the soviets were devastated. what does it look like to have a country where 27 million are dead, millions more are homeless. where just -- again, the amount of destruction and so a lot of the focus of people is really on just rebuilding and trying to restart their lives. so, children which isn't to say there's not interest but a as a historian, i never want to say something unless i've seep the documents and i would need to do more research in terms of reception and that's one of the things that's hard to get at. >> a good final question. what impact if any did the nuremberg trials have on the denazi-ification programs. >> i think -- this is something that's still debated in terms of the impact of the trial, and it's complicated not because of nuremberg itself but also because of what happens with, again, the cold war coming in even more, that the nuremberg trials part of the purpose is to -- in germany is to be to reeducate the german pock and a similar can he question to what the soviets thought and the questio

for most soviet leaders, the soviets are the largest groups to read. here are our types are not open, and even if they are open there and russia -- but from what we can tell from the primary sources and there are quite a few contemporary primary sources, the fundamental problem that the russians saw and the paris peace conference in the trio versailles that resulted, is a failure to build states on the border of russia that could access bunkers. with the soviets want our stable, reliable countries that will serve as a buffer not just between the soviet union in germany, but the soviet union in the west that is still seen as a potential security threat to the soviet union in the post world war. the second thing, it seems the soviets wanted reparations. they wanted to take as much money and as much industrial assets as they could out of germany. eventually they'll take anything that they can get their hands on. they turned entire infantry divisions, 20,000 men strong, and give them the mission of taking everything that they can get their hands on. they d

we adopted it to the soviet union partisan group by covering the swastika with the soviet star. so you're somewhat directive -- that doesn't mean that we weren't provided supplies by the soviet union. we were. but we supplemented them, if you will, to try to be as self-sufficient as possible. when it came to food, though, then had you to go to the collective farms. and you went to the collective farms and the theory would be you would bring along your commissar or political officer and he would talk to the people. he would say, you must give food to the partisans because they are fighting to support the motherland, just like your motherland. oh, and by the way, a speech of giving support, if you will, and motivation and confidence to the people about the fact that the war is going to be won and comrade stalin is still in moscow, and we're going to win, but then also probably a directive, a warning, do not give aid to fritz, as they were called, the germans. if you collaborate and give aid, you might be given permanent discipline and permanent discipline would involve a firing sq

of the soviet zone. these decision they reach is each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants. and the reason they are doing this is the americans fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it is treated as a single occupation, then the soviets was simple to take advantage and take everything they can out of germany, forcing the united states and great britain to put money into germany. so in effect, the u.s. will be putting resources into germany, while the soviets take them out. this is exactly the nightmare scenario thought of in 1919, and a scenario he does not want to see repeated in 1945. they do not envision at this point that this will become two different states. we know now of course that they do. with the united states, britain and france putting resources into the western zone of germany and the soviets taking everything they can find that is not nailed down out of the eastern sector. those of you in germany or those of you who have traveled to germany will know th

they were pushed out of the soviet union. now there is no need for partisans anymore, because there are no lines to fight behind. most of the units were disbanded. they were amalgamated into the regular red army units. one of those units that i portray -- one of the other things that i find that's interesting about the soviet contribution is -- one of them was the partisans. the other one was cavalry. so, i represent the cavalry, in my case the cavalry sergeant. my uniform is a fairly standard late-war uniform, we'll call it. i have my red stripe on my pants to represent the cavalry movement. my hat also, of course, has various combinations of colors. the idea bineing, the blue on my epaulets, and the symbol with the crossed sabers. i'm carrying a saber. that harkens back to the coasssacks. cavalry were lightly armored. the point here -- the advantage, the interesting thing about the soviet military in terms of cavalry is that they had these large numbers of mounted cavalry groups. for example, i might represent the fourth ca

coming out of the soviet zone. the same thing will happen here with berlin, and the decision that they reached is that each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants, and the reason they're doing this is the american fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it's treated as a single thing for occupation reasons, then the soviets will simply take advantage to take everything they can out of germany, forcing the united states and great britain to put money into germany. so in effect, the u.s. will be putting resources into germany, while the soviets take them out. this is exactly the nightmare scenario that burns thought of from 1919, and it's the scenario he does not want to see repeated here in 1945. now, they don't envision at this point that this will become two different states. we know now, of course, they do. with the united states, britain, and france putting resources into the western zone of germany and the soviets taking everything they can find that isn't nailed down out of the

