Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, made between the years 1770 and 1779, volume 3

VOYAGE TO JAPAN,

TRAVELS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THAT EMPIRE.

IN THE YEARS J775 AND 1 776.

THE SECOND EDITION.

BY CHARLES PETER THUNBERG, M.D.

Knight of the Order of Vafa, Profeflor of Botany in the Univerfity of Upfal.
and Member of various Academies and learned Societies both in
Sweden and other Countries.

LONDON*.

PRINTED FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON, N° ( 12 S

st. Paul’s church-yard;

AND SOLD £Y W. RICHARDSON, CORNELL.

186334

PREFACE

TO THE

THIRD VOLUME,

This third volume of my Travels compriles
an account of my adventures in Japan, to-
gether with the hiftory of that country. It
was intended to contain a greater number of
fheets, and to clofe my journal j but feveral cir-
cumftances have rendered the execution of this
impofilble, and obliged me to referve fome part
of my obfervations for a future period, and a
fourth volume. This I am inclined to hope
will not long be wanting ; my countrymen’s in-
clination to read this prefent volume, and the fale
of the two former, will much accelerate its ap-
pearance.

The empire of Japan is in many refpe&s a
fingular country, and with regard to cuftoms and

ia-

VI

PREFACE.

inftitutions totally different from Europe, or, I
had almoft faid, from any other part of the
world. It has therefore ever been a fubjedt of
wonder to other nations, and has been alter-
nately extolled and decried. Of all the nations
that inhabit the three largefl parts of the globe,
the Japanefe deferve to rank the firft, and to be
compared with the Europeans ; and although
in many points they muft yield the palm to the
, latter, yet in various other refpedts they may with
great juftice be preferred to them. Here, in-
deed, as well as in other countries, are found both
ufeful and pernicious eftablifhments, both rational
and abfurd inftitutions ; yet, ftill we muft admire
the fteadinefs which conftitutes the national cha-
racter; the immutability which reigns in the
adminiftration of their laws, and in the exercife
of their public fundtions ; the unwearied afii-
duity of this nation to do, and to promote what
is ufeful, and a hundred other things of a fimilar
nature. That fo numerous a people as this,
fhould love fo ardently and fo uriiverfally (with-
out even a fingle exception to the contrary)
their native country, their government, and each
ether ; that the whole country fhould be, as it
/were, inclofed, fo that no native can get out,
nor foreigner enter ii^ without permiflion ; that
their laws fhould have remained unaltered for
feveral tlroufand years, and that juftice fnould

b e

PREFACE. Vli

be adminiftered without partiality or refpect to
perfons ; that the government can neither be-
come defpotic nor evade the laws in order to
grant pardons or do other adts of mercy ; that
the monarch and all his fubjedts fliould be clad
alike in a peculiar national drefs ; that no
fafhions fliould be adopted from abroad, nor new
ones invented at home; that no foreign war fhould
have been waged for centuries paid, and inte-
rior commotions fliould be for ever prevented ;
that a great variety of religious fedts fliould live
in peace and harmony together; that hunger
and want fliould be almoft unknown, or at lead
known but feldom, &c. All this muft appear
as improbable, and, to many, as impoflible, as
it is Aridity true, and deferving of the utmofb
attention.

I have endeavoured to delineate this nation,
fuch as it really is, without, on the one hand, too
highly extolling its advantages, or, on the. other,
too feverely cenfuring its defedts. I put down daily
upon paper whatever came to my knowledge;
but feveral fubjedts, fuch as their internal (economy,
language, government, public voorjhip, &c. I have
flnce collected and drawn together from differ-
ent parts of my journal, for the purpofe of treat-
ing of them in one place, and in order to avoid
fpeaking of them feparately on different ccca-
lions.

N

No country in the world, perhaps, undergoes
fewer changes than Japan, which has been both
well and amply defcribed by the learned Doftor
JLempfer, in his hiftory of this country. Some,
neverthelefs, I have found ; and have committed
to writing the few alterations which have occurred
in matters of fmaller moment at lead, during
the fpace of nearly a hundred years.

But as natural hiftory has in a particular man-
ner engaged my attention, I have not only en-
deavoured diligently to colleft the minerals , ani-
mals, and plants of this country, but alfo to
render them in fome degree ufeful and ad-
vantageous to Europe, and the country that gave
me birth. O ! how great would be my joy,
without the leaft tintture of arrogance, could I
but in any meafure arrive at this ccnftant objeft
of my moft fervent willies !

In a feparate treatife, under the title of
Flora Japonic a, I have defcribed fuch plants as I
have found on the Nipon illands, and at the fame
time indicated their ufes. But in this account
of my travels, I have made mention of fuch only
as exhibit fome remarkable ufe in rural and do-
meftic ceconomy, and in the art of healing.

Thus, for food are ufed, befides a great quan-
tity of fifties, and other marine animals, the Poly-
gonum fagopyrum, Diofcorea Japonica, Vicia
faba, Pifum fativum, Phafeolus vulgaris and

radiatus.

PREFACE.

IX

radiatus, feveral of the Ulvse ard Fuci, the
Oryza fativa. Arum efculentum, Juglans nigra,
Fagus Caftanea, Mefpilus Japonica, &c.

For drcjfing victuals feveral oils exprefled from
feeds are made ufe of, which oils alfo ferve for
burning in lamps ; fuch as the oil procured from
the Braffica orientalis, Dryandra Japonica, Meiia
azedarach, Sefamum, &c.

As /pices, and by way of de/Jert at table, arc
ufed Onions, the roots of Bamboos, the Amo-
mum Mioga, Conomon, and Menyanthes nym-
phoides.

Clothes are made of Cotton, the Morus papy-
rifera and filk, and cordage of different forts of
Nettles.

Into houfe-furniture and various implements
are wrought up feveral ufeful forts of wood :
fuch as the Lindera, the Deutzia, Pinus Abies,
Box, CuprefTus, &c.

Materials for dying are taken from a fpecies
of Betula, and from the Gardenia florida.

l/uick- hedges are formed of the Lycium Japo-
nicum. Citrus trifoliata, the Gardenia, Vibur-
nums, Thujas, Spiraeas ; and arbours are made of
the Dolichos polyftachyos.

By way of ornament , Skimmi is placed in the
temples, and for a particular purpofe in rural
ceconomy the Haliotis is ufed.

Medicines

Mediums are prepared of the Polygonum
multiflorutn, Convallaria Japonica, Chencpo-
dium fcoparia, Acorus calamus, Dracontium
polyphyllum, Inula helenium, the Root of
China, the Corchorus Japonicus, and the La-
certa Japonica.

OF THE

JL HE merits of the Chevalier Thunberg are
too well and too univerfally known, to need
any recommendation from the Tranflacor of
his Travels to the Reader. Infadt, it is notori-
ous that this illuftrious naturalift, not content
with having attained to the fummits of natural
hiftory, has contributed greatly to the advance-
ment of its boundaries, by inveftigating the natu-
ral products of a great variety of countries fitu-
ated in three different quarters of the globe in-
lomuch that he may almoft exclaim with the
hero of Virgil,

O *

“ OeF regio ia terns noftri non plena iaboris V'

PREFACE.

Xli

And as the Author muff be allowed to have
feen much, he cannot be denied the praife of
having related what he has feen, if not with the
greateft elegance and precifion, yet with the
ftrifteft regard to truth, and an exa&nefs not
often found in writers of travels. In delineating
the manners of nations indeed, the learned Pro-
feffor muft yield the palm to many of his con*
currents j but in inveftigating the natural pro-
du&ions of the different countries he has paffed
through, he will, perhaps, be found to be equalled
by very few, and excelled by none.

In the account he has given of his peregrin-
ations through various parts of Europe, our
Author, it muft be confeffed, has been frequently
too circumftantial and particular : of this, in the
original, a remarkable inftance occurs in his
enumeration of the different Profeffors in Paris,
which, not only as it is abfolutely uninterefting
to far the greater part of his readers, but alfo
as fince the late revolution in France a total
change has taken place in that department, is
omitted in the tranflation,

Jf, however, this too fcrupulous writer has
been fometimes led by his exceffive regard for
truth, and an almoft inordinate defire of accu-
racy into tedious details and minute obfervations,
the fame charge cannot be brought againft the
relation of his travels in the fouthern extremity

of'

PREFACE.

Xlll

of Africa, which, as, exclufively of other excur-
sions, he has gone over the fame ground as
Profeflor Sparrman, may be confidered as a
ufeful, and indeed, in many refpefts, a neceflfary
fupplement to his lively and well-informed coun-
tryman's entertaining defcription of that country.

But what mod of all enhances the merits of
the following fheets is, his defcription of J-'pan,
for which this inquifuive traveller has had oppor-
tunities that none elfe has enjoyed fince the ex-
pulfion of the Portuguese from that iflandj
opoortunities, which, it is prefumed, he has
made ufe of, to the great emolument as well as
the entertainment of his readers.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Jo the 'preceding ohjer vat ions it may he necef-
(ary to add , that the Author y notwithftanding what
he has advanced in the Preface to the third
volume y having changed his mind with ref peel to
the publication of a fourth y thefe fheets were juft
printed off (on a fuppojition that the work was
complete) when the Tranflator very unexpectedly
received from him the loft volume, which will be
prefented to the world in an Englifh drefs y as foon
as, by the fale of the former volumes y the work
fhall appear to be flamped with the approbation
of the Britifh Public .

d^h'iSy it is prsfumedy will not long be with-
held y as a tranfiation of thefe travels was pub-
lifted in Germany y as faft as each volume ap-
peal edy and was received with avidity by that
learned and ingenious nation .

EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA '*

A VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 177 5.

, > • k-;

* . . t . „ I.'

On the 20th of June, 1775, I went on board
of the Stavenife , one of the three-decked vefifels
bound from Batavia to Japan. For fome time
pail the Dutch Eail India company has Tent
two Ihips only to that empire, which Ihips are
felected by the government in Batavia for this
purpole, one of them, and generally both, be-
ing large three-deckers from the province of
Zeeland ; as the navigation of thefe waters is
accounted the moil dangerous in all the In-
dies.

I had engaged myfelf as principal furgeon on
board of the ihip during this voyage, and, on
my fafe arrival at Japan, was to remain there a
year, and at the fame time to accompany the
Dutch ambailador on his journey to the impe-
rial court at Jedo, the capital of the country, in
von. in, B quality

2 VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775*

quality of phyfician to the embafly. This was
my ftation in the Dutch Eaft India company’s
fervice ; but I had befides, at Amfterdam, under-
taken to collect, for the Hortus Medicus there,
and fome gentlemen of diftin&ion, as far as I
could get liberty and opportunity in this dis-
tant couiitry, feeds and growing plants, par-
ticularly of Ihrubs and trees, to be fent to
Europe by the returning fiiips, for the pur-
pofe of tranfplanting. The fhip was command-
ed by Captain Von Ess, and on board of her
now embarked M. Feith, in quality of conful,
and likewife ambaflador, for the fourth time,
to the Imperial court, who brought with him,
as affiftants in the commercial line, M. Ha-
ringa, the fupercargo, together with four
writers.

The other fhip which lay ready to accompany
us was fomewhat lels, and was called the Blei-
jenberg. It had on board a fupercargo and a
writer.

All the officers on board, who were to re-
main a year at Japan, carried with them one
or more flaves, as fervants, during the voyage,
and their flay at that place. This has been al-
lowed by the Japanefe for more than one hun-
dred years back,* though the flaves are not fuf-
fered to go out of the factory, or the adjacent
town, Nagafaki.

On

3

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775a

On the 2 1 ft, about ten o’clock in the fore-
noon, we weighed anchor, faluted, and got
underway in the road of Batavia; but came
again to anchor, for the purpofe of putting
every thing in proper order previous to our in-
tended voyage.

The chief allowed a free table for all the
officers, both now and during the voyage, as
alio liquors, beer and wines, partly at his own,
and partly at the company’s expence.

On the iStb, in the morning, by the aid of
a light breeze and the tide, we were in the
ftraits of Banca , which are nearly as broad as
the Britifh channel. We faw the land of Su-
matra to the left, the fhores of which are even
and low, and the land of Java to the right,
both overgrown with wood.

On the 17th, vve remained at anchor, and
waited the arrival of the other fhip,' which be-
ing a dull failer, lagged behind.

On the 28 th, we weighed anchor and got
underway.

On the 3©/£, we got fafe through the found
into the open fea, and were faluted by the Bletjen-
berg , which compliment being returned, we
wifhed each other a fafe paflage.

July 2,d , crofied the Line.

On the 8 th, faw the rock Pulo Sapato , which
at a diftance appears like a fhip, and, on a
B 2 nearer

A-

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775-

nearer view, like the hinder part of a Ihoe,
cut in two acrofs the inltep. Its name figni-
fies Shoe ljland ; Pula, in the Malay tongue,
fignifying an ifland, and Sapato a Ihoe. This
ifland has been fo called, from its refembling the
heel of a fhoe.

On the io th, faw the Chinefe coait, which is
a pleafing fight to every Japan trader, as it
affords an evident proof that the veffel is pretty
far advanced on its voyage.

On the i ith y a hard gale. In this latitude gales
are very common. Our captain (who was a very
careful and fagacious man) ordered immediately
to fhorten fail, lo-wer the top -malts, and take
down the yards. This precaution was after-
wards obferved during the whole voyage, wheif
we were fimilarly circumltanced, and the event
{hewed that it was extremely judicious. The
Bleijenberg, on the other hand, being a-ftern of
us all this time, carried all her fails, till the top-
tnafts went, and during the gale Ihe lolt^her lower
malts alfo. In fine, the {hip, in eonfequence of
its rolling, was fo much {battered, and proved fo
leaky, that it was with the greateft difficulty
that Ihe was prevented from finking and carried
into the port of Macao, from whence Ihe was
afterwards taken to Canton, in order to -be re-
paired, being unable to proceed on her voyage
to Japan. The cargo, which chiefly confided bf
foft fugars, was almolt entirely {polled.

On

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775* S

On the 17/^, a moft tremendous gale, ac-
companied by fevere hurricanes, and a great
deal of rain, which lafted for eight and forty
hours, but no thunder.

On the 20 lb, the gale having abated, we faw
a Chinefe fifhing-boat with her keel upwards.
The fifhermen belonging to it were fuppofed to
have been loft.

