and mark lawrence, director of the lbj library. and david ferrero, the archivist of the united date -- archivist of the united states. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2022] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> this pe -- the speaker mentioned david who is the outgoing archivist of the ni states, who served routine honorable years in the position. we are honored to have him here tonight. [applause] madam speaker, thank you for honoring us with your presence. speaker pelosi: i am honored to be here. i have to tell you one less story. [laughter] my father served with lbj in congress, the house. my father served in the kennedy and johnson administrations. my brother, he was the mayor of baltimore, too, a couple times after my father, but when he was president of the city council in baltimore, it was the year that lbj was running for reelection, the 1964 election. and my brother was invited with the govern

on behalf of the lbj foundation and the lbj library, it's my pleasure to welcome you here tonight for an evening with. tonight we are really lucky to have with us carol leonnig. and the founder of the texas tribune is going to be interviewing her tonight about this. what we know is that lady bird and lyndon johnson had the highest possible esteem for the secret service. dwight eisenhower called them soldiers without a uniform and yet, over the last couple of decades, the reputation of the secret service has taken a beating. i'm hoping that evan and carol can get down to what happened to the service and what can be done to fix it. so now, please join me in welcoming, carol leonnig and evan smith. >> carol, good to be with you and congratulations on the book. >> thank you, i'm so glad to be with us evan. >> thank you, it's my pleasure. look, the book is great. not only a great read, but i learned a lot. honestly i'm embarrassed as a political history buff i should have known more. let me off the hook, how much did you know before researching the book? >> i looked at something in 2012, a

on behalf of the lbj foundation and lbj library is my pleasure to welcome you here tonight for an evening left. tonight we are lucky to have with us carol winick. miss winick has a book about the secret service and our good friend edmund smith ceo and founder of the texas tribune is goingto be interviewing her . what we know is that lady bird and lyndon johnson the highest possible steam for the secret service. dwight eisenhower call it soldiers without a uniform and yet over the last couple of decades, the reputation of the secret service has taken a beating. i'm hoping they can get down to what's happened with the service and what can be done to fix it. so now please join me in welcoming carol lynn egg and adam smith. >> good to be with you, congratulationson the book . >> i'm so glad to be here with you evan. >> it's my pleasure and the book is great. utif not only a great read but i learned a lot . honestly i'm embarrassed raas a political junkie and a history buff. i feel like i should have known more ofthis than i did. let me off hathe hook , how much did you know before research ?

lbj had very deep cushions on the couch so the person would sink and lbj would loom. he was in the rocking tourney leans over too george wallace and wallace is i can't control voting boards. johnson says wonderfully, don't ship me george wallace. and then he says george this is not about 1968. it's not about 1988 it is about history. and when you die, do you want a pine scratch stony grave that says george wallace he hated or do you want a beautiful elegant granite monument thatt says george wallace he built. and that is the fundamental question it seems to me of citizenship, do you d want to he or do you want to build? and one of the things eddie and i debate off-line a good bit is the extent to which, i am a right by way in this debate just so you know the extent to which progress is a common measured nba, celebrated. and so talk a little bit about that. >> one of the things i insist on in our conversation is that while black america's liberating between whether it's going to hate or build, we have to raise our babies. while you are trying to decide what kind of hum

in march of 1968 as a vietnam war raged on, lbj announced that he would not seek reelection. that ear, lady bird opened up the white house as had her predecessor jacqueline kennedy, to the american public via television cameras. this was recorded by the white house naval photographic center. >> many years ago, when i was the wife of a brand new texas congressman, i snapped photographs outside these aren't gates. i never imagined that one day i would live on the other side of that fence. like many tourists, i had a distinct feeling that this house belonged, in part, to me. i think that's the feeling that everyone who visits here shutters. just like the thousands who come here each year. i was impressed by the majesty of the great state rooms on the first floor. i was proud of the stream of history that ran through each of them. what the passerby does not always realize is that there are two sides to the white house. the official side that remains in the public eye, and the private side that the public rarely sees. the living quarters for the president and his family. this is o

