For a long time, firewood was the only source of energy available for cooking, heating, and protection. Currently, new forms of energy, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, have replaced the use of firewood. However, this fuel is still part of the energy matrix of many countries, including Brazil. Its use in cooking activities generates particles and gases that can have an impact on global warming and health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of firewood...
Topics: Biomass burning, Consumption per capita, Firewood, Greenhouse gas emissions, Solid fuels, Wood fuel
This interim report contains a qualitative analysis of the subject problem (NRL Problem 36R25-03 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves through Propellent Gases) including some comments on nomenclature and instrumentation difficulties. It also sets forth the reported and unreported activities of the Naval Research Laboratory in various fields of approach to the problem by indicating what data have been collected and the status of its analysis. In addition, some salient aspects of future endeavor...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gager, F M, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION,...
This study has shown that the impact of specifying, procuring, using, and monitoring refuse-derived fuel (RDF) on the organizational structure and the operations and management activities of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base has been generally minimal and essentially absorbed into the various ongoing functional activities. However, the project manager devoted over 75 percent of his time to the program since it started and additional housecleaning personnel were assigned to the operating staff to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Huff,William J, ULTRASYSTEMS INC FAIRFAX VA, *FUELS, *SOLID FUELS, MANAGEMENT,...
The report briefly describes development and performance of a solid fuel tablet for field use. It is made from an acetal resin called Delrin by polymerization of formaldehyde.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Drake, Frederick M, ARMY LAND WARFARE LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, *SOLID FUELS,...
This report provides an overview of existing densified refuse-derived fuel (dRDF) receiving, storage, handling and combustion equipment at Wright-Patterson Air Foce Base. DRDF is being burned as part of a long term alternative fuel evaluation program to develop design and procurement criteria for multiple fuel boilers. Recommendations are offered for specific equipment, procedural changes, and studies to improve the efficacy of the present configurations of dRDF as a fuel. A discussion of the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, RYCON INC CINCINNATI OH, *Solid wastes, *Solid fuels, *Boilers, Synthetic fuels,...
The USSR Report on Energy consumption, number 163.
Topics: DTIC Archive, JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE ARLINGTON VA, *FOREIGN POLICY,...
This review provides an overview of the technologies and issues relevant to the use of fuel cells on military land vehicles as a means of extending silent watch. It explains the advantages and disadvantages of specific fuel cell technologies and provides details of specific fuel cell products relevant to silent watch extension that are available now or under development. It concludes that depending on operational parameters, proton exchange membrane and solid oxide fuel cells have the potential...
Topics: DTIC Archive, DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION FISHERMANS BEND (AUSTRALIA) LAND DIV,...
The effect of exciton formation upon combustion of solid fuels is examined by applying ab initio theory to solid methane and nitric oxide. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kunz,A Barry, MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV HOUGHTON, *MOLECULES, *COMBUSTION,...
Partial Contents: Fuels, Oil and Gas, Coal, Other Solid Fuels, Electric Power, Non Nuclear Power, Pipelines, Pipeline Construction, Energy Conservation.
Topics: DTIC Archive, JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE ARLINGTON VA, *ENERGY CONSERVATION,...
The primary audit objective was to determine whether DoD payments for the restoration of the industrial base for production of ammonium perchlorate were appropriate and properly administered. We also evaluated internal controls applicable to the primary audit objective.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Granetto, Paul J, INSPECTOR GENERAL DEPT OF DEFENSE ARLINGTON VA, *MANAGEMENT...
The purpose of this report is to provide a systematic approach for energy conservation and the most efficient use of energy sources available. The scope of this study is to perform a complete energy analysis of Fort Carson. This is accomplished in the following manner: (A) Field verify existing conditions in all buildings located on the fort. (B) Prepare a computer model for a representative group of buildings. (C) Evaluate all energy saving opportunities that will reduce total fort energy...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BURNS AND MCDONNELL KANSAS CITY MO, *ARMY FACILITIES, *ENERGY CONSERVATION, *ENERGY...
This report addresses the economics of co-firing refuse derived fuel (RDF) in a stoker coal fired boiler. The report specifies the type of RDF required, the cost and type of modifications to the coal boiler, and the price which can be paid for RDF based on boiler size and RDF feedrate. Life cycle economic procedures are used to develop breakdown graphs of RDF price versus boiler size. A list of Navy coal boilers which were examined for potential conversion is given. Also, details on various...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gardiner,G, VSE CORP CAMARILLO CA, *SOLID WASTES, *BOILERS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS,...
