the soviets left behind them a country devastated. they had lost 15,000 men, but one million afghans had been killed and over four million wounded. five million had fled the country as refugees. altogether, one quarter of the afghan population was displaced by the war. and the fighting still continued. the mujahideen and the communist regime in kabul were locked in stalemate. in 1991, a failed coup in moscow brought about the collapse of the soviet union, and the russians stopped funding their communist proxies in kabul. with the soviet union no more, america stopped supplying arms to the mujahideen. our goals had not been, really, to build a new afghanistan and our own internal debate over what's the future of the soviet union affected our strategy towards the afghan resistance. we decided to abandon the afghan resistance. and to focus, really, on recovering the stinger missiles and taking them out of the hands of possible future terrorist attacks. with the us and soviets gone, the field was left open for others to exert their influe

one of the soviet sniper clocks working at a soviet embassy in canada defects to the west and defects with a huge bundle of explosive documents that reveal soviets have been spying on the american nuclear program, what is taking place with western allies developing a nuclear warhead. these two events are really important and the third thing, don't know how well known it is, george kennan, the famous diplomat in the american embassy in moscow writes his famous long telegram, in a similar tone to churchill set out the facts that the soviets cannot be trusted. in 1946 these three things happen, with haole continually banging on the drum, this is when truman begins to change his foreign-policy completely and you end up with the truman doctrine to protect countries threatened by the soviet union and followed by the marshall plan a dramatic turnaround in policy which is the idea to rebuild germany and rebuild germany in a democratic western form basically. everything begins to change and haole is to play a massive role in this. he is in berlin seeing things firsthand and he can crank up thi

union just coming out and i was not a soviet citizen. no, i mean, it was not the trade, but it was quite important was emotional for what you're the, you know, had meant for millions of people until the be in the meeting or did they in the rush and forest? you know, nobody really believed that this could have happened. there was, there were, i thought, is, is there were room or is there were, but nobody really believe that the, the, the simply just like that the, the soviet union could be declared not, not, not existence anymore. we went so i mean when i say we, i mean me and my, my for colleagues, my fellow who calling my fellow journalist the friends, we went to the press conference in anger because we just suddenly, you know, with the tanks in the speed to we based or causing that outflow, the papers and the by the other political parties. we were seeing again, that in the face of the soviet with which we thought was gone forever. and because of gorbachev wells apart turning away in just a few moments time, staying with us in on our l

soviet union will dissolve. component parts of the soviet union will split off into independent countries and at least for a while there will be free elections in russia. of course, things kind of change with vladimir putin a little later, but the old soviet union collapses. i mean, people would have thought you were crazy if you would have said such a thing. 1983, it was still a going concern. people were very fearful of the soviet union and the soviet union was very fearful of the united states. there were times in the 1980s when the cold war might have gotten hot and we avoided that. if we hadn't avoided that we wouldn't be here today. so reagan wanted to send a very clear message. now, again, he thought he could mobilize the evangelicals because the soviet union is officially -- was officially atheistic and wanted to drive that point home to them. and engage them against the idea of moral equivalence. we're going to see that in the clip that we're going to show right now. this is paul kengor giving a talk ab

, soviet union will dissolve, component parts of the soviet union will go off into independent countries and at least for a while there will be free elections in russia. of course, that would change with vladimir putin later, but the old soviet union collapses, people would have thought you were crazy if you would have said such a thing. 1983 it was still a growing concern. people were very fearful of the soviet union, and the soviet union was very fearful of the united states. there were times in the 1980s when the cold war might have gotten hot, and we avoided that. if we hadn't avoided that, we wouldn't be here today. and and so reagan wanted to send a very clear message. now, again, he thought he could mobilize the evangelicals because soviet union is officially, was officially atheistic and wanted to drive that point home to them and engage them against the idea of moral equivalence are. and we're going to see that in the clip that we're going to show right now. this is -- giving a talk about the speech. >> yes, let us pray for the salvation of all those who live in that totalitaria

