WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:07.200 The Nova you're about to see is a special program by producer reporter Peter Williams on the first American test tube, baby 00:08.240 --> 00:14.040 His responsible reporting on the early developments of this medical breakthrough in Britain gave him and Nova 00:14.320 --> 00:17.180 exclusive access to record the American story 00:18.580 --> 00:21.920 Much of this film was made before the birth of baby Elizabeth 00:21.920 --> 00:29.640 You may have seen news stories about the birth but Nova now brings you the full story of test tube baby Elizabeth Jordan Carr 00:29.640 --> 00:31.640 Judy is 28 years old 00:32.280 --> 00:36.080 She's been married nine years nine childless years 00:36.840 --> 00:38.840 But at last she's pregnant 00:39.600 --> 00:41.600 She's got a baby 00:41.840 --> 00:43.840 And she's got a baby 00:44.200 --> 00:46.200 She's got a baby 00:46.880 --> 00:48.880 She's got a baby 00:49.600 --> 00:51.600 She's got a baby 00:51.800 --> 00:53.800 She's got a baby 00:54.000 --> 00:56.000 She's got a baby 00:56.360 --> 00:58.360 She's got a baby 00:58.360 --> 01:05.120 And at last she's pregnant and today at the Eastern Virginia Medical Center using a technique called ultrasound 01:05.360 --> 01:09.720 she sees on the monitor the baby she's been carrying for seven months and 01:10.280 --> 01:17.760 This is a remarkable baby the first baby to be conceived in America outside the mother's body by a process called 01:18.280 --> 01:20.280 in vitro fertilization 01:20.320 --> 01:22.320 See the heart beating 01:22.320 --> 01:24.320 Right here 01:27.280 --> 01:31.880 Can you tell you what what sex it's gonna be is it still too early right now 01:32.880 --> 01:34.720 Always still too early 01:34.720 --> 01:38.480 America's first test tube baby. That's the description 01:38.480 --> 01:44.720 This child has been given ever since the news of the pregnancy was released. It's not a description that pleases the mother 01:44.720 --> 01:50.280 I am very uncomfortable with the term test tube, but it's an inappropriate term and 01:50.280 --> 01:56.080 It conjures up all sorts of horrible images. I think of George Orwell's 1984 and 01:56.880 --> 02:02.840 The alpha and the beta and that in the test tube thing and the fact that a test tube is not used is 02:03.360 --> 02:09.760 Is what's even more disconcerting it it bothers me because I think it's a negative term 02:09.760 --> 02:14.280 And I'm sorry that that seems to be the term that is has captured everyone 02:15.200 --> 02:18.320 And I it is in vitro fertilization 02:18.320 --> 02:24.840 It's the fertilization of the husband's sperm and the wife's eggs in a petri dish 02:24.840 --> 02:28.880 in vitro fertilization literally in glass 02:29.440 --> 02:35.200 The glass is the dish in which her husband's sperm was introduced to the egg taken from Judy's body 02:37.200 --> 02:43.120 In 1978 in Britain Louise Brown became the world's first so-called test tube baby 02:43.600 --> 02:46.080 She was the culmination of ten years of research 02:46.080 --> 02:50.280 Some had said that in vitro fertilization might cause abnormalities 02:50.280 --> 02:53.000 But Louise was born normal and healthy 02:53.000 --> 03:00.480 Since then in Britain and Australia more than 20 similar babies have been born and today perhaps a hundred more women are expecting 03:00.800 --> 03:02.800 test tube babies around the world 03:05.800 --> 03:13.400 When Judy and Roger Carr married in Maine in 1973 they never dreamed that this could have any significance in their lives 03:13.400 --> 03:19.800 Roger is a mechanical engineer, Judy a teacher. She was still studying. Did they want a family at once? 03:19.800 --> 03:25.000 No, I had to finish my education first and I had about two more years to go 03:25.800 --> 03:30.440 So that's what we did and as soon as that was over with that's when we started 03:30.440 --> 03:36.040 Normally a woman becomes pregnant when once a month an egg is released into her fallopian tube 03:36.040 --> 03:39.320 The egg is in a follicle that's produced from the ovary 03:39.320 --> 03:44.040 After intercourse the husband's sperm fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tube 03:45.000 --> 03:48.760 This is a fertilized human egg that's been penetrated by the sperm 03:49.560 --> 03:52.840 Once fertilized the egg travels down the fallopian tube 03:53.560 --> 03:59.640 Attaches itself to the wall of the womb or the uterus and grows into a baby 04:02.440 --> 04:05.240 But for the Carrs there were problems from the start 04:05.240 --> 04:08.520 Judy quickly became pregnant but it nearly killed her 04:08.520 --> 04:12.760 I went to the bed to try and get her up and she was just as white as a sheet 04:12.760 --> 04:17.960 I mean just completely no color at all and her eyes rolled back into her head 04:17.960 --> 04:23.800 She started struggling for her breasts and you know just scared me to death 04:23.800 --> 04:28.440 So I immediately called the doctor said we're gonna bring her into the hospital 04:28.440 --> 04:31.000 How bad it was we didn't find out until afterwards 04:31.000 --> 04:37.000 If it had been like 10 more minutes she would have had lost so much blood that she probably wouldn't have made it 04:37.800 --> 04:45.400 Back in my room I knew that I had had surgery and the original doctor came into the room 04:46.040 --> 04:50.680 And he said well I have good news and bad news and Roger was sitting there with me 04:50.680 --> 04:53.640 And he said the good news is you're alive 04:54.520 --> 04:57.240 And I knew that he was going to be fine 04:57.240 --> 05:03.640 The good news is you're alive and I know this you know I'm aware of this fact 05:03.640 --> 05:08.200 And the second thing is he said the bad news is you'll probably never have children 05:08.200 --> 05:13.720 The pregnancy had lodged in the fallopian tube and not the womb an ectopic pregnancy 05:14.360 --> 05:18.680 Judy experienced two more similar pregnancies in the first five years of marriage 05:19.560 --> 05:23.480 After the third operation in four years she woke up in hospital 05:23.480 --> 05:27.160 Both her tubes had been removed her chance of having a baby normally 05:27.160 --> 05:33.800 Had gone really nothing had to be said I it had been said and and we knew what we were facing 05:35.640 --> 05:43.240 About two days later he came into Dr. Sussman came into my room at the hospital alone it was at night 05:44.280 --> 05:51.000 And spent some time with me and we had a conversation on well what was I going to do now 05:51.000 --> 06:01.000 And had my husband and I talked about would we ever have children how you know were we happy without having children 06:01.000 --> 06:11.000 And I think my you know I said well you know we're happy but I don't want to be 40 years old and say oh I wish we had done something 06:11.000 --> 06:21.000 And it's at that point that he he brought up the topic of either adoption or in vitro fertilization 06:25.000 --> 06:29.000 That Judy is pregnant at all is due to Howard and Georgiana Jones 06:29.000 --> 06:35.000 They're a husband and wife team he's the gynecologist she's the endocrinologist 06:35.000 --> 06:43.000 For 35 years at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore the Joneses built a reputation for their work on human infertility 06:43.000 --> 06:49.000 Then they decided to opt for what they thought would be a more relaxed life in semi-retirement in Norfolk Virginia 06:49.000 --> 06:53.000 Even though some of