and a vice chair of the lbj foundation and on behalf of the foundation and lbj library my pleasure to welcome you here tonight. tonight we are really lucky to have with us writing a book about the secret service and our good friend ceo and founder of the texas tribune will be interviewing her tonight about this. what we know is lady bird and lyndon johnson has the highest possible steam for the secret service and doing eisenhower called them soldiers without uniform and without the last couple of decades reputation the secret service has taken a beating i'm hoping that wei' can get down to what has happened with the service and what can be done to fix it. so now please join me in welcoming carol and evans. >> good to be with you congratulations on the book. >> thank you i'm so glad to be here with you. >> the book is great not only a great read that i learned a lot. honestly i and embarrassed i feel like i should have known more of this than i did. let me off the hook. how much of this did you know quick. >> i have i to say i really got into this by accident in 2012 i was terrible sca

you know, lbj had very deep cushions on the couch so the person would sink and lbj would loom. and wallace says i can't control voting boards. >> and he says don't sh-- me, george wallace. this is not about-- this is about history. do you want a stone that says george wallace, he hated. or do you want a beautiful granite monument that said george wallace, he built. that's the fundamental question, it seems to me of citizenship, do you want to hate or do you want to build? and one of the things that eddie and i debate off line a good bit is the extent to which, and i'm right, by the way, in this debate, just so you know -- the extent to which progress is, a, measured and b, celebrated. and so talk a little about that. >> one of the things that i insist on in our conversations is that while white america is deliberating between whether or not it's going to hate or build, we have to raise our babies. while you're trying to decide what kind of human being you're going to be, whether or not you're going to be monsters, we have to protect ourselves. we have to figure out how to raise

it's lbj. giving the great richard goodwin speech, there are moments in the life of a nation where history is made and forms a turning point in man's unending search for freedom x. so it was at appomattox, so it was last week at selma and we shall overcome. then the voting rights act is signed and everything's fine. right? what's. so one of the ways i teach this is johnson speech was on march 15. buddy sunday was march 7. eight days is a long time so what happened in those hteight days? a lot of the politics that baldwin captures that eddie's talking about but also lyndon johnson asserting control over the entire situation. so two things happen, one thing is he forces chang to go to judge frank johnson and follow the court orders about the nature of the march and in what i think is one of the most important moments in modern american history because the lesson of it i think lives on, he summons george wallace to the oval office. lbj had very deep christian thoughts so the person would think and

it's lbj. right giving the great richard goodwin speech that moment, you know, there are moments in the life of a nation where history and fade intersect to form a turning point. man's unending search for freedom. so it was at lexington concord. so it was an appomattox. so it was last week. it's so mile, alabama. shall overcome and then the voting rights act assigned and then everything's fine. right whoops so one of the ways i teach this is johnson's speech was on march 15th. bloody sunday was march 7th. eight days is a long time. so what happened in those eight days? a lot of the politics that baldwin captured that he's talking about. but also linda johnson asserted control over the entire situation. so two things happen one. is he forces king? to go to judge frank johnson and follow the court orders about the nature of the march. and in what i think is one of the most important moments in modern american history because the lesson of it i think lives on he summons george wallace. to the oval

on behalf of the lbj foundation and the lbj library, it's my pleasure to welcome you here tonight for an evening with. tonight we are really lucky to have with us carol leonnig. and the founder of the texas tribune is going to be interviewing her tonight about this. what we know is that lady bird and lyndon johnson had the highest possible esteem for the secret

. ♪ >> i am the vice chairman of the lbj library and foundation, and i want to welcome each and every one of you here. i can think of no more appropriate program for us to have in person for the first program in two

achieving her book on lbj? >> i think she had. >> what year end harvard. >> graduated in 75. i went in the fall 71, they succeeded following the disturbances of the late 60s. >> if you go back to the high school years did you move around in massachusetts? >> we were in one place and that gave me an opportunity to dig below the surface of the history and the town of which i grow up in. >> what was your high school i do you have any memories of the impact that that may have had a new pre-did anybody care the way you are interested in history? >> to be perfectly honest i was probably seen as a strange dock. >> really. >> unconventional. >> why did you do anything else in high school besides this kind of stuff? >> i remember doing plays. >> interested in the theater acting. >> musicals especially which is obviously a preview of coming on. >> 70 years ago in the factory i'm ashamed to say i didn't go and i shouldn't say, i did not know what to say to those people when i was in the same room with them but i could pos

