they attack pearl harbor. then, immediately, they build a ring of defensive positions around mole, the dutch east indies, maybe iwo jima, okinawa, maybe even the marianne us. immediately, they go on the offensive, make the u.s. come after it. could the japanese have inflicted so much pain, and so much casualty on the u.s. that, one, we fdr, or his successor, may have invited the fun loving roof skis to invade northern japan, or, to, that the u.s. would have had to build more nuclear bombs, and just drop ten or 15 news on japan, just to get the war over. >> tough to say. one of the problems, of course, with counterfactual, if you drop a pebble in the water. as the ripples of time get further, and further, from the event, it's like the battle of midway. whati feel safe prognosticatina day or two after the historical battle, but, now we project five years in the future of what's going on after this non event happens. really, it's tough. that is all i'm going to say. >> the japanese -- there's just no way they wou

commanders at pearl harbor. before i get to the specifics about the commanders, i need to place them in important context. the first involves getting the fleet to pearl harbor. and the second involves the nature of the surprise the japanese achieve in their attack. president franklin d. roosevelt ordered the pacific fleet to switch its space from san diego to pearl harbor first tentatively in april 1940. the purpose was the deterrence of japan. the date is extremely significant because this was before hitler overran western europe between april and june 1940. completely upsetting the world strategic balance. roosevelt then made the movement of the fleet permanent. the commander of the pacific fleet at that time was admiral richardson. he objected to the move most vigorously. but the whole basis for his objection was that the fleet would be far more effective as a deterrent of japan if it was left on the west coast where much superior facilities would permit a much higher degree of readiness. and contrary to late

commanders at pearl harbor. before i get to the specifics about the commanders i need to place them in important context. first of all getting the fleet to pearl harbor the second is the nature of the supplies that the japanese have in their attack. or the specific fleet to order from san diego to pearl harbor first tentatively in april 1940. the purpose was the deterrence of japan. the date is extremely significant because this was before hitler overran western europe between april and june 1940. completely upsetting the world strategic balance. roosevelt then made the movement of the fleet permanent. he objected the whole basis was to be far more effective as a deterrent of japan if it was left to the west coast where he much superior facility would have a much higher degree of readiness. contrary to later assertions richardson at no point raise the issue of the vulnerability the extensive postwar hearings he again affirmed that's not one of the reasons he advance against the move. roosevelt fired richardson f

they wanted without pearl harbor so it's up worldwide without harbor. what happens if the japanese attacked self and not pearl harbor. >> will hear the of this issue in the military and the military is essentially running the country and so when we talk about the careers these admirals and generals, they secure the base as well in our instinct is to evaluate the decisions in their careers in the same way we would evaluate the careers of american military leaders. but they were more than that in japan, there were the politicians making a major decision and even making decisions about domestic policy and the generals and admirals running education systems in japan. so these people were politicians and the circle of rulers in japan were making all of the decisions so the decision to attack pearl harbor was a military decision and principally founded on this idea that we have to clear our - so we can go south there's victory in order to essentially have the american response to what we are about to do with the secondary discussing earlier with the panels, t

they attack pearl harbor. then they immediately build a ring of defensive positions around malaya, the dutch east indies, maybe iwo jima and okinawa. maybe even the marianas, to immediately go on the defensive and make the u.s. go after it. could the japanese have inflicted so much pain and so much casualties on the u.s. that, one, we might have fdr or his successor might have invited those fun loving ruskies to invade japan, or two, the west would have had to build more nuclear bombs and just dropped maybe 10 or 15 nukes on japan just to get the war over? >> really tough to say. you know, one of the problems, of course, with counterfactuals is you're dropping a pebble in the water. and as the ripples of time get further and further out from the event, it's like a battle of midway. i feel safe in prognosticating a day or two after the historical battle, but we're now projecting five years in the fufer what is going on after this nonevent happens. that's really, really tough. yeah, and that's all i'm going to s

