Determination of the intentions of the test developer is fundamental to the choice of the analytical model for a rating scale. For confirmatory analysis, the developer's intentions inform the choice of the general form of the model, representing the manner in which the respondent interacts with the scale; these intentions also inform the choice of the precise statement of that form, representing the intention of the analyst to construct, for example, an "equal-interval" scale. The...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Factor Analysis, Item Response Theory, Likert Scales, Mathematical Models, Rating...
The semiotic interpretative context is extended to program evaluation. Assumptions about the semiotic process of constructing, describing, and judging reality are examined in terms of the viability of the process in explicating a perception-based evaluation model. Models from which inspiration was drawn include R. W. Tyler's instructional objectives model; M. Provus' discrepancy model; the Context, Input, Process, and Product model; M. Scriven's Goal-Free model; and R. E. Stake's model of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Case Studies, Evaluation Methods, International Programs, Likert Scales, Models,...
Educators and employers increasingly acknowledge the value of intercultural competence. While most higher education institutions consider these skills as important outcomes for their graduates, few have specifically addressed the means by which to measure the wide variety of results. Having and using intercultural assessment tools will allow educators to understand and measure the effectiveness and outcomes of their initiatives and will also aid them in developing appropriate interventions and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Higher Education, Competence, Colleges, Cultural Differences, Likert Scales,...
As global digital communication continues to flourish, the Children's Web pages become more critical for children to realize not only the surface but also breadth and deeper meanings in presenting these milieus. These pages not only are very diverse and complex but also enable intense communication across social, cultural and political restrictions while educating and entertaining. Hidden biases associated with hate, stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination on these Children's Web pages,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cultural Pluralism, Likert Scales, Internet, Web Sites, Interviews, Surveys, Social...
To assess early literacy development in Renaissance classrooms nationwide, the 2000 Early Literacy Survey was mailed to a sample of 411 randomly selected Renaissance Model and Master pre-K-3 educators. This population of teachers was chosen for the study because they have systematically certified that their implementation of Reading Renaissance is proper and accurate. Survey questions focused on the definition of reading as specified by the Reading Excellence Act (REA), a law which is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Beginning Reading, Early Childhood Education, Likert Scales, Literacy, National...
The controversy regarding reverse or negatively-worded survey stems has been around for several decades. The practice has been used to guard against acquiescent or response set behaviors. A 20-item, 5-point Likert item survey was designed and the stems and response sets were varied in a 2 by 3 design. One independent variable was type of item stem: one level had all direct-worded stems and the other had, randomly determined, half direct and half reverse-worded stems. The other independent...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Likert Scales, Reliability, Responses, Statistical Analysis, Surveys, Test...
This study was concerned with ranking items with Likert scale data when the items are subject to systematic (nonrandom) patterns of nonresponse. Researchers applied the rating scale model of D. Andrich (1978) to data from a survey in which the item response rate varied from less than 1% to over 90%. Data were from a section of the Student Opinion Survey for 7,133 students at 10 colleges. The person parameter in the rating scale model measured each rater's tendency to give higher or lower...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Higher Education, Likert Scales, Reliability, Responses, Surveys,...
In general, and broadest sense, the word religion; "No matter what submission to a higher authority, to accept orders and provisions that arising from this authority as the rules that must be followed, when the prize comply with these rules will be taken when the penalty point against is the general name of a living system into believing the area. The study's population is the athletes participating in the competition in individual branches of the Turkish national team. The sample of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Religious Factors, Beliefs, Athletes, Team Sports, Foreign Countries, Athletics,...
The current study is compatible with the scientific mobility in dealing with the Internet as a source of knowledge. It aims to introduce the Physics Education Websites (PEWs) and guide their followers toward the most credibility of them by analyzing their content. The sample consisted of (36) websites which were selected according to specific criteria by using Alexa search engine. To collect data, a questionnaire was used as a tool of analysis including (25) items which were distributed to (5)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Web Sites, Content Analysis, Questionnaires, Credibility, Standards, Accuracy,...
The Likert rating scale procedure is often used in conjunction with a graded disagree-agree response scale to measure attitudes. Item characteristic curves associated with graded disagree-agree responses are generally single-peaked, nonmonotonic functions of true attitude. These characteristics are, thus, more generally consistent with an unfolding model like the Thurstone attitude measurement procedure rather than a cumulative model such as the Likert procedure and the typical item...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attitudes, Likert Scales, Sampling, Test Items, Validity, Roberts, James S., Wedell,...