the problems were still unsolved 06:53.000 --> 07:03.000 We had sort of resigned ourselves to accepting that the patient who had no tubes would probably be 07:03.000 --> 07:11.000 Sterile that we couldn't transplant ovaries and therefore the patient who had no ovaries would be sterile 07:11.000 --> 07:19.000 And we just put that 15 percent aside and said we'd continue to work on the others and then we came to Norfolk 07:19.000 --> 07:23.000 And that happened to be the birthday of Louise Brown 07:23.000 --> 07:31.000 The story captured the world's headlines and the Joneses had a link with the British team of Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards 07:31.000 --> 07:36.000 Edwards had worked with them at Baltimore a Norfolk reporter wanted to talk about it 07:36.000 --> 07:44.000 She came to our home as the man was moving in the boxes and the furniture and we had an interview sitting on the boxes 07:44.000 --> 07:55.000 And as she finished the interview she asked us well could this be done in Norfolk and we thought it was almost a joke and we said why certainly 07:55.000 --> 08:00.000 And she said what would it take and we said a little money 08:00.000 --> 08:02.000 What happened? 08:02.000 --> 08:04.000 The most extraordinary thing 08:04.000 --> 08:12.000 Georgiana had had a patient from Norfolk who had come to Baltimore with infertility 08:12.000 --> 08:20.000 She was fortunate to have a child subsequent to that and she called up Georgiana 08:20.000 --> 08:30.000 She said Dr. Jones I understand that Dr. Howard says that it will only take a little bit of money to bring a test tube baby clinic to Norfolk 08:30.000 --> 08:37.000 And my family has a foundation which we would love to donate 08:37.000 --> 08:40.000 So couples began to come forward 08:40.000 --> 08:44.000 Bob and Sarah Smith volunteered for the experimental program 08:44.000 --> 08:48.000 They're school teachers who'd been married five years 08:48.000 --> 08:53.000 They lived by the seashore near Norfolk 08:53.000 --> 08:56.000 The Smiths have a team approach 08:56.000 --> 09:01.000 You cannot talk about Mrs. Smith without Mr. Smith 09:01.000 --> 09:10.000 They were both very much interested in the whole scientific part of the procedure 09:10.000 --> 09:14.000 We were the very first couple and everybody was so nervous 09:14.000 --> 09:18.000 The doctors were nervous, the hospital was nervous 09:18.000 --> 09:23.000 If anybody had gotten pregnant that first time around it really would have been something else 09:23.000 --> 09:28.000 But controversy threatened the work from the start 09:28.000 --> 09:32.000 The future of the proposed Norfolk test tube baby clinic remains uncertain 09:32.000 --> 09:43.000 300 people jammed a public hearing in Norfolk this afternoon to debate the pros and cons of building this country's first test tube baby laboratory at Norfolk General Hospital 09:43.000 --> 09:50.000 Representatives of both sides of the controversy marshaled their forces to convince the agency to vote in their favour 09:50.000 --> 09:52.000 This afternoon hundreds of people... 09:52.000 --> 09:56.000 A routine hearing to seek state approval turned into an arena 09:56.000 --> 10:03.000 The Joneses were accused of tampering with nature, experimenting with human embryos and putting babies at risk 10:03.000 --> 10:09.000 If there are, as Dr. Jones avers, quotes, no substantial risks in the program in England 10:09.000 --> 10:14.000 Why then did Dr. Steptoe have an agreement with Mrs. Brown to terminate? 10:14.000 --> 10:21.000 We had 10 patients at the time who were going through their preliminary monitoring 10:21.000 --> 10:25.000 And many of them wished to testify 10:25.000 --> 10:29.000 And that to me was a very traumatic thing 10:29.000 --> 10:34.000 Because these people were not used to speaking in public 10:34.000 --> 10:37.000 And they were in effect burying their souls 10:37.000 --> 10:41.000 I'll be pregnant, not different 10:41.000 --> 10:45.000 I have no fear that my child will be a freak 10:45.000 --> 10:50.000 Nor that I'm tampering with God's work in achieving pregnancy in this manner 10:50.000 --> 10:55.000 Somebody said in the background, oh these poor people need Jesus, that's all they need is Jesus 10:55.000 --> 10:59.000 And I already had Jesus so I didn't understand that point at all 10:59.000 --> 11:04.000 I was used to a, maybe a cloistered scientific atmosphere 11:04.000 --> 11:08.000 I really had never been called a liar in public 11:08.000 --> 11:15.000 The ramifications of in vitro research are almost incomprehensible 11:15.000 --> 11:24.000 To illustrate, in vitro research will not necessarily unite a wife's ovum with her husband's sperm 11:24.000 --> 11:28.000 There is always the grave possibility of in vitro incest 11:28.000 --> 11:31.000 Did you recognize yourself in the descriptions that were being? 11:31.000 --> 11:33.000 Not very well, no 11:33.000 --> 11:35.000 We did not 11:35.000 --> 11:39.000 Bob and I are both active in civic organizations 11:39.000 --> 11:44.000 And we've been to city council many times and state hearings for different issues 11:44.000 --> 11:47.000 And we could see the politics starting 11:47.000 --> 11:51.000 And it wasn't really the issue, it was well who can get the most votes this way or the other 11:51.000 --> 11:58.000 So there was that problem that I was upset because I had realized it had gone far enough that it could be turned down 11:58.000 --> 12:01.000 Good evening, State Health Commissioner Dr. James Kenley 12:01.000 --> 12:08.000 Today gave his approval for the nation's first test tube baby project at Norfolk's Eastern Virginia Medical School 12:08.000 --> 12:15.000 Four months later then, to the clash of conflicting opinions, the pioneer experimental work began 12:15.000 --> 12:19.000 The Joneses gave themselves three years to assess success or failure 12:19.000 --> 12:26.000 In the light of the public hearing, we found ourselves in an interesting situation, one that I had never been in before 12:26.000 --> 12:31.000 Namely that we had stated to the world what we were going to do 12:31.000 --> 12:41.000 And generally in the pursuit of scientific matters, one works quietly, works hard 12:41.000 --> 12:49.000 But the goals are not generally known, only to one's colleagues with whom one discusses it in a scientific matter 12:49.000 --> 12:53.000 But here we were in a fishbowl, if you will 12:53.000 --> 13:01.000 Everyone knew what we were trying to do and it was an interesting and a curious situation 13:01.000 --> 13:05.000 Did you think that you would achieve a success during that three years? 13:05.000 --> 13:11.000 I scarcely was able to think about it, I wasn't sure 13:11.000 --> 13:15.000 I was quite unsure as a matter of fact 13:15.000 --> 13:19.000 They began by following slavishly the Steptoe-Edwards technique 13:19.000 --> 13:25.000 They used a laparoscope, a medical telescope, through which the surgeon could see into the woman's abdomen 13:25.000 --> 13:33.000 So that we can have a trocar that will have an instrument which will allow us to manipulate some here 13:33.000 --> 13:37.000 They'd inflated the abdomen with carbon dioxide 13:37.000 --> 13:42.000 Let's have the grasping forceps, and we're through 13:42.000 --> 13:47.000 Alright, is the carbon dioxide on? 13:47.000 --> 13:51.000 They video recorded each operation as a matter of routine 13:51.000 --> 13:55.000 We can perhaps put on the camera at this point 14:01.000 --> 14:03.000 Do we have an image on the screen? 