ERIC ED096748: Sports Institute for Research/Change Agent Research--SIR/CAR.

DOCffKBHT BE SON £

EA 006 422

Horiarty, Dick; Duthie, Jaaes

Sports Institute for Research/Change Agent

Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education,
and Becreation, Ottawa (Ontario) .
Mar 74

7p.; A related docuaent is EA 006 423

CAHPER Journal; v40 n4 pp22-23, 33-36 Mar-Apr 1974

MF-$0.75 HC-$1.50 PLUS POSTAGE

♦Athletics; *change Agents; coaaunity Services;

Cooperative Planning; Information Disseaination;

♦Organizational Change; *0rgatti2ational Developaent;

Research Methodology; School Coaaunity Cooperation;

Systems Analysis; Universities; ♦Voluntary

igencies

Canada; Change Agent Research; ♦Research Practice
Relationship; Sports Institute for Research

The decline of the independent, scholar- scientist
closeted in a library and/or laboratory resulting froa increased
social stress on universities for "aore scholar per dollar** and '*Bore
relevance for the real world" predicts an inevitable shift to action
research. The shift in systea froa relatively independent basic
researchers to task force action research teaas requires a new
organizational structure (accoaaodating theoreticians and
practitioners) and a new action oriented research aodel and aethod
(allowing tentative solutions to significant probleas rather than
definitive answers to ainute questions) • Inflexible university
discipline structure and the rigid basic research aodel, aethod, and
techrology are inappropriate to aeet the challenge of today's future
shock conflict and change. The Sports Institute for Research (SIR) is
a voluntary autual benefit service organization at the University of
Windsor in which the physical education faculty has gathered, froa
the university and the coaaunity, scientists, educators, and
technicians capable of and dedicated to programs of coaaunity
service, disseaination of knowledge, and discovery of knowledge.
Change Agent Researca (CAB) is a systeas analysis technique coabining
organizational developaent and organizational research, which
consists of organizational audit, disseaination of knowledge via
coaaunications technology, and organizational reaudit. In short, CAR
is a link between theory and practice, while SIR is a link between
the university and the coaaunity. (Author)

ED 096 748

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ABSTRACT

ERIC

BEST COPY AVAIUBLE

SPORTS INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH/CHANGE
AGENT RESEARCH - SIR/CAR

by

DICK NVORIARTY, Ph.D. and JAMES DUTHIE, Ph.D.

Sports Institute for Research, Faculty of Physical and Health Education,

University of Windsor

eOUCMTtON • VVEi
NATIONAL INSTITUTE Of
EDUCATION

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The decline of the independent
$chotor*scfentt$t cto$eted in a (tbrory
and/or laborotory resulting from in-
creased social stress on universities for
'more scholar per dollar' and 'more
relevance for the real world/ predicts
an inevitable shift to action research.
The Corry-Bonneou report in Canada(l)
and the Coleman report fn the U.S.A.(2)
dictate Q decade of frontier oction re-
search focused on problem solving —
policy planning rather than curiosity
seeking — discipline discovering.

The shift in system from relatively
independent basic researchers to task
force action research teams requires a
new organizational structure (accommo*
dating theoreticions and practitioners)
and o new action oriented reseorch
model and method (allowing tentative
solutions to significont problems rathttr
than definitive answers to minute ques-
tions), inflexible university discipline
structure and the rigid basic research
model, method ond technology are fn-
opproprtote to meet the challenge of
todoy's future shock conflict and change.
Windsor's Spotts Institute for Research
(SIR) ond Chonge Agent Resecrch (CAR)
present a first generation alternative in
terms of flexible reseorch organization
and frontier research rtiodel and method.

Whot if SIR/ CAR?

Within the voluntary mutual benefit
service organization er^titled the Sports
Institute for Research (SIR) the University
c' Windsor Faculty of Physical and
Heolth Educotfon hos gathered, from
.the University and community, scientists^
educators ond resource technicians cap-
able of and dedicated to progroms of
(1) community service^ (2) dissemination
of knowledge ond (3) discovery of
knowledge. Within SIR's three mofor
program levels there are a variety of
pro{eet9 such os (1) community service
OS in advising the Windsor Bikewoys

Project, (2) dissemination of knowledge
by cooperofing with the University of
Windsor Canadian American Seminar
on "Sport or Athletics: The North
Americon Dilemma/' ond (3) discovery
of knowledge through Change Agent
Research (CAR) in projects such as Sport
or Athletics in Little League Busebatt
and in Windsor Minor Hockey, funded
by Canada Council and Windsor Minor
Hockey, respectively.

What Is CAR?