of the soviet zone. the decision they reach is each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants. and the reason they are doing this is the americans fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it is treated as a single occupation, then the soviets will simply take advantage and take everything they can out of germany, forcing the united states and great britain to put money into germany. so in effect, the u.s. will be putting resources into germany, while the soviets take them out. this is exactly the nightmare scenario that berns thought of in 1919, and it is the scenario he does not want to see repeated in 1945. they do not envision at this point that this will become two different states. we know now of course that they do. with the united states, britain and france putting resources into the western zone of germany and the soviets taking everything they can find that is not nailed down out of the eastern sector. those of you in germany or those of you who have traveled to germa

of the soviet zone. these decision they reach is each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants. and the reason they are doing this is the americans fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it is treated as a single occupation, then the soviets will simply take advantage and take everything they can out of germany, forcing the united states and great britain to put money into germany. so in effect, the u.s. will be putting resources into germany, while the soviets take them out. this is exactly the nightmare scenario thought of in 1919, and it is the scenario he does not want to see repeated in 1945. they do not envision at this point that this will become two different states. we know now of course that they do. with the united states, britain and france putting resources into the western zone of germany and the soviets taking everything they can find that is not nailed down out of the eastern sector. those of you in germany or those of you who have traveled to germany will k

of the soviet zone. these decision they reach is each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants. and the reason they are doing this is the americans fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it is treated as then theoccupation, soviets was simple to take advantage and take everything they can out of germany, forcing the united states and great britain to put money into germany. so in effect, the u.s. will be putting resources into germany, while the soviets take them out. this is exactly the nightmare andario thought of in 1919, a scenario he does not want to see repeated in 1945. they do not envision at this point that this will become two different states. we know now of course that they do. britain united states, and france putting resources into the western zone of germany and the soviets taking everything they can find that is not nailed down out of the eastern sector. those of you in germany or those of you who have traveled to germany will know this remains an issue insi

coming out of the soviets zone. the same thing will happen with berlin. and the decision they reached is that each side will take out or put into its zone whatever it wants and the reason they're doing this is the american fear that if germany is treated as a single unit, if it is treated as a single thing for occupation reasons then the soviets will take advantage to take everything they could to take everything out of germany and forcing them to put money into germany. so the u.s. will be putting resources into germany while the recei sovietss take them out. this is the scenario from 1919 and doesn't want to see repeated here in 1945. now they don't envision that this will become two different states. we know they do. with the united states, britain and france putting resources into the western zone of gathery, and the soviets taking everything they could find that isn't nailed down out of the eastern sector and this, of course, those of new germany or who travel to germany, will know this remains an issue in germ

inside potsdam, the soviets divided those two areas into three sectors and american, soviet and british sector to house the great vips that had come. this is the back of the palace that looks leak a lovely lake and no expense was spared to make this conference the best it would be and they weren't extensive, but the papers were very fun and joan bright who was the protocol director and all of the effort that she went to to make sure that this conference went just right on the british side and the soviets brought in the heads of their major hotels, as well to mack sure the hospitality was there. absolutely no expense there. mill being was brougmilk was br in by the united kingdom. when truman didn't like the sheet music in the palace, he had the air force bomber fly to paris and bring them back sheet music opini music. whatever they wanted they could have. they were literally the conquerors and no german faces to be seen anywhere in potsdam. this is the room stalin used as his office for most soviet leaders and the soviets are the hardest group to read here both because many of their ar

they were pushed out of the soviet union. now there's no need for partisans anymore because there are no lines to fight behind. most of the units were disbanded and were amalgamated into the regular red army units. one of those units that i portray -- one of the other things that i find interesting about the soviet contribution law, one of them was the partisans as i mentioned, but the other was cavalry. so, i represent a cavalry sergeant in my case. my uniform is a fairly standard late war uniform we will call it. i have my red stripe on my pants to represent the cavalry movement. my hat also, of course, has various combinations of colors. the idea again being the blue on my epilepsy and i also have a symbol with the crossed sabers. i'm also carrying a saber. who it harks back to the cost facts. but cavalry men were heavily armored. -- lightly armored. the soviets had large amounts of mounted cavalry groups. i might represent, for example, the fourth cavalry corpse. hard as the war progressed, things change in the military.