The Teaching Behaviors Questionnaire (TBQ) was developed to inventory attitudes regarding research-based effective teaching behaviors. A ranking format was pilot tested before the final version, a Likert-type scale, was adopted. The final version of the instrument was pilot tested and used in two studies. A sample (N=500) containing teachers, principals, college education faculty members, and undergraduate education students displayed a normal distribution, and yielded an alpha of .76....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary Secondary Education, Evaluation Methods, Likert Scales, Measurement...
Under the administrator evaluation program adopted at Vincennes University, all faculty and professional staff are invited to evaluate each administrator above them in the chain of command. Originally based on the Purdue University "cafeteria" system, this evaluation model has been used biannually for 10 years. In an effort to simplify the system, a single evaluation form was developed. This form includes: (1) a rank-ordered set of 22 statements covering the basic requirements of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Evaluation, College Faculty, Community Colleges, Evaluation Methods,...
There have been three competing analyses regarding the canonical word order of Japanese ditransitive sentences: a) "S-'ga' IO-'ni' DO-'o' V" is the canonical word order rather than "S-'ga' DO-'o' IO-'ni' V", b) both word orders are canonical, and c) the canonical word order depends on the type of the verb. The present study attempted to examine which of the three analyses might be most plausible through a grammaticality judgment survey. Twenty-seven native speakers of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Japanese, Grammar, Syntax, Verbs, Native Speakers, Psycholinguistics, Surveys,...
This evaluation was conducted with 43 second-year students, or teacher candidates, attending the science education program of an education faculty in a Turkish university. In this study, students were asked to complete a single open-ended and gap-filling questionnaire, and their answers were evaluated according to a five-point Likert-type rubric. The manuscript provides several examples of the students' answers. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine science teacher candidates'...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Preservice Teachers, Science Education, Questionnaires, Likert...
Undifferentiating response sets, defined as "overuse" of any category of a Likert scale, were identified using a combination of simple criteria, such as whether a single-category response set involved more than four items, and statistical criteria based on D. Andrich's (1978) measurement model for Likert scales (the Rating Scale model). Data were from one section of the American College Testing Program's "Counseling for High Skills" survey for 10 colleges. Total counts...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, High Schools, Likert Scales, Measurement Techniques, Rating Scales,...
This paper reports the partitioning of variance in scale scores from the use of three classroom environment instruments. Data sets from the administration of the What Is Happening In this Class (WIHIC) to 4,146 students, the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) to 2,167 students and the Catholic School Classroom Environment Questionnaire (CSCEQ) to 2,211 students in Australian schools were analysed using MLwiN. Variance components models with three levels (viz. student, class and school)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Likert Scales, Questionnaires, Classroom Environment, Scores, Statistical Analysis,...
This study of survey research experts was conducted to determine desirable characteristics of mail questionnaires. The 82-item Likert-scale instrument used in the study covered general appearance, instructions, choice of items, choice of response options, wording, order of items, and item format. The instrument was administered to: 8 subjects who participated in a study in which the instrument was developed, and 12 other experts (10 of whom functioned as a validation panel). For the eight early...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attitude Measures, Item Analysis, Likert Scales, Mail Surveys, Methods Research,...
Traditional education systems can sometimes become inadequate in the face of technological developments. Individuals, whose educational needs cannot be met by traditional education systems, can tend to search for alternatives and can have different demands in order to meet with these needs. These demands of the individuals can be reciprocated by managements and internet-based education methods, which remove limitations of time and space, provide facilities and equal opportunities, comply with...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Distance Education, Student Attitudes, Graduate Students, Student...
The study group was composed of 114 students from the Education Faculty of Uludag University in the spring semester of 2014 to 2015 academic year. 90 of them were female and 24 were male; 52 were enrolled in the classroom teaching and 62 in the social studies department. The 27-item "Environmental Attitude Scale" developed was used in the study. To analyze the data, the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) program was used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Preservice Teachers, Student Attitudes, Environment, Statistical...
As part of an ongoing study of statistics anxiety, 37 students in the Master of Education program in a small, private liberal arts college completed a Likert-scale instrument asking them to rate from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("a great deal") the extent to which 16 specific strategies reduced their statistics anxiety in the educational research classroom. Items were compiled from the answers of students in a previous study about how their instructors helped to reduce anxiety....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Anxiety, Educational Research, Graduate Students, Graduate Study, Higher Education,...
