Analysis Of Chemical Warfare Degradation Products
Topics: degradation, chemical, products, warfare, analysis, agents, detection, nerve, sulfur, toxicity,...
Chemical Warfare Toxicology Vol 1
Topics: exposure, mustard, chemical, sulfur, min, phosgene, nerve, agents, dose, toxicity, sulfur mustard,...
Handbook Of Chemical And Biological Warfare Agents
Topics: industrial, agent, precursor, agents, crc, llc, exposure, skin, naerg, press, crc press, press llc,...
Chemical Warfare Toxicology Vol 1 I
Topics: nerve, human, exposure, agent, chemical, fentanyl, nicotinic, agents, poisoning, mustard, nerve...
41
41
Mar 30, 2021
03/21
by
Alan Watt ~ Cutting Through the Matrix
audio
eye 41
favorite 0
comment 0
Alan Watt: CTTM LIVE on RBN 1017 UN Puts Reliance In Great God Of Science Feb 7, 2012 Feb. 7, 2012 Alan Watt "Cutting Through The Matrix" LIVE on RBN: Poem Copyright Alan Watt Feb. 7, 2012: UN Puts Reliance in Great God of Science: "Ever Wondered at Sexual Fallout, What is Causality, The U.N. Fully Endorses the New Morality, Ensuring Children are Sexualized, Pre-Pubertal, Lots of Sex without Bonding, It's Elemental, Yes There's an Agenda, Marxist in Make-up, That Sexualize...
Topics: The State to Give the New Morality, bypassing Parents, Police and Medical Propaganda, Banned Nerve...
A comprehensive literature review on the topics yielded numerous publications for cholinergic crisis (1,032) and pediatric/neonatal intubation (475). These results provided a foundation for the following in both clinical domains: creation of comprehensive task analyses, identification of critical tasks and standards of performance, curriculum deficits, strengths and weaknesses of various training platforms (simulation, animal, multimedia), and development of assessment instruments (cognitive,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MICHIGAN UNIV REGENTS ANN ARBOR DIV OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION,...
Oligonucleotide microarrays have become a valuable tool in understanding the mechanism of toxicity of chemical warfare agents. However, several model organisms used in the study of chemical warfare agent toxicity are not widely used as genetic models in molecular and cellular biology. These include guinea pigs and swine, which are used in the study of chemical warfare nerve agents and vesicants, respectively. To address this gap in research tools, we have developed an oligonucleotide microarray...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Dillman III, James F, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING...
Examination of the enzyme structure for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reveals two sites of ligand interaction: The peripheral site (P-site) located at the entrance of the gorge, and the acylation site (A-site) at the base of the gorge. Our goal is to develop high affinity cyclic peptide ligands specific for the P-site that would block the access of organophosphate agents while allowing the passage of acetylcholine to the A-site for use by personnel at risk for nerve gas exposure. Our immediate...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rosenberry, Terrone L, MAYO CLINIC JACKSONVILLE FL, *PEPTIDES, *INHIBITORS,...
Organophosphates such as nerve agents have been used on several occasions in the past to inflict harm upon military and civilian populations in various parts of the world. The threat of these chemicals use against the military and civilians continues today, and the suggested treatment guidelines available may be ineffective or possibly cause harm. The guidelines investigated during the research presented here all included the use of two antidotes, atropine and oxime. The efficacy of oximes has...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND...
There are essentially millions of chemical compounds known to humanity, but only a limited number are weaponized by conventional militaries. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the 184- member watchdog agency enforcing the guidelines of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) , has identified 55 chemical agents and their precursors that can be used as weapons (OPCW, 2005). Although some of the chemicals are well known (e.g. sarin, soman, VX, mustard), other less...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD,...
Human serum paraoxonase-1 (HuPON1) has the capacity to hydrolyze aryl esters, lactones, oxidized phospholipids, and organophosphorus (OP) compounds. HuPON1 and bacterially expressed chimeric recombinant PON1s (G2E6 and G3C9) differ by multiple amino acids, none of which are in the putative enzyme active site. To address the importance of these amino acid differences, the abilities of HuPON1, G2E6, G3C9, and several variants to hydrolyze phenyl acetate, paraoxon, and V-type OP nerve agents were...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH...
Human paraoxonase1 (hPON1) is a potential therapeutic against the toxicity of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. We tested whether PON1 gene transfer using adenovirus provides protection against the toxicity of the OP diazoxon. Using an adenovirus construct containing hPON1 gene, we showed elevated levels of recombinant enzyme was secreted by 293A cells into culture medium and into the systemic circulation of mice. Western blotting revealed that the virally...