14:03.000 --> 14:07.000 Alright, here is the right ovary which is quite available 14:07.000 --> 14:10.000 I have grasped the uterovarian ligament 14:10.000 --> 14:13.000 And there is her follicle, there below 14:13.000 --> 14:16.000 Good pressure down the shaft, Anabelle 14:16.000 --> 14:24.000 They attempted to aspirate the woman's single egg by drawing off through a hollow needle the fluid from the right follicle 14:24.000 --> 14:30.000 Now, hold it so, it looks like a pretty good follicle 14:30.000 --> 14:35.000 You can see the needle, stand by 14:35.000 --> 14:42.000 In, suck, suck, good collapse, good collapse of the follicle 14:42.000 --> 14:46.000 Do you have good negative pressure? 14:46.000 --> 14:50.000 Okay, alright 14:50.000 --> 14:53.000 Yes, I'll back a little bit 14:53.000 --> 14:56.000 We had some collapse though 14:56.000 --> 15:00.000 We're having some leaking around as you can see 15:00.000 --> 15:04.000 Alright, good collapse, that's collapsed 15:04.000 --> 15:09.000 Okay, let's irrigate that and see if they got anything in that 15:09.000 --> 15:12.000 Okay, suck 15:12.000 --> 15:15.000 Yeah, okay 15:15.000 --> 15:17.000 Do you want to take this, Margaret? 15:17.000 --> 15:23.000 For future purposes, that that ovary is maybe available 50% 15:23.000 --> 15:26.000 Somewhere in the fluid, they hoped there was an egg 15:26.000 --> 15:28.000 Here's the tube on top of the ovary 15:28.000 --> 15:34.000 And in the laboratory beside the operating room, they became increasingly expert at finding it 15:34.000 --> 15:40.000 But being governed by the woman's monthly cycle had drawbacks 15:40.000 --> 15:45.000 The doctors had to wait for the patient to produce the egg at any hour of the day or night 15:45.000 --> 15:52.000 More important, after 13 months trying and 19 patients, there were still no pregnancies 15:52.000 --> 15:54.000 Morale in the team was low 15:54.000 --> 16:01.000 Yet that spring, 500 miles away in Boston, as Judy Carr talked things over with her family doctor 16:01.000 --> 16:04.000 She knew nothing about the string of failures 16:04.000 --> 16:07.000 She cared nothing about the moral issues 16:07.000 --> 16:11.000 I had no problems with it morally or any... 16:11.000 --> 16:18.000 I think the discussion came up that there was some hurrah about it and we both chuckled about it 16:18.000 --> 16:19.000 Why? 16:19.000 --> 16:25.000 I think he looked at me and said that's for other people to worry about 16:25.000 --> 16:28.000 And we didn't worry about it 16:28.000 --> 16:30.000 It was not something that was not an issue 16:30.000 --> 16:32.000 I guess it just didn't seem important at the time 16:32.000 --> 16:37.000 The important thing was this was a way for us to have our own baby 16:37.000 --> 16:41.000 That was foremost in our minds, that was number one 16:41.000 --> 16:43.000 That's the only thing we thought about 16:43.000 --> 16:47.000 We looked at it from a very medically, technical standpoint 16:47.000 --> 16:51.000 And the fact that it was my egg and his sperm 16:51.000 --> 16:56.000 And I have no problem with that at all, none whatsoever 16:56.000 --> 16:59.000 And I never asked if they had any success 16:59.000 --> 17:02.000 I was too polite to ask that question 17:02.000 --> 17:05.000 The last ampule that you will see 17:05.000 --> 17:09.000 In January 1981, the Joneses decided to modify the process 17:09.000 --> 17:12.000 They decided to follow what other teams were doing 17:12.000 --> 17:19.000 Giving their patients a fertility drug to stimulate the woman into producing more than one egg a month 17:19.000 --> 17:24.000 At their weekly team meeting, they assessed the Australian success rate 17:24.000 --> 17:27.000 And discussed the implications of what they intended to do 17:27.000 --> 17:30.000 Ed Werther, reproductive biologist 17:30.000 --> 17:33.000 Jairo Garthia, gynecologist 17:33.000 --> 17:35.000 The Joneses, of course 17:35.000 --> 17:38.000 Annabel Acosta, gynecologist 17:38.000 --> 17:41.000 And Cynda Veek, embryologist 17:41.000 --> 17:46.000 Logically, they'd reasoned if they had more than one egg to fertilize and put back into the patient 17:46.000 --> 17:49.000 There must be a better chance of achieving a pregnancy 17:49.000 --> 17:57.000 They were aspirated in one that seemed to be immature 17:57.000 --> 17:59.000 Wait a minute, we've got three all together? 17:59.000 --> 18:02.000 Three eggs all together, that's correct 18:02.000 --> 18:10.000 At 43 hours, two of them had cleaved the contact sheet here, which does have the photographs 18:10.000 --> 18:13.000 Everybody might be interested in seeing those 18:13.000 --> 18:16.000 In the upper left-hand corner we have 18:16.000 --> 18:22.000 At the meeting in April 1981, one of the members of the team had made an interesting forecast 18:22.000 --> 18:30.000 Annabel Acosta, one of our team members, said, well I've been going over the statistics of Australia 18:30.000 --> 18:35.000 And I've looked at the English statistics and I've talked to our statistician 18:35.000 --> 18:42.000 And he tells me that we're going to have a success in the next two cases we do 18:42.000 --> 18:51.000 Of the next two cases in the files, one was Judy Dalton Carr, age 28, of Westminster, Massachusetts 18:51.000 --> 19:00.000 The Jones team had as usual used ultrasound to monitor the growth of the follicle in Judy's ovary 19:00.000 --> 19:03.000 They had photographed that growth 19:03.000 --> 19:06.000 These are those photographs 19:06.000 --> 19:12.000 I think that's for today 19:12.000 --> 19:14.000 Did it look good? 19:14.000 --> 19:16.000 Yes, that's pretty good size 19:16.000 --> 19:19.000 In mid-April, they were ready to try to recover her eggs 19:19.000 --> 19:23.000 When you go into surgery, absolutely not knowing, you know that because of the ultrasound 19:23.000 --> 19:32.000 And all the other tests, there indeed are some eggs, but you know, whether or not they can get them 19:32.000 --> 19:40.000 It's just something that's an unknown as you go into surgery and it's nobody's fault if it doesn't work out properly 19:40.000 --> 19:43.000 And it's just a chance you take 19:43.000 --> 19:49.000 The procedure in the operating room on April 15th, 1981 was just as it is today 19:49.000 --> 19:55.000 Routinely, Judy had been stimulated with gonadotropin to produce more than one egg 19:55.000 --> 19:59.000 The tube is here 19:59.000 --> 20:06.000 This is the video of Judy's operation nine months ago 20:06.000 --> 20:17.000 They entered the follicle 20:17.000 --> 20:24.000 They recovered Judy's egg 20:24.000 --> 20:28.000 In the laboratory, they judged the health of the egg, the oocyte 20:28.000 --> 20:30.000 Ed Wortham 20:30.000 --> 20:32.000 It looks like we have an oocyte here 20:32.000 --> 20:34.000 What do you see down that microscope? 