world like without pearl harbor? let ian start. he talked about that. what happens if there was a japanese, they attacked south but they don't attack pearl harbor. >> we come to this issue of the military and the political. in japan the military is essentially running the country. when we talk about the careers of these admirals and generals, these japanese admirals and generals, we use americans, true of the british as well. our instinct is to evaluate their decisions and careers in the same way we would evaluate the careers of american military leaders. but they were more than that. really in japan. they were the politicians, the statesmen who were making the major decisions, the foreign policy decisions. they were even making decisions about domestic policy. you had generals and admirals running the education system in japan, just as an example. so, you know, these people were politicians. they were the circle of rulers of japan that were making all of the decisions. so the decision to attack pearl harbor was a mi

they attack pearl harbor. then they immediately build a ring of defensive positions around malaya, the dutch east indies, maybe iwo jima and okinawa. maybe even the marianas, to immediately go on the defensive and make the u.s. go after it. could the japanese have inflicted so much pain and so much casualties on the u.s. that, one, we might have fdr or his successor might have invited those fun loving ruskies to invade japan, or two, the west would have had to build more nuclear bombs and just dropped maybe 10 or 15 nukes on japan just to get the war over? >> really tough to say. you know, one of the problems, of course, with counterfactuals is you're dropping a pebble in the water. and as the ripples of time get further and further out from the event, it's like a battle of midway. i feel safe in prognosticating a day or two after the historical battle, but we're now projecting five years in the future what is going on after this nonevent happens. that's really, really tough. yeah, and that's all i'm going to

perspective on pearl harbor. there's always that what-if, could we have done this, what if this happened? and certainly, those are great conversation pieces, but capture some of those because for those of you who peeked ahead, our last panel today is going to look at this counterfactual piece and ask the what-ifs. what if these other scenarios unfolded. we don't want to have the last panel not have a bunch of questions. so save those super hard counterfactual ones. and that will keep them happy. so now, in this session, we're going to shift our lens and we're going to look at this from a different perspective. the first perspective was the u.s. perspective. now we're going to shift over. dr. nurico kawamura and john partial will discuss japan's role in leading up to the attack. rich is doing double and probably triple and quadruple duty today. but rich will be chairing this panel. and as you know, rich is an internationally recognized expert on the pacific war. many of you know him and probably have heard his voi

perspective on pearl harbor. you know, i'm asked, there's always that kind of what if and could we have done this, and would have this happened, and certainly those are great conversation pieces but capture some of those because for those of you who peeked ahead, our last panel today is going to look at this counter factual piece and ask the what ifs, what are these other scenarios that have unfolded. save a bunch of those as well. we don't want to have the last panel not have a bunch of questions, so save those super hard counter factual ones this afternoon, and i think that will keep con happy, and certainly rich happy, right. so now in this session we're going to shift our lens, and we're going to look at this from a different perspective. the first perspective was the u.s. perspective, and now we're going to shift over. dr. noriko kawamura, professor at the university of washington and his historian john parshall will discuss japan's role in the lead up to pearl harbor. rich will be chairing this panel, and a

perspective on pearl harbor. there's always that what-if, what if we had done this, and certainly, those are great conversation pieces but capture some of those because those of you who peaked ahead, our last panel today, is going to look at this kind of counter-factual piece and that's the kind of what-ifs, these other scenarios that unfolded so save a bunch of those as well. we don't want to have the last panel not have a bunch of questions, so save those super hard counter factual ones this afternoon and i think that will keep con happy and certainly rich happy. right. so now in this session, we'll shift our lens, and going to look at this from a different perspective. the first perspective was the u.s. perspective and now we're going to shift over dr. noriko kalamura professor at university of washington, discuss japan's role in leading up to the attack. rich is doing double and probably triple, quadruple duty today, but rich sharing this panel, and as you know rich is international recognized expert on the p

