264
264
Jun 27, 2010
06/10
by
Mckannan, E. C.; Krupnick, A. C.; Griffin, R. N.; Mccreight, L. R
texts
eye 264
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Fluid electrophoresis separation based on motion of particles in electric field for demonstrating near-zero-gravity condition in space - Apollo 14
Topics: SOYUZ SPACECRAFT, SPACE STATIONS, SPACECRAFT DOCKING, SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING, SPACECRAFT LANDING,...
172
172
May 30, 2011
05/11
by
Ferreira, Rosana Nieto; Suarez, Max J.; Nigam, Suman
texts
eye 172
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The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is a NW-SE oriented, stationary region of enhanced convergence and convection that extends southeastward from the ITCZ convection anchored over the Amazon region. On daily satellite images each SACZ episode is seen as a progression of one or several midlatitude cold fronts that intrude into the subtropics and tropics, becoming stationary over southeastern Brazil for a few days. Previous studies have shown that while Amazon convection plays a...
Topics: CHRONOLOGY, SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING, SPACECRAFT LANDING, NASA SPACE PROGRAMS, SPACE SHUTTLES,...
267
267
Jul 5, 2010
07/10
by
Jackson, J. T
texts
eye 267
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Two computer programs are described which are used for the collection and analysis of data from the digital tape unit test facility (DTUTF). The data are the recorded results of skew tests made on magnetic digital tapes which are used on computers as input/output media. The results of each tape test are keypunched onto an 80 column computer card. The format of the card is checked and the card image is stored on a master summary tape via the DTUTF card checking and tape updating system. The...
Topics: APOLLO SPACECRAFT, COMMAND MODULES, SPACECRAFT LANDING, WATER LANDING, LOADS (FORCES), SPACECRAFT...
A limited analytical investigation was conducted to assess the effects of structural elasticity on the landing stability of a version of the Viking Lander. Two landing conditions and two lander mass and inertia distributions were considered. The results of this investigation show that the stability-critical surface slopes were lower for an uphill landing than for a downhill landing. In addition, the heavy footpad mass with its corresponding inertia distribution resulted in lower...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT CONFIGURATIONS, SPACECRAFT LANDING, VIKING LANDER...
408
408
Jul 6, 2010
07/10
by
Bright, C. W.; Lockhart, B. J
texts
eye 408
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In the search for superior materials from which to make gaskets for pneumatic and hydraulic systems, promising materials were selected and tested. The testing was conducted in two phases. Those materials that passed the tests of Phase 1 were tested in Phase 2, and categorized in the order of preference.
Topics: MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT CONTROL, SPACECRAFT LANDING, AERODYNAMIC...
232
232
Jul 11, 2010
07/10
by
Lock, W. P.; Petersen, W. R.; Whitman, G. B
texts
eye 232
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A redundant three axis analog control system was designed and developed to back up a digital fly by wire control system for an F-8C airplane. The mechanization and operational experience with the backup control system, the problems involved in synchronizing it with the primary system, and the reliability of the system are discussed. The backup control system was dissimilar to the primary system, and it provided satisfactory handling through the flight envelope evaluated. Limited flight tests of...
Topics: MISSION PLANNING, SATURN (PLANET), SPACE EXPLORATION, SPACE PROBES, TITAN, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES,...
An apparatus has been designed and built for testing the effects, on moderate-sized objects, of cushioned decelerations having magnitudes ranging up to several hundred g [where g = normal Earth gravitational acceleration (approximately 9.8 m/s(exp 2))].
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DECELERATION, IMPACT, SPACECRAFT LANDING, DROP TESTS, Roach,...
361
361
Jul 11, 2010
07/10
by
Bairnsfather, R. R
texts
eye 361
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The design, implementation, and verification of the flight control software used in the F-8 DFBW program are discussed. Since the DFBW utilizes an Apollo computer and hardware, the procedures, controls, and basic management techniques employed are based on those developed for the Apollo software system. Program assembly control, simulator configuration control, erasable-memory load generation, change procedures and anomaly reporting are discussed. The primary verification tools are described,...
Topics: MISSION PLANNING, SATURN (PLANET), SPACE EXPLORATION, SPACE PROBES, TITAN, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES,...
997
997
Jun 21, 2010
06/10
by
NON
texts
eye 997
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comment 0
No Abstract Available
Topics: APOLLO SPACECRAFT, CONCRETES, DYNAMIC MODELS, SPACECRAFT LANDING, WATER LANDING, CENTER OF GRAVITY,...