20:34.000 --> 20:44.000 What I basically see is a large clump of cells with a rounded structure in the middle of the clump 20:44.000 --> 20:49.000 These oocytes are very sticky sometimes because of the clump of cells 20:49.000 --> 20:58.000 You have to be very careful pipetting them up so that they do not stick to the pipette 20:58.000 --> 20:59.000 What have you just done? 20:59.000 --> 21:03.000 I've just taken a photograph of this particular oocyte 21:03.000 --> 21:09.000 The cells in the cumulus look very nice, very nicely shaped 21:09.000 --> 21:15.000 I woke up in recovery and Dr. Garcia came into the recovery room and he was smiling 21:15.000 --> 21:22.000 I asked him if it was a happy smile or a polite smile because there is definitely a difference 21:22.000 --> 21:24.000 He said, you don't know? 21:24.000 --> 21:27.000 I said, no, I don't know what's going on 21:27.000 --> 21:29.000 He said, nobody told you? 21:29.000 --> 21:32.000 I said, no, he said, oh, we have a beautiful egg 21:32.000 --> 21:37.000 We were pleased because that was step one 21:37.000 --> 21:43.000 It was like good, but then we had a lot more to go through 21:43.000 --> 21:50.000 After it's been eight hours in an incubator, they try to fertilize the egg with the husband's sperm or semen 21:50.000 --> 21:52.000 They're successful nine times out of ten 21:52.000 --> 21:58.000 Janine is drawing up the appropriate amount of semen which we will add to the oocyte 21:58.000 --> 22:01.000 We've tried to add about a million and a half motile sperm 22:01.000 --> 22:03.000 So that's the husband's sperm? 22:03.000 --> 22:05.000 That is correct 22:05.000 --> 22:07.000 Now, what are you doing now? 22:07.000 --> 22:12.000 I am retrieving the egg out of the incubator 22:12.000 --> 22:21.000 I will bring it over and Janine will add the semen 22:21.000 --> 22:26.000 That takes a few moments for the sperm to get down to the oocyte 22:26.000 --> 22:28.000 So that is the moment of conception? 22:28.000 --> 22:30.000 That is correct 22:30.000 --> 22:34.000 The cars had to wait two days to see if Judy's egg had fertilized 22:34.000 --> 22:44.000 We were out walking around outside and a fellow looked over and he looked at us and said, I bet you're here for the same reason that I am 22:44.000 --> 22:50.000 And I just sort of looked and this was all hush-hush and you weren't supposed to talk to anybody 22:50.000 --> 22:53.000 And I said, oh, what's that? And he said, the in vitro thing 22:53.000 --> 22:54.000 And I said, oh, yeah 22:54.000 --> 22:58.000 It was kind of amazing that he just looked at us and he knew that we were involved in it 22:58.000 --> 23:00.000 So we got to know both he and his wife 23:00.000 --> 23:14.000 And I think it was really it broke up the time in between it gave us somebody to talk to, somebody to go around town and eat meals with and chat with and compare notes on our history and troubles and misery-lose company 23:14.000 --> 23:16.000 Judy's egg fertilized 23:16.000 --> 23:20.000 It was photographed as it divided into two cells, then three cells 23:20.000 --> 23:26.000 The principle of getting it back into the patient's womb is simple, but it's the most difficult part of the process 23:26.000 --> 23:36.000 A tube or catheter is inserted through the vagina and the fertilized egg or embryo should then embed itself in the womb, just as if it had entered normally from the fallopian tube 23:36.000 --> 23:39.000 But too often the transfer fails 23:39.000 --> 23:47.000 Here's our transfer catheter, we always flush the catheters just to make sure that it gets washed out well 23:47.000 --> 23:50.000 Also tells us if we have good pressure there 23:50.000 --> 23:54.000 Throughout they believe that attention to detail can affect the success rate 23:54.000 --> 24:00.000 Ready? A little fluid. Got it. Air. Air. 24:00.000 --> 24:06.000 The embryo is protected in the transfer catheter by having air and fluid both above and below it 24:06.000 --> 24:21.000 Approaching it. Tell me when. Okay ready. Got it. Good. Okay. Air. Okay. A little more fluid. Okay. Excellent. 24:21.000 --> 24:30.000 It's then slipped into a sterile sheath to be taken into the operating room where the patient and the doctors are waiting for the transfer 24:30.000 --> 24:35.000 This has proven to be the most inefficient of all the steps in the process 24:35.000 --> 24:39.000 I'm not sure that we completely understand why this is so 24:39.000 --> 24:51.000 Although my own suspicion, and it is a suspicion only, is that this is some measure of the health of the embryo 24:51.000 --> 24:55.000 Normal conception through intercourse is notoriously inefficient 24:55.000 --> 24:59.000 A woman has only a one in four chance anyway of becoming pregnant every month 24:59.000 --> 25:07.000 Does Dr. Jones feel then that both normally and within vitro fertilization the body rejects an abnormal embryo? 25:07.000 --> 25:11.000 I think that's entirely likely 25:11.000 --> 25:19.000 Now the abnormality that I'm talking about is a subtle one or abnormalities would be subtle ones 25:19.000 --> 25:23.000 Because all of them that are put back look more or less the same 25:23.000 --> 25:27.000 But some of them grow and some don't 25:27.000 --> 25:36.000 And it just may be that the ones that do not grow are not as healthy as the others 25:36.000 --> 25:40.000 By this time did you know the odds against your being pregnant? 25:40.000 --> 25:43.000 No, I had no idea 25:43.000 --> 25:44.000 Not even at this time? 25:44.000 --> 25:46.000 No, none 25:46.000 --> 25:53.000 They had done some other implants during the week, transfers I should say, I think that's the correct term 25:53.000 --> 25:59.000 They had done some other transfers and there were a lot of happy people walking around, a lot of happy girls 25:59.000 --> 26:03.000 And so they had had a very successful week 26:03.000 --> 26:12.000 And so I just assumed that there were lots of people floating around, pregnant but quiet 26:12.000 --> 26:19.000 And so at this time I still didn't have any knowledge that something was going on 26:19.000 --> 26:20.000 Something unique? 26:20.000 --> 26:23.000 Yes, indeed 26:23.000 --> 26:29.000 Judy went in for the embryo to be transferred into her womb on April 17, 1981 26:29.000 --> 26:34.000 And I remember Dr. Garcia pacing and holding his hands like this 26:34.000 --> 26:38.000 And I thought, this must be a tense situation, you know 26:38.000 --> 26:43.000 I've never seen doctors that were anxious about anything 26:43.000 --> 26:49.000 And they explained that the people in the lab had to be given all the time in the world that this couldn't be rushed 26:49.000 --> 26:57.000 And although I might be very uncomfortable, which I was upside down and all my weight was basically on my neck 26:57.000 --> 27:04.000 And they said that once they were ready to go and they came out, the whole team just snapped into action 27:04.000 --> 27:12.000 And everybody did their thing and they ran out of the, walked very quickly out of the lab 27:12.000 --> 27:20.000 And I couldn't see the rest of it, I'm sorry I couldn't see the rest of it, but it only took about 30 seconds 27:20.000 --> 27:28.000 And then they went back, the lab people went back in the lab to check to make sure that everything had been implanted 27:28.000 --> 27:33.000 And they seemed very pleased and I remember they congratulated each other 27:33.000 --> 27:37.000 And it sort of hit me that, gee, they don't do this all the time 27:37.000 --> 27:43.000 It's not something that's, it's still incredibly exciting to them and very special to them 27:43.000 --> 27:46.000 This is News 3 27:46.000 --> 27:48.000 Six weeks later 27:48.000 --> 27:54.000 Good evening, the Eastern Virginia Medical School has achieved the first American in vitro pregnancy 27:54.000 --> 27:59.000 Tonight's top story, a pregnancy reported at Norfolk's in vitro fertilization clinic 27:59.000 --> 28:10.000 During the last several days, it has been determined and confirmed that a pregnancy has been established 28:10.000 --> 28:22.000 By the program of in vitro fertilization under the aegis of the EVMS and the Norfolk General Hospital 28:22.000 --> 28:30.000 If the pregnancy goes full term, this country's first test tube baby apparently is scheduled