you know, it's very sad that for us in the pacific, there's very low emissions from the pacific and yet we are most impacted. and of course, because we are island states and samoa's in a more fortunate situation that we are volcanic, so we have high ground, but the the echo islands, you know, there is significant impact of the sea rise, even to the extent where the sovereignty of nations, because their land is literally going under the water. fiame is launching her country's own climate policy as part of samoa's efforts to meet the paris agreement. a key part of it will be on accessing climate funds. this is the amount of money worked out at cop26 that the big carbon emitters contribute to help pay for the climate damage suffered by smaller emitters such as samoa. as we are meeting here, the world community is meeting in glasgow, scotland, for the cop 26, and one of the things that they hope to achieve in glasgow is the rule book, which is essentially how we will go about addressing the climate change challenge and the commitments that countries will make. this is the indication of our

-- of the indo-pacific. we heard about areas where the u.s. would be aligned. europe should have its own perspective on. this what do you think is unique about the e.u.'s perspective as distinct from the american one? stefano: i don't think there's really issues about what is distinct. there's i think there's issues of what we have in common and what we're doing in common. i keep on saying that i really believe this, that the elements which are uniting us, the way we face, the way we consider the war, the way we're working together in this area, is exactly goes in the same direction. so to me, i see much more the element which are uniting and i don't think there is a distinction, honestly of elements which make a difference between us. we may have the sense that the work that we have to do and where we want to be in the future is the same, so it's in a way, goes in the same direction. so it's not that i don't want to answer your question but to me the focus is really much more on the -- on this element. then

you know, it's very sad that for us in the pacific, there's very low emissions from the pacific. and yet we are most impacted. and of course, because we are island states and samoa's in a more fortunate situation that we are volcanic. so we have high ground. but the the echo islands, you know, there is significant impact of the sea rise, even to the extent where the sovereignty of nations, because their land is literally going under the water. she is launching her country's own climate policy as part of samoa's efforts to meet the paris agreement. a key part of it will be on accessing climate funds. this is the amount of money worked out at cop 26 that the big carbon emitters contribute to help pay for the climate damage suffered by smaller emitters such as samoa. as we are meeting here, the world community is meeting in glasgow, scotland, for the cop 26. and one of the things that they hope to achieve in glasgow is the rule book, which is essentially how we will go about addressing the climate change challenge and the commitments that countries will make. this is the indication

office and the eu adopted in the indo pacific. it is my distinct pleasure today to welcome the cochairs of the second dialogue and serving as us deputy secretary of state creating undersecretary of start for political affairs in 2011 through 2015 and under madeleine albright also director of the senate relationship and the science for international affairs. the secretary general of the european services and prior to this has extensive career in the italian diplomatic services of the european commission from 2013 serving as the representative to the european union and then through december 2020 the assistant secretary general for economic and global affairs. today deputy secretary sherman we are here in person i'm sorry i cannot be there in person i am joining virtually the each offer a brief introductory remarks we are very much on the record today and streaming live so please send your questions i will say at this point we have about 25 questions so please keep them coming in t we will get to as many asut possible and with that t

you know, it's very sad that for us in the pacific, there's very low emissions from the pacific. and yet we are most impacted. and of course, because we are island states and samoa's in a more fortunate situation that we are volcanic. so we have high ground. but the echo islands, you know, there is significant impact of the sea rise, even to the extent where the sovereignty of nations, because their land is literally going under the water. she is launching her country's own climate policy as part of samoa's efforts to meet the paris agreement. a key part of it will be on accessing climate funds. this is the amount of money worked out at cop 26 that the big carbon emitters contribute to help pay for the climate damage suffered by smaller emitters such as samoa. as we are meeting here, the world community is meeting in glasgow, scotland, for the cop26. and one of the things that they hope to achieve in glasgow is the rule book, which is essentially how we will go about addressing the climate change challenge and the commitments that countries will make. this is the indication of ou

