Teaching is not just transferring content from the given syllabus but it is an art of imparting knowledge from teacher to the students, a live object. Hence, it demands articulate ways of modification of teaching learning process as and when require as well as according to the student learning capacity. In short, creating a persuasive learning environment would be a key factor for classroom engagement. So, the teachers should have high teaching aptitude that helps them to design various...
Topics: Intelligence Quotient, Teaching Aptitude
This article was focused on the correlation between students’ intelligence quotient (IQ) and their writing ability. The purpose of the study was to find out whether there is any positive correlation between students’ intelligence quotient (IQ) and their writing ability. This study was quantitative research. The sample was 25 students. To collect the data, the researchers informed the students’ an instrument in multiple-choice tests as many as 15 questions for intelligence quotient (IQ)...
Topics: Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Writing Ability, Intelligence
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The researchers are specially oriented towards impact of personality on emotional quotient (E.Q.) and intelligence quotient (I.Q.). These researchers studied the impact of personality on E.Q. as well as I.Q. is required to explain success. Along with the effects of emotional intelligence on the individual characteristics and environment of an individual also have determinative role on emotional intelligence. When we bear in mind that development of emotional intelligence is a lifetime process,...
Topics: Emotional Quotient, Intelligence Quotient, Personality and Gender
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The study was conducted to explore the comparison of emotional quotient and intelligence quotient rural urban and gender (boys and girls). The study was conducted in N.M.V. Lalitpur (U.P.). The data were collected from 100 students. Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EII) by S. K. Mangul and ShubhraMangal (2005), and Test of General Intelligence (TGI) by K. S. Mishra and S. K. Pal (2005) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The main conclusion is...
Topics: Emotional Quotient, Intelligence Quotient, Rural, Urban and Gender (Boys & Girls)
The study examined the relationship between performance on the K-ABC (Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children) and the WISC-R (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised) for 67 students being considered for placement in a private school in a midwestern metropolitan area that serves students with severe learning disabilities. All were referred for evaluation as a result of serious academic or academic/behavioral problems. Of the 67 students referred, 32 were identified as severely...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary Education, Intelligence Quotient, Learning Disabilities, Scoring, Test Use
Some research has shown that creativity test scores are independent from IQ scores, whereas other research has shown a relationship between the two. To clarify the cumulative evidence in this field, a quantitative review of the relationship between creativity test scores and IQ scores was conducted. Moderating influences of IQ tests, IQ score levels, creativity tests, creativity subscales, creativity test types, gender, age, and below and above the threshold (IQ 120) were examined. Four hundred...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Creativity, Correlation, Creativity Tests, Intelligence Quotient, Kim, Kyung Hee
This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Teacher Checklist For Screening Kindergarten and First Grade Gifted Candidates in predicting gifted potential, i.e., a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) IQ score of 130 or above. The instrument is currently used to pre-screen kindergarten and first grade children before being given the WISC-R, a requirement for admission to LEEP (Learning Enrichment Experiences Program). A total of 38 Ss, 19 per group, were...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Gifted, Intelligence Quotient, Prediction, Primary Education, Screening Tests, Talent...
Examined with 7 counselors and 28 mentally retarded clients were relationships among eight independent counselor, client and situational variables and four dependent variables of counselor empathy, respect, genuineness and concreteness, and client self-exploration. The dependent variables were derived from 315 3-minute tape recorded segments of counseling behavior rated by a team of four persons. Among findings were that counselors were the major source of differentiation and that counselors...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Counseling, Counselors, Exceptional Child Research, Intelligence Quotient,...
Examined were relations among maternal employment history, maternal role satisfaction, and early adolescent outcomes. It was hypothesized that variables related to mother's satisfaction would be more predictive of child's outcomes than the marker variable of employment status. Results indicated that early maternal employment status during the child's infancy and preschool years predicted achievement in grades 1 and 2, but maternal employment at any time during the child's life did not relate to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Children, Elementary Education, Employed Parents, Intelligence...
In a prospective longitudinal study, 1244 children who had received three neurological examinations in their first year of life were administered measures of cognitive development and academic achievement through age 12. Twenty-two Ss identified as neurologically suspect or abnormal on more than one of the infant examinations consistently performed far below control Ss on all measures, with almost one-third having Stanford-Binet IQs below 70. One-hundred and fifty-six Ss neurologically suspect...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Exceptional Child Research, Infants, Intelligence Quotient,...