to be born Christmas week 28:30.000 --> 28:36.000 Judy had known from test results the day before the announcement that she was pregnant 28:36.000 --> 28:42.000 But when she telephoned the Joneses in Norfolk, she still didn't appreciate just how unique this was 28:42.000 --> 28:47.000 They were very excited and I thought, wow, you know, this is wonderful 28:47.000 --> 28:53.000 It must, you know, feel good to them that, you know, because I'm sure they give out so much disappointing news 28:53.000 --> 28:55.000 This is nice 28:55.000 --> 29:02.000 Then Dr. Garcia got on the phone and he said, you know, you must understand 29:02.000 --> 29:07.000 He said, you do know you're the first and I went, you're kidding 29:07.000 --> 29:11.000 All we thought about was this is our baby, you know, what's the big deal? 29:11.000 --> 29:18.000 We can have a baby and that's great, but we didn't think of this as being as big as it was 29:18.000 --> 29:24.000 And it really hit me the first time when, you know, after the press release had been made 29:24.000 --> 29:28.000 And it hit the papers, I was out of town at the time 29:28.000 --> 29:34.000 And picked up one of the papers and saw the headline, Bearing Woman Impregnated 29:34.000 --> 29:36.000 I said, my God, that's my wife 29:36.000 --> 29:39.000 Really a miracle had taken place 29:39.000 --> 29:42.000 I can't put that into words, I can't 29:42.000 --> 29:44.000 You use that word miracle? 29:44.000 --> 29:46.000 It is definitely a miracle 29:46.000 --> 29:57.000 I mean, although everything is the medical aspects, there's still something there that is truly a miracle 29:57.000 --> 30:01.000 All the arrangements for Judy's baby were made months before 30:01.000 --> 30:03.000 This is our feed and grow nursery 30:03.000 --> 30:11.000 He or she would go into the ordinary nursery with all the other normal babies 30:11.000 --> 30:16.000 During 1981, there were six other pregnancies for the team to celebrate 30:16.000 --> 30:21.000 They now believe their patients have a one in five chance of success 30:21.000 --> 30:23.000 But thousands want to join the program 30:23.000 --> 30:27.000 And because the older the woman, the greater the chance of an abnormal birth 30:27.000 --> 30:30.000 There's now a top age limit of 35 30:30.000 --> 30:36.000 Which means that for the Smiths, unlucky on four occasions already, it's a race against time 30:36.000 --> 30:38.000 Can you handle disappointment a fifth time? 30:38.000 --> 30:41.000 Yeah, I can 30:41.000 --> 30:46.000 And we've thought about it a lot and sometimes we're going to have to make the decision, you know 30:46.000 --> 30:50.000 After a while, if it doesn't work, that it's just not meant for us 30:50.000 --> 30:56.000 And we'll just have to do something else with our life or do other things with our lives 30:56.000 --> 30:59.000 There have been times when I first found out that I could not get pregnant 30:59.000 --> 31:04.000 That I was a little bit worried about what was going to happen down the end of the road 31:04.000 --> 31:06.000 You mean to your marriage? 31:06.000 --> 31:08.000 Mm-hmm 31:08.000 --> 31:13.000 When I say it's a race against time though, I mean at 35 31:13.000 --> 31:18.000 You know you're at the top limit of Dr. Jones' program 31:18.000 --> 31:20.000 And if it's going to happen for you? 31:20.000 --> 31:22.000 Better be quick 31:22.000 --> 31:24.000 Yeah, I realize that 31:24.000 --> 31:28.000 Why is it so important to you to have a child? 31:28.000 --> 31:33.000 Sometimes I feel like I don't have to have one 31:33.000 --> 31:36.000 But when I go over to my friend's house and she's got a little one 31:36.000 --> 31:38.000 And I see how much fun they are 31:38.000 --> 31:45.000 And I also know, you know, how terrible they can be after teaching little ones all day 31:45.000 --> 31:49.000 But there's just a little lacking of something 31:49.000 --> 31:52.000 We feel like we could really give some love to a child 31:52.000 --> 31:55.000 The girls who go through this three and four times 31:55.000 --> 32:00.000 I think their courage is just unbelievable 32:00.000 --> 32:06.000 I really, I'm not sure I have the fortitude that they have 32:06.000 --> 32:08.000 Or to handle it 32:08.000 --> 32:10.000 Yeah, I admire them 32:10.000 --> 32:13.000 Their courage is just amazing 32:13.000 --> 32:16.000 The patients in the program become very close 32:16.000 --> 32:19.000 In a hotel a mile or so from the hospital 32:19.000 --> 32:22.000 They wait for news of transfers, for news of pregnancies 32:22.000 --> 32:24.000 They wait and hope 32:24.000 --> 32:27.000 The treatment costs each couple $3,000 32:27.000 --> 32:29.000 For many it means financial sacrifice 32:29.000 --> 32:35.000 We've had to sell, we had some property and we've had to, you know, make 32:35.000 --> 32:38.000 I wouldn't say it's a sacrifice 32:38.000 --> 32:41.000 Your priorities become very different 32:41.000 --> 32:44.000 You know, that's our first priority 32:44.000 --> 32:47.000 I want desperately to have a child with my husband 32:47.000 --> 32:49.000 Like any other normal couple 32:49.000 --> 32:52.000 And we just have to go about it a little differently 32:52.000 --> 32:54.000 How many times have you been here? 32:54.000 --> 32:55.000 Twice 32:55.000 --> 32:57.000 What happened last time? 32:57.000 --> 33:00.000 I had, I went through the whole program 33:00.000 --> 33:04.000 I had the laparoscopy and they got three eggs but they didn't fertilize 33:04.000 --> 33:05.000 And this time? 33:05.000 --> 33:09.000 This time they got three eggs and one of them fertilized 33:09.000 --> 33:10.000 And now? 33:10.000 --> 33:13.000 I had the implant and I'm just waiting now 33:13.000 --> 33:14.000 When will you know? 33:14.000 --> 33:16.000 Tuesday 33:16.000 --> 33:19.000 Louise, what about you? How many times have you been here? 33:19.000 --> 33:21.000 This is my first time 33:21.000 --> 33:23.000 What's happened here? 33:23.000 --> 33:28.000 It was a preliminary and it was a natural cycle 33:28.000 --> 33:34.000 And they got a good egg and it's fertilized and I'm very hopeful 33:34.000 --> 33:36.000 And when will you know? 33:36.000 --> 33:38.000 Day after tomorrow 33:38.000 --> 33:40.000 This is my first time 33:40.000 --> 33:42.000 And how's it going? 33:42.000 --> 33:44.000 Great for a first time 33:44.000 --> 33:46.000 What happened? 33:46.000 --> 33:50.000 They got an egg and it fertilized and I was implanted Sunday 33:50.000 --> 33:51.000 I've been here twice 33:51.000 --> 33:53.000 What happened last time? 33:53.000 --> 33:56.000 Last time was a preliminary and they didn't get an egg 33:56.000 --> 34:01.000 And this time I'm just waiting now for them to try and get an egg 34:01.000 --> 34:05.000 All you need to be here is the ovary and the uterus so 34:05.000 --> 34:08.000 Don't give up, just keep going and trying 34:08.000 --> 34:10.000 You really believe you're going to have a baby? 34:10.000 --> 34:12.000 Oh sure 34:12.000 --> 34:16.000 Maybe not this time but we'll just keep coming 34:16.000 --> 34:19.000 As long as they'll let us come and they'll say we're too old 34:19.000 --> 34:20.000 Sure 34:20.000 --> 34:24.000 I just don't know what I would do if I couldn't be in this program 34:24.000 --> 34:27.000 And at least have this hope 34:27.000 --> 34:32.000 It's her only chance to have our child 34:32.000 --> 34:37.000 And we're really looking forward to this little chance, I'm telling you 34:37.000 --> 34:41.000 Unless you're in the same spot you really can't understand 34:41.000 --> 34:44.000 Does it change your view of the rest of the world? 