you know, it's very sad that for us in the pacific, there's very low emissions from the pacific and yet we are most impacted. and of course, because we are island states and samoa's in a more fortunate situation that we are volcanic, so we have high ground, but the echo islands, you know, there is significant impact of the sea rise, even to the extent where the sovereignty of nations, because their land is literally going under the water. fiame is launching her country's own climate policy as part of samoa's efforts to meet the paris agreement. a key part of it will be on accessing climate funds. this is the amount of money worked out at cop26 that the big carbon emitters contribute to help pay for the climate damage suffered by smaller emitters such as samoa. as we are meeting here, the world community is meeting in glasgow, scotland, for the cop 26, and one of the things that they hope to achieve in glasgow is the rule book, which is essentially how we will go about addressing the climate change challenge and the commitments that countries will make. this is the indication of our comm

second on the indo pacific. the european union chair commitment to free and open people including in the pacific region has president biden has said, support our european partners encouraged engagement in the indo pacific region and we welcome the use indo pacific strategy they released earlier this fall. that's my secretary blinken at high representative to row agree to hold high-level consultations on the indo pacific which we live today. earlier this week eu released its initiative, the united states global gateway is complementary to the build back better initiative president biden announced earlier this year. together, these efforts will help u.s. and eu mobilize resources to promote sustainable inclusive economic department around the world including transparency, high quality investments and infrastructure. there are huge needs across the indo pacific and we agreed today to discuss ways to coordinate infrastructure in the region and work to identify opportunities for parallel action. as i noted at the beg

strength against japan in the pacific. and against all u.s. political traditions, we're still reeling from this one, he decides to run for a third term as president of the united states. his opponent is a republican, of course, wendell wilke, and the campaign sees very little disagreement over foreign policy. the danger to the country is real, both candidates agree. well, in a battle between two candidates who are saying the same thing, i think the more effective communicator and politician wins handily, and that would be fdr, carrying 38 of 48 states in the fall of 1940 elections. he'll be president, i don't have to tell this gathering, literally, for the rest of his life. now, in a december speech, he rings out the old year by declaring the time has come to take a stand. the u.s. must become the arsenal of democracy against the dictatorships, ready to come to the aid of any free people fighting for their liberty. no man can tame a tiger, roosevelt tells the american people, by stroking it. democracy's fight against world

let's have a listen and this indo pacific strategy -- listen into this indo pacific strategy. >> it is wonderful to be with all of you. thank you so much for the generous introduction. more than that, thank you for decades of service working to improve public health to educate the next generation of doctors and nurses including as the first woman to serve as the universities in of the school of public health. -- university's dean of the school of public health. your dedication to your community is truly inspirational and i thank you. [applause] rishaad: there we go. some technical glitches. just at the most important moment. [laughter] talking about what does southeast asia mean for the united states. let's get back to the secretary of state for the united states. are we going? yvonne: i don't think we got him. we're just going to focus on rish's face. there's going to be a lot of almost recuperating what happened during the trump administration. rishaad: we have antony blinken back. >> more than 3000 light wishes. stretching across two oceans and three continents. even a sigel country

but some american japanese war for the mastery of the pacific. and i think we can identify the point of no return. beyond which there is no consider this a short fuse analysis leading us up to the event in that month the people overran france and the rest of restaurant europe and the lighting camp in the u.s. military establishment is still studying to this day. was a liberal internationalist to the core. a believer in the sanctity of treaties and international cooperation. he was not that the beauty of q and that he was not pursuing a war policy. his famous speech in chautauqua new york and let's advance this slide there he is, i happen to think franklin roosevelt is the goat which was not growing up the person who dropped the flyball in the ninth inning and now everyone knows it's tom brady is the greatest of all time. his famous speech in new york and august of 1936, fdr reminded his listeners he had seen war. he's going to talk about he'd seen it. i've seen blood running from the wounded part of seen men coughing up their gas to lungs he conc