An experiment was conducted to test the interaction of intelligence quotient (IQ) and achievement level with practice on programed learning materials. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) learning performance of high IQ and high achievement level groups would be equivalent regardless of differences in amount of prior practice on a new learning task, and (2) performance would improve with practice for average intelligence and achievement groups. Some 120 junior high school students, who had never...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement, Educational Research, Intelligence Quotient, Junior High School...
The handbook is presented as a method for evaluating individual exceptional children and selecting the best program for their needs. Discussed are the responsibilities of state and local programs, methods of selection, local referral systems, arrangements for testing on the state and local level, procedures to be used by evaluators and the local system, information on IQ and mental age, the role of the psycho-educational evaluator and his reports, and a suggested outline for psycho-educational...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administration, Exceptional Child Education, Intelligence Quotient, Psychoeducational...
This report presents a pre- and posttest evaluation of the first program year of the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP). Each of the 28 children in the KEEP kindergarten class received three tests: the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT), and the Standard English Repetition Test (SERT). The testing scores from the fall and spring were compared on the basis of their correlations with each other and with other variables, such...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Demonstration Programs, Hawaiians, Intelligence Quotient, Intelligence Tests,...
In the winter of 1969, the "Harvard Education Review" published an article by Arthur Jensen that suggested that racial and social class IQ differences were primarily due to hereditary factors. From the point of view of the opposition, this report reviews the controversy that ensued, including Jensen's original statements, the critics' rebuttals, and Jensen's defenses. It is pointed out that Jensen's explanations have failed to satisfy critics who have cited erroneous statistical...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Compensatory Education, Educational Problems, Environmental Influences, Heredity,...
The purpose of this bulletin is to acquaint the reading teacher with the organization and administration of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Procedures are suggested for analyzing WISC scores in ways that may yield valuable information for teachers who seek to remediate the student's reading disability. The bulletin contains the following chapters: "The Individual IQ Test and Reading Achievement," which discusses how the WISC scores should best be interpreted;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary Education, Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient, Intelligence Tests,...
Eighteen mentally retarded children were selected for study because they exhibited low levels of skills in sitting, eye contact on command, and following other commands. Ten other children were selected because they showed high levels of those skills. High skill Ss were found to have higher scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Training ten low skill Ss to give eye contact, decrease out of seat behaviors, and follow other commands resulted in IQ increases. Very large changes in basic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attention, Behavior Change, Behavior Problems, Exceptional Child Research,...
The following contemporary review illuminates several of the "best methods" to accurately identify gifted/learning disabled (GLD) students? Explanations which clearly define what it means to be gifted, learning disabled (LD) and gifted/learning disabled (GLD) are included and incorporated into a typology of three identities of GLD students. Recommended and currently utilized methods of GLD identification and assessment are detailed and various controversies surrounding these modes are...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Gifted, Disabilities, Learning Disabilities, Intelligence Quotient, Academic...
In order to investigate the effect of reinforcing subject responses to Stanford-Binet test items, regardless of whether such responses were correct or not, one-half of a sample of Head Start children were administered a standard Stanford-Binet test and the other half were administered the same test with the modification that responses were occasionally rewarded with M&M candies. Six months later the children were tested again under the two conditons. The average intelligence quotients for...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Control Groups, Intelligence Quotient, Intelligence Tests, Positive Reinforcement,...
INTELLIGENCE IS COMPOSED OF SIX INDEPENDENT ABILITIES--NUMERICAL, SPATIAL, REASONING, TWO VERBAL ABILITIES (VOCABULARY SIZE AND WORK FLUENCY), AND MEMORY. THE INDEPENDENCE OF THESE ABILITIES ARE EXPLORED BY RESEARCH STUDIES WHICH ARE DISCUSSED IN SIX CRITERIA CATEGORIES--(1) DIFFERENTIAL PREDICTION OF SUCCESS, (2) FACTOR STABILITY ACROSS AGE RANGES, (3) CROSS-CULTURAL GENERALITY OF ABILITY PATTERNS, (4) STABILITY OVER ABILITY LEVELS, (5) DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS OR BRAIN DAMAGE,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Behavior, Environmental Influences, Family Influence, Genetics, Heredity,...
As indicated by multiple measures (including overt criminal behavior), stability of aggressive behavior was investigated across 22 years for males and females in a variety of situations. Originally, subjects included the entire population enrolled in the third grade in a semi-rural county in New York State. The sample included approximately 870 youngsters whose modal age at the time was 8 years. Interviews were conducted with 80 percent of the subjects' parents. Ten years later, 427 of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Aggression, Children, Intelligence Quotient, Longitudinal Studies, Models,...
