the wctu becomes incredibly powerful. i will talk in a second about the constitutional convention of idaho in 1889, and when the guys are trying to organize the constitution, within days, they are still basically figuring out who is supposed to sit in what seat, the first people to the door of the wctu. they are saying we cannot have alcohol. they are there before anybody else shows up. that's the first thing that goes up under the agenda because the wctu is very powerful and popular. women are not only taking roles in society in atomized ways. because women have entered the teaching profession and because women have entered because, as i talked about we have the rise of , middle managers who have extra money and leisure time, you have concepts coming that women need education. what i want to talk about is the rise of women's colleges because women's colleges are going to be crucial for the late 19th century. while women have had seminaries, thisducations before period, people point to the organization of smith college in

the wctu is based on the premise that it is men who abuse liquor, and when they do so, they drink up their families' wages and they are violent to their families. so that women's christian temperance union is influential in bringing lots of western, and small-town and relatively conventional women into the suffrage movement. the other problem is, it is not that attractive to men who don't want to think of women's votes as keeping them from going into the bar and throwing down a couple before they go home. to the old ball and chain. early 20th century, there is that sort of link between suffrage and temperance. has to be weekend a little bit. in california, there is a suffragist whose name was younger, and she had a tremendous impact on the movement in my state. she was part of the waitresses union. and these were women who worked in bars and restaurants, and served liquor. when they went before their union and argued for the right to vote, the brewers union as it was called, gave up its opposition to women suffrage. lee: then the progressive movement got underway. the action moved ba