he'll be out of the country serving in the pacific. reactions to his removal and japan are not what a lot of people might assume, the japanese are pretty worried about this, they don't want to see him go. it's a dramatic moment for many of them and there is great concern over who will replace them. he has more support for the presidential ambition about the japanese who can't vote in american selection then there will be in the future of terms of american support for his presidential ambition. the fears of the japanese people were unnecessary. by the time he is fired in 1951 the occupation is pretty much accomplished its goals and isoc almost over. before a peace treaty and the allies in japan assigned in september 1951 about 5 months after macarthur is fired. macarthur is not part of thees family that takes place in san francisco. it's something he had been a major architect of. this is a growing site, the japanese think it's rude that macarthur is not part of this instead of big role to play in it. but it's not appropriate according

the road to tokyo went true the pacific -- through the pacific, not through man cure or ya in the final hours of the war, and i think the russian, they end up getting -- [inaudible] occupation of korea because they've got boots on the ground when the war ends. they don't have boots on the ground in japan, and they're never able to get them there because macarthur and truman had just, they don't want that. so they did a good job of keeping them out and kind of -- i think it was definitely good for the occupation that that's the way that that shapes out. >> definitely. so switching gears just a little bit, we had multiple questions -- one from zoom, one from facebook -- about what role, if any, did macarthur have in the rebuilding of the philippines. >> not much at all. you know, he goes there. today's the anniversary of him landing there in 1944. they'll liberate some camps. once he stood kind of looking toward japan and ends up there, he does not have a role in terms of what's going to happen there politically or what the rebuilding is going to look like. i mean, he kind of goes to japa

neglects the fact that the pacific is nothing but ocean. you can put a lot of airplanes on the place like weight but not that many because it's the size of a postage stamp h. the japanese never really had the ability to erect a series of defenses that would have been sufficient to be off an american attack i don't think at least not in the long term. that said this is something rich frank and i have talked about on some occasions. i said very glibly in my presentation as long as the americans maintain the political will to be in this war that we'rergoing to win . there's a danger point towards the end of the war when we are tired of the kind of combat where running into in places like okinawa. it's arguable if we had gone into japan pull an invasion that have resulted in very heavy casualties in japan he might have been inclined to negotiate. jcs fear that. the casey brower's book talks about thejcs fears that the american public was losing well in 45 . that ships are coming back from the, copy rate . people are trying to change back to civ

our concern about the activities and that was taking place in this region under the slogan of india pacific strategy. so where with he here all non inclusive block. so the latest example is all close to military technical alliance between the united states. great and britain and australia. and there are a lot of questions. so please, what are they plan so to supply to australia or make an australia, nuclear submarines, nuclear power at submarines. and this is a good question whether these plans them to comply with the i a he ain't norms and non proliferation ration rules. and from a regional perspective, from to what extent will australia stick to its obligation on the nuclear weapons free zones in this south and pacific there bruce and this specific agreement has been signed by a trailer to this effect. as an is also a nuclear weapons free zone. so we need to understand how all this come together as possible regarding the plans to supply nuclear submarines trailer if be go ahead with these plans. we also talked about other structures within asia pacific, apart from at san primarily the sha

in terms of pacific armored content, that is a crap ton of armor. and yet, we could not utilize it at all. because douglas macarthur had no idea how to do combined arms. i, gas my push back to that is we have tanks and oahu, but i do not think we know how to use them in against the japanese. >> i'm looking at these reports. 15 35, the report comes and. parties are landing off of oahu point. three japanese transports were landing by sand pan. >> it was a bad day. >> obviously they had some intel problems on the ground. >> i have news for you, it was pretty tough on the north shore. i would not want to be out there on some degree, trying to get up on shore. >> but, let's talk about the population of hawaii. that is an interesting question. of course, we will eventually intern the japanese on the west coast, but we don't do it in hawaii. there is a very large population there as well. >> i put 1000 of them away. the fbi, and the local police. they scoured the island of oahu. >> what could they have done if there were pockets. how could they have affect