they ultimately undid the soviet union. finally, there's sort of emerging a school of thought, and this is the school i want to belong to, right, is that reagan and gorbachev worked together to create sort of, set the foundation for a peaceful end to the cold war and the dissolution of the soviet empire. i think that gorbachev probably deserves most of the credit, although he probably wouldn't like to take it. he was an avowed socialist, but i think his policies ultimately are what undid the soviet union, but i think reagan deserves a lot of credit for working with gorbachev in order to basically establish better relations to enable gorbachev to carry out those reforms at home. that's where i fit into the historyography. i know i'm speaking to a more conservative audience, so i'll not one of the first two, so don't be too angry with me, right? all right. let's go ahead and jump into the 1980s. so conservatives were frustrated with reagan's foreign policy throughout the 1980s, but they were also really frustrated with other

soviets not because they were wrong to calling the soviet union the evil empire. but because it didn't come bring about the results they wanted to achieve. the day that able archer and it reagan made his first public appeal for the total elimination of nuclear are minutes. i believe there can be only one policy for preserving our precious civilization this modern age. nuclear war can never be one and never be fought. i speak for everyone when i say that our dream will be that nuclear weapons will be banished from the face of the earth. pretty radical rhetoric. i wonder how conservatives would've responded of jimmy carter had said those things. i'm not sure. in january of 1984, schulz and reagan over break talked with one another and reagan said, put together a policy. we want to have on new policy. in january of 1984 the reagan administration shifts public tone regarding the civil soviet union. reagan asserted that the two superpowers must establish a better working relationship marked by greater cooperation and understanding." this is important because if i take

to left the soviets with a significant advantage. and three they question whether or not the treaty was more divided by domestic political concerns. does anybody know what i'm talking about? iran contra right? a president reagan was making this deal not because he believed in it but rather because he was so unpopular in that moment. his poll numbers was so far down he was making this deal for political reasons. nixon and kissinger, for their part by the way i believe to my knowledge, i believe this is the first time kissinger and nixon who released james stephen since watergate. they thought of that important they come out together and criticize president reagan for his native foreign policy. nixon and kissinger insisted than any western leader who indulges the soviets disingenuous fantasies of nuclear free world courts unimaginable perils. and it was, they concluded that while the president wanted to really be remembered as a peacemaker reagan needed to remember that however he may be held in today's headlines, the judgment of histo

those reforms actually undid the soviet union. and finally the emerging school of thought that reagan and gorbachev worked together for the end of the cold war. i think that gorbachev probably deserves most of the credit although he would probably would not like to take it. but i think his policies are what undid the soviet union, but i think that reagan deserves credit in working with gorbachev to enable him to carry out the reforms at home. and so i know that i'm speaking to a more conservative audience, so i'm not either one of the first two, so don't be too angry with me. let's go ahead and jump in to the 1980s. so conservatives were frustrated with reagan's foreign policy throughout the 1980s, but they are also really frustrated with other things that reagan attempted to do in the foreign policy a wree inl arena. ? were upset with the sale of advanced air born and warning system to saudi arabia. this was reagan's first legislative 34riledges late legislative 34rishment while in office and also told the prime minister listen,

by april 9452 and a half 1000000 soviet troops had arrived at the edge of the lead. they advanced street by street building by building in what was a brutal battle. countless soldiers and civilians lost their lives the city too was brought to its knees. the allies had attacked berlin from the air over $300.00 times dropping a total of $45500.00 tons of bombs. in the postwar years the villain has rebuilt this city they connected mountains of rubble from the ruins into artificial hills such as the bunker back in one more time and the toughest. modern architecture has given the city a new face but many of the original buildings have been restored including the museum island and the berlin cathedral. because of the head memorial church in the western part of the city center stands as a reminder of the bombing of the land. it's been preserved in its ruined condition to serve as a memorial against war and destruction. of other important commemorative sites include the soviet war memorial and tied to a part. of the military cemetery on health class of which pays tribute to

b the soviets probably know something about this he was in correspondents with some soviet physicists, and he read between some lines and he came to the conclusion after he read about the manhattan project that they probably knew something about it, or were working on the same thing. and that if the war ends, and the united states uses it without bringing stolen into this club or community, the arrangement that the united states has with the british, it's very likely that a peaceful relationship with the soviet union is going to be impossible. it will send a signal to stolen that fellow, you could be next. so he goes to churchill when he's in london and makes the case that stalin should be informed about the bomb, about the manhattan project. churchill in effect throats him out of the office. he says you stick to your science, i'll do the politics. actually in high park churchill says professor bohr should be much, he's treading, he's giving secrets to the russians, or he wants to to make connections with the current. so bohr comes to the united states and he makes the case to rooseve

other important commemorative sites include the soviet war memorial into our park. and the military cemetery on health class which pays tribute to about 3600 members of the royal air force most of them were killed during the raids on brylin airmen from britain australia canada and new zealand. like few others that he's been has been powerfully shaped by its history. in their graffiti the soviet soldiers refer to the building as hitler's lair but the dictator had sought refuge in a different building located near brandenburg gate on the village toss in an air raid shelter called the. had been built underneath the garden of the old device chancellery. this is where hitler committed suicide in april 30th 945 only in the information board stance here to mark the site the bunker was partly demolished after the war the rest was buried. hitler died here and it's really hard to imagine today what happened back there and if you're interested if you want to know more about it you can take a look at the replica of hitler's room in the berlin story bunker. as the battle of pali