union just coming out and i was not a soviet citizen. no, i mean, it was not the trade to be, but it was quite important was emotional for what? you're the obvious. you don't know how to, for millions of people until the be in the meeting. did they in the russian forest. you know, nobody really believed that this could have happened. there was, there were, i thought is if there were room or there were, but nobody really believed that the, they simply just like that the, the soviet union could be declared not, not, not existence anymore. we went to, i mean when i say we, i mean me and my, my for colleagues and my fellow who calling my federal journalist the friends, we went to the press conference in anger because we just suddenly, you know, with the tanks in the speed to we based or causing that outflow, the papers and by the other political parties. we were seeing again, that in the face of the soviet with which we thought was gone forever. and because of gorbachev, i, that's wrapping up the weekly for this hour here. we're not here to

the famous british officer secretly working for the soviet union. john walker, silver bar that we have that was given to him for his espionage activities. he set up aspiring and one reason, if you've been following in the past week a couple that are connected to the navy charged with espionage, john walker with the silver bar, they were paid with the crypto currency so we begin to think about the changes and espionage in the cold war up to now and the present day, these are the artifacts we have, the cold war into the present in so many ways, some of which we are going to discuss but you see the top left the connections to 9/11, the top rate you see joe biden, the premier of australia and the uk, all about what is happening in the south china sea, you see the bottom left here, what we see now is almost a succession struggle among great powers but grows out of the cold war by direct connection to what the cold war left behind. on the bottom right the brave new world, the wild west of saigon. over the course of the collection it goes from way back to

the soviet union still shapes off. futures. i let's learn more about that fateful day and joined geoffrey roberts or british historian of soviet history. joining us here on this sunday, boxing day on our, to international great to see you today. thanks for joining us on the program. good to have you with us. do you, do you recall the fateful day when the u. s. as our collapse and at where were you? what, what when the news hit year? i don't recall the day specifically all the time. interesting thing about your guy and my with class in december 1991 is actually the class. the union is more shocking in retrospect than it was at the time. or at least to me because of course, is that the collapse of the soviet union and a much, much, much was, you know, just one of a series of really shocking events that occurred in the previous several years. i mean, there's nothing to compare with shocking for will and a full of companies for easter eastern eastern europe. so it wasn't shopkins, it appears in retrospect. what you also have to rem

and for populations and i must call the soviet still. in one way or another not only the soviet influence but very high and in some cases increasing measures of control from -- from moscow. an attempt being made by the russians to build up quasi communist party in their zone of occupied germany but showing special groups of left german leaders. withdrew west ward in accordance with an earlier agreement. 150 miles, nearly 400 miles to allow russian allies to occupy the vast expanse which western democracies had conquered. if now the soviet government tries by separate action to build up a procommunist germany in their areas, this will force new serious difficulties in the american and british zones and will give the defeated germans putting themselves up between the soviets and the western democracy. whatever conclusions maybe drawn from these, facts they are, this is certainly not deliberated europe we thought to build up. nor is it one which contains permanent peace. on the other hand, ladies and gentlemen, i repulse the idea that a new

well today marks 30 years since the symbolic and of the soviet union, the kremlin soviet flag was sat lowered and replaced by the con is of the russian federation with president mikhail gorbachev announcing his resignation. now the ussr, united by the communist ideology, existed for almost 70 years, however rationed between its republics, had become rocky, with the liberalizing policy of perestroika doing little to stabilize the situation . the union was replaced by 15 and newly formed states among them, russia. some of these now formed the commonwealth of independent states. we asked people in moscow how they felt about the collapse of the soviet union. a downside is that the last territory, we could not restrain the urge of certain nations to gain independence. it was inevitable. it was going to happen anyway, but little soon period when an empire is collapsing, it's always bad because something big and united fragments into a lot of smaller pieces. and it always ends up in war because everyone starts to have their own ambitions. there's a lot of war and anger as well lived together

