there was an injury in jefferson's memorandum books, one of the great things about jefferson as a subject is he kept a lot of records and the memorandum books, a record of all his expenditures during his life from his 20s to his 80s every day. if he bought coffee, you know, $3.50 for a cappuccino at starbucks, that kind of thing and every single moment. he didn't do double entry bookkeeping so he very often did not much he owed but he gave himself the illusion of thinking he was keeping control of the spending and reporting everything but there's one entryways in france paid for inoculating sally. that's one line and then i thought, i think who is doctor sutton? what's inoculation like? what's the process? i got a chapter out of that line because doctor sutton was a person who was known and i could talk about, he was a doctor, sort of a doctor to the stars in a way. he was brought in to try to save the french king who had died of smallpox. he and his brothers, the sutton brothers were famous, and paid how much? so then i could figure out how many? what is this? it turns out it's like $100

malone has spent 50 years writing about jefferson and said jefferson the 17 '90s i don't really understand what he is doing. it's been 50 years we don't understand what is doing. what he's doing is lying it is a treasonable. he is stabbing washington in the back. i might be wrong, kevin tell me, i have often said to students and i hope i was right, jefferson wrote to martha when he became president he was close to mount vernon, can i come see you? she never answered i don't think. she said that washington said i never want that man on my property. >> is right after washington's death in particular martha has a very powerful statement for jefferson. let me bring up a little more at language here were going to talk about union quite a bit. it is all through this address the word union appears so much he will think you are reading for abraham lincoln. it's all through this address unity and union which constitutes is also known due to the word now jumps out at me. it's the edifice for the real independence for your tranquility at home of peace abroad of safety, of prosperity and the very libe

. >> i think jefferson repeats it. and he sends his kids to, you know, they're not his kids but to columbia, rather than to william and mary, and he becomes a kind of trojan horse in the middle of virginia in some sense. and so that's that. but the other thing is the west. and, you know, i think john was mentioning that first farewell address, the letter of 1783, that is his most lyrical statement of all time, it seems to me, in terms of his vision for the republic. and you can see it implied in the farewell address, but you have to know about it beforehand. that is america's future is not with europe, but it's to the west. and lafayette says come with me, and we'll go to grand tour, and do paris and we'll do rome and we'll do berlin. i don't think we'll do london, and he says, no, you come with me. we'll do detroit. we'll do new orleans. we'll do savannah. that's the future. that's the future out there. and as a young man in the seven years, he knows about what that is out there, more than most other political leaders

jefferson, 6'2", madison was 5'4", jefferson, larger than life personality and madison shy and timid, but yet they worked together beautifully. i think madison needed jefferson's large personality and idealism and jefferson needed madison's exacting mind and practical nature and i think you see it played out in things as small as how they approach the alien sedition act or how he was going to deal with john adams when jefferson comes in as vice-president in 1797 and jefferson wants to just become friends with adams and madison, so calculating, so exact, says don't commit yourself to it yet. we don't know where this is going to go, but also they were such great personal friends they saved each other at seminal moments and played pivotal roles keeping this trajectory to greatness. for example, when jefferson is basically ran out of the governorship in 1781 and then undergoes a trial of sorts to see whether he advocated his responsibility, you know, he's ultimately vindicated but demoralized and his first wife dies and he wants out of politics. he's done he wants to stay and live agragar

jefferson's was the declaration. madison's was the constitutional convention and the federalist papers. all of them didn't think about the presidency as the great moment in their lives. and washington was an o fish na doe of ex -- a few months later in annapolis where the capital was, the surrender of his commission. when he did that, george iii said it can't be. if he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world. well, he did and for that moment, at least, he was. what they were thinking, and jefferson writes about this right afterwards that he's there. i think jefferson actually wrote some of washington's speech in annapolis, as a matter of fact. i can't prove that. jefferson says one man saved us from the thing that befalls most presidents, see czar, cromwell, napoleon, we can think of mao, we can think of castro, we can think of a variety of leaders who never want to leave office. i won't mention one that might still be alive in american politics. but the president, he says, the way lindsay put it, it's of

but jefferson received that in the mail. like the anonymous hate mail he got after that informal letter that referred to, among other things, quote, you and your tribe of foreign out casts and, quote, tommy jefferson's bosom friend france. there you see france is kind of standing in as the ultimate other. jefferson really literally throughout that letter being the other's representative and, thus, one of those out casts as well. so we're looking at hatred borne of, as i mentioned before, prediction, symbolism ideology and campaign rhetoric. that kinds of fear, sort of an extreme example of this i can't resist mentioning only because it shows the degree to which, and i suppose there are echoes of familiarity here, that boiled down to some pretty minute things that still felt as though they had broad political and cultural influence. one federalist focused on jefferson's shoes as being an indication of his ideology and the ways in which he was a threatening president. they mocked him. actually the statement they made our philo

