Automatic deployment of structures has been a focus of much academic and industrial work on infrastructure applications and robotics in general. This paper presents a robotic truss assembler designed for space applications - the Space Robot Universal Truss System (SpRoUTS) - that reversibly assembles a truss from a feedstock of hinged andflat-packed components, by folding the sides of each component up and locking onto the assembled structure. We describe the design and implementation of the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ROBOTICS, DEPLOYMENT, TRUSSES, ROBOTS, SPACE ERECTABLE...
INNOVATION: BEAM is a pathway project demonstrating the design, fabrication, test, certification, integration, operation, on-orbit performance, and disposal of the first ever man-rated space inflatable structure. The groundwork laid through the BEAM project will support developing and launching a larger inflatable space structure with even greater mass per volume (M/V) advantages need for longer space missions. OVERVIEW: Inflatable structures have been shown to have much lower mass per volume...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INFLATABLE SPACE STRUCTURES, SPACE STATION STRUCTURES, SPACE...
The complex interaction between the International Space Station (ISS) and the surrounding plasma environment often generates unpredictable environmental situations that affect operations. Examples of affected systems include extravehicular activity (EVA) safety, solar panel efficiency, and scientific instrument integrity. Models and heuristically-derived best practices are well-suited for routine operations, but when it comes to unusual or anomalous events or situations, especially those driven...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACE WEATHER, SPACECRAFT CHARGING, INTERNATIONAL SPACE...
No abstract available
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), NASA SPACE PROGRAMS, JAPANESE SPACE PROGRAM, INTERNATIONAL...
Presented are a number of important experiences gained and lessons learned from the collaboration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on the CoNNeCT (Communications, Navigation, and Networking re-Configurable Testbed) project. Both space agencies worked on the CoNNeCT Project to design, assemble, test, integrate, and launch a communications testbed facility mounted onto the International Space Station (ISS) truss. At...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, JAPANESE SPACE PROGRAM, NASA SPACE...
The Jettison Engineering Trajectory Tool (JETT) performs the jettison analysis function for any orbiting asset. It provides a method to compute the relative trajectories between an orbiting asset and any jettisoned item (intentional or unintentional) or sublimating particles generated by fluid dumps to assess whether an object is safe to jettison, or if there is a risk with an item that was inadvertently lost overboard. The main concern is the interaction and possible recontact of the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), JETTISONING, COLLISION AVOIDANCE, TRAJECTORIES, AEROSPACE...
A Powerpoint presentation of the history and building of the International Space Station, which the author worked on from 1986-2003.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, SPACE...
The International Space Station (ISS) undergoes electrical charging in low Earth orbit (LEO) due to positively biased, exposed conductors on solar arrays that collect electrical charges from the space plasma. Exposed solar array conductors predominately collect negatively charged electrons and thus drive the metal ISS structure electrical ground to a negative floating potential (FP) relative to plasma. This FP is variable in location and time as a result of local ionospheric conditions. ISS...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, INTERNATIONAL...
Electric potential variations on the International Space Station (ISS) structure in low Earth orbit are dominated by contributions from interactions of the United States (US) 160 volt solar arrays with the relatively high density, low temperature plasma environment and inductive potentials generated by motion of the large vehicle across the Earth?s magnetic field. The Floating Potential Measurement Unit (FPMU) instrument suite comprising two Langmuir probes, a plasma impedance probe, and a...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, SPACE...
This slide presentation reviews selected lessons that were learned during the design, development, assembly and operation of the International Space Station. The critical importance of standards and common interfaces is emphasized to create a common operation environment that can lead to flexibility and adaptability.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION,...
The International Space Station (ISS), because of its large structure and high voltage solar arrays, has a complex plasma interaction with the ionosphere in low Earth orbit (LEO). This interaction of the ISS US Segment photovoltaic (PV) power system with the LEO ionospheric plasma produces floating potentials on conducting elements of the ISS structure relative to the local plasma environment. To control the ISS floating potentials, two Plasma Contactor Units (PCUs) are installed on the Z1...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SOLAR ARRAYS, DIELECTRICS, LOW EARTH ORBITS, SPACE STATION...