A study was made of the gas-dynamic stability of the propagation of detonation in an aerosol and the combustion of a solid fuel with respect to one- dimensional perturbations of the exponential type. The internal structure of the processes studied is centrally considered, and from an analysis of the mechanical interaction of the structure with spontaneous perturbations, feedback equations are derived for each case. The system of boundary conditions controlling the perturbed states of processes...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Aslanov, S. K., ARMY FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER CHARLOTTESVILLE VA, *GAS...
This report provides background data for future revisions of Army documents pertaining to facilities fuels selection. Fuel price and availability forecasts are made for the years 1985 through 2009 for a variety of fuels, and costs are estimated for a number of combustion technologies, with emphasis on heating plants larger than 10 MBtu/hr. A life-cycle cost analysis procedure is described which integrates the fuel forecasts and the technology alternatives. The analysis procedure is used to rank...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pierce, E T, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB (ARMY) CHAMPAIGN IL, *COAL,...
An experimental investigation of the combustion behavior in solid fuel ramjets was conducted. Optical light extinction measurements were employed to determine the effects of fuel composition and bypass ratio on the combustion efficiency, percent and size of unburned carbon, and fuel regression rate. Utility and limitations of the optical method are presented. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hewett,Michael Edward, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF, *COMBUSTION, *SOLID...
New hydrocarbon fuels with high energy-density content can substantially advance high-thrust, high-temperature, and reduced-size combustion technology. In the present work, the phase change dynamics of the PCU alkene dimer, a newly synthesized high energy-density hydrocarbon fuel, in turbulent reacting flows has been investigated. The shape, location and velocity of the propellant-gas interface has been treated explicitly. A Lagrangian moving grid technique in conjunction with an established...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Segal, Corin, FLORIDA UNIV GAINESVILLE DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND...
The initial phase of this work was feasibility study of an H2 - HCl mixing gas dynamic laser. The results of that study indicated that a high energy laser system based on the H2 - HCl system was indeed feasible. This laser device concept envisions the use of a solid propellant to generate high temperature H2 - HCl mixtures which are expanded supersonically to create the proper conditions for efficient H2 to Hcl V to V transfer and lasing on HCl. This type of laser device has several significant...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP ALEXANDRIA VA, *SOLID FUELS, *PULSED LASERS, *INFRARED LASERS,...
The Final Proceedings for International Workshop on Errors and Noise in Energetic Material Combustion Experiment, 14 March 1999 - 18 March 1999 This is an interdisciplinary conference. Topics include: Measurement techniques of thermophysical and ballistic properties of energetic materials (in particular, solid rocket propellant explosives); how to handle data especially in the presence of sensible errors and noise; and to which extent the obtained data depend on the specific data reduction...
Topics: DTIC Archive, POLITECNICO DI MILANO (ITALY) DIPT DI ENERGETICA, *COMBUSTION, ABSTRACTS, EXPLOSIVES,...
Once again Chinese missile exports are the subject of international concern. Recent reports indicate that the People's Republic of China (PRC) shipped chemicals suitable for production of solid-fuel missiles to Syria, and guidance systems for the M-11 missile to Pakistan. In order to provide a basis for informed debate on the sensitive issue of China's missile export policy, the International Missile Proliferation (IMP) Project has compiled a chronology of "PRC Missile-Related...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McCarthy, Timothy V., MONTEREY INST OF FOREIGN STUDIES CA, *GUIDED MISSILES,...
This project is designed to investigate a wide range of phenomena related to energetic materials in their solid phase and also on other molecular solids which serve as prototypes. These studies are entirely theoretical in nature and are employing exclusively non-parametric ab-initio techniques. In the case of solid fuels or explosives the area of prime concern is the initiation of combustion or detonation. This may be accomplished by means of shock, or of high temperature or both. Thus we need...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kunz,A Barry, MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV HOUGHTON, *CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, *SOLIDS,...