CAR is o systems onolysis technique
combining organizational development
and organizational research. CAR con-
sists of three phoses:
Phase t = Orgonizotionol audir by
Seeing, Asking and Writ-
ten questionnaire (SAW),
followed by communica-
tion feedback to orgoni*
zationol subunits*
Phase II — Olssennlnation of knowl-
edge (or treatment) by
meons of participative TV
• clinics and cooperative
consultation aimed at pro*
ducing change ond deveN
oping a cadre of change
agents In the organization.

Phase HI = Orgonizotionol reaudit by
the SAW method to Iden-
tify significant changes re-
sulting from the treatment
in Phose IL This phase
also includes packaging
of CAR model and metho-
dology to oilow future re-
search projects.
The Change Agent Research (CAR)
Methodology and Procedure chart which
follows outlines the title, purpose, pro-
cess, populotlon crnd instruments for
each of the three phoses of CAR.

CAR Operottont and Methodology
The three phases of CAR listed above

MARCH 1974 . APRIL 1974
VOL. 40, No. 4

PERMtSSsON TO RfM^v ' Th»S T.O^Y

f^KVHTfcO MATfMiAl MAS BftN GRANTED

TO ERJC AND 0«GAN12AT{0NS QPERATrNO
UNDfcR AGRKEMFNTSWITH Tm6 NATIONAL IN-
STITUTE or EDUCATION FURTHER RCWO-
DUCTION OUTSiC* THE tRIC SVSTPM
C3UIRES PERMISSICX« OF THE COPYRIGHT
OWNER

1

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ERIC

provide an outline of the operotionot
procedures in Chonge Agent Research.
Below ore the goals and processes of
each phoses

Phose I Organizational audit and
communication feedback.

The current status of on organization
(mutual benefit, service, commonweal or
business) is determined by employing
the SAW process: (a) Seeing or observ**
Ing through TV monitoring and unob*
trusive observation utilizing instruments
tike the Paces Projection Attitude Scale
ond Socio! Behoviour Index, (b) Asking
or interviewing employing the Semf*
Directed Focused Interview (SDFI), and
(c) Written questionnaires and source
materiol. Random sampling technique
is used to select subfects from among
executives, coaches, o^ficloU, sponsors,
parents, players, fans ond the generot
public, in order to identify the ultlmote
goat of the orgonizotion, obstacles or
conflicts which prevent achievement of
tliis goat, and assess incongruity and
dissonance between structure and in**
diviHuols or groups (See the 3M Model
beiow). After the data is procesieci
communication feedback through o cllnfc
allows the organtzotlon's executive to
see what CAR*SAW.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

zotion and administrative science, (b)
sociology, (c) psychology, (d) principles
and ethics, (e) biomechanics and macro*
movement education, (f) physiology and
health-fitness, diet ond drugs, and (g)
group dynamics. Each of the six (6)
clinics includes o thirty (30) minute TV
presentotion shown to the torget popu-
lation, followed Immediately by o one
(1) hour participative discussion allow-
ing members of the organization to
opply the contents to their particular
association . interpersonal and inter-
group interviewing, group dynamics,
role reversal, confrontation meetings,
and sensitivity training sessions are
integrated into the treatment. Th' pur-
pose of this phase is to provide back-
ground information and essential focts
needed for examinotion and treatment
of conflict within the organization. Ex*
posure to M3 onoiysi* technique leads
to the development of Cnonge Agents
in the organization who can help to
bring the ultimate goot tnto focus and
delineote monogement techniques likely
to reduce conflict and bring about
chonge.

Phase III ~ Reoudit of the orgonfzotfon
to note significant change
and packaging of CAR.

% K NOOCL

•CCXAL WTNU9

1, tUTXHMt GOAL {Ki.««ion>

<l<Santifie*tiOft>

* tiaoi'M t>t Situation iMm)

COMSTXTVUfT SWtW ^t.

SMomoiuxJ •) Traits (ChM«ot«ri«tlc«>
* OHOVtS b) SittuiUoci (Holt)

fMttiKtiona - Proceed through th« m>amX itmm Dy lt«i. 1 ti>mn th#n 2b thmtt S«, #te.

Hmkm •Mtm mil itm^ mrm cov«rt4* ^ ^ ^ * ^ *

Rmm4» Nui^rs X through ft d««X vith pnaant ccmSitiOft*. Ku«6#ra 1 Uirough 10 «r« ftftucictio
or pradietiv*. One* 10 km r«»ciM v«tHrn ta 1 and bm^in th« cyelm m^mia*

Phase il — Disseminotion of knowledge
and treotment through clin-
ics and consultation aimed
of developing a codre of
change agents within the
orgonizotion.