the soviet union still shapes our futures. and we spoke with a british, a story of soviet history. geoffrey roberts, he says the fall of the union game came as a global shock and was a catastrophe. for many people. did the collapse of the sub union agenda much, much, much was just one of the series of all of really shocking events that occurred in the previous several years. i mean, it was nothing to compare with the shock and full of berlin war and a handful of congress for easter eastern eastern europe. so it wasn't shock as it appears in retrospect. what you also have to remember is that there was kind of fake lease for the collab, so it wasn't clear that it was a, it was to promote kind of profound collapse, actually begun because his place then became this a come off of independence. nice. which of course doesn't exist. so there are some hopes that you would continue in some form in the form of this camp of an independent ice shot that effectively, that didn't happen. it was not until 1992 that it became clear just how ra

if now the soviet government tries to build up a pro-communist germany in their area, this will cause new and serious difficulties in the american and british zones and will give the defeated germans the power of putting themselves up -- [inaudible] between the josephs and the western dem -- soviets and the western democracies. whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts, and facts they are, this is certainly not the liberated europe we sought to build up, nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace. on the other hand, ladies and gentlemen, i repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable, still more that it is imminent. it is because i am sure that our fortunes are still in our hands, in our own hands and that we hold the power to save the future that i speak out now that i have the occasion and the opportunity to do so. >> churchill walked away certain that he had stirred a hornets' nest of controversy. he knew that his stirred anti-soviet remarks would make a splash and would later remark that perhaps the speech had started some thinking that would make his

the, the, the prestige and the my, the soviet union just coming out and i was not a soviet citizen. no, i mean, it was not the trade, but it was quite important was emotional for what you're the, you know, had meant for millions of people until the be in the meeting. are they in the rush and forest? you know, nobody really believed that this could have happened. there was, there were, i thought as if there were more, there were, but nobody really believed that the, they simply just like that the, the soviet union could be declared not, not, not existence anymore. we went to, i mean when i say we, i mean me and my my for colleagues and my fellow calling my fellow journalist, the friends we went to the press conference, the names are because we just suddenly, you know, with the tanks in the speed to we based or causing that to outflow, the papers and the by the other political parties. we were seeing again that in the face of the soviet with which we thought was gone forever. and because of gorbachev, well, it's just what we managed. we then 2 by 28 minutes, but i'll t dot com has so

i must call the soviets and all our the subjects in one form or another, not only to soviet influence, but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from moscow. an attempt is being made by the russians in berlin to build up a quasi communist party in occupied germany by showing special favors to groups of left-wing german leaders. at the end of the fighting last june, the american and british armies withdrew westward in accordance with an earlier agreement to a depth that at some points of 150 miles affront of nearly 400 miles in order to allow our russian allies to occupy the vast expanse of territory which the western democracies had conquered. if now the soviet government tries by separate action to build up a pro-communist germany in their areas, this will cause new serious difficulties in the american and british zones, and will give the defeated germans the power of putting themselves up to auction between the soviets and the western democracies. whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts, facts they are, this is certainly not deliberated europe w

the great soviet union was the 2nd world power in most respects. although in some it was ahead of the united states. this country did not need to be rebuilt . it needed to be improved and moved forward very strongly opposed. gorbachev on his policy of perestroika, how to go, which of them ruined the country, thinking that what your gorbachev came to destroy the country. i was sure of that when people asked him the question, what is perestroika? he himself could not explain it. and so a man came and destroyed the country from the inside or from the top volume from bery much known to come on the market economy was one of the main aspects of perestroika. do you think it was a mistake to replace the planned economy with the market world yet those muslims? cuz i have to tell you, it wasn't the market economy. of course, capitalism is basically terrible system. capitalism assumes only a bunch of people can own the wealth of the country. the walton is and the market economy. if it had been introduced as the ussr planned, it would have been wonderful. it w

now she was born in soviet lithuania and grew up in russia. maybe moved with her aunt and son, catholic song, just months before the say the eaten collapse. and she was left stateless for almost 3 decades. only getting a cause a passport a few months ago. i mean, it says it's too little to life. it says to me or stella said no, i lost my whole family. my parents died young and then i lost 2 of my brothers in 1991. i went to live with my aunt and kara gander. i stayed there because i didn't know that the ussr would collapse. if i had known that the ussr would disintegrate, i would never have left russia. i worked in a local store for more than 7 years. i was paid a meager salary, but i agreed because i had to feed my son. eventually i lost touch with all of my relatives. i went to a human rights organization for help with getting cassock, citizenship in the year, 2000. i put all the documents together and sent them off, but they just disappeared. i was angry about that, but i gave up and did not try again. what i was always told you were not bo