215
215
Jun 11, 2011
06/11
by
Sedlak, Joseph; Hashmall, Josep
texts
eye 215
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This paper describes ongoing work a NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center to improve the quality of spacecraft attitude sensor calibration and reduce costs by automating parts of the calibration process. The new calibration software can autonomously preview data quality over a given time span, select a subset of the data for processing, perform the requested calibration, and output a report. This level of automation is currently being implemented for two specific applications: inertial reference...
Topics: BIBLIOGRAPHIES, DESCENT TRAJECTORIES, AEROASSIST, ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY, DESCENT, SPACECRAFT LANDING,...
2,276
2.3K
Jul 7, 2010
07/10
by
Kegan, D. L
texts
eye 2,276
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No Abstract Available
Topics: COMMAND MODULES, ROCKET OXIDIZERS, DEACTIVATION, MANUALS, SAFETY MANAGEMENT, SPACECRAFT LANDING,...
249
249
May 30, 2011
05/11
by
Nghiem, S. V.; Perovich, D. K.; Gow, A. J.; Kwok, R.; Barber, D. G.; Comiso, J. C
texts
eye 249
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Clouds interfere with the distribution of short-wave and long-wave radiations over sea ice, and thereby strongly affect the surface energy balance in polar regions. To evaluate the overall effects of clouds on climatic feedback processes in the atmosphere-ice-ocean system, the challenge is to observe sea ice surface thermal states under both clear sky and cloudy conditions. From laboratory experiments, we show that C-band radar (transparent to clouds) backscatter is very sensitive to the...
Topics: CHRONOLOGY, SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING, SPACECRAFT LANDING, NASA SPACE PROGRAMS, SPACE SHUTTLES,...
190
190
Jul 9, 2010
07/10
by
DELACOUR, J.; HOUCINE, O.; BRENOT, J
texts
eye 190
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THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARADOXICAL SLEEP AND AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN RATS WERE STUDIED ACCORDING TO A PROCEDURE REDUCING THE DIRECT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THESE TWO VARIABLES. THE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THE EXISTENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPEED OF THIS LEARNING AND THE VALUE OF THE DURATION OF PARADOXICAL SLEEP/WAKING PERIOD RATIO DURING THE NYCTHEMERAL CYCLE.
Topics: AIR NAVIGATION, ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY, SPACE NAVIGATION, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT LANDING, NUMERICAL...
231
231
Jun 21, 2010
06/10
by
Harper, C. A.; Kiefer, P. J., Jr.; Woodie, P. E.; Wyble, C. W
texts
eye 231
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Thermal conductive, electrically insulated cleavable adhesive connection between electronic module and heat sink
Topics: CONFERENCES, DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT, HORIZONTAL SPACECRAFT LANDING, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT...
The failure of one of the three main parachutes of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was investigated by studying malfunctions in the forward heat shield, broken riser, and firing the fuel expelled from the command module reaction control system. It is concluded that the most probable cause was the burning of raw fuel being expelled during the latter portion of depletion firing. Recommended corrective actions are included.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), APOLLO 15 FLIGHT, FAILURE ANALYSIS, PARACHUTES, SPACECRAFT...
We propose to develop a robust guidance and control system for the ADEPT (Adaptable Deployable Entry and Placement Technology) entry vehicle. A control-centric model of ADEPT will be developed to quantify the performance of candidate guidance and control architectures for both aerocapture and precision landing missions. The evaluation will be based on recent breakthroughs in constrained controllability/reachability analysis of control systems and constrained-based energy-minimum trajectory...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT GUIDANCE, AEROCAPTURE, CONTROLLABILITY, SPACECRAFT...
This report documents the Lunar Base Launch and Landing Facility Conceptual Design study. The purpose of this study was to examine the requirements for launch and landing facilities for early lunar bases and to prepare conceptual designs for some of these facilities. The emphasis of this study is on the facilities needed from the first manned landing until permanent occupancy. Surface characteristics and flight vehicle interactions are described, and various facility operations are related....
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), LAUNCHING BASES, LUNAR BASES, LUNAR SURFACE, PLANETARY...
Dr. Daniel Winterhalter, NASA Engineering and Safety Center Chief Engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, requested the NASA Engineering and Safety Center sponsor a 3-year effort to collect entry, descent, and landing material and to establish a NASA-wide archive to serve the material. The principle focus of this task was to identify entry, descent, and landing repository material that was at risk of being permanently lost due to damage, decay, and undocumented storage. To provide NASA-wide...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SAFETY, DESCENT, AEROSPACE ENGINEERING, SPACECRAFT LANDING,...