Porticlpative clinics ore utilized to
disseminote knowledge on (o) orgoni*

SAW method (Seeing or observing
through TV and unobtrusive observers,
Asking or interviewing on audiotape
ond Written questionnaire) ore em*
ployed to reoudit the organization ond
occumulate dota to permit evaluation
of the outcome of the program and
identify slgniflcont changes resulting

(eon'f po0« 33)

MAICN * AFifU 1974 23

Specialist ond committee settloni to
be leheduled:

• Administrative theory committee

• Research Council (CAHPER)
^ Coaches association

• Health education

• Elementary school committee

• Elementary school equipment

• Oortce committee

• Exercise physiology committee

• Psycho-motor learning committer

• Sports committee

• Blomechonici committee

• Sociology of sport committee

• Philosophy of sport committees

• History of sport committee

• Other sport ossociations

(con'f from po9# 23)

from Phase 11. The knowledge discover-
ed is fed bock into fufure studies for
Phase M treatment. In oddition. Phase
in Includes packaging of Chonge Agent
Research procedure (CAR-PAK), metho-
dology and instruments so that the
study con be replicated in other oreas.
Included in the CAR-PAK is a pomphlet
on CAR model, procedure and metho-
dology, OS well as (T) SAW instruments,

(2) videotapes and pamphlets Including
directions on conducting participatory
clinics and follow-up consulting and

(3) compvfer programs and statistical
methodology for treatment of dota.

CAR and the cadre of change agents
developed can provide a seivlce for
other organfrotions.

The PERT chart (Three Phases of CAR)
which follows outlines the operational
procedure in Change Agent Reseorch.

Summary

Conodion universities are entering o
new ero (not a changing era) and o new
organizotionol structure and reseorch
model and methodology It demonded.
SIR/CAR presents on alternotlve op-
prooch and should be evaluated on the
tenets of action policy research, rother
than pure research, (cf.2)

COPY mntimi

Session des sp^cioHstes et comtt^
seront enregistr*s.

• Comity d'odmlnlstrotton des
th6ories

» Conseil des recherches (CAHPER)

• Association de entrafneurs

• Education sanltoire

• Comity d'6cole 6l6mentalre

^ Equipement pour octlvlt^s 6 I'Acote
*ldmentalre

• Comit* de donse

• Comit* de phytiotogte de I'exerclce

• Comit* de I'opprentissoge
psychontoteur

• Comit^i des sports

^ Comlt6 de biomdcanique

• Comit6 de seclologle du Sport

• Comity de phllosophle du sport

• Comit* de I'hlstolre du iport
^ Autre associations du sport

SIR/CAR mointolns:

1* Partial data at the time of action
is superior to complete dafo offer
tho* time.

2. Change agent supercedes re^eorch-
er if o choice must be mode.

3. Objective analysis of reality In
vernocwlor and redundant terms of
the torget population Is more op*
propriote than the parsimony and
eloquence of discipline reseorch.

4. Separation of policy manipulation
of the independent vortoble (or
fortuitous seizure of the situation),
and meosurement ond ossessment
of the dependent variable need
not be separoted absolutely*

5. 'Publish or perish' should be re-
placed by 'public service or perhh/
The ultimate product is not 'contri-
bution to knowledge' in the UterQ-
ture but a change in social policy
based on shored knowledge and
research results.

6. Reol world problems ore not dis-
ciplinary In origin or noture and
con only be solved by Interdiscfp-
linory tosk force teoms bringing
together theoreticians and practl^
Moners-

MAiCH . Amu ^974 93

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7. A dialectical or adversary proceit^
such as SAW m CAR, should be
included in the action research
process to ossure self-correction.

8. Principles of schotorship pnd sc!^
ence, i.e., objectivity in realizing
reality, oppty in action research.

9. Value free terms, such os effective-
ness (get the {ob done) and effici-
ency (expending the fewest physf*
coi and human resources), should
replace evaluation of good or bad
end, and right or wrong msans.

10. Mutuol trust is a sine qua non for
cooperative university - community
research and change agent clinics,
consultation and communlcotlon.

1 K Organization* wide dissemination of
knowledge and open communko*
tion of reseorch results are essentia!
for lasting and meaningful changes.

12. interdisciplinary stages of research
(execution of the s^udy and cond!<*
tfons of communicating results) as
well OS the octlon stages of re*
search (formulation of the research
problem, communicotlon of results
and recor?<mendafIons on poHcy)
must be governed by objectivity
rather than the investigators' val-
ues. Be value free ond avoid ad-
vocacy beyond reoHstic presento*
tion of alternatives and probable
outcomes (Monogement by Objec-
tives ^ MBO).

CAR is a {Ink betwee^i theory and
practice. SIR Is a link between the uni-
versity ond community. SIR/CAR is
bringing town and gown and policy
and practice together in Windsor.