at the time of pearl harbor decision he was not yet 40. he was surrounded by a lot of senior advisors. groups skipped one. yes. so the key figures in the decision making prime ministers and then those are the most important advisors to the empire. they conveyed the decisions of the government and the interesting thing is the prime minister stepped out in 1941 was a classmate until they had close communication but in the end they will have disagreements. they are more senior to the empire in relation to these people. then there is of course a general and if you look at the military they are really senior generals and adults. at the time of pearl harbor the general staffing army, was more like conveying all the decisions and recommendations made by his subordinate younger officers who were more hardliners. in the army it was split. there were a lot of people who did not want to go to war with the united states and britain. as a model and teachers. then there was a hardliner and came from that hard-line group. there is a serious division betw

send us a lien about pearl harbor on the day. it's produced from various different sources the navy's officials historians and such. as far as his mother was concerned they were very poor they are texan sharecroppers. i don't know for sure for the documentation i've seen he marked a signature with an x. so they were poor techs and sharecroppers. and they had the opportunity they collaborated to make some money and moved house. but mrs. miller always felt she had not had a fair duper there's a fire at the home in 1956 i think in the medals were lost that he had one. she told a story she said a filmmaker had visited her she did not know when this is in doris' niece's book. when she said they wanted to make a feature film about doris but they wanted him to be played by a white actor. now that is not impossible because in 1961, tony curtis played the indian hero jima hero. it's not that unrealistic. but she was like no, i'm not doing that. she felt they'd been taken advantage of and she appealed for aid and assistance in rebuilding h

montana's last living pearl harbor survivor. mr. rosen daily: he was a 17-year-old radio man stationed at pearl harbor when he was woken by the sound of a japanese surprise attack. charlie immediately raced to the window of the ship where he saw a nearby hangar go up in a flume of flames. plume of flames. he grabbed a rifle and climbed on the roof where he and other volunteers started firing at the attacking planes. some of the first shots fired by americans in world war ii. his heroism and that of others on that day undoubtedly saved lives and their bravery and resolve should be commended. he served for nearly five years in the united states navy. charlie lives in montana and will be celebrating his the 8th birthday on -- 98th birthday on december 23. on behalf of all montanans and grateful nation, i thank him for his service and wish him an early happy birthday. thank you, mr. speaker. i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman yield back. for what purpose does the gentleman from michigan seek recognition? >> mr. spe

perspective on pearl harbor. there's always the what if and could we have done this and what if this would've happened? certainly those are great conversation pieces. that captures some of those because some of those who picked to the last panel today i was going to look at the counterfactual peace what of these other tuners have unfolded. save a bunch of those as well we don't want the last panel to have questions. save those superhard ones for this afternoon. i think that will keep happy and certainly rich happy. so now in this session were going to shift our lens we are going to look at this from a different perspective for the first perspective on now we are going to shift over. doctor noriko professor at the university of washington and historian jon parshall will discuss japan's role in leading up to the attack. rich is doing double and quadruple duty today. rich will be chairing this panel. as you know, rich is an internationally recognized expert on the pacific war. many of you know him and probably have

perspective on pearl harbor. there's always the what if, could we have done this, what if this happened, and, certainly, those are great conversation pieces, but, to capture some of those, because for those of you who peaked ahead, our last panel today, with the chair, we'll look at this counterfactual piece, and ask, what if? one of these other scenarios that unfolded? save a bunch of those as well. we don't want to have the last panel not mine how much of questions. so, say the super hard questions, this afternoon, and, i think, they will keep them happy, and certainly, it will keep rich happy. now, in this session, we are going to shift our lens, and looked at this from a different perspective. the first perspective is the u.s. perspective, now, we are going to shift over. a doctrine or rico, professor at the university of washington, discussing japan's role in the lead up to the attack. now, rich is doing double, probably triple, or quadruple duty today. rich will be sharing this panel, and, as you know, rich