On the 22 d, faw again the Chinefe fhore.
Four filhing-boats came to us, and brought with
them feveral forts of fifh. Amongft others,
there was the beautiful and tran (parent fhell-fifh
called O fir to. pleurond 3 .es, one of the (hells of
which is white, and the other red; and on this
account it is called by the Dutch Maan-Jchulp,
or Moon-muficle. There were • likewife found
among them feveral Sepiae, fome large Crabs,
and the Cancer mantis. The whole of this we
purchafed, with fome rice and arrack, with which
the fifhermen feemed highly pleafed.

Since our leaving Batavia, the leamen had '
been very much troubled with intermitting fe-
vers, but as foon as the cold weather and winds
increafed, the malady abated. Bontius ob-
ferves, that in his time agues were feldom heard
of in the F.aft Indies; but at prefent no fpecies
of fever is more common. The difference in
the degrees • of heat, however, was, in fine
weather, not very remarkable. The thermo-
B 3 t meter ‘

t

6 VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1/75.

meter flood at B-atavia between eighty and
eighty-fix degrees, and in the northern latitude.,
in which we now were, it was at feventy-
eight or feventy-nine degrees, by Fahrenheit’s
fcale.

The very heavy rains which accompanied the
Jaft gale, were not lefs troublefome than the hur-
ricanes, as every thing we had was wet, and on
laying them out to dry, fome articles were found
quite ufelefs. The Crabs ( Cancer es) and Ma-
rine animals (Sepias) which I had collected for
the purpofe of drying and preferving, af-
forded me at night, as foon as it grew darh, a
moft delightful fpe&acle, the former of thefe in
fipots, and the latter with almoft the whole fur-
face of their bodies, illuminating my little ca-
bin with a bluifh phofphoric light. The light
proceeding from the Crabs, in particular, was An-
gular, as it appeared upon them in fpots, and not
covering any part entirely : a fpot, perhaps, on '
the one fide of the tail giving a light, when there
was none perceptible on. the other. The glimmer-
ing continued for the. fpace of two days, and when
the animal was brought upon deck and expofed to
the open air in the day-time, it gave no light
at all. With the naked eye I could neither dif T
cover marine infefts, nor any thing e.lfe that
miglu oecafion this phenomenon; and whet)
l fcratched any of the finning fpots with my

VOVACE TO JAPAN, 1775- *

nail, the light neither difappeared, nor was it in
the lead diminifhed.

The Chinefe fifhing-boats are remarkably
large and long, built of thin boards, and deck-
ed, and bluff both at the head and ftern. Abaft
however, they are much wider j the deck is
open, where the rudder traverfes, and they have
only one mail and fail. In thefe, generally
four or five men to each boat, go far out into
into the fea, and there fifh night and day. The
officers of the ffiip, who had been feveral voy-
ages, informed me, that fometimes in fine wea-
ther fuch numbers of them were feen, as to
darken the horizon.

On the 2jd, a great number of the fiffi called
Pilots were this day feen.

On the 26th, pahed the ifiand called Med
zyn Gat t, and made towards Formofa Sound.

On the 29 th, faw the iiland of Formofa , which
formerly belonged to the Dutch Eaft India
company.

This ifland is long, large, and very fruitful.
Formerly all ffiips bound for Japan touched at
this place, which made the voyage more com-
modious and lefs dangerous; as, in cafe of haid
gales, they have now no port to run into.

° The citadel, called Zeeland, was furrendered
In the year 1662, after a fiege of nine months,
by the then governor, Coijet, to the Chinefe
r ebd, Coxinia, who had been driven out of

B China

' v

t VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775.

China by the Tartars. The hiftory of this,
tranfa&ion may be feen in Het verwaarloojde
Formofa , by C. E. S. printed at Amfterdam,
1675. This ifland is at prefent in the hands
of the Emperor of China, but no traffic is car-
ried on there with the Europeans.

On the 30th, we had fevere fqualls with rain,,
but of no long continuance,

Augujt the 4 th, hard gales, with a high fea and
fome rain, which lafted till the feventh ; the fea
being in fuqh agitation, that we could carry
nothing but the main ftay-fail. During the
whole time I kept as much as poffible on the
deck.

On the 10 th, for the fifth time on this ffiort;
paffage, a hard gale with rain, which lafted
twenty-four hours. Hence it appears, how
troublefome and dangerous the voyage to Ja-
pan is, and how boifterous and fubje£t to gales
the fea is on either fide of Formofa, even in the
proper feafon of the year, which is the only time
when fhips may ride for three or four months
with f&fety in the havens of Japan.

Whoever wiffies for a more explicit account
of the gales to which thefe feas are fubjedl,
may perufe Dr. ICempfers Hiftory of Japan,
the folio edition, pages 49 and 50.

The voyage to Japan is reckoned the moft
dangerous in all the Indies, and the Dutch

India

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, X 775.

9

India company always confiders one out of five
of the fhips that are fent thither, as loft. That
this calculation exadtly agrees with the ex-
perience of more than a hundred years, is evi-
dent from" the following lift of loft ihips, with
relation to fome of which, it has never been
known when, where, and how they were loft.

In 1642, were loft two fliips in 'the narrows of
Gujnam, viz. the Buys and the Maria,

1651, De Koe,

1652, De Sparwer,

1653, Het Lam.

1658, De Zwarte Bal,

1659, De Harp.

x66o. The Hedlor, which, however, blew up
in an engagement with the Chinefc.

1664, Het Roode Hart.

1668, The Achilles.

1669, Two, de Hoog Cafpel and Vrydenburg..

1670, De Schermer ,

1671, The Kuylenberg,

1697, The Spar.

1708, The Monjler .

1714, The Ariort.

1719, Three, viz. the Meeroog, Catherine , and
het Slot van Cap ell e.

1722} The Valkenbos.

1724, The Apollonia.

1731, The Knapenhoff.

B 4 1748,

I©

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1 775.

101748, II e c Huys te Berjyn.

1758, The Stadwyk.

376S, The Vreedenhcff.

1770, The Ganjenhoff. The fame year, the
Burg was, in confequence of having
fpi ung a leak, rendered unfit to pro-
ceed on her voyage, and obliged to go
to China.

1772, The Burg, though fire had been unfuc-
cefsful in the former voyage, was now
jfent again to Japan, and had the Chief
on board ; but became fo difabled in a
gale of wind, that fhe was abandoned
by the crew ; and drove on fhore on
the coaft of Japan. On the 30 tty. of
July, in a hard gale from E. N. E. off
Meaxima , which lafred two days, file
loft her mails, bowfprit, head, quarter-
galleries, &c. ; and fpringing a leak,
had a great quantity of water in the
powder-room and hold. The chief,
M. Daniel Armenault, and Captain
Eveich, faw, on the \fi of Augufi, the
other fhip, viz. the Margaretta Maria ,
commanded by Captain Steen decker.
A council yvas held, in which it was
refolved to quit the fhip. On the day
following they went on board the other
fhip, taking with them their money and

yaluables.

VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 1775.

valuables, and, leaving the fliip to the mercy of
the wind and waves, arrived on the 6 th in
Nagafaki harbour. In the courfe of a few
days the veil'd, that had lately been quitted,
was difcovered driving towards the gulf of
Japan by fome filhermen, who towed her on
Ihore, and found no other live animal on board
of her than a boar-pig. It mull: have been in
confequence of the greateft negligence that the
fhip was not towed to land, or, agreeably to the
regulations previoudy made, let on fire.

1775, The Bleijenherg , in confequence ofhav-
ing fprung a leak, and fuftained great damage,
was obliged to go to China ; where Ihe was re-
paired, and afterwards returned tp Batavia.

On the 1 2 ,th, early in the morning, we fawthe
ifiand of Meaxima , with its lofty and peaked
mountains. In the afternoon, we law the land of
Japan, and at nine o’clock in the evening an-
chored in the entrance of Nagafaki harbour,
where the high mountains formed a roundifh in-
ternal harbour, in the lhape ol a half-moon.

On the mountains, by order of the Japanefe
government, were placed feveral out-pods,
which were provided with telefcopes, that the
guard might difcover at a Pittance the arrival
of Ihips, and immediately report the fame to
the governor of Nagafaki. Thefe out-pods now
lighted up feveral fires.

Thi*

12 VOYAGE TO JAPAN, 177 5,

This day all the Prayer-Books and Bibles
belonging to the failors were collected, and put
into a cheft, which was nailed down. This
cheft was afterwards left under the care of the
Japanefe, till the time of our departure, when
every one received his book again. This is done
with a view to prevent the introduftion of
Chriftian or Roman Catholic books into the
country.

A bedftead was now placed upon deck, with
a canopy over it, but without curtains, for the
Japanefe fuperior officers to fit on, who were
expected to come on board,

A mufter-roll of the Ihip’s company, con-
fining of about one hundred and ten men, and
thirty-four flaves, was made out, mentioning the
age of every individual, which roll was given to
the Japanefe. The birth-place of each individual
was not marked in this lift, as they were all fup-
pofed to be Dutchmen, although many of them
were Swedes, Danes, Germans, Portuguefe, and
Spaniards. According to this mufter-roll, the
whole ffiip’s company is muttered immediately
on the arrival of the Japanefe, and afterwards
every morning and evening of fuch days as the
fhip is either difcharging or taking in her cargo,
and when there is any intercourfe between the
ffiip and the faftory. By thefe precautions the
Japanefe are allured that no one can either get

away

VOYAGE fO JAPAN, 1775.

away without their knowledge, or remain in the
factory without their leave.

On the 14 th, it blew fo very hard, that we
could not get the anchor up ; at eleven o’clock,
therefore, we were obliged to cut the cable, and
got under fail.

We now perceived a boat coming from Ihore to>
meet us. The captain therefore dreffed himfelf
in a blue filk coat, trimmed with filver lace,
made very large and wide, and fluffed, and fur-
nifhed in front with a large cufhion. This coat
has for many years paft been ufed for the pur-
pofe of fmuggling prohibited wares into the
country, as the chief and the captain of the fhip
were the only perfons who were exempted from
being fearched. The captain generally made
three trips in this coat every day from the fhip
to the factory, and was frequently fo loaded with
goods, that when he went afhore, he was obliged
to be fupported by two failors, one under each
arm. By thefc means the captain derived 3
confiderable profit annually from the other
officers, whofe wares he carried in and out, to*-
gether with his own, for ready money, which
might amount to feveral thoufand rixdollars.

The laft- mentioned boat brought from the
jiactory one fupercargo and three writers, de-
puted from the chief -to congratulate us on our

arrival.

14 a&AiVa'l at jatan, 177 £T.

arrival, to enquire about the fhip’s cargo, and
to know the news from Batavia, &c.

In the mean-time we difplayed on board a
number of different colours and pendants, in
order to give a certain degree of fplendour to
our entry into the haven.

As foon as we approached the two imperial
guards, which are placed on each fide of the
port, one of which is called the Emperor's, and
the other the Emprefs’s guard* we fired our
cannon to falute them.

During the whole time of our failing up this
long and winding harbour, we had a moft de-
lightful profpeCt of the furrounding hills and
mountains, which appeared cultivated to their
very fummits; a view which is fo very un-
common in other countries.

We at length came into good anchorage, and
at noon let go the anchor, at the diftance of a
mufket-fhot from the town of Nagasaki , and the
adjacent fmall ifland of Dezimd, in which is
fituated the Dutch fadtory.

Soon after the above-mentioned gentlemen,
who had been deputed- from the faCtory, re-
turned on Ihore, carrying with them the com-
pany’s letters, and thofe of private perfons,
the chief, who had this year remained at Japan,
came on board, and with him returned to the

factory

NAGASAKI HARBOUR, 1775- 1 S

factory the newly-arrived chief, the captain,
fupercargo, and writers.

The intelligence we received was by no means
agreeable ; as the ftri&eft orders had come from
the court for the prevention of any illicit com-
merce. Firft, That the captain and chief Ihouid
in future be fearched, as well as others, without
regard to perfons, which had never been the cafe
before. Secondly, That the captain lhould for
the future drefs like others, and lay afide the
large furtout, which had hitherto been ufed for
the convenience of lmuggling. Thirdly, That
the captain lhould either remain conftantly on
board, or, if he Ihouid chuie to go alhore, he
lhould be permitted to go on board twice only
during the whole time of our ftay there. This
latter point was, neverthelefs, in a great mea-
fure given up* and the captain had liberty, after
a lapfe of two days, to go on board, and moor
the fnip. The permilnon for this purpofe was
obtained from the governor of N agafaki, partly
by follicitation, and partly by threatening him,
that if any accident befel the Ihip, the lofs would
be put to the emperor’s account j and, if the
emperor lhould treat the affair with negled or
indifference,' the company would certainly, in
that cafe, refent the affront.

Thefe

1 6 NAGASAKI HARBOUR, I/7£.

Thcfe ftridt orders were iffued from the court
in confequence of a difcovery that wag made in
the year 1772, when the Burg, having been
abandoned by her crew, had driven afhore on
the coaft of Japan, and, on difcharging her
cargo, was found to have on board a great quan-
tity of prohibited goods, which principally be-
longed to the captain and the chief.

The Burg was, as before mentioned, in 1772,
fo leaky, in confequence of the fevere gales fuf-
tained on her paffage to this place, that, on a
council being held upon her, fhe was abandoned ;
and it was confidered as fo certain that fhe
would fink in a few hours, that fhe was not fet
on fire, agreeably to the company’s orders in
fuch cafes. Notwithftanding this, the ffiip drove
for feveral days towards the fhore of Satfuma^
where Hie was found by the inhabitants, and
towed' into Nagafaki harbour. The Japanefe
having thus the fhip at their difpofal, difcovered
all her corners and hiding places, as alfo a great
number of chefts belonging to the principal
officers, which were full of the mod prohibited
goods, and marked with their names. They
were particularly provoked on finding a cheft,
belonging to the chief, full of ginfeng-root,
which is by no means allowed to be imported
into the country. The cheft therefore, with its
contents, was burnt before the gate of the factory.