In the United States, IQ tests are developed by and for whites. IQ tests and their derivates have been used on minorities not so much for prescriptive intervention purposes as for confirmation of suspiciously different behavior and for placement into special education and out of programs for the gifted, higher education, and advanced occupational positions. Efforts to assess and redress cultural bias in IQ tests have been problematic, at best. This is because retrospective analyses of fixed...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Culture Fair Tests, Intelligence Quotient, Intelligence Tests, Minority Groups,...
This study examined the relationship between infants' early physical environment and their subsequent performance on the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale. A total of 23 infants were observed twice a month in their own homes starting at 12 months of age and continuing through 24 months of age. These observations were subsequently coded into 30 item categories which were derived from the Purdue Home Stimulation Inventory and which reflected the physical environment. The Binet was administered at...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Early Childhood Education, Environmental Influences, Family Environment, Infants,...
The data compression aspect of 20th century science is evident in the "mass action" concept of brain function embodied in the "g" model of intelligence and academic tests. This paper sketches the history of the devolution of the "g" model into multifactored intelligences, contrasts dynamic process versus static product assessment, and discusses the effects of process assessment on measurement theory. An alternative neurocognitive processing assessment, as opposed...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Diagnostic Tests, Evaluation Methods, Formative Evaluation, Intelligence,...
To find predictive relations between measures taken in infancy and later scores on intelligence tests, a study was made that measured in the infant those cognitive processes examined later in life. Operant conditioning tasks were employed which required 3-, 7-, and 11-month-old infants to execute some response to produce an environmental consequence. At each age, infants recieved 2 days of training separated by 24 hours and a retention test session 7 or 14 days later. Measures of retention were...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Infants, Intelligence Quotient, Long Term Memory, Longitudinal Studies, Operant...
The estimation of genetic models reported by J. L. Jinks and L. J. Eaves in a recent review are critically examined. A number of errors in procedure and interpretation are found. It is concluded that the evidence, provided by kinship correlations, for the proposition that intelligence is highly heritable, is not persuasive. (Author/BJG)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Correlation, Environmental Influences, Genetics, Heredity,...
Three investigations examined the effects of IQ and chronological age (CA) on the calculation of severe discrepancy levels of 102 hypothetical and 125 actual severely learning disabled students (5 to 17 years old). Results indicated that IQ was highly influential on obtained severe discrepancy levels (SDLs) and related percentage discrepancies; that CA acted more as a moderator than as a predictor of the SDL and percent discrepancy levels; and that high levels of error can be expected if the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Age Differences, Definitions, Elementary Secondary Education, Exceptional Child...
This paper attempts to show that adaptation of mathematics to the input-output model of the school can provide powerful assistance in the measurement and analysis of school quality and its determinants. The mathematical relationship described here relates an educational model to the field of electronics. More specifically, the amplifier, a device which increases the magnitude of an input, in discussed as being analogous to the IQ-academic achievement relationship. (hw)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Educational Quality, Electronics, Feedback, Input Output,...
The booklet discusses the role of the Educational Testing Service (ETS) in research on aspects of special education. Among research projects noted are those undertaken at the Institute for the Study of Exceptional Children: studies comparing premature with normal infants, evaluating the Infant Assessment Battery, measuring mother-infant interaction, and studying learning to learn strategies with handicapped children. Other ETS projects described include IQ testing and the gifted, identification...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disabilities, Elementary Secondary Education, Infants, Intelligence Quotient,...
This Study examined the relationships between certain teacher characteristics and changes manifested by gifted elementary students in convergent and divergent thinking areas. It was assumed that teachers' intellectual ability, personality and personal experience were the most influential variables affecting pupil growth. Conclusions showed that (1) teacher characteristics do influence significantly the growth of fourth, fifth, and sixth grade self-contained classes with a mean I.Q. of 120 or...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Convergent Thinking, Divergent Thinking, Elementary School Students, Gifted,...
Students face a wealth of challenges in college for example a lack of support, sometimes making it difficult to persevere. However, in an academic environment that teaches grit and fosters growth, students can learn to persist. Those who believe intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed exert less effort to succeed. Students who persevere when faced with challenges and adversity seem to have what Angela Duckworth calls, grit. This is the idea behind a growth mindset in learning according to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Persistence, Academic Ability, Goal Orientation, Student Attitudes,...
The research concerning intellectual functioning in addict populations has not addressed basic questions concerning why and how intelligence quotients (IQ) might be related to drug addiction. A study was undertaken to estimate intellectual functioning based upon a demographic profile for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Full Scale IQ in order to determine its relationship with variables representing initiation, continuation, relapse, and cessation of daily opioid use....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Drug Addiction, Drug Rehabilitation, Family Problems, Individual Differences,...