34:44.000 --> 34:51.000 Does it change your view when you look at other married couples with children? 34:51.000 --> 34:54.000 Does it make me bitter? No 34:54.000 --> 34:59.000 I just feel sad that that little baby that I see is not my little baby 34:59.000 --> 35:01.000 And that I can't hold it 35:01.000 --> 35:05.000 But no, I'm happy for anybody who can have a child 35:05.000 --> 35:10.000 But I just wish that that little baby was my little baby 35:14.000 --> 35:18.000 For some the news in the clinic is better than they hoped for 35:18.000 --> 35:20.000 Wins! 35:22.000 --> 35:24.000 Here it is 35:24.000 --> 35:27.000 Here is the normal value here 35:27.000 --> 35:32.000 And here are Kathy's values and it looks as if she's had a double take 35:32.000 --> 35:33.000 Twins! 35:33.000 --> 35:37.000 Kathy is the only one that we had on day 11 35:37.000 --> 35:39.000 And she was 19 35:39.000 --> 35:41.000 So that's twice as much 35:41.000 --> 35:43.000 Maybe Smiles is okay 35:43.000 --> 35:45.000 Oh, that's great 35:45.000 --> 35:46.000 How do you know that? 35:46.000 --> 35:47.000 We're not completely sure 35:47.000 --> 35:56.000 But we think it's very suggestive because this line here is the beta HCG curve for Singleton pregnancy 35:56.000 --> 36:01.000 And we've seen that often enough to have some confidence in the level 36:01.000 --> 36:07.000 But in this patient, and these are the first values we've had, we got just a few minutes ago 36:07.000 --> 36:12.000 They're all elevated over the normal 36:12.000 --> 36:18.000 And we know that the twin pregnancy is one reason that that should have happened 36:18.000 --> 36:20.000 How long ago was this transfer done? 36:20.000 --> 36:28.000 These values here are the 11th day, the 13th day, the 15th day, the 16th day 36:28.000 --> 36:33.000 So the transfer was done, it's taken us two days to get these 18 days ago 36:33.000 --> 36:34.000 So early days yet 36:34.000 --> 36:36.000 Right, early days yet 36:37.000 --> 36:41.000 What the pregnancy tests had shown was a rise in the patient's hormone level 36:41.000 --> 36:44.000 And the suggestion of the growth of two placenta 36:44.000 --> 36:46.000 It could be a bonus 36:46.000 --> 36:50.000 Because for every one of these women, a single pregnancy is enough 36:50.000 --> 36:56.000 In a woman's normal monthly cycle, nature provides a one in four chance of conception through intercourse 36:56.000 --> 37:03.000 Through in vitro fertilisation at the Jones Clinic, Judy had a one in ten chance, and she was lucky 37:03.000 --> 37:11.000 Today, those of Jones's patients who undergo a laparoscopy have a 20% chance, he says, of becoming pregnant 37:11.000 --> 37:12.000 One in five 37:12.000 --> 37:17.000 It's close to figures claimed by the other successful teams in Britain and Australia 37:18.000 --> 37:23.000 Each team tries obsessively to improve every stage of the process 37:23.000 --> 37:30.000 In the laboratory at Norfolk, they use mouse eggs to test the medium in which human egg and sperm will be brought together 37:30.000 --> 37:37.000 They look for abnormalities in the growing mouse embryos that might be caused by the process of in vitro fertilisation 37:37.000 --> 37:43.000 They use the same fertility drugs as with humans to stimulate the mice to produce clutches of eggs 37:43.000 --> 37:44.000 Ed Wortham 37:44.000 --> 37:51.000 When you use fertility drugs to stimulate the ovary and you produce more than one egg 37:51.000 --> 38:00.000 What do you do with the eggs that you don't, as it were, put back into the mother, that you don't transfer? 38:00.000 --> 38:02.000 You're speaking of the human eggs 38:02.000 --> 38:03.000 Right 38:03.000 --> 38:08.000 OK, we put back all developing embryos back into the mother 38:08.000 --> 38:18.000 And if we have abnormal eggs that do not grow properly or definitely abnormal, then we try to see why they are abnormal 38:18.000 --> 38:24.000 What if they fertilise and are not particularly progressing as you would wish? 38:26.000 --> 38:29.000 We have been putting those back also 38:29.000 --> 38:37.000 But again, if they are abnormal, if you can tell that they are abnormal, then certainly you wouldn't want to put them back in the mother 38:37.000 --> 38:43.000 The yardstick they use is whether or not the fertilised egg, the embryo, divides properly 38:43.000 --> 38:50.000 There's a set timetable for its development, whether the division takes place inside the mother or in a petri dish 38:50.000 --> 38:55.000 If the egg is cleaving or dividing normally, the team transfer it back to the patient 38:55.000 --> 38:57.000 Yeah, yeah 38:57.000 --> 39:02.000 These days in the operating room, the Jones team routinely collect more than one egg 39:02.000 --> 39:06.000 OK, Senator, we get the semen specimen at four o'clock, having collected it 39:06.000 --> 39:12.000 But would Dr Jones use human embryos to experiment and improve the chance of pregnancy for his patients? 39:12.000 --> 39:24.000 The question of the destruction of embryos for experimental purposes, let's say, does not happen to apply to the programme at Norfolk 39:24.000 --> 39:29.000 because we are very anxious to transfer any embryo that develops 39:29.000 --> 39:38.000 But my own position is that one should not avoid that question simply because it is not a question for us 39:38.000 --> 39:46.000 because I do believe there is an opportunity to learn a great deal by studying early embryos 39:46.000 --> 39:54.000 To learn, for instance, why one embryo takes and produces a baby while another, identical under the microscope, does not 39:54.000 --> 40:12.000 One of the concerns that we have or one of the mysteries is why and the degree that the embryos that fail to thrive are in fact abnormal from the very first 40:12.000 --> 40:23.000 We know that only by implication, so that if there were an opportunity to study the chromosomes, for example, of embryos at the two cell stage, the four cell stage 40:23.000 --> 40:31.000 we then would have some notion as to what the degree of that abnormality is and what its precise nature was 40:31.000 --> 40:37.000 But it's this view that brings potential conflict with those who believe that life begins at conception 40:37.000 --> 40:45.000 From the proposed human life statute, Congress finds that the life of each human being begins at conception 40:45.000 --> 40:51.000 And from the proposed right to life act, a human being exists from conception 40:51.000 --> 40:56.000 My position is that this is not a biologically identifiable event 40:56.000 --> 41:07.000 If one goes back in the history of the various commissions and others who have wrestled with this problem 41:07.000 --> 41:13.000 various decisions have been made before so that history is repeating itself in a way 41:13.000 --> 41:25.000 It has been decided previously by various commissions that it began at various times, such as at fertilization, when motion, when the heart, and so on and so forth 41:25.000 --> 41:34.000 As we go back and look at some of those, the arguments that were used seem to us naive and medieval 41:34.000 --> 41:40.000 Dr. Jones was encouraged in his views by this report from the Ethics Advisory Board in 1979 41:40.000 --> 41:48.000 It said that in vitro fertilization was controversial and should not receive federal funds, but it shouldn't be stopped for ethical reasons 41:48.000 --> 41:51.000 Father Richard McCormick was a member of that committee 41:51.000 --> 41:59.000 I feel that one can approach this procedure with full respect for the fertilized ovum 41:59.000 --> 42:03.000 It's not the same respect you'd give a fully established pregnancy 42:03.000 --> 42:10.000 But I don't think that life at that stage necessarily warrants the same type of respect 42:10.000 --> 42:15.000 But it's the biggest she has, we'll irrigate that and see if we're lucky 42:15.000 --> 42:20.000 But what if the egg weren't required or couldn't be carried by the woman from whom it was taken? 