Befides

NAGASAKI HARBOUR, 177 J. 17

Befides the difgrace accruing to the chief from
being fearched, the captain lofes a confiderable
fum yearly that he gained by fmuggling for the
other officers, and the officers are deprived of
the profit they made by their wares*

For many years paft 'the captain was not
only equipped with the wide furtout above de-
scribed, but alfo wore large and capacious
breeches* in which he carried contraband wares
affiore. Thefe, however, were fufpefted, and
confequently laid afide; and the coat, the laft
refource, was now, to the owner’s great regret,
to be taken off. It was droll enough to fee the
aftoniffiment which the fudden redu&ion in the
fize of our bulky captain excited in the may-
jor part of the ignorant Japanefe, who before
had always imagined that all our captains
Were actually as fat and lufty as they appeared
to be.

As foon as we had come to an anchor, and
hid faluted the town of Nagasaki, there came im-
mediately on board two Japanefo fuperior offi-
cers ( Banjojes ) and.fome fubalrern officers ( under
Banjcfes ',, as alfo the interpreters and their at-
tendants. The banjofes. went and plated them-
felves on the bedhead prepared for their ac-
commodation, upon which was laid a thick Ja-
panefe ftraw-mat, and over thata callicoc overing,
and all this was ffieltered by a canvas awning
vol. in. C from

1 8 NAGASAKI HARBOUR, 1775-

from the rain, and a foot-ftool being placed
before it to facilitate the afcent. After taking
off their fhoes, they ftept up, and fat down
fquat on their heels, with their legs placed un-
der them, according to the cuftom of that coun-
try. Being ufed to fit in this pollute; they
could endure it a long while, but it was eafily
feen that it proved tirefome to them at length,
by their riling up, and fitting for fome time like
the Europeans.

The bufinefs of thefe banjofes was, during
the whole time of our Blip’s lying in the road,
to take care that all the wares, and the people
which went on fhore, or came on board, were
flri&ly fearched; to receive orders from the
governor of the town j to fign all paflports
and papers which accompanied the merchan
dize, people, &c.

The way in which they paffed the time while
they fat in this tirefome pofture, was in fmoking
tobacco, now and then exchanging a few words'
with each other, drinking tea, and taking a fip
of European brandy. For this purpofe, the
captain fet before them a couple of decanters,
filled with different, liquors, and two glafles.
Some fweet cakes., likewife, were fet before them
on a plate, for them to eat with their liquors,
although they did not confume much of the
liquors, which they only tailed.

The

NAGASAKI HARBOUR, X775. 19

The harbour is about three miles long, and four
gun-fhots broad, inclining a little at the end
towards one of the fhores. It extends north and
fouth, has a muddy bottom, and is very deep, fa
that fliips may lie within a gun-fhot of the
faftory.

After having feveral times fired our cannon, viz.
on pafiing tfifc imperial guards ; on the arrival
on board, and departure of the committee ; on the
arrival of the chief, and on the officers leaving
the fnip ; we were obliged to commit to the care
of the Japanefe the remainder of our powder,
as alfo our ball, our weapons, and the above-
mentioned cheft full of books. For this pur-
pofe were delivered in a certain quantity of
powder, fix barrels full of ball, fix mufkets,
and fix bayonets, which we made them believe
was all the ammunition we had remaining.
All thefe articles are put into a ftore-houfe,
till the lhip leaves the road, when they are
faithfully reftored by the Japanefe.

The Japanefe have of late years had the
fenfe to leave the rudders of our fhips un-
touched, and the fails and cannon on board.
They were iikewife weaFy of-the trouble with
which the fetching of them back was attended,
and which was by no means inconfiderable.

The Japanefe having thus, as they fuppofe,
entirely difarmcd us, the next thing is to muf-

C 2

ter

aft NAGASAKI HARBOUR, 1775.

ter the men, which is done every day on board?
both morning and evening, when the veflel is
difcharging or taking in her lading. They
reckon always from one to ten, and then begin
with one again ; a method which is alfo ob-
ferved in counting out wares and merchandize.
Each time the number of the men that are gone
afhore is fet down very accurately, ? r 'J well as the
number of the fick, and the number of thofe that
remain on board.

On all thofe days, when any thing is carried
on board or taken out of the fhip, the upper
banjos, the under banjos, the interpreters, clerks,
and fearchers, are on board till the evening, when
they all go alhore together, and leave the Euro-
peans on board to themfelves. On fuch oc-
c ifions the flag on board the fhip is always hoift-
ed, as well as that on the factory; and when
two Ihips arrive here fafe, bufinefs is tranfacled
on board of one or the other of them by turns
every day. The Ihip’s long-boat and pinnace
were alfo taken into the care of the Japanefe,
fo that both the people and the merchandize are
carried to and from the fhip by Japanefe fea-
men, and in Japanefe boats.

To prevent the Dutch from coming from the
fhip, or the Japanefe from going to it, and
trafficking, efpecially under covert of the night,
and when no Japanefe officers are on board,

feveral

NAGASAKI HARBOUR, *775-

feveral large guard-lhips are placed round the
Hi ip, and at fome diftance from it j and befides
this, there are feveral fmall boats ordered to
row every hour in the night round the fhip, and
very near it.

I obferved that the tide in this harbour was
very confiderable, as alfo that the furrounding
mountains were very ftcep, and the Ihore con-
fequentlv very bold, and almoft perpendicu-
lar.

On our arrival, we found in the harbour ele-
ven Chinefe veffels (or junks ) lying fo clofe to
the fhore, that when the tide was at ebb, they
lay only in the mud. Some of thefe veffels
were by degrees loaded, and failed, but feven
remained there all the winter. Each of thefe
veffels generally carry with them a great num-
ber of people, frequently from feventy to eighty
men. Hence it is, that there commonly ro-
main here all the winter about fix hundred men,
on a fmall ifland, fituated on one fide of the
Dutch factory, and dire< 5 t!y before the town of
Nagafaki.

On the 15 th y we fent the beads afhore, fuch as
calves, oxen, hogs, goats, fheep, and deer,
which are brought every year to this place
from Batavia. The Europeans not being able
to procure fuch animals here, are obliged to
carry them with them, partly for frefh -pro-

C 3 fioas

NAGASAKI HARBOUR.

Til

fions for the fa&ory, and partly for flock on
the homeward-bound voyage. They are kept
conftantly on the ifland in flails, which in
fummer are open, and in winter are clofed
up. They are fed with grafs and leaves, which
are gathered and brought them twice a day by
Japanefe fervants. In winter they are com-
monly fed on rice and branches of trees, as alfo
on rice flraw.

This fodder of the cattle I examined three
times every day, and fele&ed out of it the rare and
uncommon plants it contained, for the purpofe
of drying them for the botanical collections of
Europe ; plants which I was not at liberty to
gather in the adjacent plains, in a country where
the inhabitants are fo fufpicious, that our
pigeons, which yet roved much farther, were
lefs fufpeCled and watched, and lefs liable
to be made captives than the Europeans, who,
for the fake of lucre and commerce, had come
thither through fuch manifold dangers, and fo
far from their own homes.

The Japanefe have neither fheep nor hogs,
and very few cows and oxen. The latter, which
are extremely fmall, are only ufed, and that but
feldom, for the purpofe of agriculture. Their
flefli is not eaten, nor is their milk made ufe of
in any fhape.

On the 1 6 ib and the following days, the
clothes, furniture, flock of provifions, wine,

ale.

AND DEZIMA FACTORY, I77 5.

alc> &.c. belonging to the officers; were lent on
.Ihore ; which is always done by itfel£ and before
.any of the merchandize is. fuffered to be landed :
this is commonly done on the three firft days.

September 4, the {hip was fearched by the
Japanefe, after fuch private property, as was not
to be fold, had been fent affiore. All the pri-
vate property which had been entered for fale,
was this day fent off, and if in the hurry of
removal any article had been forgotten, it was
not afterwards fuffered to be landed or fold.
The {hip was thoroughly and clofely fearched,
except in the part neareft its bottom, and in the
powder-room.

The remaining part of this month was fpent
in difcharging the merchandize belonging to the
.company,. 4 ,

A great number of labourers ( Kulis ) were or-
dered to attend to the difcharging and loading
of the boats, and bringing them to and from
the ffiip, others being fet as inlpedtors over
them. The former ufed conftantly to fing when
they were employed in lifting a weight or carry-
ing a burden, as alfo when they were rowing ;
and that in a peculiar tone of voice,' their fongs
being befides modulated to a certain tune and
iV meafure, and the words lively and cheering.
The Dutch formerly took the liberty to punifii
.and corredt with ; blows thefe day-labourers, who

C 4 were

*4 .

NA'GASAJCT harbour

were of the loWeft clafs of people, but at pra-
fent this procedure is abfolutely, and under the
fevereft penalties, forbidden by the government,
rs bringing a difgrace upon the nation.

When an European goes to or from the {hip,
either with or without any baggage, an officer is
always attending with a permit, on which his.
his name is written, his watch marked down, &c.

As foon as one half of the {hip’s cargo was
difcharged, we began to take in wooden boxes
filled with bars of copper. This year, as no
more than one fhip arrived, one loading and a
half of copper, or 6700 boxes, was taken in,
each of 1 aolb. weight, or one pickel.

On thofe days when there is nothing done
towards difcharging or loading the {hip, no.
Japanefe officers, nor any other Japanefe, come
on board, neither do any of the Dutch them-
felves go to or from the {hip on fuch days.
The gate pf the ifland alfo, towards the water-
fide, is locked at this time. Should an urgent
occafion require any of the officers to cpme on
’board of the fhip, fuch as the captainor the fur-
geon, which is fignified by the hoifting of a flag,
in fuch cafe leave mu Pc be firft obtained from
the governor of the town ; and ffiould thfs
be granted, ftill the gate towards the fea-ffiore is
not opened, but the perfon to whom leave is

grante4

AND DEZIMA FACTORY, 1775-

granted, is conducted by interpreters and officers
through a fmall part of the town to a little
bridge, from which he is taken on board in a.
boat, after having gone through the ftriffc
fearches already mentioned. The banjofes and
interpreters, who accompany him, do not how-
ever go on board of the ffiip, but wait in their
boats till he has tranfadled his bufinefs on board,
from whence he is conduced back to the fac-
tory, after having gone through the fame cere-
monies. In the town, while he is palling
through it, a great concourfe of people aflemble
together to look at the traveller, and a conlider-
able number of children, who by their cries fignify
their aftoniffiment at the large and round eyes of
fhe Europeans ( Hollanda O—me).

We were vifited one day by fome of the princes,
and by the two governors of the town of Naga-
faki. They came on board of us out of curio-
fity to fee our firft-rate Ihip, which was very
large and handfome; nor had its equal been
feen at Japan for many years. One of the in-
terpreters allured me, that during the thirty
years that he had ferved in the Dutch faftory,
he had not feen a Dutch ffiip of that fize and
Hate.

About this time we loft one of our failors,
who had been fent affiore amongft the other lick
to rjje hofpital on the ifland. After the governor

of

*-

NAGASAKI HARBOUR

26

of Nagafaki was informed of his death, leave
was granted for his burial. The corpfe, alter
having been ftridlly examined by the Japanefe
appointed for that purpofe, was put into a
wooden coffin, and carried by the Japanele to
the other fide of the harbour, where it was in-
terred. Some afferted, that it was afterwards
taken up by the Japanefe and burnt, but with
refpeft to this matter, I could not arrive at any
degree of certainty.

Cuftoin-houfes are not known either in the
interior part of the country or on its coafts, and
no cuftoms are demanded either in imports or
exports of goods, either from Arrangers or na-
tives. A particular happinefs and advantage,
which few other countries poffefs ! But that no
prohibited goods may be fmuggled into the
country, fo clofe a watch is kept, and all per-
fons that arrive, as well as merchandizes, are fo
ftridlly fearched, that the hundred eyes of Argus
might be faid to be employed on this occafion.
When any European goes afhore, he is.fi’rlt
fearched on board, and afterwards as foon as he
comes on ffiore. Both thefe fearches are very
ftricl ; fo that not only travellers pockets are
turned infide out, and the officers hands palled
over their clothes, along their. bodies and thighs }
but fometimes even the private parts are felt of
people belonging to the lower clafs. As to

Haves,

AND DEZIMA FACTORY, 1/7 5 . <£]

Haves, the hair on their heads is like wife - ex-
amined. All the Japanefe that gO on board of
fhip are in like manner fearched, excepting only
the fuperior order of banjofes. All articles ex-
ported or imported undergo a fimilar learch, i. e.
firft, on board the fhip, and afterwards in the fac-
tory, except large chefts, which are emptied in the
fadtory, and are fo narrowly examined, that they
even found the boards, fufpedting them to be
hollow. The beds are frequently ripped open,
and the feathers turned over. Iron fpikes are
thru ft into the butter-tubs, and jars of fweet-
meats. In the cheefes a fquare hole is cut, in
which part a thick pointed wire is thruft into it,
towards every fide. Nay, their fufpicion went
even fo far, as to induce them to take an egg or
two from among thofe we had brought with us
from Batavia and break them. The fame ievere
condudt is oblerved when any one goes from
the fadbory to the fhip, or into the town of Na-
galaki, and from thence to the ifland of Dezima.
Every one that pafies mult take his watch out
of his pocket and {hew it to the officers, who
always mark it down whenever it is carried in or
out. Sometimes too, ftra.ogers hats are fearched.
Neither money nor coin muff by any means be
brought in by private perfons, but they are
laid by and taken care of till the owner’s de-
parture. No letters' to be fenc to or from the

fhip

fhtp- fcalcd, -and if they are, they are opened,
and fometimes, as well as other manufcripts,
muff be read by the interpreters. Religious
books, efpecially if they are adorned with cuts,
it is very dangerous to import ; but the Euro-
peans are otherwife fuffered to carry in a great
number of books' for their own ufe, and the
fearch was the lefs ftridt in this refpeft, as they
looked into a few of them only. Latin, French,
Swedifh, and German books and manufcripts,
pafs the more eafily, as the interpreters do not
Tinderftand them. Arms, it is true, are not al-
lowed to be carried into the country ; never-
thelefs, we are as yet fuffered to take ow
fwords with us.

The Dutch thertifelves are the occafion of
thefe over-rigorous fearches, the ftri&nefs of
which has been augmented on feveral different
©ccafions, till it has arrived at its prefent height..
The captain's wide breeches and coat, and a
hundred more artifices, huve been applied to the
purpofe of bringing goods into the factory by
Health, and the interpreters, who heretofore had
never been fearched, ufed to carry contraband
goods by degrees, and in fmall parcels, to the
town, where they were fold for ready mo-
ney. This they have often endeavoured to.
clo with fo much art, as to hide fmaller articles
under thei$ private parts, and in their hair.