Attention is drawn to the ways in which current conceptions of intelligence and its measurement differ from those which were generally accepted in 1928. The following principles underlying intelligence testing were generally agreed upon in 1928: (1) the assumption of intelligence as a recognizable attribute, responsible for differences among children and adults in learning, reasoning, and other cognitive capacities; (2) the principle that sampling appropriate mental tasks and norming scores...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cognitive Development, Educational History, Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient,...
This single-article issue discusses the identification and educational needs of gifted children. Giftedness is defined and a suggested set of levels of intellectual giftedness based on IQ scores is included. The special needs of gifted children are briefly reviewed, including: the need for a challenging education, the need for "true peers" that share their interests and abilities and accept them, the need for responsive parenting, and the need for adult empathy. The report notes...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Ability Identification, Educational Strategies, Elementary Secondary Education,...
Since adults with an intellectual disability are accessing not only adult education but the workforce and recreation centres as part of government policies towards greater inclusion, it should be in the interest of educators and workplace trainers to understand more about this particular impairment and its impact on learning. This article considers both intellectual disability, and learning and then describes how these concepts were used to develop the Partner Assisted Learning System--this...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Research and Development, Mental Retardation, Adult Education, Recreation, Foreign...
The purpose of this study was to examine differences among reflective, impulsive, fast-accurate, and slow-inaccurate fourth-grade children who were either in the high or low socioeconomic status (SES) category. The subjects were 180 fourth-grade children who were administered eight different tests during the mid-point of the school year. It was predicted that children characterized as both low SES and impulsive would have the lowest scores on measures of academic achievement. No SES x...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Conceptual Tempo, Elementary School Students, Intelligence...
The relationship between attention and reading achievement in first graders was investigated for 48 boys and 33 girls in five first-grade classrooms of the Bridgewater-Raritan Regional School District in New Jersey. The statistical analysis provided separate data for boys and girls in regard to the relationship between reading achievement and attention, reading achievement and IQ, and attention and IQ. Findings indicated a significant positive relationship between reading achievement and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attention, Educational Research, Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient, Primary...
Evaluated were the effects of three different instructional programs (open education, structure of the intellect, and conventional contrast) on 56 bright kindergarten children of either high or low socioeconomic status (SES). Recognized experts evaluated the open and structured classes giving them positive ratings as being representative of the intended model (contrast classes were the regular kindergarten programs offered in the public schools which usually emphasized organized large and small...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Divergent Thinking, Educational Methods, Exceptional Child Research, Gifted,...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were statistically significant correlations among standardized test scores due to general reading ability and whether these correlations were affected by the factors of sex, race, and I.Q. Scores were collected for three different tests (Nelson-Denny Reading Test, Lorge-Thorndike I.Q. Test, and the verbal section of the SAT) taken by 154 senior students throughout their high school careers. Statistics resulting from computations indicated...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Intelligence Quotient, Masters Theses, Race, Reading Ability, Reading Tests,...
THERE WAS A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RISE IN THE MEAN IQ SCORE OF CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS OBTAINED THEIR LIVING BY FARMING IN MAHASKA COUNTY, IOWA, DURING THE TWENTY YEARS PRECEEDING 1961-63. HOWEVER, THIS INCREASE WAS NOT PARALLELED BY THE NONFARM CHILDREN LIVING WITHIN THE SAME RURAL COMMUNITY. SELECTIVE MIGRATION WAS SHOWN TO BE AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN THIS INCREASE, BUT NOT THE ONLY OR PERHAPS EVEN THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR INVOLVED. SOME FACTOR OR FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENT POSSESSED BY THE FARM...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Intelligence Quotient, Rural Areas, Rural Farm Residents, Rural Population, Rural...
The three phases (finding seventh and eighth grade mathematically talented students, studying them, and helping them educationally) of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) are detailed, and examples of the superiority of educational acceleration over educational enrichment are pointed out. Results of standardized intelligence tests are seen to be less helpful than scores on the mathematics part of the College Entrance Examination Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test in identifying...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Acceleration, Aptitude Tests, Enrichment Activities, Exceptional Child Research,...