it's agreed barely six squarely in this the soviet control. contention and potential disaster and fallout that can happen set by the gee -- geographical position. they are surrounded by territory and stallens red army. that's upsetting for everything that will happen and it's a dramaticyt story that will unfold. >> it really is just a face nateing situation. we get one of the great things about the booky is he makes it clear what the stakes are right away. we understand they are not on a human level and personal conflict and larger things that are at stake. you mentioned stallen is a carrick interpret in the book. -- characters in the book. there are others and names i had not heard before. i came to love them by the end. if it was one of the bad guys it was fun to show their company. i'm curious if you had a favorite or person you was drawn to a or captured your attention. >> theo, plain character is howly. he will end up as comdaunt. he's determined to get his way he found himself head to head in the opposite number they will never see eye t

the soviet union still shapes off futures. after the soviet union fell, low, people gained certain freedoms but lost out in other ways. a v h a slap on crat off moved to latvia back in 1965, but has been unable to obtain citizenship ever since he told us that life seemed better in the u. s. sr. i moved to latvia from the russian, the pat screeching in 1965, and have lived here ever since. that time it was good fun and people have life to the full ever was good natured and cheerful. and it felt as if there were some kind of future when more comfortable than under soviet rule. then of course there was the referendum to leave the usaa on people voted for it. we're here from then on. we were divided into citizens and non citizens. those who lived in not feel before 1940 wednesday grant assistantship, and those who came later went on citizens. if you're not granted citizenship, then you do not have the right to occupy certain positions in government structures . they introduced the state examination commissioner language, which che

the women death, the soviet union still shapes off futures. while the clamps happened, not long after failed coo, in august 1991, a group of communists, hartline has attempted to seize power. that was to stop, then president me hall court, which offs decentralization efforts. they isolated the lead in his residence in crimea and tried to occupy moscow's white house, but the tanks were stopped by the public with future russian president boris yeltsin. famously mounting one and giving a speech. the crew bed fizzled out in just 3 days. but a huge consequences for the fate of the country. hans will m at stein field norwegian journalist on a veteran foreign correspondent right here in moscow, covered those dramatic events and he shared some of his memories with us. for me, this puts was very dramatic. i was inside the white house bill it all together with but his yeltsin and his closest of from the night of the 19th august 1991. i was sitting in the hospital, lots of the chairman of the supreme soviets office as the military detachment, sir. and sw

now she was born in soviet lithuania. she grew up in russia. she then moved with her aunt and son to catholic thought, just months before the soviet union collapsed. and she was left state las for almost 3 decades, only getting a cause a passport a few months ago. you know, says it's too little too late. if you see me as thou said, now i know my whole family. my parents died young and then i lost 2 of my brothers in 1991. i went to live with my aunt and car gander. i stayed there because i didn't know that the ussr would collapse. if i had known that the u. s. s, all would disintegrate, and i would never have left russia. i worked in a local store for more than 7 years. i was paid amiga salary, but i agreed because i had to feed my son. eventually i lost touch with all of my relatives. i went to a human rights organization for help with getting catholic citizenship in the year 2000. i put all the documents together and sent them off, but they just disappeared. but i was angry about that, but i gave up and did not try again, which i was always t

and he's right because the soviet general, his opposite number, the soviet commandant, is there under instructions from stalin to kick the americans and british out of berlin. they want to take over the whole of berlin as a prelude to taking over the whole of germany. you begin to see the stakes are massive. the whole of europe is up for grabs, and colonel howley is determined to prevent the soviets from taking control of berlin so you have this all mighty flash, and what i loved about the story and i suppose what drew me to it. you have the wider, geopolitical battle taking place between, you know, you've got stalin, roosevelt and truman, and churchill in london. that's the big picture, and you have the picture on the ground, the microcosm, where the battle is being fought between these commanders who are at each other's throats, so you have a fantastic and very personal way of telling a big geopolitical story. >> it does feel very personal, and i felt like i knew these men so well as men not just characters from the larger saga in a way that was so well done, and you're right, it se