jefferson being an advocate for self-government which has libertarian implications but even jefferson himself assumed washington and hamilton another said unrealistically, that people would internalize a since of their obligations as a collective and then this is jefferson that all citizens would be wearing a mask for enough getting inoculated. of course that is not true in all citizens did not support the war the way they would like. i think the recent question, extremely timely and important. they're not attempting to create a democracy, democracy in the late 18th century throughout this more and throughout the rest of the century is a real positive term. you accuse somebody of being and democrat were in favor of democracy and is not, we created a public pretty things of the public, the public is different from the people in the public is long-term and interest of the people watching any given moment the majority of the people don't see. in the founders believed that we created a society in which the public interest should take precedence over the private interest are the popular in

in europe, was the bulldog doing the work and jefferson was just thee fluff. [laughter] he did no hard work. >> the people in monticello would agree with you. i am an adams band and we testified trying to get him on a monument or a memorial in the mall and in public i have said i believe there ought to be an adams memorial. a sufficient distance from the jefferson memorial victor terms casting shadows over each other's faÇades. adams was long overdue, i don't want him to place jefferson, i correspondence in their twilight years, adams jefferson between 1812 -- 1826 is the culminating correspondence of the trevolutionary generation and n some sense, revolution is not complete unless those two people are together so i'm going to leave jefferson on mount rushmore, there's no place for adams but i don't think any stonee monument what do adams justice, it almost hasju to be flesh and blood but i appreciate his interest in recovering adam's memory. i think is very much on the way back thanks to some of the things i've written but the hbo series, and the memory of m

washington overheard, this was recorded in jefferson -- jefferson right to down saying at some point in his presidency if slavery should divide the country, i will go with the northern part. that is a statement from a virginian. there are 300 and enslaved people, half are owned by washington at half by the state of martha's did deceased husband and become the property of grandchildren. responsible for all this. washington decided he's going to free his slaves. their these accounts of washington at the fireside with his family at mount vernon, is not there looking back with a benign smile on his face. his lips, his wrestling with what do i do when it comes to slavery? didn't want create a situation for martha, it was so complicated. i think he recognized this would be the biggest challenge, his involvement with slavery. one of the things i did people to get from this book is a sense of how far washington travels not in terms of miles across the country but as a human being. he is almost born into the institution of slavery. he comes to doubt the assumptions of his childhood. but he's

and certainly among them anything that jefferson that jefferson spoke about democracy was one of them and with the explosion of the french revolution. and then with the presidential mansion so that moment was very real. and then came the presidential election of 1800. with the polarization came to a peak. then with a time of extreme polarization effort like a turning point. before and after the election of 1800 on the conviction that jefferson described by federalist as a french loving infidel radical way take the nation at this key moment of decision down a path of destruction. this was grounded on predictions and symbolism and ideology and campaign rhetoric rather than any actual actions he had a chance to take as president and you can see the free-floating us versus them hatred within the first year as president like the one informing jefferson of the assassination plot brewing in new york and as he often wrote shocking nothing seems to have come of it but jefferson sees that not long after becoming president but then a little bit after that that referred to among other things you

the influence of medicine had on jefferson but the influence jefferson had on madison it was a great collaboration. it was also a great friendship. just to expand on your question, it was not just during his presidency feels put out. it's really from the first meeting in 1776. it is a 50 year friendship that encompasses 1250 letters that are exchanged between the two men. they were so different in both in body and personality and temperament. jefferson was 6-foot 2 inches 6-foot 3 inches madison was 5-foot 4 inches per jefferson was a larger-than-life personality, medicine was very shy and timid. but they work together beautifully. i think madison needed jefferson's large personality and jefferson needed madison's exacting mind impractical nature. think how they approached the actor how they approached how who's going to deal jon adams medicine is so calculating such great personal friends they saved each other when jefferson he runs out of the governorship in 1781 and a trial of sorts to see whether he advocated his responsibility. he was demoralized and his wife dies. he wants to g