310
310
Jul 23, 2010
07/10
by
NON
texts
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Publications of research sponsored by the NASA CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems) Program are listed, along with publications of interest to the Program. The bibliography is divided into the three major divisions of CELSS research: (1) Food Production; (2) Waste Management; and (3) Systems Management and Control. This bibliography is an update of NASA CR-3911 and includes references from 1984 through 1986.
Topics: ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY, WIND EFFECTS, DESCENT TRAJECTORIES, REFERENCE ATMOSPHERES, SPACECRAFT CONTROL,...
The Space Shuttle Transportation System is the first space program to employ the pneumatic tire as a part of space exploration. For aircraft tires, this program establishes new expectations as to what constitutes acceptable performance within a set of tough environmental and operational conditions. Tire design, stresses the usual low weight, high load, high speed, and excellent air retention features but at extremes well outside industry standards. Tires will continue to be an integral part of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT TIRES, SPACE SHUTTLES, DESIGN ANALYSIS, HORIZONTAL...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), RUNWAYS, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT LANDING, LANDING SITES,...
528
528
Jun 21, 2010
06/10
by
NON
texts
eye 528
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Operation, maintenance, safety aspects, and cryogenic systems technology for space shuttle
Topics: AERODYNAMIC STABILITY, CONFERENCES, HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS, HYPERVELOCITY FLOW, SPACE SHUTTLES,...
Advanced Scientific Concepts Inc. (ASC), of Santa Barbara, California, received SBIR awards and other funding from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Johnson Space Center, and Langley Research Center to develop and refine its 3D flash LIDAR technologies for space applications. Today, ASC's NASA-derived technology is sold to assist with collision avoidance, navigation, and object tracking.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), PILOTS, NAVIGATION, TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION, DETECTION,...
This slide presentation details shuttle processing flow which starts with wheel stop and ends with launching. The flow is from landing the orbiter is rolled into the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), where processing is performed, it is then rolled over to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) where it is mated with the propellant tanks, and payloads are installed. A different flow is detailed if the weather at Kennedy Space Center requires a landing at Dryden.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS, GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS, HORIZONTAL...
The STS-1 mission of the space shuttle is discussed. The launch and orbital operations are described, and the landing is reviewed.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), POSTLAUNCH REPORTS, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACE TRANSPORTATION...
An analysis was performed to investigate whether or not the obstruction caused by boom-mounted probes forward of the Orbiter nose could cause Microwave Scan Beam Landing System (MSBLS) data dropout during the autoland flight phase of the Approach and Landing Test (ALT). The results indicate that there will be no interference from the nose boom to cause MSBLS data dropout for the flight conditions under which the ALT is to be performed. Additional analysis considering approach trajectories in...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), APPROACH, BOOMS (EQUIPMENT), ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE,...
The hydrodynamic impact of a falling body upon a viscous incompressible fluid was investigated by numerically solving the equations of motion. Initially the mathematical model simulated the axisymmetric impact of a rigid right circular cylinder upon the initially quiescent free surface of a fluid. A compressible air layer exists between the falling cylinder and the liquid free surface. The mathematical model was developed by applying the Navier-Stokes equations to the incompressible air layer...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), APOLLO SPACECRAFT, IMPACT, SPACECRAFT LANDING, WATER LANDING,...
The accuracy was analyzed of the barometric altimeters onboard the space shuttle orbiter. Altitude estimates from the air data systems including the operational instrumentation and the developmental flight instrumentation were obtained for each of the approach and landing test flights. By comparing the barometric altitude estimates to altitudes derived from radar tracking data filtered through a Kalman filter and fully corrected for atmospheric refraction, the errors in the barometric altitudes...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ALTIMETERS, BAROMETERS, SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS, ALTITUDE,...
An extension of the Complementary-Analytic-Simulative Technique (CAST) is presented which is applicable to the Shuttle Data Processing Subsystem (DPS). A two step process was used. The first step provides models, both analytic and simulative, for analysis of the Approach-Landing Test (ALT) configuration. The ALT modeling and analysis are presented. Since CAST had already been shown to be multicomputer systems, the emphasis was placed on extending the CAST concept so it is applicable to computer...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DATA PROCESSING, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT LANDING, COMPUTER...
The analytic model program which calculated the baseline parameter data is described along with the input deck setup which includes four groups of input parameters.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DATA PROCESSING, SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT LANDING, COMPUTER...