Topics: DTIC Archive, WALTER REED ARMY INST OF RESEARCH SILVER SPRING MD DEPT OF MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY,...
Prolidases hydrolyze Xaa-Pro dipeptides and can also cleave the P-F and P-O bonds found in organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including the nerve agents soman and sarin. Ph1prol (PH0974) has previously been isolated and characterized from Pyrococcus horikoshii and was shown to have higher catalytic activity over a broader pH range, higher affinity for metal, and increased thermostability compared to P. furiosus prolidase, Pf prol (PF1343). To obtain a better enzyme for OP nerve agent...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD, *NERVE AGENTS, CATALYSTS,...
This is a proposal to develop novel, mechanism-based therapies for the treatment of organophosphate (OP) nerve agent-induced seizures. We proposed to study the effects of organophosphates anmuscarinic agonists on glutamatergic transmission, and on intrinsic excitability of principal hippocampal neurons test the hypothesis that cholinergic stimulation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission and increases and excitability (Aims 1 & 2). We have completed experiments 1.1-1.4 and 2.1-2.2 as...
Topics: DTIC Archive, VIRGINIA UNIV CHARLOTTESVILLE, *EPILEPSY, *NERVE AGENTS, CHOLINERGIC NERVES,...
Behavioral studies investigating chemical weapon nerve agent (CWNA) exposure often utilize guinea pigs because their levels of carboxylesterase enzymes are similar to humans (Maxwell et al. 1987; Shih and McDonough 1999; Shih and McDonough 2000; de Groot et al. 2001). However, the guinea pig model does present a significant problem when trying to correlate behavioral and protein changes due to the absence of guinea pig-specific antibodies. We have developed a procedure to determine the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Johnson, Erik A, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING...
Organophosphorus esters (OP) are known to make a covalent bond with the active site serine in the consensus sequence GXSXG of esterases and proteases. However, the site of attachment to proteins that have no active site serine has only recently been recognized as tyrosine. In last year's report we provided mass spectrometry evidence that soman, sarin, DFP, chlorpyrifos oxon, dichlorvos, and FP-biotin bound to tyrosine in 3 proteins. We now report binding of organophosphorus agents to tyrosinein...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NEBRASKA UNIV MEDICAL CENTER OMAHA, *BUTYRATES, *NERVE AGENTS, *MASS SPECTROMETRY,...
This paper highlights cleanup efforts under the Defense Environmental Restoration Program at sites contaminated or suspected to be contaminated with chemical warfare materiel. Chemical warfare materiel are munitions or containers holding blister agents, nerve agents, blood agents, and choking agents. Also of concern are soil and scrap contaminated with these agents, or soil contaminated with decontaminating solutions. This paper outlines the history of military use that led to contamination. It...
Topics: DTIC Archive, CORPS OF ENGINEERS HUNTSVILLE AL, *CHOKING AGENTS, *NERVE AGENTS, *CHEMICAL WARFARE,...
Anticholinesterases include carbamate and organophosphorus (OP) insecticides and nerve agents. Release of these compounds can flood emergency departments (EDs) with large numbers of poisoned victims and worried individuals. It was hypothesized that despite the focus of disaster preparedness on large metropolitan areas, EDs in these cities would still report self-perceptions of deficiencies in preparedness for mass casualty incidents (MCIs) involving these chemicals.
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *EMERGENCY...
The ability of galantamine hydrobromide (GAL HBr) treatment to antagonize O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX)-induced lethality, impairment of muscle tension, and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes was assessed in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were challenged with 16.8 g/kg VX (2LD50). One min after challenge, animals were administered 0.5 mg/kg atropine sulfate (ATR) and 25 mg/kg pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM). In addition, guinea pigs were given 0, 1, 2,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD,...
Organophosphorus nerve agents such as sarin (GB) and VX irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing a buildup of acetylcholine (ACh) in synapses and neuromuscular junctions, which leads to excess bronchial secretions, convulsions, seizures, coma, and death. Understanding the unique toxic characteristics of different nerve agents is vital in the effort to develop broad spectrum medical countermeasures. To this end, we employed a repeated measure multivariate design with striatal...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD,...
Pharmacological control of seizure activity following nerve agent exposure is critical in reducing neuropathology and improving survival in casualties. Three classes of drugs, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists, have been shown to be effective at moderating nerve agent-induced seizures. However, little is known about which brain structures are involved in producing the anticonvulsant response. This study evaluated drugs from each class, injected...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *BRAIN,...