even in death, the soviet union still shapes our futures. the collapse suffer not long after a failed coo in august 1991, a group of communist hotline has attempted to seize power to stop. then president mikhail gorbachev de centralization methods. they isolated the leader in his residence in crimea and tried to occupy moscow's white house. the tanks were stopped by the public and future russian president boris yeltsin. famously mounting one and giving a speech. the crew bid fizzled out in just 3 days, but had huge consequences for the fate of the country. now, hans will hammerstein fell the norwegian. john, listen, federal and foreign correspondent, moscow. a couple of those dramatic events. he shut his memories with us. for me, this puts, it was very dramatic. i was inside the white house bill it all together with what his yeltsin and his closest of from the night of the 19th august 1991. i was sitting in the hospital, lots of the chairman of the supreme soviets office as the military detachment, sir, and swore the legends too. but his hen

the soviet union still shapes our futures. in interview with arti president putin's assistant let him in ski, explains why he think fan of the soviet union was a catastrophe in over 30 years ago, the ussr to soft. how did you perceive these events at that time? and has your view changed since that little silly blue? i was one of the democracy defenders there are see, a newspaper newsroom decamped the white house of that time. we spent these unforgettable to nights though, with the newsroom in the white house. we were informing people and thinking of the news. we were printing flyers and went to the press center of the ministry foreign affairs at this famous press conference. we were preparing for the qu, they were kalashnikov, assault rifles in the newsroom. i don't know whether they were loaded or not, but they were in the rock. my point of view in these events, like any normal persons has changed law over the years. but that moment it was definitely the democratic euphoria and enthusiasm by the report and has been call in th

government, the soviet ambassador to dc 25 years. what sort of a role that he play in the cold war. >> is a historian question if i ever heard it. >> he was an interesting i think he was there from the crisis all of the way through to the late 70s rather number of national security defense memorandums, the professor. it some really interesting figure i guess one of the roles that people like russian investor a place he tried to maintain some columns and level of communication in some ice where you can exchange information by the publicly or back doors or channels and this communication it and trying to make sure the events are in some way managed. i think that he is a great example because of he's been there for so long read that is not really something that you see in the state department. somebody's been there for such a long period of time which is the nature of the soviets i guess. >> this might be another question for you then, what role if any do immigrate communities pretty good from places like mafia in lithuania play in cold

the soviet union dissolved. as you know, the core of this common states is historical russia, the russian federation, which is, you know, last almost half of its industrial potential, half of its economy, the same share of its population and a substantial part of his territory. what can we do about this? now, i've already said that restoring the soviet union would be pointless and impossible for many reasons. and not even desirable because of the senior which make sense to want the u. s. a saw communists back legends have made that very clear. but to build a new state, a new russia, one which provides for the people rather than uses them and at the same time evoked the sort of respect that the soviet union did. while that scares rushes, opponents, hooton's plan scares them. you know, i think the concern is that president putin's public lamentations and private lamentations about the demise of the soviet union have gotten on noisier and stronger over the years. so the concern is that he's actually as a legacy pro

saturday marks 30 years since the fall of the soviet union mikhail gorbachev have resigned to soviet president on this day in 1991 back in the end of the late seventy's and the u. s, as that was after filing to contain the full out of an attempted crew months earlier and independence movement among the soviet republics. so let's take a look at the events that led up to the end of a world power. it began with the 917 russian revolution workers and soldiers overthrew the roman empire and established a communist rule in the government was led by letting me linen until his death in 924. joseph stalin took over for almost 3 decades that contributed to its status as a will power. but by the time mikaela gorbachev's became communist party. later in 1985, the economy was wake. it led to industrial strikes and military tanks, taking over a red square to challenge his rule. a current was attempted by president boris yeltsin led a successful campaign against it. in 1991, colbert chang resigned, and the red flag was lowered over the kremlin. as the russian flag was raised to bring us some analys