it is not just the indo pacific. laura has a number of pacific nations with coastlines in the pacific, because the region is important for the security, the stability, and the prosperity globally. thanks. we have to end there. it is a perfect note to end on. thank you to our panelists. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2021] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> c-span is your unfiltered view of government, funded by these television companies and more, including charter communications. ♪ >> broadband is a force for empowerment, why charter has invested billions building infrastructure, upgrading technology, empowering opportunity. charter is connecting us. >> charter communications supports c-span as a public service along with these other television providers, giving you a front row seat to democracy. ♪ ♪ >> this year, the u.s. supreme court took up two cases to decide the fate of

if for no other reason, and the pacific is the navy's war to fight. so, i think that what you got was, kind of, japan as a co-equal, in the eyes of the u.s. military, in terms of the amount of effort that was put out. at least in the first year. >> certainly true. the pacific was not stable, from a point of view, in the first year. the japanese are taking territory, quite rapidly. i think you could say there's a greater emergency to be dealt with. whereas, in europe, our principal ally, with great britain, and the english channel, as it's safe moat, at least for the time being. they turn down and russia, and i think that dictated a lot of those choices that, really, and that kind of bit of the effort was stabilizing the situation. and it was two to the sea communications which is going to be with the counter defensive. >> in contemporary issues, two years ago, be was doing the conference with the japanese with current strategy in the pacific, and i felt like i was stepping back into 1944. the japanese, now, have turned their focus to china, and you ta

it is not just the indo pacific. laura has a number of pacific nations with coastlines in the pacific, because the region is important for the security, the stability, and the prosperity globally. thanks. we have to end there. it is a perfect note to end on. thank you to our panelists. [applause] >> c-span is your unfiltered view of government. provided by these television companies and more pure >> we are committed to helping -- bringing us closer. >> cox supports c-span as a public service along with these other television providers giving you a front row seat to democracy. ♪ >> at least six presidents recorded conversations while in office. hear many of those conversations on c-span's podcast. >> season one focuses on johnson. not everyone knew they were being recorded. >> certainly, johnson's secretaries knew because they were tasked with transcribing many of those conversations. in fact, they were the ones that made sure the conversations were taped as johnson would signal to them through an open door between

it is not just the indo pacific. laura has a number of pacific nations with coastlines in the pacific, because the region is important for the security, the stability, and the prosperity globally. thanks. we have to end there. it is a perfect note to end on. thank you to our panelists. [applause] . this is an hour. [applause] >> stand for a photo.

operating location in the western pacific. and so that brings up the question if i may from gn at defensive news. she would like to know what has been decided within the administration in terms of the strategy or missile-defense architecture for guam? if no decision has been made yet she would like to know when to expect the decision to be made and what risks if any d.c. in delaying the decision? >> i with the decision was made as part of . together present budget 22. dollars were placed into the budget so that we can move quickly when the budget is appropriated. at the time we said we're going to go with procurement of things that are agnostic to any final answer and he think that was a good move and it also showed the department was serious about taking this on. here's where we're sitting right now. it's a hard one. we don't have the 22 appropriation so i can't really talk about what we would do if we have what at this point, right? then we need to lock down architecture. i'm going to stick to what i said because this hasn't

ah, it's going to show up in the pacific. you know, so all we do is, is, you know, knowing that our community is related to your community and, you know, good, good prayers for you and your community. i am suggest i am actually from by the standards to being in the united states who are saying that to inequality, consumerism, new liberalism, and i'll dissimilar to the crime climate crisis. so like, how did he imagine a different future without are these are asked? so our daily lives in, or just remember that, like the world we live in now is not the world that we had all this time. this is like the past, i think of 200 years of very bad decisions past a 100 years. very bad. you know, i mean the advent of fossil fuels, acceleration, the rise of the fossil fuels, agriculture system, and the toxic militarization. it's kind of like being on steroids. you know, fossil fuels puts you on. steroids makes it a lot bigger and a lot faster if you can get rid of some of the amnesia that you get from a basset fossil fuels injection. and r