42:20.000 --> 42:24.000 Could it be transferred to a different woman, a surrogate mother? 42:24.000 --> 42:28.000 Could it be fertilized by someone other than the woman's husband? 42:28.000 --> 42:32.000 Could its nature be changed by genetic manipulation? 42:32.000 --> 42:37.000 The simple answer is yes, but the Norfolk team say they will have none of this 42:41.000 --> 42:46.000 Mason Andrews is Vice Mayor of Norfolk and a gynaecologist 42:46.000 --> 42:48.000 He will deliver Judy Carr's baby 42:48.000 --> 42:52.000 He founded the medical school, he brought the Joneses to Norfolk 42:52.000 --> 42:55.000 What does he feel for those who criticize their work? 42:55.000 --> 42:59.000 I respect their opinions completely 42:59.000 --> 43:02.000 And reserve the right to disagree with them? 43:02.000 --> 43:05.000 Absolutely, and I would not recommend this process for them 43:05.000 --> 43:10.000 The problem occurs when in pursuit of their judgement 43:10.000 --> 43:18.000 They speak very severely and incorrectly of things which I know to be factual 43:18.000 --> 43:22.000 And of motives which I'm quite familiar with 43:22.000 --> 43:27.000 You mean that they impugn the motives which do not exist either in you or your team? 43:27.000 --> 43:30.000 That's correct, one has to make his own judgement 43:30.000 --> 43:38.000 And I would call your attention to the fact that the American Medical Association has in fact found favour before it 43:38.000 --> 43:42.000 We have a clinical program to help patients achieve pregnancy 43:42.000 --> 43:48.000 And no experimental deviation from that has presented itself 43:48.000 --> 43:51.000 Nor would it likely occur here 43:51.000 --> 43:56.000 But you know that as we learn more about the very beginnings of life 43:56.000 --> 44:05.000 As the genetic manipulation of cells and embryos becomes more and more familiar to scientists 44:05.000 --> 44:15.000 It must open the door to other processes which you may and would yourself frown upon 44:15.000 --> 44:19.000 I suppose that's true 44:19.000 --> 44:25.000 There are of course in place already safeguards if safeguards are needed 44:25.000 --> 44:34.000 We have institutional review committees that would necessarily have to approve anything that is done in the human area 44:34.000 --> 44:38.000 So I think a mechanism is already in place 44:38.000 --> 44:47.000 But quite over and above that I'm not sure that it's entirely possible to regulate human behaviour by regulations 44:47.000 --> 45:01.000 And I suspect that in the final analysis the main control we have on this is the integrity and best intentions of those involved 45:01.000 --> 45:03.000 To trust the scientist? 45:03.000 --> 45:05.000 To trust the scientist 45:05.000 --> 45:10.000 The ethics board report that Father McCormick signed in 1979 was unanimous 45:10.000 --> 45:12.000 But now he sounds a warning 45:12.000 --> 45:16.000 I believe there are a great number of people who feel that we shouldn't be doing this 45:16.000 --> 45:29.000 Their evaluation of nascent life at that period would lead them to believe that we're treating this fertilised omen with disrespect 45:29.000 --> 45:36.000 We're tampering, we're exposing it to possible malformations and so on 45:36.000 --> 45:42.000 In discussion of these matters there's a question of something being straightforwardly right or wrong 45:42.000 --> 45:47.000 And there's another level at which we might consider some of these developments and that is the social drift 45:47.000 --> 45:51.000 The question of wisdom of a society moving in that direction 45:51.000 --> 46:01.000 I have to wonder whether it's wise at this time for a funding decision of the government to support this type of thing 46:01.000 --> 46:07.000 Whether it's wise, it clearly is not right or wrong as far as I see it 46:07.000 --> 46:16.000 But I did at the time the ethics advisory board was meeting on this, I had fairly strong convictions that this was not the time to fund 46:16.000 --> 46:18.000 Should there be funding for this work? 46:18.000 --> 46:23.000 I still myself feel no 46:23.000 --> 46:35.000 For Judy and Roger Carr, the legitimate concerns about ethical safeguards and the images of a brave new world that some would conjure from the Petri dishes are not among their top priorities 46:35.000 --> 46:38.000 To them it's all rather irrelevant 46:38.000 --> 46:48.000 I just can't possibly understand how anyone could think that what the Joneses have done or what was done in England 46:48.000 --> 46:55.000 I don't see how anybody could say that this is immoral or that people are playing God 46:55.000 --> 47:02.000 I mean to me if they take our little baby when it's born and they hold it in its hands 47:02.000 --> 47:08.000 How anybody can say that that is wrong, I just can't understand 47:08.000 --> 47:16.000 I don't know how I could explain to them that there's nothing wrong, here is a human life, a newborn baby 47:16.000 --> 47:20.000 Now tell me what is immoral about that 47:20.000 --> 47:28.000 For nine months and for eight years before that through a series of crises and operations, the Carrs have waited for their baby 47:28.000 --> 47:34.000 It hasn't been easy and not all husbands would want to be involved in this 47:34.000 --> 47:41.000 She knew all along that after that first one to a great extent she was putting her own welfare on the line 47:41.000 --> 47:49.000 She wanted it that badly and that just makes me love her that much more 47:49.000 --> 47:52.000 What do you feel for the Joneses at this time? 47:52.000 --> 48:03.000 Boy, I've been thinking about when the baby is born what I'm going to say to them 48:03.000 --> 48:08.000 It's just something that's very, very difficult to put into words 48:08.000 --> 48:18.000 The appreciation, the admiration for them, I mean up to this point it's almost like they're going to be grandparents 48:18.000 --> 48:23.000 They care, they're involved to that extent that this is not just a medical accomplishment 48:23.000 --> 48:29.000 They really genuinely care about Judy and I and about the child 48:29.000 --> 48:34.000 And until I'm past that moment I really don't know what I'm going to say 48:34.000 --> 48:38.000 The day before the baby was due Howard Jones was worried 48:38.000 --> 48:43.000 A series of ultrasounds had revealed that the baby was small, about five pounds 48:43.000 --> 48:47.000 And small babies have a greater chance of being born with abnormalities 48:47.000 --> 48:51.000 Jones's critics believe that fertilisation in vitro causes abnormalities 48:51.000 --> 49:01.000 I guess the thing that bothers me more than anything is that the smallness of the baby is an expression of some abnormality of the child 49:01.000 --> 49:12.000 Including serious abnormalities and we must of course be prepared for this psychologically and in every other way 49:12.000 --> 49:17.000 But we hope we're dealing with a small normal baby 49:17.000 --> 49:20.000 When you say prepared psychologically what do you mean? 49:20.000 --> 49:27.000 Well I mean we must be prepared at the moment of birth to have a terrible this point 49:34.000 --> 49:37.000 Judy Carr knew nothing of these concerns 49:37.000 --> 49:44.000 She was taken to the operating room at 7.30am on December 28th 49:44.000 --> 49:51.000 The operation was to be a cesarean section because of the baby's size 49:51.000 --> 49:56.000 Because of the small additional risk to the baby in normal childbirth 49:56.000 --> 49:59.000 Got a nice and toasty in here 49:59.000 --> 50:01.000 That's for the baby 50:01.000 --> 50:03.000 That O2 we talked about 50:03.000 --> 50:07.000 Judy was anaesthetised by spinal injection 50:07.000 --> 50:10.000 Check the upper end of that incision 50:10.000 --> 50:12.000 Suction the doctor where? 