this is before soviet intervention. there were other factors on his mind including his loss of faith in the strategy to meet the invasion. concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state in the fall. these are played into his mind. he announces that decision ofore the inner circle leadership, and the early morning hours of august 10. we have the diary entry of the number two man, a general named koabe. one of the other officers comes to him and says, i don't think the overseas commanders will comply. right on cue, two of the three overseas commanders send a message saying, we are not going to comply with the surrender order, even from the emperor. there is more back-and-forth in the tokyo. message, their first which is really the first serious message about ending the war that has this language in it that says, the precondition they want is that the prerogatives of the emperor, the sovereign ruler, not be compromised in surrender. the american state department officials immediately realized that what this

this is before soviet intervention. there were other factors on his mind including his loss of faith in the strategy to meet the invasion. concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state sometime probably in the fall. these are played into his mind. he announces that decision before the inner circle of leadership, and the early -- in the early morning hours of august 10. we have the diary entry of the number two man in the imperial army, a general named koabe. one of the other officers comes to him and says, i don't think the overseas commanders will comply. even with an order from the emperor. right on cue, two of the three overseas commanders of the imperial army send a message saying, we are not going to comply with the surrender order, even from the emperor. there is more back-and-forth in the tokyo. they send their first message, which is really the first serious message about ending the war, but it has this language in it that says, the precondition they want is that the prerogatives of the emperor,

this is after hiroshima, before soviet intervention. there were other factors on his mind including loss of faith and meet the invasion, concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state sometime probably in the fall. these all played into his mind. he announces that the decision before the inner circle of leadership in the early morning hours of august 10th. we have the diary entry, learns of the decision, one of the officers in imperial headquarters says i don't think commanders will comply with an order of the emperor. two from the imperial army send messages say we're not going to comply with surrender orders even from the emperor. there's more back and forth in tokyo. they send their first message, really their first serious message about winning the war. it has language saying the precondition they want is the prerogatives of the emperor somp ruler will not be compromised in the surrender. american state department officials immediately realize this is a demand that the u.s. to get the japanese to surrender make the e

more than that were due to soviet intervention. that math tells you immediately that for every japanese noncom battant who died in the whole war, between 17 and 18 other noncombatants died. they're overwhelming the other asians and about 12 million are chinese. most of the 17 or 18 million noncombatants who were not japanese were already dead and dying at a rate of 8,000 to 14,000 a day, about 240,000 to 400,000 per month. that's the context in which all this takes place. it's important that we not overlook or diminish or dehumanize the japanese, but it's equally important we understand the total context of this and where the deaths are taking place. and they're primarily not japanese. >> richard frank is with us for a half hour as we look back further on the 75th anniversary of the u.s. atomic bomb drops on hiroshima and nagasaki. we will take your calls. after a couple minutes of conversation, but we'll put the phone numbers on the screen. if you liver in the eastern and central time zones, 202-748-8000 is your number. west, moun

more than that were due to the soviet invasion in 1945. that tells you immediately that for every japanese noncombatants who died in the whole war between 17 and 18 other noncombatants died. there were other agents and about 12 million of them are chinese. and most of those noncombatants who were not japanese were already dead and they were dying at a rate between eight and 14,000 day. context in which all of this takes place. important that we understand the total context. where the deaths are taking place. they are primarily not japanese. joiningchard frank is us looking back at the 75th anniversary of the bombing of the regime a and not a sake. we will put the phone numbers on the screen now. and central --m in the eastern and central time 748-8000.2- we have separate lines for veterans and their families. 748-8002. and for japanese-americans, 202 -748-8003. frank, how widespread was support for president truman? has that changed over time? guest: we have seen numbers punching up about 80%. it has changed because the narratives have cha

this is before soviet intervention. there were other factors on his mind including his loss of faith in the strategy to meet the invasion. concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state in the fall. these are played into his mind. he announces that decision before the inner circle of leadership, and the early morning hours of august 10. we have the diary entry of the number two man, a general named koabe. one of the other officers comes to him and says, i don't think the overseas commanders will comply. right on cue, two of the three overseas commanders send a message saying, we are not going to comply with the surrender order, even from the emperor. there is more back-and-forth in the tokyo. they send their first message, which is really the first serious message about ending the war that has this language in it that says, the precondition they want is that the prerogatives of the emperor, the sovereign ruler, not be compromised in surrender. the american state department officials immediately realized