Industrial design creates and develops concepts and specifications that seek to simultaneously and synergistically optimize function, production, value and appearance. The inclusion of appearance, or esthetics, as a major design metric represents both an augmentation of conventional engineering design and an intersection with artistic endeavor(s). Report surveys past and current industrial design practices and examples across aerospace including aircraft and spacecraft, both exterior and...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING, AERODYNAMIC CONFIGURATIONS,...
This paper outlines the modeling techniques and important parameters to define a rigorous but practical procedure that can verify the compliance of RF exposure to the NASA standards for astronauts and electronic equipment. The electromagnetic modeling techniques are applied to analyze RF exposure in Space Shuttle and Space Station environments with reasonable computing time and resources. The modeling techniques are capable of taking into account the field interactions with Space Shuttle and...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, RADIO FREQUENCIES, EXPOSURE,...
A report presents a review of the development of laboratories in outer space, starting from the pioneering Skylab and Salyut stations of the United States and the former Soviet Union and progressing through current and anticipated future developments. The report includes textual discussions of space station designs, illustrated with drawings, photographs, and tables. The approach taken in the review was not to provide a comprehensive catalog of each space laboratory and every design topic that...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DESIGN ANALYSIS, SPACE LABORATORIES, SPACE STATIONS,...
A deterministic method for Space Station Global Positioning System (GPS) Signal-To- Noise Ratio (SNR) predictions is proposed. The complex electromagnetic interactions between GPS antennas and surrounding Space Station structures are taken into account by computational electromagnetic technique. This computer simulator is capable of taking into account multipath effects from dynamically changed solar panels and thermal radiators. A comparison with recent collected Space Station GPS system...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIOS, SPACE...
A solar array segment was recently removed from the Mir core module and returned for ground-based analysis. The segment, which is similar to the ones the Russians have provided for the FGB and Service Modules, was microscopically examined and disassembled by US and Russian science teams. Laboratory analyses have shown the segment to he heavily contaminated by an organic silicone coating, which was converted to an organic silicate film by reactions with atomic oxygen within the. orbital flight...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CONSTRUCTION, SPACE STATION STRUCTURES, CONTAMINANTS,...
This report provides a focused and in-depth look at the opportunities and drivers for the enhancement and evolution of the International Space Station (ISS) during assembly and beyond the assembly complete stage. These enhancements would expand and improve the current baseline capabilities of the ISS and help to facilitate the commercialization of the ISS by the private sector. Volume 1 provides the consolidated overview of the ISS baseline systems; information on the current facilities...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, EVOLUTION (DEVELOPMENT), SPACE...
Recent results show that the peak transient response of a linear system to bounded energy inputs can be computed using the energy-to-peak gain of the system. However, analytically computed peak response bound can be conservative for a class of class bounded energy signals, specifically pulse trains generated from jet firings encountered in space vehicles. In this paper, shaping filters are proposed as a Methodology to reduce the conservatism of peak response analytic bounds. This Methodology...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), TRANSIENT RESPONSE, LINEAR SYSTEMS, SPACE STATIONS, SPACE...
An understanding of the mechanisms by which individual cells perceive gravity and how these cells transduce and respond to gravitational stimuli is critical for the development of long-term manned space flight experiments. We now propose to use a well-characterized model erythroid cell system and to investigate gravitational perturbations of its erythropoietin (Epo) signaling pathway and gene regulation. Cells will be grown at 1-G and in simulated microgravity in the NASA Rotating Wall Vessel...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS, GENE EXPRESSION, GENETICS,...
Application of the free-suspension residual flexibility modal test method to the International Space Station Pathfinder structure is described. The Pathfinder, a large structure of the general size and weight of Space Station module elements, was also tested in a large fixed-base fixture to simulate Shuttle Orbiter payload constraints. After correlation of the Pathfinder finite element model to residual flexibility test data, the model was coupled to a fixture model, and constrained modes and...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACE STATION STRUCTURES, ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS, INTERNATIONAL...
The International Space Station (ISS) incorporates elements designed and developed by an international consortium led by the United States (U.S.), and by Russia. For this cooperative effort to succeed, it is crucial that the designs and methods of design of the other partners are understood sufficiently to ensure compatibility. Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) is one system in which functions are performed independently on the Russian Segment (RS) and on the U.S./international...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, LIFE...