$ome

25 NAGASAKI HARBOUR

29

AND DEZIMA FACTORY, 1775*

Some years ago a parrot was found hid in th e
breeches of one of the petty officers of the fhip,
which, whilft they were fearching the man, be-
gan to talk, and was thus dilcovered. Thus
year were found upon one of the writers,
feveral rixdollars and ducats, hid in the drawers
that he wore under his breech.es.

To all this may be added, the pride which
fome of the weaker-minded officers in the Dutch
fervice very imprudently exhibit to the japanefe,
by ill-timed contradiction, contemptuous be-
haviour, fcornful looks, and laughter, which oc-
cafions the Japanefe in their turn to hate and
defpife them ; a hatred which is greatly in-
creafed upon obferving in how unfriendly and
unmannerly a ftile they ufually behave to each
other, and the brutal treatment which the Tailors
under their command frequently experience from
them, together with the oaths, curfes, and blows,
with which the poor fellows are afTailed by them.

All thefe circumftances have induced the
Japanefe, from year to year, to curtail more and
more the liberties of the Dutch merchants, and
to fearch them more ftridly than ever ; lb that
now, with all their finefie and artifices, they are
hardly able to throw dull in the eyes of la
vigilant a nation as this.

Within the water-gate of Dezima, when any
tiling is to be exported or imported, are fcated.

in

3 °

NAGASAKI HARBOUR

in like manner as on board of fl: ip, head ban-
jofes and under banjofes, head interpreters and
under interpreters, before whofe eyes the whole
undergoes a Uriel fearch. And that the Euro-
peans may not ferape an acquaintance with the
learchers, they are changed fo often, that no
opportunity is given them.

This puts a flop to illicit commerce onlv, but
not to private trade, as every body is at liberty
to carry in whatever he can difpofe of, or there
is a demand for, and even fucli articles as are
not allowed to be uttered for fale, fo that it be
not done fecretly. The camphor of Sumatra,
and tortoife-fhell, private perfons are not per-
mitted to deal in, becaufe the company has re-
lerved that traffic to themfelves.

The reafon why private perfons prefer the
Snuggling of fuch articles as are forbidden to
be difpofed of by audtion at the public fale, is,
that when wares of any kind are fold by auftion,
they do not receive ready money for them,
but are obliged to take other articles in pay-
ment. Thefe articles, confiding of either por-
celain or lacquered ware, are, in confequence
of the yearly imports at fo low a price at
Batavia, that they fometimes get lefs for them
than the purchafe price. But when the com-
modities can be difpofed of underhand, they get

AND DE2IM \ FACTORY, 1775. JI

gold coin, and are ofcen paid twice as much as
they would have had ocherwife.

Some years ago, when fmuggling was {till in
a flourifhing ftate, the greateft part of the con-
traband wares was carried by the interpreters
from the factory into the town, but fometimes
they were thrown over the wall of the Dezima,
and received by boats ordered out for that pur-
pofe. Several of the interpreters, and other
japanefe, have been caught at various times in
the fa£t, and generally punifhed with death.

Smuggling has always been attended with
fevere punilhments; and even the Dutch have
been very largely fined, which fine has of late
been augmented, fo that if any European is
taken in the fact, he is obliged to pay two
hundred catjes of copper, and is banifhed the
country for ever. Befides this, a deduction of
ten thoufand catjes of copper is made from the
company’s account; and, if the fraud is dis-
covered after the fhip has left the harbour, the
chief and the captain are fined in two hundred
catjes each.

The company’s wares do not undergo any
fearch at all, but are direftly carried to the
ftorehoufe, on which rile Japanefe affix their
feal. In thefe ftorehoufes they are kept till they
are all fold and fetched away.

NAbASAKl HARBOUR.

The interpreters are all natives of Japan*
and fpeak with more or lefs accurracy the
Dutch language. The government permits no
foreigners to learn their language, in order that
by means of it they may not pick up any
knowledge of the country, but allow from forty
to fifty interpreters, who are to ferve the Dutch
in their factory with refpett to their commerce,
and on other occafions. Thefe interpreters are
commonly divided into three claffes. The
oldeft, who fpeak the Dutch language heft, are
called head interpreters •, thofe who are lefs per-
fect, under interpreters •, and thofe who ftand yet
more in need of inftruftion, bear the denomination
of apprentices, or learners. Formerly the Ja-
panefe apprentices were inltruded by the Dutch
themfelves in their language, and this office fell
more particularly to the do&or’s lot j but now
they are taught by the elder interpreters. The
apprentices had alfo before this, liberty to
tome to the factory whenever they chofe,
but now they are only fuffered to come when
they are on actual fervice. The interpreters
rife gradually and in rotation to preferments and
emoluments, without being employed in any
other department. Their duty and employment
confift in being prefent, generally one, or fome-
times two of each clafs, when any affairs are

tranfacted

JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, I77 5. 22

tranfatted between the Japanefe and the Dutch,
whether commercial or other wife. They in-

terpret either viva voce, or in writing, whenever
any matter is to be laid before the governor,
the officers or others, whether it be a complaint
or requeft. They are obliged to be prefent at
all fearches, as well at thofe that are made on
board of fliip, as at thofe that take place in the
faftory, and likewife to attend in the journey
to court.

Some of the oldeft interpreters exprefs them-
felves on ordinary fubje&s with tolerable clear-
nefs and precifion in the Dutch language, but,
as their own tongue differs lb widely from the
European languages, in its phrafes and con-
ftruCtion, one frequently hears from raoft of
them very laughable expreffions and ftrange
idioms. Some of them never learn it well.—
When they write Dutch, they ufe inftead of a
pen a particular kind of pencil, Indian ink, and
their own peculiar paper } they write, however,
from the left-hand to the right, like the Euro-
peans, and generally in very fine and elegant
Italian, characters.

The interpreters are extremely fond of Euro-
pean books, and procure one or more of them
every year from the merchants that arrive in
this country. They are not only in poffeffion,
but make diligent ufe of them, and retain

vot.. nr. ftrongly

' 34 - JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, 1775.

ftrongly in their memory what they learn from
them. They are befides very careful to learn
fcmething from the Europeans, and queftion
them without ceafing, and frequently fo as to
be irkfome, upon all fubjedts, efpecially re-
lating to phyfic, natural philofophy, and natural
hiftOry.

They are obliged to apply themfelves par-
ticularly to the ftudy of phyfic, and are the
only perfons in the country who practife this
art after the European manner, and with Euro-
pean remedies, which they can eafily procure
from the Dutch doctors. This gives them an
Opportunity both to make money, and to ac-
quire rather more reputation than they other-
wife W'ould, and fometimes likewife to take
apprentices for inffruftion.

Eormerly the interpreters were allowed to go
Whenever they chofe to the Dutchmen’s apart-
ments, but now this was prohibited*- in order to
prevent fmuggling, excepting on certain occa-
ffOtts, when they were accompanied by an Otto-
manor two.

The interpreters are always accompanied, as
well to the fliips as to their college in the ifland
of DeZima, by leveral clerks, who take an ac-
count of every thing that is {hipped or un-
loaded, write permits, and perform other of-
fices of 1 a fimilar nature,

>; .• • • My

JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, ij7$. 3$

My firft cale, as loon as I arrived alhore,
was to get acquainted with the interpreters, and
to infinuate myfelf as much as poflible into the
good graces of fuch of the officers as moft fre-
quented our little commercial ifland. As phyfi-
cian, I had a good many defirable opportunities
of attaining this purpofe j as, befides that my
behaviour towards the Japanefe was always in
the higheft degree friendly, and without the leaffc
deceit, I had frequent opportunities of ferving
them and their fick relations, friends, and de-
pendents, by good advice and welUehofen me-
dicines. Moreover, not being in the commer-
cial fine, I was lefs fufpefted than others ; and
my knowledge, particularly of the medical art,
was often of the greateft utility to them, and
proved ftill mote beneficial afterwards, when 1
had gradually difeovered many powerful reme-
dies in the plants that grew wild in their own
country. Both by ‘-means of the interpreters,
and of the officers on the ifland, I tried to ob-
tain permiffion to botanize in the plain that
encircles the town of Nagafaki, and to feek
plants that were to be found there, and to
gather their feeds, a liberty, which other wife is
not granted to any European. In this attempt
I feemed in the beginning to be tolerably fuc-
cefifu], and actually obtained the governor’s
permiffion for this purpofe j which, however,

D z fhortly

36 JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, 1775.

fhortly after was revoked. The motive for this
was ridiculous enough, and was as follows : the
Japanefe are in the higheft degree lufpicious of
the Europeans, and the governor is at all times
very fearful of granting them any thing without
a precedent. Having requeued leave to bota-
nize, the Japanefe journals were fearched to
lee if any Dutchman ever had obtained fuch a
privilege, and upon finding that a furgeon, a
long time before, had had that liberty at a
period when disorders prevailed, and that there
began to be a fcarcity of medicines, leave was
granted me, without hefitation, to wander about
the town of Nagafaki in order to collect them.
But on a clofer examination, it was found that
this furgeon had been only a furgeon’s mate,
and that confequently I, as principal furgeon,
could not enjoy the fame privilege. So trifling
a circumftance is often of great moment in the
eyes of the Japanefe, who with fo much zeal
endeavour to fulfil their duties, and blindly obey
the laws iflfued forth by government, without
underftanding or explaining them in their own
way, or making new ones fuited to their own
liking and circumftances.

For my part, I did not Confider this circum-
ftance as trifling. Of all the calamities that had
hitherto befallen me, I had found none bear fo
hard upon me as this, without defpairing how-
1 _ ever

JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, 1775.' JJ

ever of fuccefs in future, although it grieved me
much to reflect that the autumn was all this-'
while advancing with hafty ftrides. In the
mean time I encouraged the interpreters, whom
I daily inftruCted in medicine and furgery, to
gather the leaves, flowers, and feeds of all the
plants they could find in the adjacent hills, and
endeavoured to convince both them and the
officers, that between a furgecn and a furgeon’s
mate there was little or no difference, that a
furgeon is firft a mate, and that in cafe of his
death, the latter fucceeds him in the appoint-
ment. This had fo great an effeft, that I again
obtained the governor’s permiflion ; but fo very
late, that I could not make any ufe of it before
the beginning of February.

During this time I endeavoured to acquire
fome knowledge of the language, notwith-
Handing that fuch a ftep is ftri&ly pro-
hibited, and that the difficulties attending it
were at this time greater than they had ever
been before. For this purpofe, I enquired of
the interpreters if any dictionaries, vocabula-
ries, or other books calculated to facilitate the
learning of it, were to be had printed in their
and the Dutch language. After having made
feveral enquiries in vain, I at laft found an old
dictionary, in the Latin, Portuguefe, and Ja-
panefe languages. Ambrofe Calepin’s dictionary
' D 3 had

38 JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, I775.

had been adopted by the Portuguefe fathers as
the foundation of their undertaking- There
was no title-page to it ; fo that I could not
find out in what year it was printed ; but I
learned from the preface that it was the fruit of
the joint-labours of the Societas fratrum Europae-
orum fimul & Japonicorum at Japan. The book
was in quarto, printed on Japan pape*-, and
contained, exclufive of the title-page and the;
laft leaf, which exhibited the errata, nine hun-
dred and fix pages. The book looked old, and
one corner of it was a little burnt. It belonged
to one of the elder interpreters, who pofiefied
it as a legacy from his anceftors; and I have
the more reafon to believe it to be very fcarce,
as neither I nor the Chief could procure it in
any way or at any price, either by purchafe or
barter.

Nagafaki harbour is the only one in which
foreign fhips are allowed to anchor; though
the Dutch and Chinefe are the only nations in
the world who are permitted to land here and
trade. Should any flrange fifip, by ftrefs of
weather or other misfortune, be driven on the
coaft of Japan, or run in any where for the
fake of getting a fupp’ly, the circumftance is
immediately reported to the court at Jedo, and
the (hip ordered to the harbour of Nagafaki.
The town is one of the five towns called im-
perial ^

JAPANESE INTERPRETERS, 1 775.

perial ; and, on account of its foreign com-
merce, is one of the greateft commercial towns
in the empire. It belongs feparately to the
fecular emperor $ the revenues flow into his
treafury, and a governor commands in his name.
Formerly two governors refided in the town
at one and the fame time j and, indeed, at pre-
fent two are always ordered, but one of thefe
only rules at a time, and relieves the other every
year in the month of October. The one that
is free from his charge returns to Jedo, and
remains with his family, which is always left
behind as a hoftage for his fidelity. A gover-
nor’s yearly falary amounts to ten thoufand rix-
dollars, exclufive of extraordinary revenues,
out of which, however, he cannot fave much,
by reafon of tti£ many prefents which he is ob-
liged to make at court, and the heavy expence3
there, and likewife on account of the great
number of attendants, of different degrees of
rank, which he is obliged to keep at his own
expence. The governor bears fovereign fway
in the town, and over the Dutch as weli as the
Chinefe Factories. The town is lurrounded on
the land-fide with high mountains, that flope off
gradually towards the harbour, and are of a
confiderable breadth and extent. In the har-
bour are a great number of Japanefe veffels of
different fizes, from fifty to one hundred and
D 4 more,

40 DEZIMA, 1775.

more, befides a multitude of fifhing- boats from
the adjacent places. Their boats are not rowed,
but always wriggled with one or two oars. The
oar is large, and for that purpofe obliquely
writhed. This way of working with oars does
not appear to be very fatiguing j but drives the
vefiel on with great fpeed.

The ifland of Dezima is let by the town of
Nagafaki to the Dutch company, and is con-
fidered merely as a ftreet belonging to the town.
The town therefore builds all the dwelling-houfes,
and, when they Hand in need ©f it, repairs and
makes alterations in them. Every houfe- keeper,
however, at his own expence, puts in window-
frames, papers the rooms andcieling,white-wafhes,
and makes other arrangements for his own con-
venience. The ifland is joined to the town and
the main-land, and at low water is feparated from
it only by a ditch. At high water it becomes
an ifland, which has a communication with the
town by means of a bridge. The fize of this
ifland is inconflderable, it being about fix hun-
dred feet in length, and one hundred and twenty
in breadth. It is planked in on all fides, and
has two gates, the one towards the town near
the bridge, and the other towards the water- fide.
The latter gate is opened on fuch days or.ly as
the ftiip is difeharging or taking in her cargo j
.the other is always guarded in the day-time by

the

DEZIMA, I775.