by april 9452 and a half 1000000 soviet troops had arrived at the edge of their dead. they advanced street by street building by building in what was a brutal battle. countless soldiers and civilians lost their lives the city too was brought to its knees. the allies had attacked 1000000000 from the air over 300 times dropping a total of 45500 tons of bombs. in the postwar years the villain as we built this city they connected mountains of rubble from the ruins into artificial hills such as the bunker back in her time and the toughest. modern architecture has given the city a new face but many of the original buildings have been restored including the museum ident and the berlin cathedral. because of the her memorial church in the western part of the city center stands as a reminder of the bombing of the land. it's been preserved in its ruined condition to serve as a memorial against war and destruction. of other important commemorative sites include the soviet war memorial in toto our park. and the military cemetery on health class which pays tribute to about 3600 memb

here in berlin the soviet union the red army they were the liberators. but many berliners didn't see them as a realistic option for many berliners the soviets were something they've been taught to fear something they've been taught was the mortal enemy. the nazis persecuted detained tortured and murdered millions of people especially jews and many places in berlin today commemorate the jewish victims of the nazi regime. has a long jewish tradition stretching back to the 13th century in the 1920 s. some 170000 jews lived in the city after 983 many were forced to emigrate or fled from the nazis around $55000.00 jews were killed in the shoah the holocaust the nazi regime's mass annihilation of european jews. the holocaust memorial only the brandenburg gate commemorates this genocide a field of concrete blocks of varying heights all reminiscent of a wave the abstract installation aims to evoke a sense of contemplation. since the memorials are important for understanding and for compassion for a time i mean the generation after me i'm 18 now the generation af

here in berlin the soviet union the red army they were the liberators. but many berliners didn't see them as a realistic option for many berliners the soviets were something they've been taught to fear something they've been taught was the mortal enemy. the nazis persecuted detained tortured and murdered millions of people especially jews and many places in berlin today commemorate the jewish victims of the nazi regime. has a long jewish tradition stretching back to the 13th century in the 1920 s. some 170000 jews left in the city after 933 many were forced to emigrate or fled from the nazis around $55000.00 jews were killed in the shower the holocaust the nazi regime's mass annihilation of european jews. the holocaust memorial only the brandenburg gate commemorates this genocide a field of concrete blocks of varying heights of women listen to. the abstract installation aims to evoke a sense of contemplation. since the memorials are important for understanding and for compassion amid the generation after me i'm 18 now the generation after me needs to und

the soviets were playing catch up. after the cuban missile crisis, they vow that they would never be forced to back down again because they were so far behind. and then they start building up their nuclear personal -- nuclear arsenal. -- i find myself year after year writing down the same statistics and by 1985, the world had accumulated the equivalent of 1.4 7 million hiroshima bombs. i could not get over it. how many times do we need to be able to kill everybody on earth over again before we are satisfied? trump has gotten rid of the iran nuclear deal, the inf treaty, the open skies treaty, and he says he does not like the new start treaty. if we do away with the new start treaty and that is -- expires in february of 2021, we could go back to the 1980 style nuclear arms race. trump says he welcomes a nuclear arms race. fortunately, he will not be in office long enough to carry that out. precarious a very situation. russians as playing the same game the u.s. is playing. whereas china has sharply limited the size of th

by april 9452 and a half 1000000 soviet troops had arrived at the edge of the lead. they advanced street by street building by building in what was a brutal battle. countless soldiers and civilians lost their lives the city too was brought to its knees. the allies had attacked pearl in from the air over $300.00 times dropping a total of $45500.00 tons of bombs. in the post-war years the villain as we built this city they connected mountains of rubble from the ruins into artificial hills such as the bunker back in homo time and the toughest. modern architecture has given the city a new face but many of the original buildings have been restored including the museum either end and the berlin cathedral. the kaiser vilhelm memorial church in the western part of the city center stands as a reminder of the bombing of birth. it's been preserved in its ruined condition to serve as a memorial against war and destruction. of other important commemorative sites include the soviet war memorial in type to our park. and the military cemetery on health class of which pays tribute to