In March of 1994, STS-62 carried the NASA Lewis Research Center's Solar Array Module Plasma Interactions Experiment (SAMPIE) into orbit, where it investigated the plasma current collected and the arcs from solar arrays and other space power materials immersed in the low-Earth-orbit space plasma. One of the important experiments conducted was the plasma current collected by a four-cell coupon sample of solar array cells for the international space station. The importance of this experiment dates...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CONTACTORS, ELECTRICAL GROUNDING, INTERNATIONAL SPACE...
Constructing the International Space Station, or other structures, in space presents a number of problems. In particular, payload restrictions for the Space Shuttle and other launch mechanisms prohibit assembly of large space-based structures on Earth. Instead, a number of smaller modules must be boosted into orbit separately and then assembled to form the final structure. The assembly process is difficult, as docking interfaces such as Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMS) must be precisely...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ALIGNMENT,...
This publication documents a selected number of pre-flight, in-flight, and postflight photographs of the LDEF and experiments. Changes in condition of the experiments caused by space exposure are discussed. Accompanying this black and white publication it a CD-ROM that contains the color version of the photographs as well as the text.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY, SPACE FLIGHT, SPACE...
The present docking system for the Orbiter uses mechanical capture latches that are actuated by contact forces. The forces are generated when the two approaching masses collide at the docking mechanism. There is always a trade-off between having high enough momentum to effect capture and low enough momentum to avoid structural overload or unacceptable angular displacements. The use of the present docking system includes a contact thrusting maneuver that causes high docking loads to be included...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT DOCKING, ELECTROMAGNETS, LATCHES, SPACE STATION...
Two computational techniques are used to calculate differential phase errors on Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier war phase measurements due to certain multipath-producing objects. The two computational techniques are a rigorous computati electromagnetics technique called Geometric Theory of Diffraction (GTD) and the other is a simple ray tracing method. The GTD technique has been used successfully to predict microwave propagation characteristics by taking into account the dominant...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, MULTIPATH TRANSMISSION, PHASE...
The JSC International Space Station program office requested that SSB prepare a databook to document the alternate space station assembly sequence known as Tier 2, which assumes that the Russian participation has been eliminated and that the functions that were supplied by the Russians (propulsion, resupply, initial attitude control, communications, etc.) are now supplied by the U.S. Tier 2 utilizes the Lockheed Bus-l to replace much of the missing Russian functionality. The space station at...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION,...
The combined loads test of the 3-Bay FASTMast marks the end of the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) effort to characterize the behavior of the principal Space Station solar array support structure. The primary objective of this test and analysis effort was to develop a method to predict structural stability failure modes under flight-like applied loads. Included at the beginning of this report is a brief historical perspective of the hardware design development and FASTMast structural stability...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EXPANDABLE STRUCTURES, FAILURE MODES, FINITE ELEMENT METHOD,...
A spacecraft payload flown on a launch vehicle experiences dynamic loads. The dynamic loads are caused by various phenomena ranging from the start-up of the launch vehicle engine to wind gusts. A spacecraft payload should be designed to meet launch vehicle dynamic loads. One of the major steps taken towards determining the dynamic loads is to correlate the finite element model of the spacecraft with the test results of a modal survey test. A test-verified finite element model of the spacecraft...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DYNAMIC LOADS, FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES,...
The heritage of the major Mir complex hardware elements is described. These elements include Soyuz-TM and Progress-M; the Kvant, Kvant 2, and Kristall modules; and the Mir base block. Configuration changes and major mission events of the Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir multiport space stations are described in detail for the period 1977-1994. A comparative chronology of U.S. and Soviet/Russian manned spaceflight is also given for that period. The 68 illustrations include comparative scale drawings...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), HARDWARE, HISTORIES, MIR SPACE STATION, SPACE STATION...
This document provides information which shows that the NASA Lewis Research Center's Space Power Facility (SPF) will be ready to execute the Space Station electric power system thermal vacuum chamber testing. The SPF is located at LeRC West (formerly the Plum Brook Station), Sandusky, Ohio. The SPF is the largest space environmental chamber in the world, having an inside horizontal diameter of 100 ft. and an inside height at the top of the hemisphere of 122 ft. The vacuum system can achieve a...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CRYOGENIC COOLING, CRYOGENIC STORAGE, POWER CONDITIONING,...