Few instruments or studies have been designed to measure the degree of stigmatization experienced by college and University students with disabilities. Yet, many researchers acknowledge through qualitative studies and other forms of experiential data that postsecondary students with disabilities do in fact encounter significant stigma effects. This study focused on the development, testing, and preparation for wider use of a Likert-type survey to measure self-reported degrees of stigmatization...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disabilities, Student Surveys, College Students, Likert Scales, Postsecondary...
Linguistic courses in ELT (English Language Teaching) departments, in some ways, may create obstacles due to their firm theoretical framework. Therefore, this study is concerned with the main problems for the students taking linguistic courses in ELT Department at Trakya University in Turkey. The purpose of the study is to investigate the attitudes of the students in ELT departments towards attending linguistic courses. The survey was carried out with 21-item Likert type scale designed by the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Applied Linguistics, Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), English, Teaching...
Because ignoring the missing data in an evaluation may lead to results that are questionable, this study investigated the effects of use of four missing data handling techniques on a survey instrument. A questionnaire containing 35 5-point Likert-style questions was completed by 384 respondents. Of these, 166 (43%) questionnaires contained 1 or more missing responses. The missing data pattern was non-ignorable. Listwise deletion, pairwise deletion, regression, and the expectation maximization...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Evaluation Methods, Factor Analysis, Factor Structure, Likert Scales, Multivariate...
This study is aimed to determine the perceptions of principals about innovation management and to investigate whether there is a significant difference in this perception according to various parameters. In the study, descriptive research model is used and universe is consisted from principals who participated in "Acquiring Formation Course Management II", organized by Malatya Provincial Directorate of National Education. Sample is formed from 233 volunteer principals, who answered...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Principals, Administrator Attitudes, Educational Innovation,...
Q-technique factor analysis identifies clusters or factors of people, rather than of variables, and has proven very popular, especially with regard to testing typology theories. The present study investigated the utility of three different protocols for obtaining data for Q-technique studies. These three protocols were: (1) a conventional ipsative 9-category Q-sort; (2) a normative response format using unnumbered graphic scales subsequently scored on a 1-to-15 scale; and (3) a normative...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classification, Comparative Analysis, Data Collection, Factor Analysis, Likert...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of university students' level of alienation on their general satisfaction. The study was carried out using rational screening model. The total participants of this study were 551 Dicle University students, studying at Medical, Technology, and Ziya Gökalp Education Faculty departments. The "alienation" and "general satisfaction" scales were used in data collection process. The collected data were analyzed by structural...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, College Students, Student Satisfaction, Alienation, Structural...
This study was conducted to determine the factors that affect the empathy levels of pre-service teachers studying in the Department of Social Studies Teaching. The research questions developed in this context aimed to determine the roles of gender, age and being a member of a school club in the empathy levels of pre-service teachers. The study group consisted of pre-service social studies teachers (n = 149), including 87 females and 62 males, studying in a faculty of education in the Black Sea...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Preservice Teachers, Social Studies, Empathy, Age Differences, Gender Differences,...
In the field of education, there has been an increased emphasis on evidence-based practice. Yet, traditional dissemination methods continue to be used. Using more creative and innovative strategies to disseminate research are needed. Theatre is one such method. Stemming from the research on knowledge mobilization and theatre as a method for social change, this study aimed to understand educator's perceptions and attitudes about using theatre to disseminate research. The study's method included...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Theater Arts, Information Dissemination, Educational Research, Likert Scales,...
Many instruments, especially Likert-type scales, contain both positively and negatively worded items within the same scale (i.e., mixed item format). A major reason for this practice appears to be to discourage response sets from emerging. Using this format also helps the analyst detect response sets that occur in data sets, and thus eliminate them from subsequent analyses. Some psychometricians question the use of mixed item formats, positing that positively and negatively worded items within...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Individual Characteristics, Likert Scales, Profiles, Rating Scales, Responses, Test...