this is after hiroshima, before soviet intervention. there were other factors on his mind including loss of faith and the strategy to meet the invasion, concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state sometime in the fall. these all played into his mind. he announces that the decision before the inner circle of leadership in the early morning hours of august 10th. we have the doir diary entry of number two man when he learns of the decision. one of the officers in imperial headquarters says i don't think commanders will comply with an order of the emperor. two from the imperial army send messages say we're not going to comply with surrender orders even from the emperor. there's more back and forth in tokyo. they send their first message, really their first serious message about winning the war. it has language saying the precondition they want is the prerogatives of the emperor as ruler will not be compromised in the surrender. american state department officials immediately realize this is a demand that the u.s. to get t

this is before soviet intervention. there were other factors that were on his mind including his loss of faith in the strategy to meet the invasion. there was a concern about the japanese people reaching revolutionary state sometime around the fall. these all played into his mind. he announces that decision before the inner circle of leadership in the early morning hours of august 10th. we have the diary entry of the number two man in the imperial army. he learned from the inferiors -- emperors decision. i don't think the overseas commander will comply even with an order for the upper. immediately, two military officers communicate they will not comply with the order for surrender. the first message which is the first serious message about ending the war has this language in it that says that the preconditions that they want is that the prerogatives of the emperor will not be compromised in the surrender. american state department officials immediately realize that this is a demand that the u.s. in order to get the japa

here in berlin the soviet union the red army they were the liberators. but many berliners didn't see them as a realistic option for many berliners the soviets were something they've been taught to fear something they've been taught was the mortal enemy. the nazis persecuted detained tortured and murdered millions of people especially jews and many places in berlin today commemorate the jewish victims of the nazi regime. the. berlin has a long jewish tradition stretching back to the 13th century in the 1920 s. some 170000 jews lived in the city after 933 many were forced to emigrate or fled from the nazis around $55000.00 jews were killed in the shower the holocaust the nazi regime's mass annihilation of european jews. the holocaust memorial only at the brandenburg gate commemorates this genocide a field of concrete blocks of varying heights of women isn't a wave the abstract installation aims to evoke a sense of contemplation. since the memorials are important for understanding and for compassion amid the generation after me i'm 18 now the generation aft

any hopes the soviet union will do. how long do you intend the united states should abide by the terms of an assault agreement which you consider inequitable and what you consider its greatest inequities to be. >> well, the treaty first of all, i think permits a continued buildup on both sides of strategic nuclear weapons. but in the main thing, it authorizes an immediate increase in large numbers of soviet warheads. there is no verification as the number of warheads on the missile. no way for us to do this. i don't think that a treaty salt means strategic arms limitation. that actually permits a buildup on both sides of strategic nuclear weapons is -- can probably be called that. and i have said that when we can and i'm willing for our people to go into negotiations or let me say discussions leading to negotiations, that we should start negotiating on the basis of trying to affect an actual reduction in the numbers of nuclear weapons. that would then be real strategic arms limitation. and i happen to believe also that

made larger some are a fun under soviet era s.u.v. . the living history retro markets are set to continue through september if the good weather holds. and speaking of old treasures of group of teenagers in israel unearthed 425 gold coins while volunteering on an archaeological dig the clay vessel in which they were found was over a 1000 years old at the time they were buried the 24 carat gold coins were enough to buy a luxury home in one of the best neighborhoods the finders are not keepers however they've had to hand the coins over to the israeli antiquities authority. or write quite a fine that's it for me and the business team as always thanks for watching. levanon in the grip of his. to so-called party of god controls large parts of. the shore the situation in the entire country has taken a dramatic turn the political climate is a. country held hostage by. piece . 60 minutes to w. o o o a a mug or just love. suited for the russian soul. steve. so many different walks of life. some are. honestly trying but almost come straight from t

the soviet system simply collapsed. millions of people lost theirjobs. in the soviet days, if a worker had a drink before going to work, at least there were some restraint on him in the workplace. with the collapse of the ussr there were no social structures any more and the alcoholic had nothing holding him back. we didn't understand it and neither did gorbachev. remembering interesting times with the former president, mikhail gorbachev. that is all for this month. we will be back next month with more first—hand accounts of more extraordinary moments in history. for now, from me and the rest of the team, goodbye. hello there. we have a changeable week ahead but the start of the week does not look too bad at all. this is the forecast. sunny spells and a few showers on monday, not a bad day on the whole. tuesday looks very different. an atlantic storm is developing around 1000 miles away from us, it is heading in our direction and it will bring heavy rain and gales. in the short term it is not too bad, apart from a few showers in the morning across sout