Methods and apparatus are provided for a single heavy-lift launch to place a complete, operational space station on-orbit. A payload including the space station takes the place of a shuttle orbiter using the launch vehicle of the shuttle orbiter. The payload includes a forward shroud, a core module, a propulsion module, and a transition module between the core module and the propulsion module. The essential subsystems are preintegrated and verified on Earth. The core module provides means for...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), HEAVY LIFT LAUNCH VEHICLES, SHUTTLE DERIVED VEHICLES, SPACE...
In order to deploy large flexible space structures it is necessary to develop support systems that are strong and lightweight. The most recent example of this aerospace design need is vividly evident in the space station solar array assembly. In order to accommodate both weight limitations and strength performance criteria, ABLE Engineering has developed the Folding Articulating Square Truss (FASTMast) support structure. The FASTMast is a space truss/mechanism hybrid that can provide system...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), FAILURE ANALYSIS, FAILURE MODES, FLEXIBLE SPACECRAFT, LARGE...
A test program was conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center (LeRC) to evaluate the long term low Earth orbital (LEO) atomic oxygen (AO) durability of a flexible (fiberglass-epoxy composite) batten. The flexible batten is a component used to provide structural rigidity in the photovoltaic array mast on Space Station. The mast is used to support and articulate the photovoltaic array, therefore, the flexible batten must be preloaded for the 15 year...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPOSITE STRUCTURES, ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS, EPOXY MATRIX...
Minimizing the weight of structural components of the space station launched into orbit in a space shuttle can save cost, reduce the number of space shuttle missions, and facilitate on-orbit fabrication. Traditional manual design of such components, although feasible, cannot represent a minimum weight condition. At NASA Lewis Research Center, a design capability called CometBoards (Comparative Evaluation Test Bed of Optimization and Analysis Routines for the Design of Structures) has been...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, SPACE STATION FREEDOM, SPACE STATION...
Space station requirements for power have resulted in a need for photovoltaic solar arrays possessing large blanket surface area. However, due to the limited shuttle payload volume solar array designers have been driven to a deployable concept that by nature is extremely flexible. The principal support for this array system is the Folding Articulating Square Truss Mast (FASTMast). In order to accomodate service loads the FASTMast is expected to exhibit nonlinear behavior which could possibly...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BEAMS (SUPPORTS), FOLDING STRUCTURES, LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES,...
NASA plans to construct the Space Station Freedom (SSF) in one of the most hazardous environments known to mankind - space. It is of the utmost importance that the procedures to assemble and operate the SSF in orbit are both safe and effective. This paper describes a facility designed to test the integration of the telerobotic systems and to test assembly procedures using a real-world robotic arm grappling space hardware in a simulated microgravity environment.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION, ORBITAL ASSEMBLY, RESEARCH...
A relatively general formulation for studying the dynamics and control of an arbitrary spacecraft with interconnected flexible bodies has been developed. This self-contained and comprehensive numerical algorithm using system modes is applicable to a large class of spacecraft configurations of contemporary and future interest. Here, versatility of the approach is demonstrated through the dynamics and control studies aimed at the evolving Space Station Freedom.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DYNAMIC RESPONSE, DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, FLEXIBLE...
To prepare for Space Station Alpha's on-orbit assembly, maintenance, and resupply, NASA requires information about the crew members' ability to move heavy masses on orbit. Ease of movement in microgravity and orbiter stay time constraints may change the Space Station equipment and outfitting design requirements. Therefore, the time and effort required to perform a particular task and how and where the forces and torque should be applied become critical in evaluating the design effort. Thus, the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CREW PROCEDURES (INFLIGHT), EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS, HUMAN...
The structural design and configuration feasibility of the long spacer truss assembly that will be used as part of the Space Station Freedom is the focus of this study. The structural analysis discussed herein is derived from the transient loading events presented in the Space Transportation System Interface Control Document (STS ICD). The transient loading events are liftoff, landing, and emergency landing loads. Quasi-static loading events were neglected in this study since the magnitude of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SAFETY FACTORS, SPACE STATION STRUCTURES, SPACERS, STRUCTURAL...
The analysis, dynamic simulation, and design optimization of the short spacer truss of the Space Station Freedom are presented in this report. The short spacer truss will be positioned between the integrated equipment assembly (IEA) and another truss, called the long spacer truss, in the Space Station Freedom. During its launch in the Space Shuttle, the truss will be subjected to considerable in-span distributed inertia loads due to shuttle accelerations. The short spacer truss, therefore, has...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS (COMPUTERS), DESIGN ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC...