instant progress in the reagan fantasy of pearl harbor. in the 2001 movie as doris gets his medal that is the last we see of him in the story a white nurse says that the nation surged forward after doris's heroism. it was a war that changed america. doris was the first black american to be awarded the navy cross but would not be the last. he joined a brotherhood of heroes. unfortunately the rest of the film takes us on a trip with ben affleck, i can't remember, the white heroes who get the rest of the film and doris disappears with his medal never to be heard from aagain. i am not saying for a second what doris miller did wasn't important because it was. but what i am saying is the story of the mess man, machine gun, and medal makes a much more complex history. doris need not go back below decks and die on the liscum bay in 1943. his mother henrietta need not live out her days in bitterness at the treatment her family received after her son's heroic acts. civil rights activists need not continue the struggle for integration in the military

with the japanese attack on pearl harbor. a number of things actually became moot with the japanese attack on pearl harbor. the america first movement which represented some 800,000 white americans who sought to keep america out of the war and displayed anti-semitic and pro-nazi attitudes completely disappeared within days of pearl harbor, as went the way of any support for the japanese. of course, the fact that hitler conveniently declared war on the united states on december 11th, figuring we were going to be in it anyway, put a cap on the nazi movement in the united states, which had been very popular and very vocal in the 1930s. now, african-americans, of course, had no attraction to hitler because they sympathized with the jews of germany subject to the nazis' brutal anti-semitism. joe lewis, in fact, replied succinctly to the jibes of those few who criticized his enlistment in a white man's army, and i quote in 1942, with the succinct statement, lots of things wrong with america, but hitler ain't gonna fix them. i think

so that's what we know about pearl harbor on the day. it's a mangled account produced from various different sources, the navy's official sources and historians and such. as far as his mother was concerned, they were very poor. they were texan sharecroppers. i don't know for sure, but the documentation i've seen, connery marked his with an x. they had an opportunity through the poster they showed, they collaborated with some money, but mrs. miller always felt she hadn't had her fair due. there was a fire at the home in 1906, i think, and the medals were lost. she said a filmmaker had visited her, she didn't know when. this is in ddoris' niece's book. she said they wanted to make a film about doris but they wanted it played by a white actor. that wasn't possible, because in 1961, tony curtis played the iwojima hero ira hayes. she said, no, i'm not doing that. she felt they had been taken advantage of it she appealed for aid in assistance to build a home. she spoke to "jet" magazine in the '70s and said they should be helping someone whose

the attack on pearl harbor. back to your phone calls, as we hear from you on the top foreign policy challenge facing the u.s. today. democrat from virginia, good morning. crystal, are you with us? got to stick by your phone. we'll go to jim, fort lauderdale, florida, republican. good morning, jim. caller: hi there. i hope my phone holds up. host: oh, it might not have, jim, try to give us a call back. brenda, houston, texas, democrat, good morning. caller: yes, good morning, and thanks for taking my call, john. let me complete what i want to say. it's going to be short. whatever challenge america faces is its own doing. with the corporate greed, i lived in the 1970's, and we made more men then than we do now in 2020's. the corporate greed of taking our jobs over there to a foreign country, whether it's slave labor, and then this racism just won't go away, this need for the inept to be important, god is not pleased. and god has destroyed nations before. america is on her way out. any thinking person knows that. t

but, how we remember for pearl harbor. it is ordinarily, brilliantly, is comprised around one figure. most of you are familiar, and if you are not, you will be, thanks to doctor chester there. that is gloria miller. this is a way to frame this panel, to understand the life of dorian, but more, specifically, what kind of impact he has had on how we remember world war ii. but, they are setting up the kind of the world. to give the context, and in order to make that happen, i will turn it over to dr. moral. they will kind of explain where they come from, and the impact of pearl harbor on the african american community. >> thanks. >> it is a pleasure to be back. i should say that. this is the first time that i have flown since covid. the last time that i flew anywhere, is when i flew here, in 2019 for the last symposium that. then, i was doing the 24th, and be 17's, sharing a session on them. now, i have to come back down to earth for this conference. i'm actually on two programs. the one tomorrow, dealing with civil rights in