4 *

the Japanefe, and locked at night. Near it
alfo is a guard -houle, where thole that go in
and out of the town are fearched. Length-
ways upon this illand are built, in form of a
fmall town, the company’s feveral ftore -houfes,
their hofpital, and feparate houfes for their ler-
vants two ftories high, of which the tipper
ftories are inhabited, and the lower ufed as flare
and lumber-rooms. Between thefe houfes run
two flreets, which are interfered in the middle
by another. Excepting the company’s large
and fire-proof ftorehoufes, the houfes are all
built of wood and clay, and covered in with
tiles, and, according to the cuftom of the coun-
try, have paper windows and floor-mats of llraw.
Some people have of late years brought with
them from Batavia, either a few fmall windows,
or elfe fome panes of glafs, in order to throw
more light into the rooms, and to enjoy the
•view of external objefts. By the fea-gate are
found in readinefs every kind of apparatus for
the prevention of fire, and at the other end a
pleafure and kitchen-garden, and a large fum-
mer-houfe two ftories high. For the purpofe
of keeping a vigilant eye on the Dutch,
feveral officers, interpreters, and guards are kept
on the illand. There are watch-houfes built in
three corners of it, in which watch is kept dur-
ing the time that the Ihips lie in the harbour.

When

DEZIMA, 1775.

4 ®

When they have failed, only one is made ufe
of. This watch patroles day and night, like
ordinary watchmen about the ifland.

The interpreters have a very large hoirfe on
the ifland, called their college, in which, during
the trafficking feafon, a great number of them
afiemble, but after the fhips are gone, only one
Or two come there, who are regularly relieved
cnee a day, generally at noon, in order that
they may reach their refpedtive homes before
the evening.

There is alio another houfe for the Ottonas ,
as they are called, or reporting magiftrates, who
during the trafficking feafon afiemble to a con-
fiderable number, but afterwards only one or
two keep watch, and ate relieved in like manner
as the interpreters. Their bufinefs is to take
notice of every occurrence that takes place on
the ifland, and to inform the governor of the
town of if. Within this firs all ccmpafs the
Dutch are obliged to fpend their time, which,
for thofe who flay here the whole year through,
is a very difagreeable circumftance.

The Chief for the Dutch commerce is changed
annually, fo that one arrives every year from
Batavia, and the other returns. Formerly, when
tire trade was in a fiourilhing ft ate, and the
profits large, the Chief feldom made more thaft
two voyages hither 5 but at prefent he is ob-
v lined

DEZIMA* 1775.

43

liged to make three or more voyages without
being able, however, to make as large a fortune
as before. M. Feith, who arrived this year,
now made his fourth voyage hither, as chief, to
fucceed M. Armenault. Befides the chief), at
the departure of the fliips, twelve or thirteen
Europeans remain liere (not to mention the
(laves) and three of thefe make the tour to the
imperial court at Jedo.

The Dutch and the Chinefe are the only
nations that are fufFered to trade to Japan.
The Dutch now fend hither annually two (hips
only, which are fitted out at Batavia in the
month of June, and return at the latter end of
the year. The principal articles carried from
hence are Japan copper, raw camphor, and lac-
quered wood-work ; porcelain, filks, rice, Sakki,
and foy, make a very inconfiderable part of the
private trade. The copper, which contains more
gold, an.d is finer than any other in the world,
is caft into bars fix inches long, and a finger
thick, flat on one fide, and convex on the other,
and of a fine bright colour. Thefe bars,
amounting to 1251b. in weight, are put into
wooden boxes, and each fir ip’s load confifis of
fix or fcven thoufand fuch chefts. The articles
•which the Dutch company fcnt this year were
a large quantity of foft fugars, elephants teeth,
fappan-v/ood for dying, all'o a large quantity of

tin

44 PEZIMA, I775«

tin and lead, a fmall quantity of bar-iron, fine
chintzes of various forts, Dutch cloths of dif-
ferent colours and degrees of finenefs, lhalloons,
filks, cloves, tortoife-fhell, China root, and Cof-
tus Arabicus. The few articles which were
brought in by private perfons, confided of faf-
fron, Venice treacle, Spanifh liquorice, ratans,
fpeftacles, looking-glafies, watches, unicorns
horns, and the like. For the company’s ac-
count was imported a certain fum of money in
filver ducatoons, but private perfons were not
differed to carry in any coin, although the im-
portation of it might have been attended with
fome profit.

The Portuguefe, who made the firft difco-
veries in the Eaft Indies, found out by accident
alfo the Japan iflands, being driven upon thefe
coafts by a ftorm about the year 1542. Thefe
■were well received, and carried on a mod pro-
fitable trade for near one hundred years. After
the union of Portugal with Spain under one
fovereign, the Spaniards participated in this
lucrative commerce. The Englifh alfo traf-
ficked for fome time with thefe diftant iflands,
till the Dutch, by a written agreement made
with the Emperor In the year 1601, monopolized
this trade to them felves; a trade, which in the
beginning was extremely beneficial to them, but

of

DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE, 45

of late has become more and more confined,
and is attended with very little profit.

In the beginning the Dutch enjoyed very ex-
tend ve liberties; not only that of running with their
fhips into the harbour of Firandos, but alfo that of
fending hither feveral, often five, and fometimes
feven, (hips ; as likewife that of trading to an unli-
mited amount, and to carry out of the country large
quantities of filver, gold, and other commodities,
which have been fince abfolutely prohibited.
At length in the year 1641, they were ordered
to eftablilh their fa&ory on the ifland of De-
zima, near the town of Nagafaki. A certain
fum was fixed, above which their yearly com-
merce was not to go : only three, and at length,
from the beginning of this prefent century, not
more than two fhips were fufFered to come annu-
ally hither, and their privileges and the quantity of
their wares were by degrees diminilhed ; fo that
the quantity of goods in trade, which formerly
amounted to feveral millions, was now reduced to
two millions of gilders. On the arrival of a rich
Dutch fleet in the harbour, in the year 1685, the
ftridteft orders, on the part of his Imperial Majefty,
were received from the court, that the Dutch, in
confequence of the permiflion already granted
them, fhould be at liberty to bring into the fac-
tory fuch goods or quantity as they fhould
.think proper, but that hereafter, no more were

to

4-5 DfiZlMA, 1775* dutch commerce;

to be fold annually than would amount to the
fum of three hundred thoufand thails or rix-
dollars, and the remainder ffiould be kept till the
following year, Befides this fevere ftroke to the'
commerce of the Dutch, one of the governors,
■who was lels partial to them than his predecef-
fors, had fallen upon two other methods farther
to leffen their profits, by which many of the
people in office belonging to the town, and the
townfmen themfelves, reaped confiderable ad-
vantage. One was, that before any Dutch
goods were fold, a certain fum per cent, was
laid on them, which was therefore to be paid
by the purchafer ; and as this duty was to be
raifed from the goods, the natural confequence
was, .that lefs was paid for them than before, and
that ^foreigners fuffered a confiderable lofs. The
Other was, that the value of the coin was raifed
to the Dutch in this manner, that a kobang,
which pafles current in the country for fixty
mas, was reckoned to them at fixty-eight, fo
that eight mas on each kobang, which they loft,
became a new and confiderable income to the
town of N agafaki and its inhabitants, as alfo
to fome of the people in office there. Thus
the Dutch company, having a right to difpofe
of merchandife to the amount of three hundred
thoufand thails, did not actually receive more
than two hundred and fixty thoufand thails worth
, for

DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE, 47.

for exportation. The deficient, forty thou fend
thails, therefore, were raifed from fuch private
perfons as hitherto had been allowed to fell
their wares in foch quantities as they thought-
proper, and at fuch prices as they were able to
get, fo that this fum had been divided between?
the chiefs, merchants, captains of Ihips, writers,
and others. . '

The traffic to Japan was formerly fo. very
lucrative to individuals, that hardly any but
favorites were fent out as chiefs, and when thefe
had made .two Voyages, it was fuppofed that they
wehe rich enough to be able to live on the interefl
of their fortunes, and that therefore they ought
to make room for others. Atprefent a chief is
obliged to make , many voyages. His fuecefs is
now no more to be envied, and his profits are
thought to be very inconfiderable.

After all the merchandize, as well that
which belonged to the company as that of .indi*
viduals, had been learched and carried into the
ftore-houfe's, and notice of the fame had been
given to the merchants of the country, the fids
commenced. Formerly the merchandize was
fold by public auflrion. Samples were fhown to
the merchants, and the governors of Nagafaki*
of all the different articles, thatthey might make
their pfopofals with regard to the quantity they
wanted, as well as to the price. ,

The

45 DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE.

The merchants, or their deputies, afterwards
went for feveral days to the ftore-houfes on the
ifland, for the purpofe of examining the mer-
chandize more ''accurately. After which certain
eommiffioners made the Dutch their offers,
without previoufly afking what they demanded
for each fort. The firft time they bid very low.
If the owner cannot take it, the fecond time
fomewhat more is bid ; and fhould he refufe this
likewife, they bid a third time. If the owner
is not then fatisfied, he is afked how much he
wifhes to have. The vender then commonly
afks a little more for his commodity than what
he can fell it for, that he may be able to abate
fomething. And if the Japanefe are in great
want of the article, the price is generally then
made agreeable to both parties ; but if they are
not, the wares are kept till the next year’s fale,
or they are allowed to carry them back to Ba-
tavia. The Japanefe always bid in majes , and
not in catjes ; for inftance, for one mas of uni-
corn’s horn, eight mas of filver, and fo on. Af-
ter the fale is concluded, the merchandize is
weighed, and carried into the town, where the
country merchants have the liberty to purchafe
it at a dearer rate. The Japanefe pay much lefs
now for Dutch goods than they did before, as
>15 per cent, and more muff at prefent be paid
under the name of Fannagin (flower-money) to

the

DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE* 49

the town of Nagafaki, which is divided beeween
the fervants of government and the citizens.
Amongft the articles which were imported by the
officers for fale this year, were camphor, fmall
ratans, tortoife-fhells, fpeCtacles, unicorns horns
(unicornu verum) manufactured glafs, watches
of different fizes, chintzes, faffron, Venice trea-
cle, Spanifh liquorice, Ninfi-root, Nuremberg
manufactures, fuch as looking -glalfes, &c.
Books on different fciences in the Dutch lan-
guage were not fold at the fale, but were often
exchanged with the interpreters, and that to
confiderable advantage.

Unicorns horn ( unicornu of the Monodon
monoceros ) fold this year on Kambang very dear.
It was often fmuggled formerly, and fold at an
enormous rate. The Japanefe have an extra-
vagant opinion of its medical virtues and powers
to prolong life, fortify the animal fpirits, alfift
the memory, and cure all complaints.—
This branch of commerce has not been known
to the Dutch till of late, when it was dis-
covered by an accident. One of the Chiefs for
commerce here, on his return home, had fent
from Europe, amongft other rarities, to a friend
of his, who was an interpreter, a large, hand-
fome, twifted, Greenland unicorn’s horn, by
the fale of which this interpreter became ex-
tremely rich, and a man of confoquence. From
voL. nr. E that

5<$ DEZlMAj 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE.

that time the Dutch have written to Europe for
as many horns as they could get, and made
great profit on them in Japan. At firft each'
catje was fold for one hundred kobangs or fix
hundred rixdollars, after which the price fell by
degrees to feventy, fifty, and thirty kobangs.
This year, as foon as the captain’s wide coat
had been laid afide and prohibited, and no
fmuggling could be carried on, all the uni-
corns horn was obliged to be fold on Kam-
bang, when each catje or fib. fetched one hun-
dred and thirty-fix rixdollars, at the rate of one
mas of Japan filver for eight mas and five con-
deryns of horn. If any of it could be fold
clandeftinely on board of the fhip, it fetched
from fifteen to fixteen kobangs. The thirty-,
feven catjes four thails and fix mas of horn,
Vvhich I had brought with me, were therefore
very well difpofed of for five thoufand and fe-
venty-one thails and one mas ; which enabled
me to pay the debts I had contracted, and,
at the fame time, to expend one thoufand two
hundred rixdollars on my favorite ftudy. Ninfx
root, called by the Japanefe Nifti, and by the
Chinefe Som, fells here at as high a price a3
unicorns horn. The Chinefe are the only peo-
ple who bring it genuine and unadulterated to
this country. It grows in the northern part of
China, and chiefly in Korea. A baftard kind is

often.

DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE. £i

often brought hither by the Dutch, who ufually
mix it with the genuine root, by way of
adulterating it. The baftard kind was faid by
the French to be brought from America to
China, and is perhaps the Ginfeng root. The
genuine ninfi fold this year for a hundred ko-
bangs per catje, if it was large and the root old.
The fmaller fort fold at an inferior price. The
baftard kind, of which fuch pieces as are forked
and white are the beft, and with which the
genuine is ufed to be adulterated, is ftridtly
prohibited here, infomuch, that it is not fuf-
fered to be imported at any price, but muft be
burned, in order to prevent any fraud being
pradtifed with it.

Several other things are prohibited for ex-
portation, as well to the company as to indi-
viduals, fuch as Japanefe coin, charts and maps,
books, at lead fuch as contain an account of
the country and its government, all forts of
arms, but particularly their excellent fcymetars,
which in ftrength and goodnefs furpafs the
manufactories of every other country.

The copper which was brought hither from
the interior and diftant part of the country, was
kept in a feparate ftorehoufe ; and as foon as
the fhip was in part difcharged, the loading of
it with the copper commenced. This latter
was weighed, and put into long wooden boxes,
E 2 a

52 DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE.

a pickel weight in each, in prefence of the Ja-
panefe officers and interpreters, and of the Dutch
fupercargoes and writers, and was afterwards
carried by Japanefe fervants ( [kulis ) to the
bridge, in order to be put on board. On fuch
occafions a few failors always attended, to watch
that the porters did not fteal any of it by the
way, a thing which would not be the leaft
burden to their confciences, efpecially as they
can fell the ftolen copper to the Chinefe, who
pay them well for it.

The Japanefe porcelain is packed up in ftraw,
fo well and fo tight, that very feldom any of it
is found broken. This porcelain is certainly
neither handfome nor neat, but rather, on the
contrary, clumly, thick, and badly painted, and,
therefore, in thefe refpedts much like the china
which is brought from Canton. This has the
advantage, that it is not eafily affe&ed by heat,
even when fet on glowing embers.