Historically, spacecraft landing systems have been tested with human volunteers, because analytical methods for estimating injury risk were insufficient. These tests were conducted with flight-like suits and seats to verify the safety of the landing systems. Currently, NASA uses the Brinkley Dynamic Response Index to estimate injury risk, although applying it to the NASA environment has drawbacks: (1) Does not indicate severity or anatomical location of injury (2) Unclear if model applies to...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INJURIES, PROTECTION, RISK, SAFETY, SPACECRAFT LANDING,...
An analysis and evaluation was made of the operating parameters of the shuttle electrical power distribution circuit under load conditions encountered during a normal Sortie 2 Mission with emphasis on main periods of liftoff and landing.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CIRCUITS, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION,...
The effects that the Orion parachutes have on the vehicle response once the vehicle lands on the ground are examined in this report. A concern with the Orion landing is that structural accelerations will cause vehicle and/or crew injuries or that the vehicle may roll over. The parachute effects are thought to have the potential of pulling the vehicle over during conditions such as higher winds or in some cases stabilizing the vehicle by preventing its motions after touchdown. A collection of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT DESIGN, ASTRONAUTS, STABILIZATION, TOUCHDOWN,...
The National Aeronautics & Space Administration has many missions but they can all be reduced to a common denominator: to explore Earth and its surroundings, conduct aeronautical research, and put the results to work for the benefit of mankind. At times the benefit may be dimly perceived. Take, for instance, last year's monumental triumph of exploration, the landing of robot spacecraft on Mars. How, some ask, does probing a neighbor planet improve the lot of Earth's people? In two ways:...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INVENTIONS, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION,...
The steering system of the space shuttle vehicle is presented for the several hundred miles of flight preceding landing. The guidance scheme is characterized by a spiral turn to dissipate excess potential energy (altitude) prior to a standard straight-in final approach. In addition, the system features pilot oriented control, drag brakes, phugoid damping, and a navigational capacity founded upon an inertial measurement unit and an on-board computer. Analytic formulas are used to calculate,...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), GUIDANCE (MOTION), SPACE SHUTTLES, SPACECRAFT CONTROL,...
191
191
May 27, 2011
05/11
by
Englert, Gerald W.; Kochendorfer, Fred D
texts
eye 191
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The thrust, boundary-layer, and heat-transfer characteristics were computed for nozzles having radial flow in the divergent part. The working medium was air in chemical equilibrium, and the boundary layer was assumed to be all turbulent. Stagnation pressure was varied from 1 to 32 atmospheres, stagnation temperature from 1000 to 6000 R, and wall temperature from 1000 to 3000 R. Design pressure ratio was varied from 5 to 320, and operating pressure ratio was varied from 0.25 to 8 times the...
Topics: AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS, SKIDDING, RUNWAYS, DYNAMIC MODELS, LENTICULAR BODIES, REENTRY...
A day of launch selection approach that involves choosing from an array of pitch profiles of varying loft was analyzed with the purpose of reducing the risk of a land landing failure during a pad abort. It was determined that selecting from three pitch profiles can reduce the number of waterline abort performance requirement failures approximately in half without compromising other performance metrics.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING, ABORT TRAJECTORIES, EMERGENCY LANDING,...
193
193
May 31, 2011
05/11
by
Parker, James W
texts
eye 193
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Design Team performance is a function of the quality and degree of academic training and the cumulative, learned experience of the individual members of the team. Teamwork, leadership, and communications certainly are factors that affect the measure of the performance of the team, but they are not addressed here. This paper focuses on accelerating the learned experience of team members and describes an organizational approach that can significantly increase the effective experience level for...
Topics: FLIGHT TESTS, X-40A VEHICLE, AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION, SPACECRAFT RELIABILITY, X-37 VEHICLE,...
Spacecraft landing on small bodies pass through regions where conventional gravitation formulations using exterior spherical harmonics are inaccurate. An investigation shows that a formulation using interior solid spherical harmonics might be satisfactory. Interior spherical harmonic expansions are usable inside an imaginary, empty sphere. For this application, such a sphere could be positioned in empty space above the intended landing site and rotating with the body. When the spacecraft is...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ASCENT TRAJECTORIES, DESCENT TRAJECTORIES, SPACECRAFT...
This custom bibliography from the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program lists a sampling of records found in the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database. The scope of this topic includes technologies for precision targeting and landing on 'high-g" and "low-g" planetary bodies. This area of focus is one of the enabling technologies as defined by NASA's Report of the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, published in June 2004.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY, DESCENT, SPACECRAFT...