achieving her book on lbj? >> i think she had. >> what year end harvard. >> graduated in 75. i went in the fall 71, they succeeded following the disturbances of the late 60s. >> if you go back to the high school years did you move around in massachusetts? >> we were in one place and that gave me an opportunity to dig below the surface of the history and the town of which i grow up in. >> what was your high school i do you have any memories of the impact that that may have had a new pre-did anybody care the way you are interested in history? >> to be perfectly honest i was probably seen as a strange test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. test. in high school besides this kind of stuff? >> i remember doing plays. >> interested in the theater acting. >> musicals especially which is obviously a preview of coming on. >> 70 years ago in the factory i'm ashamed to say i didn't go and i shouldn't say, i did not know what to say to those people when i

combs terminate long line of baptist minister she calls herself a civil rights baby born in 64 the year lbj signed the civil rights act. ricky jones is also from chicago. for civil rights for nearly 60 years since she was a teenager. well, late last month reverend and ms. jones with four other people drove 11 hours from chicago to attend in our of judge jackson's hearing. reverend said she was moved by the judges courage, grace, integrity and wisdom. she imagined what it will be like years from now to tell her future grandchildren what it was like to be inat that room for tt historic moment. and ricky jones said she never even expected to hear about a blackom woman being nominated to the supreme court let alone to be in the room for her hearing. she said it, she watches judge jackson flicked the fulfillment of everything i've worked for my whole life. she thought of all the strong black women who came before her that help make the movement possible. harriet tubman, ida b wells and my personalri late friend the reverend willie barrow a black woman minister from chicago who worked alongside d

on behalf of the lbj foundation and lbj library is my pleasure to welcome you here tonight for an evening left. tonight we are lucky to have with us

the first to be broken into since dallas and then march is 65 and then it's lbj given the great speech the life of the nation so it was last weekend selma alabama. and then it signed and everything is fine. right. [laughter] >> someone of thens ways that i teach this is johnson speech plenty sunday but that was a lot but also lyndon johnson asserted control over the entire situation forces him to go to johnson one of the most important moments of modern american history and then to summon george wallace so the person would sink he leans over george wallace but then he says don't ship me this is not about 1968 or 88 but it's about history. when you die if you want a stony grave that says george wallace are a beautiful monument? and that is the mental question. do you want to hate or do you want to build? in the extent to which it is measured and celebrated so talk about that. >> one of the things i insist on in our conversation whether or not it will hate or build if you try to decide what type of human being he will be. and that fundamentally t despises them so whether a lot we allow h

was very kind in her grading and she said this is clearly your year. >> had she written her book on lbj? >> i think she had or maybe was in the process. >> what year are you in harvard? >> graduate in '75, so i went in the fall of '71, same year as derek bach, the new president who succeeded nathan busey following the disturbances of the late '60s. >> if you go back to the high school years, did you move around up there in massachusetts? >> no, that's i think that contributes -- we were in one place and that gave me an opportunity to really kind of dig below the surface, examining the history of the town in which i grew up. >> what was your high school like and do you have any memories of the impact that might have had on you? did anybody care you were a centrist in interested in history? >> to be honest i think i was probably seen as a sort of strange duck.>> to be honest i probably seen as a sort of strange duck. >> really? >> [ laughs ] unconventional. >> why? did you do anything else in high school besides this kind of stuff? >> i remember doing plays. >> acting? >> interest in the

was the first in person event at the library since the pandemic. ♪ >> i am the vice chairman of the lbj library and foundation, and i want to welcome each and every one of you here. i can think of no more appropriate program for us to have in person for the first program in two years at this auditorium. presen

. >> lbj had the big majorities but he had to break a filibuster for voting rights? >> both of them actually. hubert humphrey actually who was in the senate in '64 and then was vice president by '65 instrumental, too. >> i'm glad you brought up hubert humphrey. >> very few people do. >> good man. >> hubert. >> so the two huge convulsions or fissures the democratic party split before the civil war. they ran two candidates in that presidential contest 1860. there were four candidates, a constitutional union party in the south. >> the former wigs. >> yes, the former wigs, with lincoln who wasn't -- that was a rigged election. lincoln was not on the ballot. the 1948 dixie-crat election. they walk out or they form their own -- i guess there was a walkout in the '60s. in '48 they formed their own convention with strom thurmond. you can find this speech on youtube, this screeching white supremacist oration. i mentioned hubert humphrey in '48, paraphrasing, to walk out of the shadow of states' rights and into the sun light of human rights. what a moment. >> and that's why th