During the course of the Atlas Centaur separation tests in the Lewis Space Power Chamber recurrent failures were experienced in the firings of the Atlas retarding rockets. In an effort to evaluate the suitability of these rockets for flight use, an investigation into the primary cause for the misfires was instituted and an evaluation of the performance of the rockets was made. The primary cause of the failures of the rocket to ignite was inconsistent igniter functioning and a too short igniter...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Heath, Richard W, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CLEVELAND OH LEWIS...
Conditions for the thermal polymerization of cyclopentadiene to tetracyclopentadienes and higher molecular weight oligomers are given for both neat and solution polymerization modes. Density and volumetric heats of combustion are given for the mixtures of oligomers formed under different conditions. Compatibilities of oligomers with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) are given. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Schneider,A, SUNTECH INC MARCUS HOOK PA, *Synthesis(Chemistry), *Polymers, *Mixtures,...
Limited experimental data indicated that fuel vapor composition within the SFRJ combustor may have a significant effect on the obtainable combustion efficiency and upon the dependence of combustion efficiency upon equivalence ratio and air mass flow rate. Combustor pressure oscillations in bypass operation were found to increase regression rates when using PMM fuel grains and to increase or decrease combustion efficiency depending upon equivalence ratio.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Begley,Grant Allan , Jr, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *COMBUSTION, *RAMJET...
A novel diagnostic technique has been developed, utilizing the Thrust Stand Mass Balance, to directly measure a time accurate mass flow from a solid-fuel thruster for systems where the mass flow rate is of the same order as the experimental error. The mass flow measurement technique has been verified using an idealized numerical simulation. Two calibration experiments have been performed to assess the dynamic response of the mass balance. First, a set of calibration weights were placed on the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Olliges, J D, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE, *MASS...
The objective of this effort was to develop a domestic commercial process for producing pure, spherical, amorphous boron particles with diameters in the range of 0.5 to 3 microns. Such particles could offer improved combustion and processing properties over present commercial boron powders when incorporated into slurry and solid fuels. The approach was to start with the Callery process for making high-purity, submicron size boron, then change process variables and add a recycle in an attempt to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Miller, Steven, ALLIED-SIGNAL ENGINEERED MATERIALS RESEARCH CENTER DES PLAINES IL,...
Asymptotic techniques based on the limit of high activation energy have been used to analyze the ignition process of a condensed fuel suddenly exposed to a hot stagnant gas. Several cases are studied differing in the location of the exothermic ignition reaction. In a first part, an analysis is presented of the gasification process when an equilibrium process or a rate process is considered to determine the gasification rate, and the use of these results to study ignition by a fast exothermic...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kindelan,M, INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNICA AEROESPACIAL MADRID (SPAIN), *IGNITION,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Furman, I. Ya., JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE ARLINGTON VA, *USSR, *COST...
Powder energetic materials are highly sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition. This study shows that small concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to the highly reactive mixture of aluminum and copper oxide (Al+CuO) significantly reduces ESD ignition sensitivity. CNT act as a conduit for electric energy, bypassing energy buildup and desensitizing the mixture to ESD ignition. The lowest CNT concentration needed to desensitize ignition is 3.8 vol.% corresponding to percolation...
Topics: DTIC Archive, TEXAS TECH UNIV LUBBOCK DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, *CARBON NANOTUBES,...
A three-dimensional computer code has been developed for the solid-fuel ramjet combustion process. The code includes finite-rate chemical kinetics and has been used to predict the combustion behavior for axial inlet, side-dump inlet and bypass configurations. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Milshtein,T, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *Combustion, Ramjet engines,...
A modern computer based automatic data acquisition/control system was installed at the Department of Aeronautics' Combustion Laboratory. This system utilizes an HP-85 desktop computer as system controller for the HP-3054A data acquisition system. Large quantities of high quality data can be acquired at high data rates and stored for future use or processed real time in closed loop feedback control circuis for precise process control and display. Other electromechanical equipment such as...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hansen,Bertel J, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *CONTROL, *COMBUSTION, *DATA...
An analytical study was conducted, developing a theoretical model for the regulation of solid fuel ramjets by means of an air division valve. The solid fuel ramjet motor is the simplest air-breathing propulsion means for supersonic flights. However, the variable flight conditions over the operating envelope of altitudes and velocities significantly affect the motor performance. Regulation requirement was defined in this study as the motor capability of operating at a constant, desirable fuel to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pelosi-Pinhas, Deborah, TECHNION - ISRAEL INST OF TECH HAIFA FACULTY OF AEROSPACE...