IDEA Format

SIR/CAR culminates in the IDEA For^
mat: tdentiflcotion, Delmeation, Evolu-
otion and Action.

Identification of the research problem
stems from the felt need o' the client
system or a request for SIR/CAR service,
and the opproprlate probU^ms and/or
hypothesis originate from ^//ithin the
organization and focus on Vi;inogement
by Objectives (MBO).

Dei ineo tion of the reseorch problems
by CAR shifts the focus of attention !n

research and development from micro
studies on competitive skills, psychology
of cooching, and philosophic treotises
on persisting problems to macro studies
on conflict and chonge. The emphasis it
on administrative decision making and
the way the organizotion represents
itself to society at targe and its con*
stituents in particular.

Evoiuation in the IDEA Format In-
cludes questions of the universal and
sample, as well as research procedure.
The sample is drown from organization
e acuttves, coaches, officials, sponsors*
parents, competitors, fons and the
generoi public. The research procedure
is SAW, OS described previously.

Action or operotlonoi methodology,
consists of the three phases of CAR.
There is no clear demorcotion between
dissemination of knowledge and dis-
covery of knowledge, although the
emphasis in Phase f and Phase fl is on
dissemination of knowledge and organi-
zational development, whereas the em-
phasis in Phase III Is upon discovery of
knowlcKige or orgonlzationol research.

Future research is enhanced by pock-
oging of CAR methodology in Phose Hi
and allows replication in other regions,
in other orgo n irotions, longttudinaf
studies, cross sectional studies and com-
parative cross sectional studies.

The full IDEA Format is outlined on
the Change Agent Research (CAR)
Methodology and Procedure chart which
follows.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(?) Sonrrtou, louU-PNUrpp* ond J. A. Corry. Qv«tf
for fh* Oftf^mvm; Rtioorch foKey fti (fi* tInU
vftfftHM of C0*i^da. Tht roport of a commU-
ilort to %tvdy fho rafionofliotlon of vnW^rtHy
rotoorch. Ottawa: Af$oe2af{o(t of Un^vonit!*!
ond Coffegtft of Conoda, 1972.

(2) "Ttft Prlttcfpft$ Ooyrnlng PoHcy Roitorcft," by

Dr. iom9t Cettmoit tn Fooffioftt, Am^rlutn
Socbfogkaf Atfoelotfon/ t. No. 3 (March,
1973), h

(3) Bonnti, G. Cfiottglnf OrfortitoHoftf. Ntw

York: McOrow.Htr^ \9M.

(4) So* ofto tht AddUofi»W*i!ft)r iftf^tl on or^cnU

totbnol dtvtlopmtnt pubfUHtd In 1959/
whkh Irtefvdti:
o) Eckort, Rfchord. Orgattltalfomii CI«v«iofim«itt:

Strotogtoft ond Mod*!,
b) Uf%nt%, Worron O. OreantfafloKt O^VtUfM
mtntt iH OHgfnft ond l^rotptctt.

MARCH * APRft 1974 3S

BEST copy mimii

Ch«n9« RtiM«rch (CAR)

tf»thodol09y and Procedure
SOEA K#thod • Xd#ntific*tion, DeXin.atlon, EvaluatiDii mnd Action
^r«lt N««d « r«qtt««t for siR/CAR ••rvlce

Xdi!^ float ion
^^ProblMO

Qutttiona

Sfort or Athlotica

Managa»ent by Objocttvoa (MBO)

-^Hypothaaoa Organlaational Strttctura

Effactlvanaaa and Efflolciney

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g^llna*

^Hicro-dlacipllnary
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cch C Davalop«a|>t^^

ero-intardiaciplinary
(Futura) (thaory a profaaalonal praotioa)

D^llnaation

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ultimata goal
conflict or obataclaa
atructura l» groups
nanaganant tachniquaa
changa

Sawpla (random)

Evaluation

Prooadura » SAK(

$ft«in9 or Obaarving

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structura

Aaking or Xntarviawing
Ifrittan Sourcaa fi opinionnaira

Action

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Phaaa I

SAW for Organisation Audit

ommunioation raadback

Diaaatnination of Knowladga

ning of Cadra of CAR

^SAM for Organiaational Raattdit
haaa lll^^Of acovary of Knowladga
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Ptttura Raaaarch

CAR in othar aporta

Croaa Saction 6 Longitudinal

Comparativa

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d) Dovl*, A. H. Orayf farftnaaftea.

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•fifng Off««l«aflaiifi Wafnati* and AeHaa.
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avoltobta thfowgH tha Caftttr for fha Ad-
voitcad Sttfdy of Mueoffartot AdrntnUtroHon/
Uftivarftlty of Oragai*, fifgant, Oftgoft, ^«0^

96 MAKCH • APRIW 197^