soviet union will dissolve. component parts of the soviet union will split off into independent countries, and at least for a while there will be free elections in russia. of course, things kind of change with vladimir putin a little later, but the old soviet union collapses. people would have thought you were crazy if you would have said such a thing. 1983, it was still a ongoing concern. people were very fearful of the soviet union, and the soviet union was very fearful of the united states. there were times in the 19 80s when the cold war might had gotten hot, and we avoided that. if we hadn't avoided that, we wouldn't be here today. and so, reagan wanted to sunday very clear message. no again, he thought he could mobilize the evangelicals, because soviet union's -- was officially atheistic, and want to drive that point home to them. and, engage them against the idea of moral equivalence. we will see that in the clip that we are going to show right now. this is paul kangaroo giving a talk. >> here's the third

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if you accept memorial's version, the soviet union and russia as a successor to the soviet union must adopt the same kind of policy as germany adopted, always repenting, always asking for for forgiveneo everyone they invaded, repressed, so on and so forth, and, at the same time, sort of accepting a marginal and repentant position in the new european order, and this is what innocences him, i believe. he finds the history of stalin as a weapon in the arms of his enemies. >> reporter: where does that leave the west today? what should the west understand about the lessons that putin has taken from the end of the cold war? >> if you move n.a.t.o., you know, and declare that this n.a.t.o. would be inland forever, you have a conflict. the only kind of tool he sees is moving troops along the russian border and trying to send this powerful signal to the west. >> reporter: ukrainian officials, today's u.s. government, western european and n.a.t.o. officials would say that it is today's russia that it is more aggressive by amassing the troops on ukraine's border and that it is putin's misinterpr

ready countries of the soviet unit itself, it was also the way in which the soviet union was able to interact with the rest of the world. and overall, it's present was i would say very positive. and since then, the lack of having the soviet union that has made the world a much more dangerous place and a place much more dominated by big capital in a way that has been disastrous with the climate and disastrous for a majority of the world's population. as the headline for this, our thank you for programs from adult commentary channel, just a few mom, it's time in the u. k. if the unexamined. so join us again in 30 minutes for the life with ah, what a case and you as a marriage, we don't have with the, we don't have a vaccine. the whole world needs to take action that would be ready. people are coming in. we can do better, we should be doing better. everyone is contributing each in their own way. but we also know that this crisis will not go on forever. the challenge is great to response has been massive. so many good people are helping us. it makes us feel very proud that we are in it t

the soviet union dissolved. as you know, the core of this common states is historical russia, the russian federation, which is, you know, lost almost half of its industrial potential, half of its economy, the same share of its population and a substantial part of his territory. what can we do about this? now, i've already said that restoring the soviet union would be pointless and impossible for many reasons and not even desirable because on the senate, which make sense. few want the u. s. a saw communists back. legends have made that very clear, but to build a new state, a new russia, one which provides for the people, rather than uses them and at the same time, evoked the sort of respect that the soviet union did. while that scares russia's opponents, hooton's plan scares them. you know, i think the concern is that president putin's public lamentations and private lamentations about the demise of the soviet union have gotten on noisier and stronger over the years. so the concern is that he's actually as a lega

unfortunately, our common fatherland, the soviet union, dissolved. as you know, the core of this common states is historical. russia, the russian federation, which is, you know, lost almost half of its industrial potential, half of its economy. the same share of its population and a substantial part of its territory. what can we do about this? now, i've already said that restoring the soviet union would be pointless and impossible for many reasons. and not even desirable because of the senior, which make sense. few want the u. s. a saw communists back. elections have made that very clear. but to build a new state, a new russia, one which provides for the people, rather than uses them and at the same time, evoked the sort of respect that the soviet union did. while that scares russia's opponents, hooton's plan scares them. you know, i think the concern is that president putin's public lamentations and private lamentations about the demise of the soviet union have gotten a noisier and stronger over the years. so the concern is that he's actually as a l