The subject matter in this report is an analytical treatment of microstructural aspects of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) ignition of solid rocket motors. ESD hazards of the type described herein are now well known to the solid propellant industry. Since 1985, two accidents involving solid rocket motors have caused the loss of eight lives. These are now accepted to have been initiated by ESD, causing ESD to have become the leading safety hazard within the solid propellant industry; The report...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Larson, Ronal W, ELECTRO MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS INC DENVER CO, *FUELS, *IGNITION,...
In view of the present energy crisis and its impact on the use of liquid fuel, this project was undertaken to survey the present military heating equipment to determine their capabilities for burning solid fuels. This report describes standard military equipment and components for heating in field operations with solid fuel. Included in the report is a discussion of the handling and burning characteristics of solid fuels. The report concludes with twenty-two recommendations that should be...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McKeown, Cornelius J, ARMY NATICK RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER MA, *FIELD...
This thesis examines the possible uses of coal and coal-derived fuels for propulsion of the ships of the United States Navy. The need for this study was precipitated by the worsening supply of oil in the world. Included is a review of the world energy problem, and estimates of when real shortages in petroleum can be expected. Atmospheric fluidized bed combustors and pulverized coal furnaces are examined as modern methods of solid coal firing. Their impact on ship size as compared to more...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rowland,Charles Brett, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *NAVAL VESSELS, *COAL,...
The conventional gas dynamic laser is driven by a gas mixture consisting of approximately 85% N2, 10% CO2 and 5% H2O. The formulation of all solid fuels which generate such a gas mixture at the required temperatures and rates is beyond reach. Investigations were conducted to determine the small signal gain of gas compositions amenable to all solid gas generator formulating. It was found that acceptable gains can be achieved when N2 is partically replaced by CO and H2O by HCl. Based on these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wilmot,G B, NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER WHITE OAK LAB SILVER SPRING MD, *SOLID...
In principle, syngas (primarily consisting of CO and H2) can be produced from any hydrocarbon feedstock, including: natural gas, naphtha, residual oil, petroleum coke, coal, and biomass. The lowest cost routes for syngas production, however, are based on natural gas, the cheapest option being remote or stranded reserves. Economic considerations dictate that the current production of liquid fuels from syngas translates into the use of natural gas as the hydrocarbon source. Nevertheless, the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Spath, P L, NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB GOLDEN CO, *SOLID FUELS, THERMAL...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Jessup, R S, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS BOULDER CO, *CALORIMETERS, *HEAT OF...
This project was performed to determine which properties of densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF) have a significant impact on its flow characteristics within bins, hoppers, and silos. The properties of moisture content, size distribution, and fines content were investigated. Flow characteristics were evaluated in terms of funnel angle and bulk shear strength. This analysis showed that flow angle was the most sensitive characteristic for indicating how easily a material flows. Although the test...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kleinhenz,Ned J, SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY CORP XENIA OHIO, *Solid fuels, *Flow, Wastes,...
Progress is reported on four distinct projects which are administered as a group. The projects are identified as tasks. A summary for each task follows: Task I. In the first phase of this program the previously developed impedance tube setup utilized to determine the dependence of solid propellants pressure coupled response functions and associated gas phase losses upon the aluminum content of the propellant. Tests over the 400-100 Hz frequency range showed that increasing the aluminum content...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Daniel,Brady R, GEORGIA INST OF TECH ATLANTA SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING, *TEST...
Three rare-earth-ion crystals were shown to be good candidates for surface temperature measurements on energetic materials by laser-induced fluorescene. Dy+3:LaF3 displays a thermalization process with an energy gap of 1070/cm, resulting in a fluorescene intensity change of approx. 200 over a 700-K temperature range. Cr+3:Al2O3 (ruby) displays an extreme temperature sensitivity to the lifetime of the R-fluorescence lines. The lifetimes are observed to change by a factor of approx. 230 over a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Goss,L P, SYSTEMS RESEARCH LABS INC DAYTON OH RESEARCH APPLICATIONS DIV, *LASER...