they vote for nixon in 68 and 72, and then reagan and then both pushes lbj had those big majorities but he had to break a break a filibuster, 20, for some rights, in 1860 90, 65. >> both of them. hubert humphrey, actually, who was in the senate in 64 [inaudible] president by 65 was instrumental in doing it too. >> i'm glad you brought up hubert humphrey. >> very few people there. >> yeah! good man he. >> was good, hubert. interracial mp. >> at the -- so the two huge convulsions or fishers the democratic party split before the civil war, they actually run two candidates in that presidential called test. >> 1860. >> 1860, there were four candidates. there was a constitutional union party in the south. >> your former whigs jaw, former leagues. >> that was a rigged election, think it was not on that. and then of course the eighth 1940 dixiecrat convection. we're not talking about the 60s yet, the dixiecrats walked out, they form their, on i guess there was a walkout in the 60s. in 48, they form their own convection with. you can find the speech on youtube to, he gives the screeching oration

lbj and his big majorities fdr. i don't know if fdr had to overcome any filibusters. i don't know if the filibuster was used all that often in the 1930s, but when you look at the senate majorities during the new deal years and you wondering how did fdr get this program through 65 70 sometimes 75 democratic senators now some of those new deal programs had to be amended unfortunately to to get them past black people were excluded from some of them not specifically but yeah, it's right it was but it was a domestic workers. yes. i'm culture workers. that's right who are most of the both from the wagner act the national labor relations act, which held the government helped recognize unions when workers wanted it and the social security too everybody except those people. yeah. that's right. would you say the new deal is really the the greatest moment in the democratic party probably because it's the moment when democratic party is more powerful is really the majority party and nobody really doubts it and also is able to get in the major bills to create kind of limited but r

i'm not as an lbj or of course roosevelt who said the elections about moi, you know. coolidge wanted to receive to in order to make the office more respectful. we live in a republic of laws. not men. and that that was a tough decision not to run because the party didn't exactly thank him for it when a candidate is very popular. he has big coattails. well coolidge did it. anyhow, there were other factors including illness his wife and so on but the main factor was he wanted to make like george washington rather than make like theodore roosevelt who said he wouldn't run again and then did and also made life very difficult for the republican party by splitting it when he chose to run again. so coolidge really feared vanity and he thought vanity in the office was was a problem and he left office quite popular and i'll just stop there and say one last thing about coolidge which is he made the presidency small. it was a meticulous constitutionalist. he also made it. greater and he one of the scenes that most touches me were making a movie right now about coolidge is when he

>> the great society program but theho whole project of the civil rights revolution which i credit lbj for responding to the social movement and signing the civil rights act to 64 voting rights of 65. reforming integration to no longer discriminate against people from asia and then to naturalize and move here. the fair housing act. that was a social revolution in one generation we went from a country where two thirds maybe three quarters of black people live below the poverty line the poverty rate was 72 percent. these programs and policies sand celebrate on —- so the rights o enforcement open an opportunity and the majority who are not poor. three quarters are not. and then to bring black people out of the cast system and into citizenship but i view that as positive do i commiserate with thomas soul. now that i have been on panels with black conservatives. i'm not averse to that them open to ideas. i self identify as a progressive i believe in equality and civil rights enforcement i will keep advocating for it. host: calling in from pennsylvania you are on. >>caller: hello. the shea

. ♪ >> i am the vice chairman of the lbj library and foundation, and i want to welcome each and every

experiences and covered world war ii so when he went to vietnam and reported he didn't think we could win and lbj had lost walter cronkite, people respected him because he had -- he h never made himself a story although he came out and gave an opinion, the opinions are not unheard of in the news. you need to respect the person who's doing it. walter cronkite had the respect because people knew he had the gravitas. that is the difference, the gravitas -- >> to respect that a little bit more. >> how can you bring the fairness doctrine back. >> you need a threat. the quick answer there, there have to be consequences made for that. >> innt what ways does the government limited to press access? >> that's quite easy. there is a number of ways, there's limited access but not filling outat the freedom of information request and they don't give you the information. they charge you, they make the cost prohibitive. we've got to have somebody doing the job so ten copies, small newspapers can't afford that. information needs to be made available. i'm not going to answer that question. i'm going to call on bil