To explore imagery and emotional involvement in reading, a study examined readers' imagery and emotional responses through the use of ratings for each paragraph in a story. Subjects, 40 undergraduate volunteers recruited from education classes, read a 2100-word excerpt from the novel "Buffalo Chief" by Jean and Paul Annixter. Students read a brief practice story to become familiar with the computer's presentation of the text, followed by the experimental passage. For both passages,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affective Measures, Emotional Response, Higher Education, Imagery, Likert Scales,...
The decision to use a forced-choice test item format versus an item format where choice is not forced (e.g., a Likert scale) might best be determined by the nature of the information sought since the difficult decisions required for forced-choice formats may result in a different scaling than an unforced method. If a forced choice is desired, there remains the question of whether to have subjects rank order their preferences or to present the items as paired comparisons. One of the main...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Attitudes, Comparative Analysis, Likert Scales, Principals, Responses,...
The basic purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction levels of the teachers in educational institutions and their attitudes towards teaching profession. Obtained results provided significant contributions for improving the quality of educational activities. Relational screening model as one of the quantitative research methods was used for carrying out this research. Relational screening models are the research models aiming to determine the presence...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Job Satisfaction, Teacher Attitudes, Teaching (Occupation), Statistical Analysis,...
The rapid growth of the event industry has resulted in a world-wide demand for education and training programs in event management. While the professional associations in event management have provided providing quality training and credentialing for their members, the 140 colleges and universities preparing students for entry level positions in the event management field have not yet identified critical entry level skills. This study asked practicing event managers to rate 91 skills in terms...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Curriculum Development, Professional Associations, Interpersonal Competence, Higher...
The objective of the study was to investigate kindergarten teachers' efficacy beliefs in classroom management. The sample size was 299 teachers drawn from both public and private kindergarten schools in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. The efficacy beliefs of the teachers with respect to their classroom management practices were measured on a six-point Likert agreement survey questionnaire. Findings from the study indicated that kindergarten teachers in the study area had high efficacy beliefs...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Preschool Teachers, Kindergarten, Classroom Techniques, Self Efficacy, Public...
Introduction: A legislative mandate to adopt digital textbooks in Florida provides an opportunity to identify concerns school librarians have regarding digital textbook implementation. Method: The stages of concern questionnaire was used to identify stages of concern among Florida school librarians about their potential role in this implementation. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample and the distribution of responses to each question. Questions were separated into...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Textbooks, Electronic Publishing, Questionnaires, Attitude Measures, School...
Academic plagiarism becomes very easy due to new opportunities provided by the Internet era (Scrinber, 2003; Underwood & Sazabo, 2003; Ross, 2005). We believe that academic dishonesty is a major issue, because it strikes at the heart of the academic and social values: honesty, trust and integrity. When dealing with education students, the future educators of children, academic dishonesty takes on added significance with much graver consequences for our society. This paper is aimed to reveal...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Plagiarism, Student Attitudes, Integrity, Likert Scales, Social Values, Internet,...
A course critique based on a multi-channel model of education has been developed and administered to 1,599 students enrolled at the U.S. Air Force Academy in the 1988 spring semester. The single-page instrument asks students to evaluate contributions the overall course made to their personal enjoyment, critical thinking, and subject knowledge, as well as rate the contributions of 10 course elements such as instructor, text, and classmates. The utility of this approach is shown by data analyses...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Course Evaluation, Evaluation Methods, Higher Education, Likert...
This study uses generalizability theory to examine the dependability of anchoring labels of Likert-type scales. Variance components associated with labeling were estimated in two samples using a two-facet random effect generalizability-study design. In one sample, 173 graduate students in education were administered 7 items measuring attitudes toward quantitative methodology. The other sample consisted of 108 graduate students in education who responded to the 8-item Life Orientation Test (M....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Generalizability Theory, Graduate Students, Higher Education, Individual Differences,...
An issue facing researchers who study very select populations is how to obtain reliability estimates on instruments. When the populations and resulting samples are very small and select, the ability to obtain reliability estimates becomes very difficult. As a result, many researchers ignore reliability concerns and forge ahead with data collection. In response to this concern, concepts associated with the model of social cognition of A. Bandura and the model of systematic desensitization of J....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Estimation (Mathematics), Higher Education, Likert Scales, Measurement Techniques,...
Problem Statement: The use of self-report questionnaires may lead to biases such as careless responses that distort the research outcomes. Early detection of careless responses in self-report questionnaires may reduce error, but little guidance exists in the literature regarding techniques for detecting such careless or random responses in self-report questionnaires. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the respondent's goodness-of-fit test score (R[subscript...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Questionnaires, Response Style (Tests), Goodness of Fit, Hypothesis Testing, Timed...