190
190
Jun 21, 2010
06/10
by
Boyden, R. P.; Mc Kinney, L. W.; Taylor, R. T
texts
eye 190
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No Abstract Available
Topics: AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS, AERODYNAMIC CONFIGURATIONS, BLUNT BODIES, HALF CONES, HORIZONTAL...
The main objectives of the Recovery Tradeoff Study were as follows: (1) to determine whether a land or water recovery best suits RRS system requirements; (2) what type of terminal recovery system is best suited for the RRS; and (3) what are the recovery access timelines after system landing. Based on the trade parameters and evaluation criteria used in this study, the land-landing configuration has an advantage over the water-landing configuration. It is recommended that a land-landing...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), LANDING SITES, REENTRY, REUSABLE SPACECRAFT, SPACECRAFT...
Three sets of meteorological criteria were analyzed to determine the probabilities of favorable launch and landing conditions. Probabilities were computed for every 3 hours on a yearly basis using 14 years of weather data. These temporal probability distributions, applicable to the three sets of weather criteria encompassing benign, moderate and severe weather conditions, were computed for both Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Edwards Air Force Base. In addition, conditional probabilities were...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTATION, ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS, METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS,...
The results of a study of dual mode propulsion concepts applied to advanced earth orbital transportation systems using reuseable single stage to orbit vehicle concepts were summarized. Both series burn and parallel burn modes of propulsion were analyzed for vertical takeoff, horizontal landing vehicles based on accelerated technology goals. A major study objective was to assess the merits of dual mode main propulsion concepts compared to single mode concepts for carrying payloads of Space...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EARTH ORBITS, SPACE TRANSPORTATION, TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT,...
System is described based on use of arrangement of crushable hollow spheres bonded together in layers of progressively different diameter, with largest diameter spheres positioned to receive impact forces initially. System is particularly useful for delivery of payloads by air-drop techniques.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BRITTLE MATERIALS, ENERGY ABSORPTION, IMPACT RESISTANCE,...
Proposed manned space shuttle vehicles are expected to land on airport runways. In an emergency situation, however, the vehicle may be required to land on water. A 1/10-scale dynamic model of a winged reentry vehicle was investigated to determine the water landing characteristics. Two configurations of the proposed vehicle were studied. Configuration 1 had a 30 deg negative dihedral of the stabilizer-elevon surface whereas configuration 2 had a 30 deg positive dihedral. Results indicate that...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), REENTRY VEHICLES, SPACE SHUTTLES, WATER LANDING, HORIZONTAL...
The rocket exhaust of spacecraft landing on the Moon causes a number of observable effects that need to be quantified, including: disturbance of the regolith and volatiles at the landing site; damage to surrounding hardware such as the historic Apollo sites through the impingement of high-velocity ejecta; and levitation of dust after engine cutoff through as-yet unconfirmed mechanisms. While often harmful, these effects also beneficially provide insight into lunar geology and physics. Research...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ROCKET EXHAUST, LANDING SITES, LUNAR GEOLOGY, REGOLITH,...
Shuttle Task 501 is an in-line task to test the performance and compatibility of radiofrequency links between the SSO and ground, and relay via a satellite. Under Shuttle Task 501 approach and landing test (ALT) phase only a limited portion of the communication and tracking (C&T) equipment is to be tested. The principal item to be tested is a frequency modulated (FM) data link. To test this RF link, an ALT FM System was designed, constructed, and the console wiring verified. A step-by-step...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATION, APPROACH,...
339
339
Sep 20, 2010
09/10
by
Paciesas, William S
texts
eye 339
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The BATSE detectors have been subjected to intensive testing and calibration in order to assure that systematic errors will not compromise the instrument's scientific objectives. In combination with detailed Monte Carlo simulations, the calibrations can and will be used to develop the detector response matrices necessary for reliable gamma-ray burst location.
Topics: CLIMATOLOGY, DAYTIME, NEURAL NETS, NOMOGRAPHS, SUMMER, SUNRISE, WINTER, CLOUD COVER, DATA BASES,...
The blast of lunar soil represents a problem for the future missions planned for the moon. When the lander approached the ground during the Apollo missions, huge showers of dust particles were sent in all directions at extremely high velocities - including upwards towards the landing spacecraft. This represents a clear danger to the lander because the loss of visibility and the damage that can be produced to the vehicle itself. If there had been equipment on the ground, these showers of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACECRAFT LANDING, LUNAR SURFACE, LUNAR DUST, CONTAMINATION,...