50:12.000 --> 50:14.000 See about the quality of the blood 50:14.000 --> 50:16.000 Suction to the wall 50:18.000 --> 50:20.000 Now you got a feeling pushing on you 50:20.000 --> 50:22.000 Is that ok? 50:22.000 --> 50:34.000 Howard Jones and Judy who was fully conscious chatted throughout the operation 50:34.000 --> 50:37.000 Latter blade out 50:37.000 --> 50:39.000 Latter blade out 50:39.000 --> 50:41.000 Don't push 50:41.000 --> 50:43.000 Be ready with the suction 50:48.000 --> 50:50.000 Baby wants to cry 50:50.000 --> 50:52.000 Hear it Judy? 50:55.000 --> 50:58.000 That's a girl 50:58.000 --> 51:00.000 That's a girl 51:06.000 --> 51:09.000 Put it down a bit let her look at it 51:09.000 --> 51:16.000 Oh my goodness 51:16.000 --> 51:18.000 One piece 51:18.000 --> 51:21.000 Looks good baby 51:21.000 --> 51:25.000 Tell you what we'll do 51:25.000 --> 51:30.000 Squeeze it on your fingers just as hard as she can squeeze 51:30.000 --> 51:34.000 Elizabeth Jordan Carr 51:34.000 --> 51:36.000 She looks red? 51:36.000 --> 51:38.000 No she is 51:38.000 --> 51:44.000 That's all I want to hear baby 51:44.000 --> 51:46.000 Oh boy 51:46.000 --> 51:48.000 You see her? 51:48.000 --> 51:50.000 No 51:50.000 --> 51:53.000 She's not going to be able to see you 51:53.000 --> 51:56.000 She's not going to be able to see you 51:56.000 --> 52:00.000 No 52:00.000 --> 52:02.000 I like the hat 52:02.000 --> 52:04.000 Hello 52:04.000 --> 52:06.000 Beautiful 52:06.000 --> 52:09.000 Well you don't want to throw the light there 52:09.000 --> 52:11.000 Hello 52:11.000 --> 52:13.000 Hello 52:13.000 --> 52:18.000 She is kind of tiny though isn't she? 52:18.000 --> 52:20.000 She looks well nourished 52:20.000 --> 52:22.000 You can tell by the skin 52:22.000 --> 52:24.000 The quality of the skin 52:24.000 --> 52:26.000 The thickness of the skin fold 52:26.000 --> 52:29.000 We'll let her go back to sleep 52:29.000 --> 52:31.000 She's a dolly 52:31.000 --> 52:33.000 I think so 52:33.000 --> 52:35.000 Oh dear 52:35.000 --> 52:37.000 Cut this one 52:37.000 --> 52:39.000 Cut this one 52:39.000 --> 52:41.000 Okay you want to go to the nursery with me or you want to stay here? 52:41.000 --> 52:43.000 Yeah you don't have to stay here for this 52:43.000 --> 52:44.000 How are you doing? 52:44.000 --> 52:46.000 I'm doing fine 52:46.000 --> 52:48.000 Bye bye 52:48.000 --> 52:50.000 Yes sir 52:50.000 --> 52:55.000 The baby set out for the nursery in the arms of pediatrician Dr Fred Worth 53:02.000 --> 53:04.000 Little girl 53:04.000 --> 53:22.000 Beautiful 53:22.000 --> 53:26.000 Alright ladies here she is Elizabeth 53:26.000 --> 53:30.000 Alright I knew you all would like to be a girl 53:30.000 --> 53:34.000 I can give you any advantage you want to be a boy 53:34.000 --> 53:36.000 She doesn't need that 53:36.000 --> 53:38.000 She doesn't need that 53:38.000 --> 53:40.000 No 53:40.000 --> 53:46.000 Alright 53:46.000 --> 53:48.000 She's beautiful 53:48.000 --> 53:50.000 Yep she's perfect 53:50.000 --> 53:54.000 I'm going to go tell my mom and Judy's mother and let them know 53:54.000 --> 54:00.000 Alright stop that 54:00.000 --> 54:02.000 Stand by camera three 54:02.000 --> 54:04.000 And stand dark and unsports 54:04.000 --> 54:07.000 On camera three stand by mic and cue 54:07.000 --> 54:12.000 America's first test tube baby was born early this morning at Norfolk General Hospital 54:12.000 --> 54:16.000 The announcement came at a news conference that ended just a few minutes ago 54:16.000 --> 54:20.000 And we have this live news cam three report from David Hathcock 54:20.000 --> 54:24.000 Early this morning the obstetrics team gathered at Norfolk General Hospital 54:24.000 --> 54:27.000 The announcement itself was made by Dr Howard Jones 54:27.000 --> 54:34.000 This morning at 7.46 a daughter was born to Mrs Judith Carr 54:34.000 --> 54:37.000 A 28 year old school teacher 54:37.000 --> 54:40.000 The father is Mr Roger Carr 54:40.000 --> 54:43.000 A 30 year old mechanical engineer 54:43.000 --> 54:46.000 Unrecognized at the press conference the father 54:46.000 --> 54:51.000 Roger you know you said you didn't know what you were going to say to Howard Jones 54:51.000 --> 54:52.000 Yeah 54:52.000 --> 54:54.000 What did you say? 54:54.000 --> 54:58.000 I don't think I said anything I think I was speechless 54:58.000 --> 55:00.000 I hugged him 55:00.000 --> 55:02.000 You know thank you just wasn't a big enough word 55:02.000 --> 55:08.000 The one word just doesn't express the joy that Judy and I both feel 55:08.000 --> 55:16.000 You know this little miracle of life that they made possible to bring into our lives 55:16.000 --> 55:20.000 And you just can't express the kind of gratitude that you feel 55:20.000 --> 55:24.000 And put that all into one phrase 55:24.000 --> 55:27.000 Judy how is she, how's she doing? 55:27.000 --> 55:29.000 She's doing just fine 55:29.000 --> 55:32.000 She really is she's adorable 55:32.000 --> 55:35.000 She's just so precious 55:35.000 --> 55:37.000 And asleep 55:37.000 --> 55:41.000 You've seen the newspapers today and you know the telegrams that have come 55:41.000 --> 55:44.000 And the offers that have been made to you 55:44.000 --> 55:48.000 Does it worry you that she may carry the label test to your baby? 55:48.000 --> 55:55.000 I really don't know it doesn't worry me I think that this will all die down and she'll just be our Elizabeth 55:55.000 --> 56:00.000 This is a baby who grew from the follicle through conception and gestation 56:00.000 --> 56:04.000 In a way no other baby in America has ever done before 56:04.000 --> 56:08.000 What is this baby for Dr Howard Jones? 56:08.000 --> 56:12.000 Well obviously a milestone 56:12.000 --> 56:19.000 But there's a lot of work to do still because the program is not as efficient as it should be 56:19.000 --> 56:25.000 So that I guess it's maybe another beginning rather than the end 56:25.000 --> 56:28.000 Well hello Elizabeth how are you? 56:28.000 --> 56:32.000 What's the matter? 56:32.000 --> 56:37.000 Oh they're almost 56:37.000 --> 56:39.000 Yeah 56:39.000 --> 56:42.000 Are you getting wet? 56:42.000 --> 56:49.000 I think you're doing funny things what do you think? 56:49.000 --> 56:53.000 Huh? 56:53.000 --> 56:56.000 I want to see something 56:56.000 --> 56:59.000 What are you doing? 56:59.000 --> 57:06.000 Oh did you hiccup? 57:06.000 --> 57:12.000 Oh yeah 57:12.000 --> 57:15.000 No 57:15.000 --> 57:18.000 You're gonna go to sleep on me again huh? 57:18.000 --> 57:30.000 I'm gonna go to sleep 57:30.000 --> 57:42.000 She's beautiful 57:42.000 --> 57:46.000 The material on this video cassette is protected by copyright 57:46.000 --> 57:57.000 It is for private use only and any other use including copying, reproducing or performance in public in whole or in part is prohibited by law