there were two were more giving intelligence to the soviets. knew the americans were developing a bomb. he did not know exactly -- he knew it was going to be tested. he did not know the results. told him at what stem the united states had a terrible new weapon. stalin was poker-faced. truman thought he did not get it. stalin knew exactly what that meant. marvin, calling from tuscaloosa, alabama. i think you have played fast and loose with the facts. it was germany, japan, and italy, they were dictators who started the war. i think you have ignored the fact that all of the atrocities committed by the japanese -- you mentioned them, but we don't hear a lot about that. those atrocities were proven at the tokyo war trials. you mentioned the backhand death march. the rape of nanking, the killing, the slaughter and torture of american pow's. i think you have played fast and loose with the facts because truman had the facts and he made a reasonable decision. i'm not going to go into all that kind of detail, but i think thewe it to americans on 75th an

made lot of them are a fun under soviet era s.u.v. the living history retro markets are set to continue through september if the good weather holds. right speaking of treasures a group of teenagers in israel and earth 425 gold coins while volunteering on an archaeological dig the clay vessel in which they were found was over a 1000 years old at the time they were buried the 24 korat gold coins well enough to buy election we home in one of the best neighborhoods to find is not keepers they've had to hand the coins over to the israel antiquities authority. and that's all for a business update here and a w. from me and the team in the end thanks for watching. levanon in the group. the so-called party of god controls large parts of. the oceans on the shore the situation in the entire country has taken a dramatic turn the political climate is a monster a country held hostage. to . the ideas his holiness wish to bring you more conservation. how to make signals greener how can we protect have a chance we can make a difference the engineers f

the soviet system simply collapsed. millions of people lost theirjobs. in the soviet days, if a worker had a drink before going to work, at least there were some restraint on him in the workplace. with the collapse of the ussr there were no social structures any more and the alcoholic had nothing holding him back. we didn't understand it and neither did gorbachev. remembering interesting times with the former president, mikhail gorbachev. that is all for this month. we will be back next month with more first—hand accounts of more extraordinary moments in history. for now, from me and the rest of the team, goodbye. out of nazi germany. hello there. at the moment, the weather doesn't feel much like late summer. over the weekend so far we have seen a mixture of sunshine and showers. i'm sure rain has stopped play now and again across the country. and we've got more showers to come during the second half of the weekend. the big cricket match of course is taking place at southampton. england on top, hoping for some more wickets. and generally speaking, the

>> of the -- you said iran, the border between iran and the soviet union. well, i think one of the first things that has to happen is for stability, has got to be in iran itself to establish a government that can speak as a government for iran. for iran. and part of our problem in all of these long 444 days has been the inability of anyone seemingly to speak for that nation, to have a government. now, i think that any country would want to help another if they showed an intent to have a government that would abide by international law and do what they could to help them in that regard. but until such a thing appears apparent there, i don't know that there is anything we can do. the young lady. >> mr. president, if it is your intention to signal the world that this country will respond with swift retribution in cases of international terrorism in the future, why is it your policy not to retaliate against iran? >> well, what good would just revenge do, and what form would that take? i don't think revenge is worthy of us. on the other hand, i don't think we ac

asking the biggest conclusions and he said the soviets were not early christian martyrs in other words the assessment was the soviet leadership wanted to stay in power so that's a very big difference between wanting to launch a preemptive strike with a big analytical difference. >>cspan: you mentioned your father, a great story about the conversation of eisenhower's father. he wanted to go to korea you didn't find out about that when you are young but when you were still alive? >> yes because when general becomes president eisenhower now not just a five-star general he gave up his army commission to run for president because we don't have generals as president of the united states. now the commander-in-chief gives my father and army officer stationed in korea comes back for the inauguration and has a very serious talk and says decide if you're going back to your unit or i command you to stay in the united states but if you go back to korea have to carry a handgun at all times and promised me this is in order you will never be taken as a hostage or be in a situation to but the president

here in berlin the soviet union the red army they were the liberators. but many berliners didn't see them as a realistic option for many berliners the soviets were something they'd been taught to fear something they'd been taught was the mortal enemy. the nazis persecuted detained tortured and murdered millions of people especially jews and many places in berlin today commemorate the jewish victims of the nazi regime. has a long jewish tradition stretching back to the 13th century in the 1920 s. some 170000 jews lived in the city after 983 many were forced to emigrate all fled from the nazis around $55000.00 jews were killed in the shower the holocaust the nazi regime's mass annihilation of european jews. the holocaust memorial only the brandenburg gate commemorates this genocide a field of concrete blocks of varying heights all reminiscent of the way the abstract installation aims to evoke a sense of contemplation. since the memorials are important for understanding and for compassion i mean the generation after me i'm 18 now the generation after me nee