america had chosen to stay out until pearl harbor. i want to pearl harbor, the one and only time i've been there, five years ago. i took my family. it is such a place of sorrow. a place of honor. anywhere you go, that is the american military is in charge of, is always a place of honor. >> harris: amen. >> ari: a place of tradition. a place of right and wrong. a sacred place of memory. that is the best thing about perl. it is a faithful memory to those who lost their lives, including a battleship that lies underneath the water, just a few feet, easy to see. from that little floating island. it is a sorrowful place but it is a place everybody has to go, at least once in their life. >> harris: we know that just shortly, they will open up a satellite picture, which we will show you live, at kilo peer for the main ceremony. we know that the secretary of the navy is going to be the keynote speaker. he is set to begin with some of the ceremony there, just shortly. what we are going to look at now, is videotaped. as soon as we can show you t

. >>> remembering pearl harbor our conversation with five survivors returning to the solemn site to mark 80 years since that day of infamy. >>> this is "nbc nightly news" with lester holt. >> good evening. it is the way a lot of us have done business these last two years, video chats. but likely not with as much at stake as today's virtual face to face between two of the world's most powerful leaders according to the white house, president biden warned russia's vladimir putin against a military invasion of ukraine, promising strong economic and other measures which include increased supplies and resources to american allies of the region for his part, president putin wants guarantees against nato expansion and u.s. offensive weapons in the region. there was a lot on the agenda for the two-hour meeting but nothing more important than tensions over a build-up of tens of thousands of russian troops near the ukraine border we'll go to richar engle in ukraine in a moment first, kristen welker with the latest from the white house. >> reporter: tonight, in a high stakes video call the white hou

japanese attack on pearl harbor. more than 2,400 americans killed. 1 j 100 injured. president franklin roosevelt. >> we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us god. >> congress issuing a declaration of war after that speech. tonight, the extraordinary journey. 60 world war ii veterans traveling back to pearl harbor together. with the nonprofit best defense foundation documenting their journey. the police escort to dallas/fort worth international airport. inside the terminal, the signs, "we love our veterans." boarding an american airlines flight, flying them free of charge. and on the uss missouri, they tell us why they are determined to make this trip. >> hi, david. >> david russell, navy seaman first class, now 101. he was there that day. >> sad about the loved ones i left behind. that effects you more. >> hi, david. >> navy aviation machinist mate first class jack holder, 99. pointing out his former barracks. >> my barracks, the farthest building away, the big wide windows. >> tonight, jack honors the america

when they are gone, how will that change the way we think about pearl harbor? >> well, we'll lose that link. and so the idea is how do we touch the next generation? how do we make them care? that's a challenge for all of us. >> reporter: but as a new generation looks on, it is clear that the lesson will provide nourishment for generations to come. world war ii started for america in this harbor, and also here, the u.s.s. "missouri," where the war ended. the japanese surrendered formally on that ship. japan is now a strong u.s. ally, which means today is not just the commemoration of a day, norah, but a reminder of all the reconciliation that has taken place since then. >> o'donnell: well said. what an incredible ceremony today. john dickerson, thank you. and still ahead, the latest on that widespread amazon outage impact not just amazon customers but thousands of people around the world. new vicks convenience pack. dayquil severe for you... and daily vicks super c for me. vicks super c is a daily supplement with vitamin c and b vitamins to help energize and rep

