee sat on the court then, horace gray, and john marshall harlan, and he wrote the lone dissent in this case. >> harlan is the dissenter and somewhat unpredictable dissenter, and he had opposed the thirteenth amendment as a congressman from kentucky, the thirteenth amendment is the one abolishing slavery and he opposed civil rights legislation in 1866 and 1875. so it's a little bit ironic that harlan is the one dissenter, although it's worth noting that we know from other opinions he wrote in extrajudicial writings that even john harlan would have had no problem with state-mandated segregation of education. he distinguished state-mandated segregation of railroad passengers. justice white -- so maybe it's worth noting that, you know, you didn't have a democratic president all the way from the civil war until 1884. that's the first time you could get southerners on the supreme court again. one of those southerners is edward white who had been a confederate soldier, and h

ok george bell so he's here in australia a few months ago in front of the australian royal commission on sexual abuses within the church ear recognised knowing sexual abuses from australian trius but did not denounce them to justice so what do you think of him being in the sea nine with that story i have been to australia last year i've travelled i have been in the diocese i met with three survivors from the school where our nepad was at that time that the vice director of the school and. willing gage to cooperate with justice and it will operate in the sense of setting up a safeguard in measures in the same way you will this is future but you didn't denounce sexual abuse it's very far and isn't this you know and it is it sucking for you are not of course shocking you know for him to be in this you nine and not have been denouncing her sexual abuse on minors you know for sure. the school it has always in chile here. documents show and that is has waited five years after the first victim spoke out to take action and to remove the prized father corretja and sire father carriage about ha