The weights at Japan are thus regulated:
one Pickel makes one hundred and twenty-five
pounds, one Catje fixteen Thails, one Thail ten
Mas, and one Mas ten Conderyns.

The money current in trade is reckoned in
the fame manner; fo that one Thail, which
nearly anfwers to one Dutch rixdollar, is equal
to ten Mas,, and one Mas to ten Conderyns.

Kt imbang

DEZIMA, 1775. DUTCH COMMERCE. 53

Kambang money, or the fums due for wares
that are fold, is never paid in hard cafh, as the
carrying ic out of the country is prohibited j but
there is merely an alignment made on it, and
bills are drawn for fuch a fum as will be requi-
fite for the whole year’s fupply, as alfo for as
much as will be wanted at the fair of the ifland.
This Kambang money is, in the common phrafe
of the country, very light, and lefs in value
than fpecie, fo that with the money which is
thus affigned over, one is obliged to pay nearly
double for every thing. All thefe Kambang bills
are paid at the Japanefe new-year only. Every
man’s account is made out before the Clips
fail, and is prefented and accepted at the col-
lege of the interpreters, after which the books
are clofed. All that is wanted after the new
year, is taken up upon credit for the whole
year enfuing.

When the Dutch do not deal here for ready
money, their commerce can hardly be confidered
in any other light than that of barter. With
this view, a fair is kept on the ittand about a
fortnight before the muttering of the Clip, and
its departure for Papenberg , when certain mer-
chants, with the confent of the governor, and
on paying a fmall duty, are allowed to carry
their merchandize thither, and expofe them to
fale in booths ereded for that purpofe.

E3

The

54 DEZIMA, 1775. BUTCH COMMERCE.

The commodities which v?ere bought up
this year by private perfons, were chiefly large
brown earthen jars, that would contain feveral
pails full of liquor, for keeping water in, foy
in wooden veflels, alfo fome fakki, fans, Ja-
panefe filken .night-gowns, lacquered works of
fdveral kinds, porcelain, both coarfe and fine,
or white and painted, narrow filks, and fo-
was-work, as alfo fine rice, put up in paper
parcels of about a pound weight each.

Copper is the principal article which the com-
pany. carries out from hence. This copper is
better and finer than any other, and the major
part of it is dilpofed of on the coaft of Coro-
mandel to great advantage. Each bar weighs
about one-third of a pound.* Next to copper
in point of quantity, raw camphor is carried
out, packed up in wooden tubs. The reft con-
fifts of large filken night-gowns, quilted with
filk wadding, a fmall quantity of porcelain, foy,
fakki, preferved fruits, &c.

The Chinefe have, almoft from time imme^
morial, traded to Japan, and perhaps are the only
people from Afia that have engaged in the trade’
Indeed they are now the only nation, except the
Dutch, who are allowed to go thither with their
veflels and trade. Formerly they ran with their
veflels into OJacca harbour, although it is very

dangerous

* 'Vade p. 43. 1. 19.

BIZIMA, 1775. CHINESE COMMERCE. $$

dangerous on account of rocks and fand-banks.
The Portuguefe fhowed them the way to. Nagafa,-
ki, where they are at prefent always obliged to go.
At firft the annual number of their trading vef-
fels might amount to one or even two hundred,
each manned with fifty men or more. The
Chinefe and Japanefe, though they are near
neighbours, differ, neverthelefs, in many re-
fpe&s : the former wear frocks or wide jackets,
and large trowfcrs ; the latter always make ufe
of night-gowns ; the former wear boots made of
linen, and fhoes with upper-leathers; the latter
go bare-legged with focks and fandals ; each of
thefe nations has a diftinft and feparate lan-
guage, and quite different religious tenets. On
the other hand, they are alike in colour and look,
write after the fame manner, and have feveral
religious feAs and cuftoms in common. A
great many years ago emigrations were very fre-
quent from China to Japan, efpecially to its
fouthern iflands, called Liquejo, which are fub-
ject to Japan, but make annual prefents to the
Emperor of China.

The liberty which the Chinefe formerly enjoyed
, with regard to commerce, is at prefent greatly
curtailed, fioce they have been fufpeAed of fa-
vouring the Catholic miffionaries at China, and
fince they were fo imprudent as to introduce
into Japan Catholic books printed in China,

E 4 At

$6 DEZIMA, 1775. CHINESE COMMERCES

At prefent they are as much fufpe&ed, and as
hardly ufed here as the Dutch, and in fome
particulars more fo. They are fhut up in a
fmall ifland, and Aridity fearched whenever they
go in and out. They enjoy, however, the ad-
vantage over the Dutch, of having in the town
and frequenting a temple dedicated to the worlhip
of the Deity, and, at the fame time, of having for
their daily expences Japanefe money, with which
they themfclves buy at the gate provifions and
the other neceflaries of life.

"When a veflel is arrived from China, and has
anchored in the harbour, all the people are
brought alhore, and all charge of the veflel is
taken from them, till fuch time as every thing
is ready for their departure. Confequently the
Japanefe unload it entirely, and afterwards bring
the veflel alhore, where, at low-ebb, it lies quite
dry. The next year it is loaded with other goods.

The Chinefe are not fuffered to make a
voyage to the imperial court, which faves them
confiderable fums, that the Dutch are obliged
to expend, as well during the expedition, as in
prefents at court and to the grandees. The
Japanefe interpreters are as necefiary for the
traffic of the Chinefe as for that of the Dutch,
becaufe thefe two neighbouring nations fpeak
languages fo different, as not to underftand each
other.

DEZIMA, 1775. CHINESE COMMERCE. 57

It is true, the Chinefe are allowed to trade
for twice as large a fum as that granted to the
Dutch ; but as their voyages are neither fo long
nor fo dangerous, they are obliged to contribute
more largely to the profperity of the town of
Nagafaki, and therefore pay more per cent, as far
even as to flxty, in (fannagin or ) flower-money.

Their merchandize is fold at three different
times in the year, and is brought hither in about
feventy veffels. That is, the firfl: fair takes
place in the fpring, for wares brought in twenty
veffels j the fecond in the fummer, for wares
imported in thirty veffels ; and the third in the
autumn, for wares brought in twenty veffels.
Should any more vefiels arrive within the year,
they are obliged to return, without even being
allowed to unload the leaf! article. The prin-
cipal trade of the Chinefe confifts of raw filk,
various drugs, which are imported as medicines }
fuch as ninli-root, turpentine, myrrh, calumbac-
wood, befides zink and a few printed books.,
which muft be read through, and approved by two
learned men, before they are fuffered to be fold.

Although their voyages are lefs expenfive,
and they are not under the necefiity of keeping
diredors or other fervants for their trade, yet on
account of the greater value per cent, deduded
from their merchandize, their profits are lefs
than thofe of the Dutch j and as they are no

longer

58 DEZIMA,. I775. CHINESE COMMERCE.

longer allowed to carry away any fpecie, they
are obliged to buy Japanefe commodities for
exportation, fucii as lacquered-work, copper, &c.
When their veiTels are loaded, and ready for

failing, they are conduced by a number of Ja-

panefe guard-fhips, not only out of the harbour,
but likewife a great way out to fea, in order to
prevent their difpofing to the fmugglers of any
of the unfold wares that they may have been
obliged to carry back.

The Chinefe veffels are (lightly built, very
high, and furnilhed with ftill higher galleries, very
much turned up at the ftem and dern, efpecially
at the ftem The rudder and fails are very
large, and aukward to handle.

October the 44 th. The Dutch fnip was con-
ducted from the town of Nagafaki to the Pa-
penberg, as it is called, there to remain at an-
chor, and take in the remainder of her cargo.
It became my duty to follow her, and to flay on
board of her till i could be relieved by my
predecdfor, who was to return in her to Ba-
tavia. A few days after, when the drip has an-
chored in the harbour, the governor points out
the day when (Ire is to fail, and this command
mull: be obeyed fo implicitly, that were the
wind ever fo contrary, or even if it blew a hard
gale, the fnip mud depart without any excufe,
or the lead fhadow oppoftion. And indeed

the

DFZIMA, X775. NACASAKI HARBOUR. 5$

the wind was fo contrary, and blew fo hard
tli is day, that above a hundred boats, large and
fmall, were employed in towing the fhip. All
this fmall craft placing themfelves in feve-
rfi long rcws, dragged with ropes this huge
fhip along, which had ati uncommon, as well as
curious, appearance, and was accompanied by
the cheering fong of feyeral hundred Japanefc
rowers.

Before the fhip leaves the harbour, the pow-
der, arms, and the chefts of books that were
taken out of her, are returned. The fick from
the hofpital too are put on board. Whiift file
is failing out of the harbour, the guns are fired,
to falute the town and the fadlory, and after-
wards the two imperial guards.

The Chinefe vefiels alfo, after having taken
in part of their cargo, anchor under this moun-
tain till they can depart with a fair wind.

During the time that the fhip fiaid here, we
took in, every other day only, part of the cop-
per and camphor, and all merchandize and other
things belonging to individuals ; when the offi-
cers and interpreters were obliged to come al-
mofi a league by water, in order to be pre-
fent on board. Here is alfo taken in water and
other articles of refrefiiments for the voyage.
There are alfo guard-ftiips here, to have an eye
to the Dut^h, but they lie at a great difiance.

6o DEZIMA, 1775. NAGASAKI HARBOUR.

As there are feveral iflands of different fizes, and
in the environs of this place, the Dutch, after
they have got their boat again, may row to
them for their pleafure, without any hindrance
from the Japanefe. Though, if they ftay long
on fhore there, efpecially on any of the larger
iflands, that are inhabited, they are generally fol-
lowed by one of the guard-fhips, the officers
on board of which, without preventing the Dutch
from walking about, will merely accompany
them. And if one ffiould happen to arrive at any
of the villages, which fometimes are very large,- an
incredible number of grown people and children
will affemble to flare, with a clamorous noife,
at a people fo Arrange in their opinion as the
Europeans. They are particularly delighted
with our large and round eyes, and therefore
always call out Hollanda O-me.

All thefe opportunities 1 diligently embraced
during the time that I was obliged to be with
the fhip, and botanized on thefe iflands and their
mountains, and this autumn gathered different
feeds of rare and uncommon herbs, fhrubs, and
trees, which I fent to Batavia in the homeward-
bound fhip, to be forwarded to Amflerdam.

Papenberg is a fmall ifland, covered to the
very brink of its fhores with a peaked moun-
tain, and which may be afcended by two of
its fides, and that in about a quarter of an

hour’s

DEZIMA, 1775. NAGASAKI HARBOUR. 6 1

hour’s time. The two other fides are very
fteep. It is faid to have acquired its name at
the time that the Japanefe perfecuted and drove
out the Chriftians and Portugueze, and threw
down many of the Portugueze friars from thefe
heights into the fea.

Vijchers Eyland, or the Filherman’s Ifland,
lies on one fide of Papenberg, and has only one
flat, and rather oblong, hillock, with which it is
covered to the very ftrand, and is, like the for-
mer ifland, uninhabited.

In the months of September and 0<5tober,
the diarrhaea, attended with a tenefmus, prevailed
on board of the fhip, and particularly in the
town of Nagafaki. Amongtl the fhip’s crew
this diforder was occafioned by the great heat
in the day-time, and the coolnefs of the even-
ings. In the town another caufe fupervened,
viz. the exceffive eating of the fruit of the Kaki
( Dio/pyros kaki) which was at this time ripe,
and had an agreeable tafte, not unlike that of
yellow plumbs.

During my walks on Kofido, and the iflands
before-mentioned, I dilcovercd feveral remark-
able plants, amongft which the following were
moft beneficial and moft in ufe :

China root (Smilax China) grows every where
in great abundance, although the Japanefe buy
annually large quantities of it from the Chinefe.

The

62 DEZIMA, 1775. NAGASAKI'HARBOUR.

The root is ufed in decofition, as a purifier of
the blood, and by the Japanefe in many more
maladies. The interpreters were highly pleafed
at the difeovery they had made by my means of
this ufe ful root’s growing in their own country,
as it is come fo much into common ufe, and
they pay annually large fums of money for it to
the Chinefe.

Wild jigs ( Ficus pumila and ere Si a) were chiefly
found amongft the rocks and near ftone walls,
where they infinuated themfelves between the
Hones. The figs are fometimes eaten j but are
fmail, like plumbs.

The Jpomaa triloba grew both wild and
planted. The roots of it were either white or
black. The latter were ufed as laxatives.

The F agar a piperita (or Fepper-bujh) was
common every where, and had now ripe ber-
ries. The leaves, as well as the berries, have
a fpicy tafte, are heating, and at the fame time
rather difagreeable to the palate. The rind of
the fruit, taken inwardly, expels wind, and
is fometimes found ferviceable in the cholic.
Both the leaves and the rind of the fruit are very
commonly ufed in foups inflead of pepper ; but
the leaves by themfelves, beaten up with rice-
flour to the confidence of a poultice, are applied
to abfeefles and limbs affefted with the rheuma-
tism, inflead of the common blifter-plafter.

The

DEZIMAj 1775. NAGASAKI HARBOUR. 63

The Rubia ccrdata is ufed here by the country
people for dying, in like manner as- madder
(Rubia tinElcrum ) is in Sweden.

Cordage and lines, even of the thicker kind,
which might ferve on board of the vefTels, are
made, not of hemp, but of nettles, of which
different forts grow wild on the hills, and that
frequently to a confidcrable fize. Thofe fpecies
which were moftly ufed were the TJrtka Japo-
vica and nivea, the bark of which, when
prepared, produced flrong cordage, and fome
yielded threads fo fine, that even linen was
made of them. From the feeds of die Urtiat
nivea (the leaves of which on the under-fide
are as white as chalk) an oil was expreffed.

In the beginning of November , and after flay-
ing feveral weeks on board, I was at laft re-
lieved by the dodor, who was now to return
with the fhip to Batavia, in order to make
room for me, who intended to remain here a
year at leaft. Not long after this the fhip
failed, and left behind fourteen of us Europeans,
among fome Haves and Japanefe, in folitude,
and, it might in fome fort be faid, confinement,
we being now fhut up within the narrow circle
of this little ifland of Dezima, and feparated
not only from Chriftendom, but, in fad, from
the whole world befides. An European, that
remains here, is in a manner dead and buried

in

DEZIMA, 1775.