thank you, having read your books on jefferson in place of jefferson or at least next to him? thank you.. >> bruce,. >> john adams look like he did all of the hard work in europe , he was the bulldog doing the work in jefferson was the fluff. [laughter] >> thank you bruce. >> the people ince monticello won't agree with you about that i am an adams fan i've testified before subcommittees in congress were a memorial on the mall. on the title basin they take turns shafting casting shadows on others faÇade. an adams is long overdue. i don't want to replace it jefferson and i think the correspondence in their twilight years of 1812 and 1826 is the culminating correspondence of the revolutionaryev generation. and in some sense the revolution is not complete unless those two people are together. so i'm going to leave jefferson on mount rushmore. there is no place for adams. i don't think any kind of stone monument would you adams adjusted it almost has to be blood. i appreciate the man's interest in recovering adams is a memory i think he's very much on the way back thanks to some o

the influence of medicine had on jefferson but the influence jefferson had on madison it was a great collaboration. it was also a great friendship. just to expand on your question, it was not just during his presidency feels put out. it's really from the first meeting in 1776. it is a 50 year friendship that encompasses 1250 letters that are exchanged between the two men. they were so different in both in body and personality and temperament. jefferson was 6-foot 2 inches 6-foot 3 inches madison was 5-foot 4 inches per jefferson was a larger-than-life personality, medicine was very shy and timid. but they work together beautifully. i think madison needed jefferson's large personality and jefferson needed madison's exacting mind impractical nature. think how they approached the actor how they approached how who's going to deal jon adams medicine is so calculating such great personal friends they saved each other when jefferson he runs out of the governorship in 1781 and a trial of sorts to see whether he advocated his responsibility. he was demoralized and his wife dies. he wants to g

washington, you know, overheard and this is recorded in jefferson's -- jefferson writes it down, overheard saying at some point during presidency if slavery should divide this country i will go with the northern part. that's a pretty extraordinary statement from a virginian who, you know, and there are 300 enslaved people at mount vernon. half of them are owned by washington and half of them are own bid the estate of martha's dead deceased husband and will become part of children and washington is responsible for all of this and the two groups have intermarried. washington has decided that he is going to free his -- his slaves, but, you know, by that time the groups -- it's a very complex situation and so -- and there are these accounts of washington at the fire side with his family at mount vernon after the presidency and he's not there sort of looking back with smile on his face. he's tortured. his lips and i think he's wrestling with what the heck do i do when it comes to slavery because he didn't want to create a situation for martha where it was just so complicated and -- and i think

we reached out to the great great-grandson of jefferson davis. he's trying to re-claim his family's legacy for those who see davis as a hero of white supremacy. the night before our meeting we slept in the home of vicksburg davis, jefferson's friend and mentor. >> it brings responsibility. people are assuming you're going to be a davis. somebody asked me why i don't dress up like him. >> he still holds onto artifacts from his great great grandfather, a book he signed, a letter he sent, a chair he sat in. is there more resonance with something you own than something in a public square somewhere? >> to me, yes, absolutely. because it's handed down. this chair has reverence to me. a confederate monument or statue when those folks put that up had reverence to them. >> how do you balance or reconcile or wrestle with the dual narratives around jefferson davis? one we heard is the first president of the confederacy, on the other hand, the 52 years of his life before the civil war? >> i don't know i reconcile them as much as i try to bring them together

usually jefferson award winners are making a big difference locally. this week we'll meet one making an impact around the world. >>> reese's announcing a sweet salty treat just in time for the holidays. >>> all right. we are looking at hazy skies on our dublin cam as we look to tri valley. we'll talk about air quality and in fact today it looks worse than i have been seeing ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ low maximum out-of-pocket costs. more saving. more spoiling. now the medicare advantage plans from scan health plan give you more ways to save money. scan plans can include low maximum out-of-pocket costs, comprehensive dental coverage, and so much more. for the benefits that matter most to you, call scan at 1-877-212-7226. or ask your agent about scan. >>> welcome back. the cost of your bowl of cereal can go back down. kellogg's workers have reached tentative deal with the company. the agreement is a five year contract with wage increases for veteran workers and better benefits. some 1400 kellogg workers have been on strike for about two months. during the strike, t

washington overheard, and this is recorded in jefferson's -- jefferson writes it down, overheard saying at some point during his presidency, if slavery should divide this country, i will go with the northern part. i mean, that's a pretty extraordinary statement from a virginian who, you know, and there are 300 enslaved people at mt. vernon. half of them are owned by washington. half of them are owned by the estate of martha's dead deceased husband and will become the property of their grandchildren, and washington is responsible for all of this. and the two groups have intermarried. washington has decided that he is going to free his slaves. but, you know, by that time, the groups -- it's a very complex situation. and so and there are these accounts of washington at the fireside with his family at mt. vernon after the presidency, and he's not there sort of looking back with a benign smile on his face. he's tortured. his lips -- and i think he's wrestling with what the heck do i do when it comes to slavery. because he didn't want to create a situation for martha where, you know, it was j