for the fdr-lbj agenda but with microscopic majority and having won the presidency for, what, by 132,000 votes in four states. they kind of overextended. host: let's let our viewers take part in this conversation. let's start with well, who is calling from portland, maine on the democrat line. will, good morning. caller: good morning. hi, charlie. you talked about federal races, but i'm wondering what you are see going on with governor races. are they going to be insulated from the biden negativity, and what impact will be is governors races have as far as being a firewall for the democrats in the presidential race next time? guest: that is a great question. i flew out of the portland airport yesterday. it used to be the state elections -- governors, state-led legislature, attorney general of the state, that they were pretty insulated from whatever was going on nationally and federally. but we are increasingly becoming more and more parliamentary, where people are just voting straight ticket, and they are either voting or they are not voting, voting straight ticket, so that now -- now th

if you have 282 members in the house, not 222 h hit's an fdr lbj agenda with microscopic majorities and having won the presidency 132,000 votes in or states. so they kind of got overextended. >> let's let some of our viewers take part. we'llstart with will was calling from portland me . on the democrat line. will, good morning. >> hi charlie. you've talked about federal races but i'm wondering what you see going on in governors races b. are they going to be insulated from the biden negativity and what impact will these governorsraces as far as being a firewall for the democrats inthe presidential race ? >> that's a great question . it used to be that state elections, governor state led legislature , attorney general, they were pretty insulated from whatever was going on nationally and federally but we are increasingly becoming more and more parliamentary where people are just voting straight tickets or there either voting or not voting or voting straight tickets so that now there is a very strong correlation between what's going on nationally and what happens in governors races. wso in

lbj said, i am way ahead in the poll, no reason to debate. george wallace, in the race. nixon did not want to have him on any debate stage. you saw george mcgovern. we had three straight elections where there were no presidential debates. what changed everything, it was 1976. gerald ford was the un-elected president. appointed vice president. succeeded to the presidency when nixon resigned. he was behind in the polls, jimmy carter, one-term governor of georgia, they both saw an incentive. in 1976, carter and ford saw an incentive to debate. the debates were back on. they turned to the league of women voters who sponsored the 1976 debate. it continued in 1980. at the last minute, carter and regan debated. the famous line, there you go again. won the election. in 1984, the pattern was established, that is when the next big change happened. the two major parties look at this why are we letting the league of women voters set this up? why don't we do it ourselves? it was set up by the two major party, there have been debates in every cycle. it has been bumpy. in 1992, bush se

in incomparable grace lbj foundation president and ceo mark updegrove offers a reassessment of john f. kennedy's presidency with a focus on how jfk grew in office as he confronted domestic and foreign challenges. and ari rabenhoft former aid and deputy campaign manager of senator bernie sanders 2020 presidential campaign remembers his time working with the senator in the fighting soul also being published this week science writer riley black explores. how the impact of an asteroid seven miles wide brought an end to the cretaceous period 66 million years ago in the last days of the dinosaur. and in victory at sea yale university history professor paul kennedy looks at the naval battles of world war 2. find these titles this coming week wherever books are sold and watch for many of the authors to appear in the near future on book tv. while joining us now is carol anderson. she's a professor at emory

something that lbj, of all people, predicted at the time he signed the bill. it's funny. i don't know when people form their political views. i think lots of people, at least initially, inherit them from their parents in much the same way that i think lots of people inherit the religious affiliations. it's the business of living to determine whether, in fact, after much experience and reflection those other values that you want to espouse, or that is the creed you want to pray to. >> so in this november 2017, where do you live? >> grand rapids, michigan. >> what are you doing? >> in the tallest building in town, the tallest building between chicago and detroit, a building overlooking the great site of gerald and betty ford and from which i see the great site as i sit at my desk writing a biography on president ford, which by the nature of things is ford's story, a book i've been working on in earnest now for three years. although before that, actually it took about two years to interview about 160 ford associates. so one reason why the book will take less time than the ro