. >>> mount diablo's beacon was lit today by survivors of the attack on pearl harbor. the beacon was first installed and illuminated in 1928 to aid in transcontinental aviation. after the attack on pearl harbor, though, it went dark as part of the west-coast blackout to help prevent an attack on california. it stayed dark until pearl harbor day in 1964 when it was radio lit to honor the victims. since that day, pearl harbor survivors and veterans have spoken at this annual ceremony. those who lived through the attack on pearl harbor still haunted by itle 80 years later. hundreds of japanese bombers descended in hawaii. those bombers destroyed 21 navy ships of the pacific fleet killing 2,403 people and injuring more than 1,000 more. this year, five pearl harbor survivors -- all veterans -- made the journey to hawaii to pay tribute to the victims. perhaps, for the last time. >> i could still see the ship sitting there 45 degrees covered in smoke. >> you see that as you stand here? >> oh, yeah. >> how come i survived? and why did they die? >> and you don't have an answer

when they are gone, how will that change the way we think about pearl harbor? >> well, we'll lose that link. and so the idea is how do we touch the next generation? how do we make them care? that's a challenge for all of us. >> reporter: but as a new generation looks on, it is clear that the lesson will provide nourishment for generations to come. world war ii started for america in this harbor, and also here, the uss "missouri," where the war ended. the japanese surrendered formally on that ship. japan is now a strong u.s. ally, which means today is not just the commemoration of a day, norah, but a reminder of all the reconciliation that has taken place since then. >> o'donnell: well said. what an incredible ceremony today. john dickerson, thank you. and still ahead, the latest on that widespread amazon outage impact not just amazon customers but thousands of people around the world. ociety recommends screening starting at age 45, instead of 50, since colon cancer is increasing in younger adults. i'm cologuard®. i'm convenient and find 92% of colon cancers...

when they are gone, how will that change the way we think about pearl harbor? >> well, we'll lose that link. and so the idea is how do we touch the next generation? how do we make them care? that's a challenge for all of us. >> reporter: but as a new generation looks on, it is clear that the lesson will provide nourishment for generations to come. world war ii started for america in this harbor, and also here, the u.s.s. "missouri," where the war ended. the japanese surrendered formally on that ship. japan is now a strong u.s. ally, which means today is not just the commemoration of a day, norah, but a reminder of all the reconciliation that has taken place since then. >> o'donnell: well said. what an incredible ceremony today. john dickerson, thank you. and still ahead, the latest on that widespread amazon outage impact not just amazon customers impacting not just amazon customers but thousands of people around the world. ociety recommends screening starting at age 45, instead of 50, since colon cancer is increasing in younger adults. i'm cologuard®. i'm conv

japanese attack on pearl harbor. more than 2,400 americans killed. 1,100 injured. president franklin roosevelt. >> we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us god. >> tonight, the extraordinary journey. 60 world war ii veterans traveling back to pearl harbor together, with the nonprofit best defense foundation. the police escort to dallas-fort worth international airport. inside the terminal, the signs, "we love our veterans." boarding an american airlines flight, flying them free of charge. documenting their journey. and on the "uss missouri," they tell us why they are determined to make this trip. >> hi, david. >> david russell, navy seaman first class, now 101. he was there that day. >> sad about the loved ones i left behind. that effects you more. >> hi, david. >> navy aviation machinist mate first class jack holder, 99. pointing out his former barracks. >> my barracks, the farthest building away, with the big wide windows. >> tonight, jack honors the americans back home who helped in the fight. >> without th

. >>> it has been 80 years since the attack on pearl harbor, we will show you how people are commemorated the event in the bay area. >> i am kenny choi . >>> the oakland city council could be voting any minute on whether to give additional funding to the police department. jocelyn moran makes it all down for us. >> reporter: we are watching the city council meeting, on the agenda is an item to reallocate funding from various departments to oakland police for two additional police academies. during public comment we heard from residents for and against saying this is not the solution. right now, there are 676 sworn officers with the oakland police department, the lowest number in a decade and below the voter backed measure that requires at least 678 sworn officers. this year in oakland there have been 129 homicides and nearly 600 shootings. in addition to the city council meeting happening now, the oakland chinatown chamber of commerce had a press conference and talked about the fear and concern residents are living through right now. >> we need to do something with the cial stemthey ow ha