there is alk triumphant and jefferson davis. among his other classmates gabriel rains confederate brigadier general napoleon buford and philip st. george cook, judge stewart's father-in-law. one of the interesting things about studying the civil war as is evidenced by all of our discussions here today, is how close everybody is. how many connections there are between people who you assume i don't know other very well. another man would be important in poke's life and vice versa was braxton bragg that did not go to the academy together but bragg is the class of 1837 he is almost 11 years younger than leonidas poke. poke was commissioned as a second lieutenant of artillery. he just missed a cut off. in those days eight ranking for commissions with engineers the top of the class cap engineers, commissions and artillery came in the next cohort than calvin draper that's what all the class goes into serving in infantry regiment. not sure they're very happy about that. [laughter] typically cadets got graduation leave and went home for

he meets with jefferson davis. he's still a civilian at this point. he's still the bishop of louisiana. he and david sit down and they have a set of long discussions. and polk does a credible job of laying out the strategic problems that face the confederacy along the mississippi river valley and through tennessee, kentucky and the gulf coast. davis is very impressed. and of course they're still good friends. davis was senator from mississippi. they knew each other very well before the war and some each other routinely. so davis can think of no better man to take over the job of commanding the army. or commanding the forces and ranging for the defenses of the mississippi valley then leonidas polk. so, polk leaves richmond as a major general in the confederate army. he has literally bumped from a second lieutenant, 34 years before, who never commanded troops, to now commanding well our substantial than the entirety of all the forces in the western confederacy. polk has such a controversial after image in our war and our american civil war but it's best

tyler once had dinner with thomas jefferson not long after he graduated from william and mary. jefferson impressed upon him that a successful politician, particularly an virginia needed to establish himself in the legal profession. in fact a legal career jefferson said to the young man was a virtual prerequisite to a political career. so, much like there's no doubt he would attend william and mary became pretty apparent is going to pursue a legal career. shortly after he graduated his father and another tyler relative took him on his legal apprentice. a little bit later when judge tyler was elected governor of virginia could no longer supervise his son's legal studies, edmund randolph stepped in. randolph had been attorney general under george washington and really presented young tyler with a challenging way to approach the law. tyler passed the bar in 1809 at the age of 19. now this is interesting because in virginia the law at the time they do had to be at least 21 years of age to pass the bar exam. to even sit for the bar exam. but apparently the examiner could not ask tyle

tyler once had dinner with thomas jefferson not long after he graduated from william and mary. and jefferson impressed upon him that a successful politician, particularly in virginia, needed to establish himself in the legal profession. in fact, a legal career jefferson said to the young man was a virtual prerequisite to a political career. so, much like there was really no doubt that he would attend william and mary like his father and like jefferson and james monroe, tyler is one of three presidents who attended william and mary. it became pretty apparent that he was going to pursue a legal career and shortly after he graduated from the college of william and mary, his father and another tyler relative took him on as a legal apprentice. when judge tyler was elected governor of virginia and could no longer supervise his son's legal studies, edmond randolph stepped in, he had been attorney general under george washington and really presented young tyler with a very challenging way to approach the law. tyler passed the bar in 1809 at the age of 19. now this is interesting. becau

and washington, adams and jefferson, the three presence and sometimes i can identify as a presidential historian and don't think of myself as a presidential historian, i'm a historian of healing and everything about it the 31st presidents. at any rate, he let me write the way that i wanted to and i think teaching in the liberal arts college allowed me to work on this in a way that aimed at a general spread instead of just the other group of professional historians. that's probably too long of an answer but there you go david pretty. >> husband through some of the key points in your book and i remind everybody that i'll be asking questions for another 20 minutes or so and then about tenants or so where you can have your questions submitted in the chat room and i will breed them subsequently when we get that. leaving by the cause, why did you call your book and cause wanted that phrase come from. "the cause". >> that's an obvious good question. in the early stages of the war for american independence, nobody would've called it the market revolution and the british call it the american re