The Bender Gestalt protocols of 134 rural and 140 children (6-18 years old) found to have IQ scores in the slow learner range (IQ 70-84) were compared. The Bender Gestalt Test, used in psychoeducational evaluation to determine eligibility for special education placement, was administered to determine Ss' level of visual motor skills. Rural slow learners performed significantly below their mental ages more frequently than urban slow learners. Rural and urban slow learners performed...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Age Differences, Elementary Secondary Education, Exceptional Child Research,...
In an effort to examine the pragmatic effects of definitions of learning disabilities and identification procedures, information was gathered on the characteristics of 53 children (grades 1 through 7) who had been previously diagnosed as learning disabled. Results of tests such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities were subjected to hierarchical grouping and discriminant analysis in an attempt to define similar characteristics...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Definitions, Elementary Education, Exceptional Child Research, Identification,...
In a study to learn whether or not poor nutrition, as indicated by low hemoglobin levels, affects intelligence and behavior, 113 Head Start children in Missoula, Montana took part. Group testing with the Lorge Thorndike Intelligence Test and individual testing with the Wechsler and Primary Scale of Intelligence or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children provided IQ information. An experimental group of the Head Start children was given iron tablets daily at school, and a control group was...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Behavior, Behavior Patterns, Correlation, Disadvantaged, Experimental Programs,...
The relevance of general semantics to subject areas in the behavioral sciences has been established many times over, although the application of the principles concerned does not always reflect acceptance. The problem of semantics as related to mental retardation has great importance as life affecting decisions are made in accord with beliefs and practices growing out of the use of the system. Some of the characteristics of a semanticly appropriate system are: (1) it would produce some...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Behavioral Sciences, Classification, Communication Problems, Communications,...
Previous studies have indicated some support for the hypothesis that breast feeding has a positive effect on intelligence and attainment among young children. This study examined the effects of breast-feeding versus bottle-feeding on the intelligence quotients (IQs) of first graders. A total of 26 breast-fed and 26 bottle-fed first graders from an elementary school in Kentucky completed the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test to determine IQ. To qualify for the breast-fed group, the children had to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Breastfeeding, Comparative Analysis, Elementary School...
The primary purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of infant test scores, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores, socioeconomic factors and maternal IQ as predictors of children's mental test performance. Additional purposes were to (1) determine the extent to which socioeconomic factors and maternal characteristics were associated with HOME scores, and (2) determine how well the HOME would predict child test performance if the influence of economic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Family Influence, Infants, Intellectual Development, Intelligence Quotient, Mothers,...
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent of the childhood behavioral disorders, yet is widely misunderstood and often difficult to correctly diagnose. Using a neuropsychological framework, this study explored the usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the diagnosis of ADHD. A sample of 90 children ages 6-12 were divided into four diagnostic groups: (1) pure ADHD; (2) ADHD with a learning...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attention Deficit Disorders, Children, Clinical Diagnosis, Diagnostic Tests,...
Whether IQ is or is not related to reading depends on such variables as the difficulty of the task, the time allowed for learning, the quality of instruction, and the nature of the tests used for assessing intelligence and reading. The relationship between intelligence--as assessed by an individual measuring instrument, such as the Stanford-Binet--and reading is at least minimized if the difficulty of the task is within the capabilities of the learner, individual differences in rate of learning...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary Education, Intelligence Quotient, Oral Reading, Reading, Reading Ability,...
A study of the effects of inadequate nutrition upon disadvantaged children involved 113 Head Start children and their families. Information was collected on home diet, socioeconomic data, performance on intelligence tests, hemoglobin levels, class attendance, height, and weight to find out whether or not there was a relationship between nutrition and behavior. Since adequate nutrition enables one to cope better with stresses, it is probable that a satisfactory diet can positively influence...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attention Span, Behavior, Dietetics, Disadvantaged, Eating Habits, Hyperactivity,...
WRITTEN COMPOSITIONS WERE OBTAINED FROM 48 CHILDREN, FOUR FROM EACH AGE GROUP FROM EIGHT THROUGH 11, ASSIGNED TO THREE IQ GROUPS--RETARDED, NORMAL, AND SUPERIOR. USING SEVERAL OF THE FLESCH CRITERIA (WHICH USE NUMBER OF SYLLABLES, AVERAGE SENTENCE LENGTH, AND NUMBER OF DEFINITE WORDS AS INDICES), COMPOSITIONS WERE SCORED FOR DEFINITENESS OF STYLE. RESULTS INDICATED THAT TWO CRITERIA, DEFINITE WORDS AND FLESCH'S FORMULA R, WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL AGE AND IQ PROVIDED A MEANS FOR...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Abstract Reasoning, Age Groups, Children, English Instruction, Intelligence Quotient,...