Organophosphate acid anhydrolase (OPAA) is a bimetalloenzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphorus compounds, including fluorine-containing nerve agents such as soman [pinacolyl methylphosphonoflouridate]. The insecticide mipafox (N,N'-diisopropyldiamidofluorophosphate), which is a close analog of the nerve agent substrate diisopropyl fluorophosphonate, is a special case for OPAA because it reversibly inhibits the enzyme's hydrolysis activity. It is believed that OPAA...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR,...
VX and Russian V-agent (VR) are the two most widely known V-agents; however, others also exist. One of these is o-ethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]methylphosphono-thioate, or VM. These studies investigated the lethality of VM in guinea pigs following subcutaneous challenge and determined the effectiveness of current U.S. medical countermeasures atropine sulfate, pralidoxime chloride (2PAM) and diazepam with and without pretreatment with pyridostigmine bromide. The 24 hr median lethal dose (MLD)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD,...
Chemical warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. Armed Forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chemical weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins),1 by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun),2 and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (HD, HCN(g))3. In the United States' experience in World War 1, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's.4...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hobson, Stephen T, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING...
It is unlikely that Gulf War (GW) Veterans are suffering chronic effects from illnesses caused by chemical warfare (CW) nerve agent exposure. Extensive investigation and review by several expert panels have determined no evidence exists that CW nerve agents were used during the Gulf War. At no time before, during, or after the war was there confirmation of symptoms among anyone, military or civilian, caused by CW nerve agent exposure. Studies of GW veterans have found belief that chemical...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Riddle, James R, NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER SAN DIEGO CA, *ILLNESS, *CHEMICAL...
The probability of U.S. forces encountering CB agents during worldwide conflicts remains high. In the next 10 years, the threat from the proliferation of CBW weapons will increase. This will result from development of CB agents more difficult to detect and from adoption of more capable delivery systems. Several countries have CW capabilities (e.g., North Korea, China, India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libra, and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union). The Joint Service Chemical...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pennington, Charles, LUNA INNOVATIONS INC BLACKSBURG VA, *CHEMICAL AGENTS,...
This Final Report begins with a description of two catalysts and one microemulsion that are effective decontamination systems for mustard and nerve agent simulants. It then describes new ester-modified surfactants synthesized in the hopes that they would provide enhanced solublilization power. In the process, a comparison was made between contiguous and segmented hydrophobicity, the first such comparison of its kind. Surfactants were found to differ in their cmc, foaming, area of occupancy at...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Menger, Fredric M, EMORY UNIV ATLANTA GA, *DECONTAMINATION, *SURFACE ACTIVE...
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATh-FTIR) technology is used to identify chemicals in a liquid or solid phase but not in a vapor phase. This research identified vapor phase chemicals using a field-portable ATR-FTIR spectrometer combined with a solid phase microextraction (SPME) film. Two nerve agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and dimethyl methyiphosphonate ?DMMP), and three polycarbosiloxane polymers were evaluated using a TravelIR(exp TM) ATR-FTIR...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bryant, Chet K, UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIV OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES BETHESDA MD DEPT OF...
All six nerve agents studied were capable of producing prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) and neuropathology, and all 5 tested drugs were capable of terminating seizure activity. This presentation focused on the aspect of the influence of seizure activity, whether it was or was not terminated by any of the drug treatment, on neuropathological consequence and on mortality. Regardless of doses and drug treatment, control of seizure was strongly associated with protection against acute...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Shih, T M, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD...
The accepted target for oganophosphorus agent (OP) binding to enzymes is the active site serine in the consensus sequence GlyXSerXGly of acetylcholinesterase. By using mass spectrometry to fragment OP-labeled peptides, we have found that OP can make covalent bonds not only with serine, but also with tyrosine and lysine in proteins that have no active site serine. The OP-tyrosine bond is stable, and does not undergo the decay seen with OP-serine. Human blood treated with nerve agents in vitro...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NEBRASKA UNIV MEDICAL CENTER OMAHA, *NERVE AGENTS, *ORGANOPHOSPHATES, *MASS...
Exposure to organophosphate (OP) nerve agents, such as sarin, may lead to uncontrolled seizures and irreversible brain injury and neuropathology. In rat studies, a median lethal dose of sarin leads to approximately half of the animals developing seizures. Whereas previous studies analyzed transcriptomic effects associated with seizing sarin-exposed rats, our study focused on the cohort of sarin-exposed rats that did not develop seizures. We analyzed the genomic changes occurring in...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH AND MATERIEL COMMAND FORT DETRICK MD TELEMEDICINE AND ADVANCED...