he meets with jefferson davis. he's still a civilian at this point. he's still the bishop of louisiana. he and davis sit down and they have a set of long discussions. and polk does a credible job of laying out the strategic problems that face the confederacy along the mississippi river valley and through tennessee, kentucky, tennessee and the gulf coast. and davis is very impressed. and of course they are still good friends. davis was senator from mississippi. they knew each other very well before the war and saw each other routinely. and so davis can think of no better man than to take over the job of commanding the army, or commanding the forces and arranging for the defenses of the mississippi valley than leonidas polk. so polk leaves richmond as a major general in the confederate army. he has literally bumped from a second lieutenant 34 years before, who never commanded troops, to now commanding, well, what are substantial, though not the entirety, of all the forces in the western confederacy. polk has such a controversial after image in our war a

virginia to jefferson is my country. if you think in those terms you can understand the articles it is a treaty which is the basis for the eu. in 1776 nobody in the wildest dreams i mean no one even conceived of a strong national government of a kind that we finally got ten years later. nobody thinks about it and nobody throws it out as a possibility is not in anyone's consciousness. something awful had to happen in those ten years to change people's minds in order for them to create a federal government it ran against all the experience that a distant government that was trying to dictate. why would they create another long distant government. in the theory at the time said republics have to be small and homogeneous in size they cannot be large. why would they create this national government. you don't want to think of the national government or the articles as an early version of the national government, it is a treaty they throw out the articles and create a new government. much to the shock and amazement of the popul

and his next closest friend one year behind him was jefferson davis. so you've heard already in talking about or in previous talking about the relationship of davis with johnson in the context of beauregard. among his other classmates gabriel range a confederate brigadier general. napoleon buford. one of the interesting things about studying the civil war as is evidenced by all our discussions here today is how close everybody is, how many connections there are between people who you might not assume know each other very well. another man who would be injury significant in polk's life and vice versa was braxton bragg, but they did not go to academy together. he's almost 11 years younger than leonidas polk. he just missed the cut off. in those days the rankings -- the assignments for commissions went engineers -- the top of the class got the engineers commissions and artillery came in the next cohort then cavalry followed by the poor lonely infantry at the very bottom. that's why all the glass goats end up serving in infantry regiments. i'm sure the inf

jefferson? okay, uh, bear with coach because it's been a while since i cracked open a history book. [ laughter ] oh, boy, if memory serves, jefferson ran on two platforms one, don't let fish fry in the kitchen, and, two, don't let beans burn on the grill. [ laughter ] "and after his presidency, he moved on up to the east side okay to monticello, which is what he called his deluxe apartment in the sky. all right, let's do laps!" [ laughter ] by the way - [ laughter ] while we're talking about it, i just feel like it's worth pointing out that ticket sales for this trump-o'reilly history tour have been lackluster. photos of the first event in sunrise, florida, showed lots of empty seats in the arena, and the "south florida sun-sentinel" reported that "many seats remained empty in the cavernous arena, the top level was closed, and ticket-buyers were upgraded to the lower bowl. yikes! i mean, there was better attendance at my son's kindergarten holiday pageant or there would have been, had it not bee

there are a lot of statues of thomas jefferson. we are not erasing thomas jefferson from our history. >> who gets to decide who is honored and where is our next topic. when you appear on history as it happens in july around the fourth anniversary of the unite the right rally, the confederate stages did come down -- in august, confederate stages came down in charlottesville, general lee and jackson. our discussion was really about why certain narratives gain ascendancy and why we today believe certain narratives or a certain version of history instead of say a different or more complete or revised version, the issue of the confederate statues is arguably the best one because as a yankee myself who flew down to washington, i am a yankee i guess, moved down to washington dc a decade ago and noticed over the river in alexandria there still streets and roads named after confederates and i was puzzled why that would be the case and in charlottesville, statues were not put up right after the civil war to honor battlefield heroes, they wer

april 20, lee got something off his chest in a letter written to jefferson davis. to save the useless area and measures taken to the suspension and the restoration of peace. so it's my hope's biographers will take a look at the campaign as described. they are known to be wrong. [laughter] in a way, it became hollywood's go to shorthand for ending the civil war. i would suggest to you that this perfection does not happen by accident. while i hope, i don't expect everyone to agree with my revision, i do hope it might inspire some to revisit the civil war's more. thanks very much. [applause] if you have questions, i'll remind you all over here, i'll be happy to sign books. if you have questions right now, i'll be happy to answer. >> thank you. we got one, good. >> you described the faces, if you think it only moved in one direction or do you think it was variable? you think it was early toward d.c., was that more of a spectrum? >> was a defensive move. throughout the campaign, they would do damage to the north. there is just another -- i don't know he had higher hopes