In early 1993, President Clinton mandated that NASA look at lower cost alternatives to Space Station Freedom. He also established an independent advisory committee - the Blue Ribbon Panel - to review the redesign work and evaluate alternatives. Daniel Goldin, NASA Administrator, established a Station Redesign Team that began operating in late March from Crystal City, Virginia. NASA intercenter teams - one each at Marshall Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, and Langley Research Center...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COST REDUCTION, SPACE STATION FREEDOM, SPACECRAFT DESIGN,...
This report is the result of the Space Station Redesign Team's activity. Its purpose is to present without bias, and in appropriate detail, the characteristics and cost of three design and management approaches for the Space Station Freedom. It was presented to the Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space Station on 7 Jun. 1993, in Washington, D.C.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COST ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT METHODS, SPACE STATION FREEDOM,...
A system for coupling an orbital replacement unit (ORU) to a space station structure via the actions of a robot and/or astronaut is described. This system provides mechanical and electrical connections both between the ORU and the space station structure and between the ORU and the ORU and the robot/astronaut hand tool. Alignment and timing features ensure safe, sure handling and precision coupling. This includes a first female type spline connector selectively located on the space station...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC CONNECTORS, END EFFECTORS, ORBITAL SERVICING, SPACE...
Included is a set of viewgraphs that present the results of a study conducted at the LaRC Space Station Freedom Office at the request of the Space Station Freedom Level 1 Program Office and the JSC ACRV Project Office to determine the implications of accommodating two Soyuz TM spacecraft as Assured Crew Return Vehicles (ACRV) on the Space Station Freedom (SSF) at the Permanently Crewed Capability (PCC) stage. The study examined operational as well as system issues associated with the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ASSURED CREW RETURN VEHICLE, CLEARANCES, INTERFACES, SOYUZ...
A new aerospace application of structural reliability techniques is presented, where the applied forces depend on many probabilistic variables. This application is the plume impingement loading of the Space Station Freedom Photovoltaic Arrays. When the space shuttle berths with Space Station Freedom it must brake and maneuver towards the berthing point using its primary jets. The jet exhaust, or plume, may cause high loads on the photovoltaic arrays. The many parameters governing this problem...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DYNAMIC LOADS, DYNAMIC RESPONSE, JET IMPINGEMENT, MONTE CARLO...
Assembly of the Space Station requires numerous construction flights by the Space Shuttle. A particularly challenging problem is that of control of each intermediate station configuration when the shuttle orbiter is approaching it to deliver the next component. The necessary braking maneuvers cause orbiter thruster plumes to impinge on the station, especially its solar arrays. This in turn causes both overall attitude errors and excitation of flexible-body vibration modes. These plume loads are...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DYNAMIC RESPONSE, DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, FLEXIBLE...
A source of space station attitude disturbances is identified. The attitude disturbance is driven by internal space station motions and is a direct result of conservation of angular momentum. Three examples are used to illustrate the effect: a planar three link system, a rigid carrier body with two moveable masses, and a nonplanar five link system. Simulation results are given to show the magnitude of the attitude change in each example. Factors which accentuate or attenuate this disturbance...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ANGULAR MOMENTUM, ATTITUDE STABILITY, MATHEMATICAL MODELS,...
Robot friendly connectors, which, in one aspect, are truss joints with two parts, a receptacle and a joint, are presented. The joints have a head which is loosely inserted into the receptacle and is then tightened and aligned. In one aspect, the head is a rounded hammerhead which initially is enclosed in the receptacle with sloppy fit provided by the shape, size, and configuration of surfaces on the head and on the receptacle.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BOLTED JOINTS, CONNECTORS, ORBITAL ASSEMBLY, SPACE ERECTABLE...
The purpose of this research is to provide Space Station Freedom protective structures design insight through the coupling of design/material requirements, hypervelocity impact phenomenology, meteoroid and space debris environment sensitivities, optimization techniques and operations research strategies, and mission scenarios. The goals of the research are: (1) to develop a Monte Carlo simulation tool which will provide top level insight for Space Station protective structures designers; (2) to...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT, MONTE CARLO METHOD, OPTIMIZATION, SPACE...