, the soviet union will dissolve, component parts of the soviet union will split off into independent countries, and at least for a while, there will be free elections in russia. of course things kind of change with vladimir putin later. but the old soviet union collapses. i mean, people would have thought you were crazy if you had said such a thing. 1983, it was still a going concern. people were very fearful of the soviet union and the soviet union was very fearful of the united states. there were times in the 1980s when the cold war might have gotten hot. and we avoided that. if we hadn't avoided that, we wouldn't be here today. so reagan wanted to send a very clear message. now, again, he thought he could mobilize the evangelicals, because the soviet union was officially atheistic and wanted to drive that point home to them and engage them against the idea of moral equivalence. we're going to see that in the clip we're going to show right now. now. this is paul kengor giving a talk about the speech. >> yes, let us pray for the salvation of all of those who live in that totalitaria

unfortunately, are common fatherland, the soviet union dissolved. as you know, the core of this common states is historical russia, the russian federation, which is, you know, lost almost half of its industrial potential, half of its economy, the same share of its population and a substantial part of its territory. what can we do about this? now, i've already said that restoring the soviet union would be pointless and impossible for many reasons. and not even desirable because of the senior which make sense. few want the you, as a saw communists back legends have made that very clear. but to build a new state, a new russia, one which provides for the people, rather than uses them and at the same time, evoked the sort of respect that the soviet union did. while that scares russia's opponents, hooton's plan scares them. you know, i think the concern is that president putin's public lamentations and private lamentations about the demise of the soviet union have gotten on noisier and stronger over the years. so the concern is that he's actually as a leg

what if they started criticizing current soviet leaders? and sure enough, sakharov's movement did quickly become a threat to the current soviet leadership. when sakharov died less than a year after that first meeting of memorial, his funeral became a political rally and memorial, the organization he founded, lived on, investigating and documenting the horrors of soviet rule. memorial went on to create a complete list of all the soviet gulag camps, making an online interactive map of them. it created a searchable list of more than 3 million victims of stalinism or their families. as the journalist ann apple baum wrote earlier this month, memorial was investigating stalinism in the past precisely because they wanted to block the return of stalinism in the present. toward that end, memorial helped create public monuments to stalin's crime. they also began investigating modern russian human rights violations in the present, not dramatically in moscow's campaign against rebels in chechnya. it's a mission that has not mixed well with the increasi

some soviet politicians, the saw, the fall of the u. s. s. are inevitable. several years before it even happened. one of them was a g. i'm a lot of in the mid 1080, she became a member of the supreme soviet and work to keep the u. s. s. all together as a staunch socialist or she was also an outspoken critic. all but then president mikhail gorbachev. seeing his actions as the course. so the unions collapse. and now in her late sixty's, i'm a lot of a, it's still active and political life serving as chair of rushers, peace and unity party. and i'll be correspondent donald quarter, got a chance to go to the time. and the doff by some serious back then in the huge soviet union of any person created work to leave and believed that tomorrow would be better. and in fact, it was him to day, we see what a beautiful planet we had a long as we looked abroad. and it seemed that all the democracy, all the beauty was there and we wanted to be like them is. although our culture's music and morality, which was in love with union, wasn't in any other country.

ready countries over the soviet unit itself, it was also the way in which the soviet union was able to interact with the rest of the world. and overall, it's present was i would say very positive. and since then, the lack of having the soviet union that has made the world a much more dangerous place and a place much more dominated by big capital in a way that has been disastrous for the climate and disastrous for a majority of the wells population. that is all for the thought, and it is a good buy for me for today. daniel hawkins is taking over the top pop by band, i guess in ah ah, one of the major fight america with president bush junior, was in 2008, the so called newcrest company. and that state the united states actually wanted for georgia and ukraine to get them a nato membership to start the so called membership action class. and it was germany that stop that and then said, no, no, we don't want to do that because these countries will not add to the stability nato, which is one of the react with in the they to a treaty, a very kaiser, a christmas. now a santa claus, and rudolph