ah, it's going to show up in the pacific. you know, so all we do is, is, you know, knowing that our community is related to your community and, you know, been good prayers for you and your community. i understand ya. i'm actually from, by the standards to being in the united states. you are saying that to inequality, consumerism, new liberalism, and i'll dissimilar to the crime and climate crisis. so like, how did he imagine a different future without out of these aspects? so our daily lives in, or just remember that, like the world we live in now is not the world that we had all this time. this is like the past, i think of 200 years of very bad decisions past a 100 years. very bad. you know, i mean the advent of fossil fuels, acceleration, the rise of the fossil fuels, agriculture system, and the toxic militarization. it's kind of like being on steroids. you know, fossil fuels puts you on. steroids makes it a lot bigger and a lot faster if you can get rid of some of the amnesia that you get from a basset fossil fuel injectio

ah, it's going to show up in the pacific. you know, so all we do is, is, you know, knowing that our community is related to your community and, you know, bid prayers for you and your community. i am suggest i am actually from by the standards to being in the united states who are saying that to inequality, consumers of new liberalism, and i'll dissimilar to the crime climate crisis. so like, how do you imagine a different future without are these are asked? so our daily lives in, or just remember that, like the world we live in now is not the world that we had all this time. this is like the past, i think of 200 years of very bad decisions past 100 years. very bad. you know, i mean the advent of fossil fuels, acceleration, the rise of the fossil fuels, agriculture system, and the toxic militarization. it's kind of like being on steroids. you know, fossil fuels puts you on. steroids makes it a lot bigger and a lot faster if you can get rid of some of the amnesia that you get from a bass of fossil fuels injection. and remember

ah, it's going to show up in the pacific. you know, so all we do is, is, you know, knowing that our community is related to your community and, you know, been good prayers for you and your community. i understand ya. i'm actually from, by the standards to being in the united states who are saying that to inequality, consumerism, new liberalism, and i'll dissimilar to the crime climate crisis. so like, how do you imagine a different future without all these aspects? so our daily lives in, or just remember that, like the world we live in now is not the world that we had all this time. this is like the past, i think of 200 years of very bad decisions past a 100 years. very bad. you know, i mean the advent of fossil fuels, acceleration, the rise of the fossil fuels, agriculture system, and the toxic militarization. it's kind of like being on steroids. you know, fossil fuels puts you on. steroids makes it a lot bigger and a lot faster if you can get rid of some of the amnesia that you get from a basset fossil fuels injection. and

and jenny knew from fiji in the pacific. ah, my question is pacific indigenous b barbarian that brand of the impacts of climate change. we are experiencing displacement of our homes and our livelihoods, and our knowledge and support systems. how can she ties to the land, an ocean and a threat, but the current is glosson climate change in bank doesn't give voice to our cultural identity and the relationship we have with nature that has been threatened by this climate. imagine, see, how can we center is within the global climate change this course that seems to be dominated by financial and corporate posturing. i had the opportunity to be in kitty birth, fiji and van o r 2 in 2015 and differently salt. what you said in a very deep puzzle, where stayed with me since, and i want to be blunt about it. the way we center this is 1st about naming the problem that we f claim at a buffet. right? that because those parts of the world that contributed great us to the problem are not those parts of the world like the pacific that is suff

and as you know, rich is an internationally recognized expert on the pacific war. many of you know him and probably have heard his voice on radio or tv. and he's also a founding member of the museum's presidential councillor's advisory board. so we're grateful to rich for consenting to do this. rich, thanks for that and thanks for everything you do for the museum. i'll leave the stage and leave it to you. thank you very much. >> thank you, mike. okay . this morning, in the first panel, i was playing defense, for this session i am playing offense, i'll be back on special teams tomorrow. i was talking with one of the participants who had a very dry story to tell, thought of coming here quite a while, finally his wife said you should go, happy to go to new orleans so he came here in 2019 and after the first session called his wife and said to his wife, the immortal phrase, i have found my people. can and that's how we feel about our friends here at the museum. mike introduced professor cow kawamura. the biographies are in the program. let me get to the most important