This paper describes the theory and practices of applying laser holographic interference techniques in the inspection of solid fuel propellant cylinders for defects such as shield debonds, internal cracks and voids. Experimental results obtained from the inspection and testing of solid fuel propellants with the application of heat stress and vacuum stress are reported.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Linzhen,Jiang, FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH, *HOLOGRAPHY,...
The following testing was carried out in support of the Surrey Space Centre (SSC) Alternative Geometry Hybrid Rocket research and development program. Although VFP testing was conducted in a low cost environment, the research program collected a wealth of valuable data with regard to this all-new hybrid rocket engine. The combustion efficiency is outstanding within the VFP. The scalability test has demonstrated that the VFP indeed scales well, providing high performance over the regimes tested...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gibbon, Dave M, SURREY SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY LTD GUILDFORD (UNITED KINGDOM),...
This report determines existing and feasible specifications for densified Refuse Derived Fuel (d-RDF) to be used on military installations. The d-RDF specifications are compared to specifications for coal and wood. Site visits to two RDF facilities were conducted. Recommendations on improvements to existing d-RDF specifications are made. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Tuck,J, CAL RECOVERY SYSTEMS INC RICHMOND CA, *Fuels, Solid wastes, Solid fuels,...
Solvent Refined Coal I and Solvent Refined Coal II are processes for converting high ash and sulfur content coals to clean burning, environmentally acceptable solid and liquid fuels. The Department of Energy in 1980 awarded contracts to two companies to demonstrated these processes. The Chairman asked GAO to evaluate the negotiation and award of these contracts to determine whether they adequately consider and protect the Government's interest. GAO found that the contract adequately protect the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON DC PROCUREMENT LOGISTICS AND READINESS DIV,...
Computer solutions are obtained for several ignition models involving either surface or gaseous exothermic chemistry. Surface regression and convection of products from the surface are found to be limiting for the surface reaction of gaseous oxidizer and solid fuel. Fast gas phase reactions cannot in general be distinguished from surface and solid phase reactions by the experimental determination of the dependence of ignition time on igniting flux; a more usable technique may be the effect of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bradley, Jr, H H, NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER CHINA LAKE CA, *COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION,...
We have studied the ignition of liquid fuel and certain solid fuels by the photoignition of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Our investigation includes the effect of solid additives such as aluminum nano-particles and solid oxidizers such as ammonium perchlorate (AP) on the photoignition characteristics. We have shown that by mixing CNT with other nanoparticles and powdered material, the ignition parameters such as; burn temperature and burn duration can be tailored to meet ignition...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIR, *CARBON NANOTUBES, *FUEL...
An engineering evaluation and experimental program involving several types of conveyors applied to blends of densified refuse-derived fuel (dRDF) and blends of dRDF and coal, was conducted by the National Center for Resource Recovery. The final project report discusses the properties of waste affecting convey ability and presents experimentally determined values or observed characteristics. A procedure was selected for the assessment, selection, and operation of belt conveyors based on spillage...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kahn,Zahid, NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY INC WASHINGTON DC, *CONVEYORS,...
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has been of great interest over many years due to its flexibility in using different fuels for operation; including the fundamental fuel i.e. Hydrogen. Various computational and numerical models have been developed along with experimental work to evaluate the performance as well as to identify and overcome the problems faced in the development of SOFC's. In an attempt to achieve efficient operation with respect to design and combined thermal and...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MISSOURI UNIV OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ROLLA, *COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS, *FUEL...
The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using solid biomass fuel instead of coal as boiler fuel at the Army Ammunition Plants (AAPs) at Parsons, Kansas, Milan, Tennessee, and Charlestown, Indiana. The study showed that only Milan AAP had a mature forest large enough to supply the Minimum Sustaining Rate (MSR) central boiler fuel but the delivered cost was greater than that of available coal. Only mill waste fuel (sawdust and bark) has a lower delivered price than coal at...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Guinn,G R, ALABAMA UNIV IN HUNTSVILLE KENNETH E JOHNSON ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING...
A novel diagnostic technique has been developed, utilizing the Thrust Stand Mass Balance, to directly measure a time accurate mass flow from a solid-fuel thruster for systems where the mass flow rate is of the same order as the experimental error. The mass flow measurement technique has been verified using an idealized numerical simulation. Two calibration experiments have been performed to assess the dynamic response of the mass balance. First, a set of calibration weights were placed on the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Olliges, J D, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE,...