64

an obfcure corner of the globes He hears no
news of any kind ; nothing relative to war, or
other misfortunes and evils that plague and in-
feft mankind j and neither the rumours of in-
land or foreign concerns delight or moleft his
ear. The foul pofiefles here one faculty only,
which is the judgement (if, indeed, it be at all
times in pofleffion of this faculty.) The will
is totally debilitated, and even dead, becaufe to
an European there is no other will than that of
the Japanefe, by which he muft exactly fquare
his conduct.

The European way of living is in other re-
fpeCts the fame as in other parts of India,
luxurious and irregular. Here, juft as at Batavia,
we pay a vifit every evening tb the chief, after
having walked feveral 1 times up and down the
two ftreets.

Thefe evening vifits generally laft from fix
o’clock to ten, and fometimes eleven or twelve
at night, and conftitute a very difagrecable way
of life, fit only for fuch as have no other way
of {pending their time than droning over a
pipe of tobacco.

Not having much to do, I employed my
time in collecting, examining, and preferving
infefts and herbs, and in converfing with the
interpreters, whole curiofitv and fondnefs for
learning I perceived, and willingly inftrufted

them

DEZIMA, 1775.

65

them in different fciences, but particularly in
botany and phyfic. Many of them had an ex-
tenfive and profitable practice in the town under
my dire<5hion ; and fome of them brought to
me on the ifland various plants of this coun-
try’s produce, which were not only beautiful
and fcarce, but likewife hitherto totally un-
known. Some of thefe they had collected
themfelves, and others they had got by means
of their friends from the interior parts of the
country. At the fame time I procured by de-
grees, fome information concerning their govern-
ment, religion, language, manners, domeftic and
rural oeconomy, &c. I alfo received from them
feveral books, and curiofities of various kinds,
the greateft part of which I wilhed to be able to
carry with me to Europe.

To wait about their own perfons the Dutch
make ufe of the flaves they have brought with
them, but for all other purpofes Japanefe are
appointed, fuch as compradors, or purveyors, of
different forts, who provide provifions, and every
thing elfe that is necefiary in houfe-keeping ;
cooks, who drefs vittuals in the Dutch manner ;
fervants that, although they are natives of Ja-
pan and not interpreters, have learned to fpeak
the Dutch language. Four fuch as thefe are
left, with the chief, one with the fecretary, and
one with the doctor, who together make the
vol. in. F trip

66 DEZIMA, 1775.

trip to the court. Should any artizans be
wanted from the town, they have a fpecial per-
miffion from the governor to go to the ifland.
The Dutch here, as well as at Batavia, con-
fume a great quantity of ricej neverthelefs,
there is wheaten bread baked for their ufe in
town, which is brought to the ifland new every
day.

The cold began now to grow very trouble-
fome at times, and was quite piercing, with an
eafterly or northerly wind. We began therefore
to keep fifes in the rooms, though neither the
windows nor the doors were over and above
dole. Our fires were made with charcoal, which
was brought from the town in a large copper-
ketde with a broad rim ■, and this kettle being
placed in the middle of the floor, warmed the
whole room for feveral hours together.

Of the Europeans that remain here, the
officers, fuch as the fecrctary, doftor, and
writers, have each two or three handfome
rooms, befides the ftorehoufe, which they occu-
py without paying for them, but ornament them
themfelves with carpets and other furniture.
They dine and fup with the Chief gratis, at the
company’s table, fo that their ufual expences do
not amount to much, except they fquander away
their money on the fair fex, or make expenfive
entertainments, and give fuppers to each other.

An

DEZIMA, I775« 67

An unexpected misfortune, which in the be-
ginning feemed of no confequence, but was
productive of great confufion and alarm, hap-
pened to me in this our filent retreat. As I had
not, when at Batavia, money fufficient to pur-
chafe a Have that might accompany me to Japan,
the fupcrcargo had the goodnefs to lend me one
of his till the next year, when he expeCted to
return hither. This flave, who had a wife and
children at Batavia, and who had flattered him-
felf with the hopes of returning home in the
courfe of the year to his connections, became, on
account of this difappointment, very much dis-
contented, and at length quite melancholy. At
laft he takes it in his head to hide himfelf, and
difappears, without any one’s knowing either
where or wherefore he had hid himfelf. He was
immediately fought for by the other flaves, but
to no purpofe. The day following the interpre-
ters and fome other Japanefe on the ifland made a
ftill ftriCter fearch for him. At length, on the
third day, there arrived from the town, by order
of the governor, a number of interpreters, head-
banjofes, and under-banjofes, and a multitude
of other attendants, to fearch for him, nor
could they find his hiding place till' towards the
evening, when he was difcovered lurking in an
old ftorehoufe. If he had not, to our great joy,

I been found, a ftriCter fearch would have been

F 2 made

6 $ DEZIMA, 1775.

made by order of the governor, all over the
ifland, and even in the apartments of every in-
dividual; and if he had not even then been
found, orders would have been iffued through-
out the kingdom to apprehend the deferter, and
the cafe reported to the Court. About fb
trifling a matter are the Japanefe capable of
making a great rout, fearing left any one fhould
fteal into the country, which however it is very
difficult, and indeed almoft impoffible to do.
The flave was afterwards punilhed for his mif-
behaviour, by being baftinaded and put in irons,
after which all this ferment fubfided.

Amongft other things which were brought to
us on the ifland, and fold for food, I obferved
fomething like the row of a fifh, which had been
falted, gently preffed together and dried. It had
the appearance of a piece of cheefe, and was
eaten raw, like Caviare.

Matjkaja , a kind of fifh ( Sc'uena ) eacn of the
belly fins of which, confifted of a thick and bony
prickle. The fkin, which was very hard and of
a bony nature, was flayed off. The fifh was after-
wards boiled and ufed for food. Its flefli was
firm and palatable.

Kitama Kura , was an appellation very properly-
given by the Japanefe to another fifh ( Tetraodcn
bifpidus) which was fo poifonous, that, when
eaten, it proved frequently mortal, and therefore,

according

DEZIMAj 1775. 69

according to the fignification of the Japanefe
name, made the north one’s pillow ; it being a
cuftom with thefe people, to turn the heads of
thofe that are dying, towards the north.

Kami Kiri Mufi , was the name of a large black
Cerambyx {Cerambyx Rubus) with white ftripes
on its elytra.

Ote Gaki, which fignifies a falling Oyfter, be-
caufe, like others of this genus, it does not ad-
here faft to the rocks, was a very large and ob-
long Oyfter, much ufed as food by the inhabitants,
and fometimcs brought to the Dutch for fale. It
was well tailed, but being of a great fize, was
generally boiled or ftewed, and eaten with fome
kind of fauce.

A beautiful Perch {Perea, which by the Japa-
nefe is called Ara) adorned with feven while
ftripes, .was alfo brought amongft other filh to our
kitchen.

For walking linen they neither ufed foft nor
hard loap, but in its Head the meal or flour of a
Ipecies of Bean, which, when ground very fine,
yields an extremely white powder.

The interpreters told me amongft other things,
of a very Angular worm, which in the fum-
mer was a crawling infeft, but in winter a
plant. It was brought hither by the Chinefe
amongft other medicines, and faid to be pofiefied
cf cordial 'virtues. As foon as I was able to pro-

F g cure

DEZIMA, 1775.

70

cure a drawing of it, and afterwards the drug it-
felf, I plainly faw, that it was nothing elfe than a
Caterpillar, which againft its approaching change
to a Chryfalis, had crept down into the ground,
and there fattened itfelf to the root of feme plant.
It was called with much acutenels Totju Kajo.

To light up their rooms in the winter evenings,
the J apanefe ufe candles and lamps. The former,
however, are but little ufed ; and the latter are
moft common throughout the whole country.
The candles are fmall ; beingfix inches in length
and one inch thick at the upper end, and taper-
ing as they go downwards ; shey are therefore
quite the reverfe in drape to thofe that are ufed
in Europe. In the upper end is the wick, made
of paper rolled together, and covered on the out-
fide with another whiter and finer paper rolled over
it in a fpiral form. In the lower end is a hole
lb large, as to leave room to introduce a nail,
fixed to what is termed a candleftick. Thefe
candles are made of oil procured by expreffion
or decoftion from the feed of the varnilh tree
{Rhus vernix and Juccedanea') which tree is
called Fafi no £/, and grows in many diftridls of
this country, producing a great quantity of feed.
T hefe candles when frefh, are of a whitilh colour,
inclining to yellow within, and covered externally
with a white coat. The oil grows hard by expo-
fure to the cold air, and acquires the confidence of
. tallow.

DEZIMA, 1775. 71

tallow. In time it turns rank, and is then of a
yellowifh colour. Thefe candles burn well, but
run like tallow candles. When thefe candles are
fold, they are neatly put up in paper, which is
folded at the lower end, and at the upper end
twilled round the wick, and about two inches
above that left open, fo that it exaftly refembles
a long rocket.

The apartments are moll commonly illumina-
ted with lamps, to the number of one or two in
each apartment: the oil burned in thefe lamps, is
exprefied from muftard feed.

They llrike fire with a fteel (which is very
fmall) and a rough greenilh quarze-ftone. For
-tinder they ufe the woolly part of the leaves of
Wormwood ( Artemifia vulgaris ) which is pre-
pared fo as to form a brownilh coloured wool.
This fubftance catches fire much quicker than
Moxa. They ufe matches, which are Ihort, of
about a finger’s length and a nail’s breadth, trun-
cated and covered with brimftone at the ends.
Thefe are tied together in bundles, and bent in
a femi-circular form.

The Japanefe have the bad cullom of very fre-
quently breaking wind upwards, and is by no
means thought indecent as in Europe ; in other
matters they are as nice as other polifhed nations.

About the new year two merchant vefiels or
junks, arrived here from China, which brought
with them feveral Japanefe, who had been driven
F 4 in

74

dezima, 1776.

in a gale of wind on the Chineie coaft. Thefe
Japanefe were immediately conduced to their
native places, from whence they will not be eafi-
ly fuffered to depart.

Our chief in like manner had brought hither a
Japanefe, who feme years ago, whilft he was fi fil-
ing at fea, had been driven away from the land,
and had for feveral years been abfent from his coun-
try. At laft he arrived at Batavia, drefied like a
Malay, and fpoke fluently the Malay language.

Agreeably to the Eaftern puftom, the Japa-
nefe neither vifit each other nor the Dutch, with-
out fendingfomeprefent previous to their coming.
Thefe prefents are made more for form fake, than
for their value, which generally is very trifling.
They frequently confift of a frefh fifli or the like,
but are always prefented with fome degree of
pomp ; for inftance, on a fmall table made for
the purpofe, apd covered with paper folded in
fome particular flrape. When the grandees of
the country, who are confidered as princes* were
on board to fee our fir ip, each of them fent out
captain a prefent, which confifted of a tub full of
Sakki, and a few dried fpotted Sepiae, a kind of
filh which is in great reqpefl: with the Japanefe
and Chinefe.

1776, 'Jan. 1, we kept new year’s day. Many
of the Japanefe afiifted us in celebrating it.
The cold was now very fevere and intenfe, al-
though

dhzimaj 177 6 . 73

though the ground was quite bare. According
to cuflom, this clay about noon moft of the
Japanefe that had any thing to do at the Dutch
factory, fuch as the head and fub-banjoles, the
Ottonas, the head and fub-interpieters, the fur-
veyors, and others, came to with us a happy
new-year. Drefled in their holiday clothes,
they paid their refpe&s to the chief, who in-
vited them to dine with him. .The victuals
were chiefly drefled after the European manner ;
confequently but few of the difhes were tafted by
the Japanefe; neverthelefs, every thing was fo
contrived, that there were no bafkets full of frag-
ments gathered. Of the foup they all partook ;
but of the other diflies, fuch as roafted pigs,
hams, fallad, cakes, tarts, arid other paftries,
they ate little or nothing; but in their (lead was
put on a plate a little of every difh, and whep
this plate was full, it was fent to the town with
a paper on it, op which was written the owner’s
name, and this was repeated feveral times. Salt
beef and the like, which the Japanefe do not
eat, was fet by, and ufed as a medicine. The
fame may be faid of the fait butter, of which
1 was frequently defired to cut a flice for fome
of the company; it is made into pills, and
taken daily in confumptions and other diforders.
After dinner, warm fakki was handed round,
which was drank out of lacquered wooden cups.

Or

D IZlM/,1776.

On this (eftive and joyful occafion, the chief
invited from the town feveral handfome girls,
partly for the purpofe of ferving out the fakki,
and partly to dance and bear the girls company
•who were already on the ifland. After dinner
too, thefe girls treated the Japanefe with feveral
of their own country mefies, placed on fmall
fquare tables, which were decorated with an
artificial fir tree, the leaves of which were made
of green filk, and in feveral places fprinkled
over with white cotton, in imitation of the
■winter-fnow. The girls never prefented the
fakki (landing, but always, according to the
cuftom of the country, fitting. In the evening
they danced in their own country flifliion ; and
about five o’clock the guefts took their leave.

In mod of the Japanefe towns there are com-
monly, in fome particular ftreet, feveral houfcs
dedicated to the worfhip of the Cyprian Goddefs,
for the amufement of travellers and others.
The town of Nagafaki is no exception in this
refpeft, but affords opportunities to the Dutch
and Chinefe of fpending their money in no very
reputable manner. If any one defires a com-
panion in his retirement, he makes it known to
a certain man, who goes to the ifland every day
for this purpofe. This fellow before the even-
ing procures a girl, that is attended by a little
(ervant-maid, generally known under the de-
nomination

75

DEZIMA, 1776.

nomination of a Kalbro , who fetches daily from
the town all her miftrefs’s victuals and drink,
dreffes her vidtuals, makes tea, &c. keeps every
thing clean and in order, and runs on errands.
One of thefe female companions cannot be kept
lefs than three days, but fhe may be kept as long
as one pleafes, a year, or even feveral years to-
gether. After a fhorter or longer time too, one
is at liberty to change, but in that cafe the lady
mull appear every day at the town gate, and
inform the banjoles whether ihe means to con-
tinue on the ifland or not. For every day eight
mas is paid to the lady’s hufband ; and to her-
felf, exclufive of her maintenance, prefents are
fometimes made of filk night-gowns, girdles,
head ornaments. See.