and the astounding thing that the soviets interpreted that way. as was said, sudden issenly the day of judgment was tomorrow. and has been ever since. and that's the reality we have been confronted with. that's what makes the bombing so important. thot just that hundreds of thousands of innocent women and children were killed unnecessarily. but the fact that the human species has that hanging over our heads ever since. that possibility still today, we have 16,300 nuclear weapons in the world. we have a conflict with the russians over ukraine. they still have thousands of nuclear weapons pointed at each other. we are not playing games. the thereto is still real. there were several people carrying cameras. only one is known to have taken any photos. hiroshimas newspaper had enough film it take 24 photos. they said it was too horrible. so had ended uptaking seven photos and five of them have been preserved. he was very wantful. he didn't want to show horrible burns or suffering. he shows the people at the relief station who is had escaped from the fi

the soviet system simply collapsed. millions of people lost theirjobs. in the soviet days, if a worker had a drink before going to work, at least there were some restraint on him in the workplace. with the collapse of the ussr there were no social structures any more and the alcoholic had nothing holding him back. we didn't understand it and neither did gorbachev. remembering interesting times with the former president, mikhail gorbachev. that is all for this month. we will be back next month with more first—hand accounts of more extraordinary moments in history. for now, from me and the rest of the team, goodbye. hello, there. it has not been quite as windy today, a day of sunshine in blustery showers, a good day for chasing rainbows, here we had one earlier on from a weather watcher in somerset and further north into west yorkshire as well. they showers are still around at the moment, some heavy ones, the main area of low pressure that has brought the windy weather is healthy weight so the windsor easing down. showers will continue into this evening,

the soviet made larger some are a fun under soviet era s.u.v. . the living history retro markets are set to continue through september if the good weather holds. and speaking of old treasures a drop of teenagers in israel unearthed 425 gold coins while volunteering on an archaeological dig the clay vessel in which they were found was over a 1000 years old at the time they were buried the 24 carat gold coins were enough to buy a luxury home in one of the best neighborhoods the finders are not keepers however they've had to hand the coins over to the israeli antiquities authority. all right quite a fine that's it for me and the business team as always thanks for watching. beethoven genesys deep doo doo doo doo doo doo. did is he does it out of 60. when he wrote grants of stolen beethoven. and of course the subconscious always one thing is clear. and is wildly popular. i see assured. with the moon sound the biggest composer of all time i can't even begin to imagine a world class one player centralist on a musical journey of discovery. without. the st

the real blow to the japanese was the entry of the soviet union. but instead of waiting to see the effects of a soviet attack america seemed to be in a hurry to drop the 2nd bomb. that was the plutonium model known as fat man. because japan continued to ignore demands for capitulation truman believed the step was justified he warned japan that it would be struck by a rain of ruin the mission was plagued by one glitch after another the aircraft didn't have enough fuel a 3rd aircraft failed to appear the planned target the port of kokura and the secondary target nagasaki were both covered by clouds. and you know we've been hit quite sure because when we go down in the weather was sucked in and who is not supposed to restart that run on greater and the guardian just partner there and my own maturity saw in the last minute he took over. and he he got to target but he didn't get to center or in one corner but still in all of it covered a big turret. again tens of thousands of people were killed almost all of them civilians. the number of victims should

the soviet system simply collapsed. millions of people lost theirjobs. in the soviet days, if a worker had a drink before going to work, at least there were some restraint on him in the workplace. with the colla pse him in the workplace. with the collapse of the ussr there were no social structures any more and the alcoholic had nothing holding him back. we didn't understand it and neither did gorbachev. remembering interesting times with the former president, mikhail gorbachev. that is all for this month. we will be back next month. we will be back next month with more first—hand accou nts month with more first—hand a ccou nts of month with more first—hand accounts of more extraordinary moments in history. for now, from me and the rest of the team, goodbye. hello there. the last few days has brought some very windy weather across many parts of the country. on friday we had winds well over 60 miles an hour here in the south—west of wales, also the south—west of england and we saw those very strong winds pushing through the english channel as we

>> you said iran and the soviet union? i think one of the first things that have to happen for stability is not to be in iran itself to establish a government that can speak as a government for iran, and part of our problem in all of these long 444 days, has been the inability of anyone seemingly to speak for that nation. to have a government. now, i think that any country would want to help another if they really showed an intent to have a government that would abide by international law, and do what they could to help them in that regard, but until such a thing appears apparent there, i don't know that there is anything we can do. young lady. >> mister president, if it is your intentional to signal the world that this country will respond with swift retributions and cases of international terrorism in the future, why is it your policy not to retaliate against iran? >> what good would just revenge do? what form would that take? i don't think revenge is worthy of us. on the other hand, i do not think we act as if this neve