For over a decade following end of the first Gulf War in 1991, there has been increasing concern to understand the immediate and persistent effects of sub-acute and low-level exposures to chemical warfare agents. Although low-level exposures may not cause obvious pathology at the time of exposure, they may cause molecular-level toxic injuries in the brain and other vital organ systems. The work described in this manuscript was designed to the measure the gene and protein expression alterations...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Sekowski, J W, EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *NERVE...
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are among the most toxic chemicals known to man and are notoriously easy to synthesize. As a result, their potential use against our military by insurgents, terrorists and other rogue groups remains a continuing threat. Therapeutics for countering OP toxicity exist, but do not adequately protect against some fast-acting agents (e.g., soman) without complementary support of prophylactic species. Some prophylactics do already exist, but may be responsible for...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Lushington, Gerald H, KANSAS UNIV LAWRENCE, *TOXICITY, *INHIBITORS, *NERVE AGENTS,...
Organophosphorus esters (OP) are highly toxic poisons used as chemical nerve agents and as pesticides. It is generally agreed that the toxicity from high dose OP exposure involves inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase. The role of other proteins in the toxicity of OP is unknown. Our hypothesis is that several proteins become modified after exposure to OP and that the biological actions of OP are not explained by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase alone. We are using mass spectrometry to identify...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hinrichs, Steven H, NEBRASKA UNIV MEDICAL CENTER OMAHA, *NEUROTOXINS,...
Senescence marker protein (SMP30), also known as regucalcin, is a 34 kDa cytosolic marker protein of aging which plays an important role in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, ascorbic acid biosynthesis, oxidative stress, and detoxification of chemical warfare nerve agents. In our goal to investigate the activity of SMP30 for the detoxification of nerve agents, we have produced a recombinant adenovirus expressing human SMP30 as a fusion protein with a hemaglutinin tag (Ad-SMP30-HA). Ad-SMP30-HA...
Topics: DTIC Archive, WALTER REED ARMY INST OF RESEARCH SILVER SPRING MD DEPT OF MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY,...
The aim of this study was to demonstrate, in guinea-pigs in vivo, the utility of huBuChE as a therapy against percutaneous (p.c.) nerve agent poisoning, following which there is a slower absorption of agent than by the inhalation route and consequently a longer window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. The first task was to determine the p.c. toxicity of VR in Dunkin-Hartley guinea-pigs. The 24h LD50 was 0.45mg/kg (0.36 - 0.54 95% CI) and the 48-h LD50 was 0.38 mg/kg (0.31-0.45 95%...
Topics: DTIC Archive, DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LAB PORTON DOWN (UNITED KINGDOM), *NERVE AGENTS, SIGNS...
Previous work to develop biosensors that can be used to detect organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) has successfully demonstrated the potential application of enzymes encapsulated in peptide-nanotubes (PNTs) enhanced with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to detect the presence of OPCs in the aqueous and gas phases. In this research, a standardized test method that was applied to evaluate a biosensor fabricated with a single-use electrode, was refined to accommodate a reusable screen printed electrode....
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF...
This manual is a reference handbook published for use as a chemical agent information source by personnel performing services within chemical agent areas.
Topics: DTIC Archive, EDGEWOOD ARSENAL ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, *HANDBOOKS,...
A Simulator, Detector Tickets, Chemical Agents; Training, M256 (TRAINS) device entered engineering development on an accelerated basis. The TRAINS was developed as a training device for the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit. Pre-engineered color changes were incorporated into the M256 samplers to produce the color required to simulate a positive test without the use of external simulants or agents. For example, pH indicators were used as positive tests for blister agents, and the removal of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Katzoff, Lionel, CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN...
Novel Approach: Non-woven Technology. Research program utilizes needle-punching technology to develop chemical warfare protective substrates. Important characteristics for chemical protective substrates include: (1) Toxic chemical adsorption; (2) Next-to-Skin friendliness; (3) Breathability. Characteristics conflict with each other -- Non-woven technology could be the solution.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Sata, Utkarsh, TEXAS TECH UNIV LUBBOCK, *DECONTAMINATION, *CHEMICAL WARFARE,...
This report describes the optimization and use of 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) to investigate the proteomic changes induced by chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) in whole cell homogenates and isolated mitochondria from rat brain regions. Rats were pretreated with the oxime HI-6, exposed to a seizurogenic dose of the CWNA soman, and then administered atropine methyl nitrate (AMN). Control animals were given HI-6, an equivalent volume of agent vehicle (saline), and...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *RATS,...