ah, it's going to show up in the pacific. you know, so all we do is, is, you know, knowing that our community is related to your community and, you know, been good prayers for you and your community. high density of them actually from, by the standards to being in the united states who are saying that to inequality, consumerism, new liberalism, and i'll dissimilar to the crime climate crisis. so like, how do you imagine a different future without out of these aspects? so our daily lives in, or just remember that, like the world we live in now is not the world that we had all this time. this is like the past, i think of 200 years of very bad decisions past a 100 years. very bad. you know, i mean the advent of fossil fuels, acceleration, the rise of the fossil fuels, agriculture system, and the toxic militarization. it's kind of like being on steroids. you know, fossil fuels puts you on. steroids makes it a lot bigger and a lot faster if you can get rid of some of the amnesia that you get from a basset fossil fuel injection. an

a 3rd and final referendum. polls causes forces in the pacific territory of new caledonia, had their se on seeking independence from france, day to and the need for consensus on how to deal with tensions between ukraine and bratia. foreign ministers from the world's 2nd richest nations round out talks in the u. k. class. i'm jessica washington is the coco, indonesia. we're expert fear the ongoing gold rush is putting children's health at risk. ah, dozens of people are fear dads in the u. s. after a series of tornadoes swept through 6 states, the extreme where the system has been active since friday, leaving a trail of destruction stretching more than 320 kilometers. president joe biden says it's likely to be one of the largest her nato events in u. s. history. the state of kentucky is the worst his. how did your castro is in the city of mayfield? and we are trapped. please give us some help. at the candle factory in may, you please bring us this woman is among the few to get out alive after a tornado flattened the candle factory were she and more than 100 others were working. it's un

i've always wanted to talk about franco's pacific fleet. let me answer what i think i'm going to interpret is the subtext of the question. is this all just a big joke, this considering of counterfactuals? it is controversial, as i mentioned earlier, among many scholars who say don't do that. the key note address will be given by neal ferguson tonight. he edited a very good book, i think it's called "what ifs of history." considering counterfactuals from different periods of history, eras, places, subjects. the best part of the book, i thought, was ferguson's introduction, which is a long discussion and gets into the philosophy of history. kind of dazzling, really and he develops an argument i think is convincing. listen, you have to deal with counterfactuals as a historian because they are linked to the issue of causality. if one event can cause another then you must accept it could have happened differently. if you don't, you're saying there's no causality and then what are you doing this for any? you're really just writing down what happe

i always wanted to talk about franco's pacific fleet. let me answer what i think i'm going to interpret as the subtext of the question. is this all just a big joke, this considering of counterfactuals? it is controversial, as i mentioned earlier among many scholars who say don't do that. the keynote address tonight by neil ferguson, he edited a very good book called "what ifs of history" a collection of essays by different historians considering counterfactuals in different eras, different places, different subjects. the best part of that book was ferguson's introduction. it is kind of dazzling, really. he develops an argument, which i thought was convincing, which is listen, you have to deal with counterfactuals as a historian. because they are linked to the issue of causality. if you believe there is causality in history, if one event can cause another, then you must also accept that it could have happened differently. if you don't accept it could have happened differently, there's no caucausality, and th what are you dogs this for any

she is here today before you primarily for her work on hirohito and the pacific war. it is the best count of hirohito's account and path to war in english. hers is the best as it interweaves context, time, education and personality. highly recommended. let me take from her work, two important points to set up her presentation. emperor hirohito struggled with a complex and ambiguous role to decide on the meiji constitution, putting him in a complex role. raining as an offensive constitutional monarch. he conceived that his proper role was to accept consensus recommendations from his government and the armed forces. he did pose 20 questions to his officials at times. he also had some influence in appointments. but he did not act as a final decision-maker on domestic foreign policy through his reign. there was one major exception prior to pearl harbor. this exception is significant. this is where he exercise decisive leadership. this is why an attempted coup by imperial armor officers there are volt struck directly into the emperor's closest staff, killing one of his chi