it's a facility you see behind me where folks are rallying, lbj-5. an amazon facility hoping to add itself to the amazon labor union which was founded earlier this month at a nearby amazon facility here. alu's organizing it. they have been sparked by tensions between the company and amazon workers. many of those advocates for the workers have alleged or at least insisted the company has gone with profits over people over their employees. and it's a call for improvement in wages and improvement in working conditions and benefits as well. it's really gained national attention even in washington d.c. as well. in fact, earlier today bernie sanders was among some of those speakers with some of the employees here. you'll hear from the vermont senator in a few moments. but you're also going to hear from a former employee who now serves as the president of the alu, and he really sees the formation of that union earlier this much as the first of the 27-year history of the tech giant will be a catalyst and will be really just another domino to fall. i want you

something that lbj and of all people predicted at the time. he signed the bill. so, i mean that it's funny. i don't know when people form. are political views i think lots of people? at least initially inherit them from their parents. in much of the same way that i think lots of people inherit the religious affiliations. and it's the business of living. to determine whether in fact you know. after much experience and reflection. those are the values that you want to espouse or that is the the creed that you want to pray to. so in this november 2017, where do you live? i mean, grand rapids, michigan. and what are you doing? in the tallest building in town the tallest building between chicago detroit a building overlooking the grave site gerald and betty ford. and from which i see their grave site as i sit at my desk. writing a biography of president ford which by their nature of things is also mrs. ford story. a book i've been working on for in earnest now for three years, although before that actually took about two years to interview about 160. for associates so

we know lbj used the insurrection act to send the national guard. jfk used it to integrate schools. so this is an important act but again the fear is it's not going to be used to facilitate the exercise of rights or to preserve the peace. but rather will be used by again, a rogue president for purposes that are more nefarious. so the question of rewriting this, i think is something that they are definitely considering. but others worry, if you hobbled the president, required that the president consult with congress before deploying the insurrection act. then you're really depriving a president of the authority to respond swiftly and expeditiously to emergency situations. again, that was always the fear with the former president. that he would respond expeditiously and without a lot of consultation. >> melissa murray, always good to see you, thank you. coming up, why florida republicans are now going after disney as they ramp up their culture war. we will ask our political experts wet democrats can do to push back, when the 11th hour continues. >> we are in a culture war. this has be

covered worldte war ii so when he went to vietnam and he reported he did not think that wean can win, lbj said i have lost middle america if i have lost walter cronkite and people respected him because he never made himself a story, although he came out to give an opinion and opinions are not unheard of news there's nothing wrong with them and you need to respect the person is doing and walter cronkite had the gravitas of that is the difference, we needed that and our institution need to respect that mark. >> all right, all good and moving on here. >> maccabees that the question. >> which one are you seeing. >> fairness without losing your sec lesson. >> you needed to threatened them and a quick answer there, there has to be consequences for that. >> okay. >> here is one from anonymous, in what ways has a government limit the press access. >> will that is what you see, there's another way in which access, personal limited access to information by not filling out freedom of information request had no give you the information pretty but i was at a federal level and state and local levels, a

we know lbj used the insurrection act to send the national guard. jfk used it to integrate schools. so this is an important act but again the fear is it's not going to be used to facilitate the exercise of rights or to preserve the peace. but rather will be used by again, a rogue president for purposes that are more nefarious. so the question of rewriting this, i think is something that they are definitely considering. but others worry, if you hobbled the president, required that the president consult with congress before deploying the insurrection act. then you're really depriving a president of the authority to respond swiftly and expeditiously to emergency situations. again, that was always the fear with the former president. that he would respond expeditiously and without a lot of consultation. >> melissa murray, always good to see you, thank you. coming up, why florida republicans are now going after disney as they ramp up their culture war. we will ask our political experts wet democrats can do to push back, when the 11th hour continues. continues. over 7 million kids develop

article, what the first federal judge in the history of the nation had to go through, appointed by lbj when he was president, i wanted to think about shirley, when she ran for the presidency in 1972, and couldn't get the support of black plen or white women. and -- black men or white women. and i wanted to rejoice, as wendy said, we know that there's so many black women who support black women, so as i mentioned in the piece, seeing lisa fair fax stand there and defend but also contextualize her good friend, i wanted to rejoice in the fact that yes, this is an historic moment, for our very young nation, but over two centuries, and then honestly, you know, really thinking about her parents, and our parents, who got to witness this, and thinking about the sacrifices that many of our grandparents never got to witness, and knowing all of the hard work that not just judge jackson went through, but all of us collectively as black women, she serves as a symbol of the hard work that all of us have gone through to get to these upper echelons and what we still have to do to prove that we deserve