The goal of this project is to evaluate the extent to which PONsub1192/Gulf War (GW)-related exposure interactions contribute to the risk for Gulf War Illness (GWI), as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) and Kansas case definitions in a large sample of GW veterans. Specifically, we will: (1) determine the associations between GWI and GW-related exposures with the potential for cholinergic effects (e.g., personal pesticide use, exposure to OP nerve agents) in...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chao, Linda, NCIRE San Francisco United States, PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME, TOXIC HAZARDS,...
The effect of i.m. administered human butyryicholinesterase (HuBuChE) on the i.v. bolus and inhalation toxicokinetics of (+/-)-sarin in guinea pigs was studied. After i.m. administration of HuBuChE, the BuChE activity in blood gradually increased, reaching a maximum after 20-24 h, and remaining stable for about another 24 h. It was decided to study the effect of HuBuChE on the toxicokinetics of nerve agent at 24 h after administration of the enzyme. After iv. bolus administration of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Langenberg, Jan P, PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK(NETHERLANDS), *NERVE...
The key objective of these studies is to determine the neurotoxic risk of combining acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. In this year of study we found: 1) The histopathological effect of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 is ameliorated by co-exposure to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide in rats; however neurotoxicity is exacerbated by Co exposure to the AChEI, physostigmine. 2) The NMDA receptor...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wilson, Wilkie A, DUKE UNIV MEDICAL CENTER DURHAM NC, *CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS,...
Specific goals: a) development of the versatile simulation tool to study morphology and transport in swollen polyelectrolyte membranes (PEM) of Nafion type at mesoscale (20nm); b) understanding of the mechanisms of sorption and transport of chemical agents in swollen PEM. We developed molecular models for Nafion and nerve agent simulant DMMP and explored microphase segregation and mechanisms of DMMP sorption and transport in hydrated membranes with K+ counterion. It was shown that in dry...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Vishnyakov, Aleksey M, TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PRINCETON NJ, *POLYELECTROLYTES,...
The recent Department of Defense proposal to develop a capability to modernize and expand the current U.S. chemical warfare munition stocks with binary nerve agent munitions has focused attention on the subject of chemical warfare. This paper provides a brief introductory discussion of modern chemical warfare, describing the types of agents, delivery methods, and defense against chemical agents. It does not discuss policy, strategy, tactics, or disarmament aspects of chemical warfare. These...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kallis, E M, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE,...
A structure-activity analysis was used to evaluate the variation in oxime efficacy of 2-PAM, obidoxime, HI-6 and ICD585 against nerve agents. In vivo oxime protection and in vitro oxime reactivation were used as indicators of oxime efficacy against VX, sarin, VR and cyclosarin. Analysis of in vivo oxime protection was conducted with oxime protective ratios (PR) from guinea pigs receiving oxime and atropine therapy after sc administration of nerve agent. Analysis of in vitro reactivation was...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *NERVE...
A Simulator, Detector Tickets, Chemical Agents; Training, M256 (TRAINS) device entered engineering development on an accelerated basis. The TRAINS was developed as a training device for the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit. Pre-engineered color changes were incorporated into the M256 samplers to produce the color required to simulate a positive test without the use of external simulants or agents. For example, pH indicators were used as positive tests for blister agents, and the removal of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Katzoff, Lionel, CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN...
Project Summary: A technology was developed to identify proteins capable of intercepting both existing and emerging organophosphate-based chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNA). The 5 years of performance under this project have demonstrated the potential of directed evolution, combining random and designed mutations based on 3D structures, to generate mutants of a recombinant mammalian PON1 (rePON1) with catalytic proficiency well above that of the wild type (wt)1-3. We have evolved mutants that...
Topics: DTIC Archive, WEIZMANN INST OF SCIENCE REHOVOT (ISRAEL), *CATALYSIS, *CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS,...
Organophosphorus esters (OP) are highly toxic poisons used as chemical nerve agents and as pesticides. It is generally agreed that the toxicity from high dose OP exposure involves inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase. The role of other proteins in the toxicity of OP is unknown. Our hypothesis is that several proteins become modified after exposure to OP and that the biological actions of OP are not explained by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase alone. We are using mass spectrometry to identify...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hinrichs, Steven H, NEBRASKA UNIV MEDICAL CENTER OMAHA, *DETECTION,...