This paper describes the design of an innovative educational experience that took place during the summer of 2011 with a cohort of library science students at Appalachian State University. This group of students, working online in their own virtual public libraries, engaged in an extended epistemic game that required the participants to undertake the experience as if they were practicing professionals in charge of a library. The paper describes, through analysis of an end-of-course...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Public Libraries, Library Administration, Library Education, Educational Games, Role...
Staff development is a widely practiced effort to ensure quality education for students; however, at present, no validated instrument exists for the purpose of measuring attitudes toward staff development. In an attempt to construct an instrument for measuring the attitudes of faculty, administrators, and staff members toward their staff development programs, a 44-item survey was administered to 64 respondents during May 1990. The sample was drawn from the school districts participating in the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attitude Measures, Elementary School Teachers, Elementary Secondary Education, Likert...
Self-perception measures often suffer from inflation factors. This study compared a Likert-type scale measuring comfort (1="not at all comfortable" to 5="very comfortable") to one assessing knowledge (1="I do not know anything about this", 2="I don't know enough about this to fully understand it", 3="I'm not sure whether or not I know enough about this", 4="I know enough about this, however, I want to know more about it", 5="I...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Allied Health Personnel, Knowledge Level, Likert Scales, Measurement Techniques,...
Many researchers recognize that factors can be rotated obliquely, yielding factors that are correlated with each other. However, not as many researchers realize that this interfactor correlation matrix can then also be factor analyzed. This "higher-order" factor analysis has many useful applications and, in fact, some researchers suggest that higher-order analyses should always be conducted whenever first-order factors are rotated obliquely. Results of a survey of teachers from...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Correlation, Elementary School Teachers, Elementary Secondary Education, Factor...
A mailed national survey of 500 randomly selected secondary school principals, which yielded 271 responses, used a single free-response item, 10 Likert-type items, and 36 paired-comparison items. The study was an attempt to determine the qualities that principals look for in selecting teacher candidates and whether there was a bias against the most cognitively able candidates. The single free-response item, "What is the single most important quality you look for in a teaching...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Likert Scales, Mail Surveys, Principals, Secondary Education, Teacher...
Institutions of higher education are increasingly interested in how the student experience may or may not influence world views and particularly with respect to sustainability. Here we report preliminary results from a New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) study in China to benchmark student responses, and we relate these results to findings from other studies in China and elsewhere. The 15-item NEP was administered to 265 students at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in China, a Sino-British joint...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Sustainability, Undergraduate Students, Cultural Pluralism,...
Problem Statement: The current study's purpose is: First, to examine the relationship between shared leadership and distributed leadership, which, despite having many similar aspects in theory and practice, are defined as separate concepts. Second, to compare the two approaches and dissipate the theoretical contradictions. In this sense, the main aim of the study is to examine administrators' shared leadership and distributed leadership levels, the relationships between shared leadership and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Theory Practice Relationship, Foreign Countries, Leadership Role, Leadership Styles,...
The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale that can be used in determining the civic-mindedness levels of teaching staff working at universities. The study group of the research consisted of 758 students, 256 of whom were male and 524 were female. The item list, which was based on the literature and expert opinions, was prepared for use after also being checked by linguists. The validity analysis of the scale for the data collected was performed with exploratory factor...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Test Reliability, Test Validity, College Faculty, Citizen Participation, Factor...
Current views in educational psychology suggest that learning involves the awareness of and regulation of knowledge, beliefs, and goals. This suggests that two constructs, (1) epistemological beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) and (2) cognitive dispositions (such as willingness to consider alternative points of view) are likely candidates for influencing learning in general and course achievement in particular. Recently, a number of studies have shown that epistemological beliefs and cognitive...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Educational Psychology, Educational Research, Epistemology,...
This study investigated the role of collective trust, collective efficacy, and enabling school structures on overall school effectiveness. While the concept of organizational effectiveness can be complex and difficult to measure, the results of this research demonstrated a connection of these variables to school effectiveness. Collective trust had a strong influence on organizational effectiveness, controlling for all the other variables including SES. This finding was consistent with earlier...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Role, Trust (Psychology), Socioeconomic Status, School Effectiveness, Teacher...