Without doubt, the Chriltians, who are en-
lightened by religion and morality, ought not to
degrade themfelves by a vicious intercourle with
the unfortunate young women of this country^
But the Japanefe themfelves, being Heathens,
do not look upon lafcivioufnefs as a vice, and
leaft of all in fuch places as are protected by
the laws and the government. Houfes of this
kind therefore are not confidered as an infamous
refort, or improper places of rendezvous. They
are often frequented by the better fort of peo-
ple, who wilh to treat their friends with fakki.
Neverthelefs, the inftitution carries on its very

face

j6 DEZIMA, 1776.

very face that which is derogatory to human
nature, and even to the kaft poll flied man-
ners. Parents that are poor, and have more
girls than they are able to maintain, fell them to
one of thefe fellows at the age of four years
and more. During their infancy they ferve
as maids to the houfe, and particularly to wait
cn the elder ladies,, each of whom has her
own girl to attend her. When one of thefe
damfels arrives at the age of twelve, fifteen, or
fixieen, fhe is then, with much feftivity, and fre-
quently at the expence of her on whom fhe has
waited the preceding years, advanced to be one
of thofe ladies that are exempt from waiting on
others, or from any kind of employment.

It very fe'ldom happens that one of thefe ladies
proves pregnant by any of the Europeans ; but
if fuch a thing happens, it was fuppofed that
die child, efpecially if it w.ere a boy, would be
murdered. Others again allured me, that fuch
children were narrowly watched till the age of
fifteen, and then were fent with the (hips to
Batavia* but I cannot believe the Japanefe to
be inhuman enough for the former procedure, nor
is there any inftance of die latter having taken
place. During my ftay in this country, I faw
2 girl of about fix years of age, who very
much refembled her father, an European, and re-
mained

BEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776. 77

mained with him on our fmall ifland the whole
year through*

The molt curious circumftance in this affair
is, that when thefe ladies, after having ferved a
certain term of years in thofe houfes to which they
were fold from their infancy, regain their perfc6l li-
berty, they are by no means conlidered as being
difhonoured, and often married extremely well.

In other refpe&s, modefty is a virtue to
which thefe people are not much attached;
and lafcivioufnefs feems univerfally to prevail.
The women feldom took any pains to cover
their nudities when bathing in open places,
(which they fometimes did) not even in fuch
fpots where they were expofed to the fight of
the Dutch, or where thefe latter were to pals.

As no Japanefe has more than one wife, and
ihe is not locked up in the houfe as in Chipa,
but is fuffered to keep men’s company, and
walk abroad when fhe pleafes, it was therefore
not difficult for me to get a fight of the fair fex
of this country, in the ftreets as well as in the
houfes. The fingle women were always dif-
tinguifhed from the married, and fome of them
were even painted.

The colour with which they paint them-
felves is called Bing, and is kept in little round
porcelain bowls. With this they paint, not
•their cheeks, as the Europeans do, but their

lips.

78 DEZIMA AND NAGASAKf, 1776;

lips, and lay the colour on according to "their
own fancy. If the paint is very thin, the lips
appear red ; but if it be laid oh thick, they be-
come of a violet hue, which is here confidered
as the greater beauty. On a clofer examination
I found that this paint is made from the Car-
thamus tinElorius or baftard faffron.

That which chiefly diftinguifhed the married
women from the Angle were their black teeth,
which in their opinion were extremely beautiful,
but in moft other countries would be fufficient
to make a man take French leave of his wife.
To me, at leaft, a wide mouth with' black fhining
teeth, had an ugly and difagreeable appear-
ance.

The black which is ufed for this purpofe rs
called Ohagur or Canni, and is prepared from
urine, filings of iron, and fakki : it is fcetid and
corrofive. It eats fo deeply into the teeth, that
it takes feveral days and much trouble to fcrape
and wafh it away. It is fo corrofive, that the
gums and lips mult be well covered while it is
laid on, or it will turn them quite blue. Some
begin to make ufe of this ornament as foon as
they are courted or betrothed.

January 10. This day the monies were paid
on account of the Dutch, and all their afiign-
ments fettled, which is done only once a year.
For this purpofe there afiembled at the treafury

in'

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, X776. 7 $

in the town, interpreters, fervants, merchants,
purveyors, and all others who had any de-
mands. Every one who had money to receive
was obliged to be there in perfon, or he could
not be paid.

February the yth. Having been fortunate
enough to receive from the governor a fecond
time, his permifiion to botanize, I, for the firft
time, took a walk about the town of Nagafaki,
I was accompanied by feveral head and fub-
interpreters, head and fub-banjofes, purveyors,
and a number of fervants. This numerous
train, did not, it is true, impede me in my quick
progreffion up mountains and hills, but yet it
made my diurnal expeditions rather expenfive,
as it became incumbent upon me towards even-
ing to regale my wearied companions at fome
inn or other, which amounted each time to
fixteen or eighteen rixdollars. As often as the
weather permitted, I made ufe of the liberty
thus accorded to me, at lead: once or twice a
week, till fuch time as I accompanied the am-
bafiador to the imperial court.

Hard by the cottages and farms in the vici-
nity of the town, but chiefly on rifing grounds
and by the road-fide, I faw a great number of
tomb-ftones erefted, of various forms. It was
faid, that for every one that died, a flxme of this
kind was ere&ed, and before it I frequently found

placed

80 DEZIMA AND NAGASAKT, 177 6 .

placed one or two thick bamboo canes, filled
with water and either leaves or flowers. The
ftones were fometi'mes rough and in their na-
tural ftate, but more frequently hewn with art,
with or without letters engraved on them, and
thefe either gilt or not gilt. Thefe burying-
places are frequently feen from afar, on ac-
count of the great number of ftones ere&ed.

1 found alfo here, and there, by the fide of
the roads, large holes dug, in which the farmers
collected urine and manure that had been
dropped and fcattered about, which they very
carefully accumulated, and ufed for the im-
provement of the land, but which gave out a
difagreeable, and often intolerable, ftench to
the traveller.

The town of Nagafaki is in its fituation very
much expofed j it has neither citadel, walls, nor
fofie, but it has crooked ftreets, and a few canals
dug for the purpofe of carrying off the water
from the furrounding mountains, which reach
quite to the harbour. Before the time of the
PortugUeze it was only a village; but has fince,
by th.e emigrations that have been made thither
on account of commerce, been extended to its
prefent fize. There are a great number of tem-
ples, and the prettieft fpots imaginable on the
heights furrounding the town. At each end of

the

4

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1 776, 8 I

the ftreets there is a wooden gate, which can be ■
locked, and by this means all Communication wifh
other ftreets cut off. At night they are always
locked. In each ftree.t, which is feldom more
than thirty or forty fathoms in length, and con-
tains about the fame, number of houfes, there'
is always an officer appointed to fuperintend and
infpect it ; and in like - manner in each ftreet
there is a houfe, in which an apparatus is -kept
for the prevention of fire. The houfes are fcarcely
ever two ftories high, and when fhey -are, it&e up-
per ftory is generally low. The town is governed
by four burgomafters, who have under thema
fufficient number of ( Ottonas ), attendants'of dfft
ferent ranks and degrees, by which means good
order and fecurity is procured, and maintained
in the beft and moft ample manner.

In the gardens, as well in as out of the town, I
obferved feyeral European culinary vegetables
cultivated, and of thefe I had already fecn fome
carried on board of the. Dutch fhip and to the
faftory. Of this kind, were Red Beet (Beta
vulgaris ), the root of which was of a deeper
red than any I had ever feen at any other place
out of Europe ; ..Carrots ( Baucus Carota ), Fen-
nel ( 'Anethum fienicuium), and Dill (Anethum
graveolens ), Anife ( Pimpinella Ani/um)y Parfly
( Apitim petrcjelinuni), Afparagus (AJparagus. offi-
cinalis) ; feveral bulbous plants, fuch as Leeks ?

vol. m. G Onions,

8a DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, I77 6.

Onions, and others f Alium fijltilofum , Cep a) j
Turnips ( Brafica rapa) y Black Radifhes {Ra^-
phanus), Lettice {Laftuca Jativa), Succory and
Endive ( Cichorium Intybus & Endivia ), befides
many more.

On the hills out of the town I obferved, that
near every village large ranges of (loping grounds
at the foot of the mountains were planted with
Batatas roots (Convolvulus e dulls) y which were
mealy, and agreeable to the tafte. The plants
with their ftalks and leaves lay clcfe to the
ground, and had not a fingle flower on them.
They are much more agreeable to the tafte, and
eafier of digeftion, than potatoes ( Solatium lube-
ro/um (which they have tried to cultivate here,
but with very indifferent fuccefs.

The Juniper tree {Juniper us communis ) which
is generally indigenous to the north of Europe,
I found alfo here fcattered up and down in dif-
ferent parts, chiefly near l'ome temple, but very
fcarce.

1 likewife found the Calamus aromaticus
{Acorns calamus) growing wild here in moift
places. It was confidered by the Japanefe, on
account of its ftrong aromatic tafte, as a medi-
cine of great powers, but they did not know its
true and proper ufe.

A kind of Ginger {Amomum mloga) grew
wild in fome few fpots out of the town, though

in

DE 2 IMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776# 83

in very fmall quantities. The root is tolerably
hot and acrid, and nearly as good as common
ginger, and was faid to be fometimes ufed in
its Head.

Ivy ( He£era ) grew up in fever al places green
and handfotne. At firft, I thought it unlike
the ordinary European Ivy, on account of its
having, for the moft part, entire and undivided
leaves but in procefs of time I perceived a
great alteration both in the form and fize of the
leaf.

The Box-tree ( Buxus virens) was not uncom-
mon : it was found both in a wild and cultivated
Hate/ Of its fine and clofe wood, combs were
made, which, when covered with red varnifh,
were ufed by the women to Hick in their hair
by way of ornament.

The Bamboo ( Arundo lamb os') which is the
only kind of grafs that grows to the fize of a
tree, grew in many places, and differed much
both in height and thicknefs. The root of it
is made ufe of here, as well as on the India
i Hands, for ( Atjar ) pickling with vinegar. The
thicker Hems were ufed for carrying burthens,
and the finer branches as lhafts for pencils, and
when flit up, for fan-fticks, and for many other
purpofes.

Near fome farms, and particularly near the
temples, I found a very curious Ihrub of fix or
G a eight

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI; 1 776.

eight feet in height, and of the Celaftrus kind
( Celaftrus Alatus ), which had projedfing, blunt,
and comprefied borders all along its branches*
and was now full of ripening fruit. I was told
that the branches of this ftirub were ufed by
lovers, to fallen to the outfide of the door of
the houfe in which- the objedt of their defires
refided.

The Chenopodium Scoparia was faid to be ufed
by fome people in this country as a medicine.

The Alcea rojea and the Malva Mauritiana
were frequently found cultivated in fmall gar-
dens in the town, for the fake of their large and
elegant flowers.

The Mentha piperita , which grew wild in
many places about Nagafaki, and the Ocymum
crifpum , which Hill adorned the hills, were ufed
as a tea or infufion in colds. This latter herb,
when boiled, yields a red decodlion, with which
the Japanefe frequently gave a red colour to
black radilhes and turnips.

Several kinds of fweet potatoes ( [Diofcore * )
grew wild in the environs of Nagafaki, but I
did not obferve that any of them were ufed as
food, except the Diofcorea Japonica, the roots of
which being cut into flices and boiled, had a very
agreeable tafte.

Common Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa ) grew in
both in a wild and cultivated flate.

many places,

I found

D 2 ZIMA AND NAGASAKI, I77 6. 8$

t . .

1 found here two forts of Spanilh pepper,

chiefly in a cultivated Hate. The moll com-
mon was the Capficum Annuum, which the Ja-
panefe feldom ufe themfelves, but fell it for the
moll part to the flaves in the Dutch factory.
The other was the Capficum grojjum , which was
kept in jars, and confined lo as to grow fmall
and diftorted, properties which the Japanefe par-
ticularly fancy in many plants, a fancy peculiar to
themfelves, and in which they differ from all
other nations.

Tobacco ( Nicotiana ’Tala cum), grew alfo in
fome places, but fo fparingly, that no large
plantations of it were to be obferved. This
herb, fo agreeable, arid now become fo indifpen-
fibly neceflary to many millions of men, was firft
brought hither fly the Portugueze, and is al-
moft the only relique left behind them in this
country. The Japanefe have no name for it
in their language, but call it Tobacco, and
fmoke it, cut as fine as the hair of the head,
in fmall metal pipes.

I found a Convallaria Japonica at this time in
fruit. The knobs at the roots of this plant were
preferved in fugar, and were highly commended
by the Japanefe and Chinefe as good in dif-
ferent difbrders. f

Buck- wheat (P olygonum fagopyrum and Multi-
jlorum) was not uncommon near the farms and
on the hills, the former in a cultivated, and the

G 3 latter

86

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 17/6.

latter in a wild Hate. From the former, dour
was prepared, of which fmall cakes were made,
which were boiled ; thefe were commonly colour-
ed, and fold to the lower clafsof people. The
root of the latter was laid to be a cordial, and was
ufed for that purpofe quite raw. I was told it
tailed bell when roalted in the embers.

Windfor beans ( Vicia faba ) and Peas (JPjfum
Sativum'), as all'o fome fpecies of French beans
( Phafeolus vulgaris Csf radiatus ) were common
among the farmers; and the latter fort was
very much cultivated in the gardens, from
whence they were carried for fale both into the
town and to the factories.

February the i ith. The time drawing near for
our journey to the court, we began to prepare
for it by degrees.

Although the ambaffador himfelf goes by land,
yet a great part of the luggage is fent by fea to
Simonojeki, Fiogo, and other places. This day
were put on board of a tolerable large velFel,
feveral chclls with different forts of wine in bot-
tles, liquors, ale in bottles, kitchen furniture, and
fome empty chefts,. for carrying merchandize in
on our return. This veflel was to fail for Sirao-
nofeki, and on our arrival there, to, carry us on
to Fiogo.

This and the following days, the prefonts
which we were to carry with us were prepared,
confffting of cloths of different colours and qua-
lities.

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 17/6. if

lities, chintzes and lilks, with other articles.
Thefe prefents were intended for the reigning
fecular emperor, the hereditary prince, the
privy couniellors, and other perfons of diftinc-
tion at the court, and were packed up in large
chefts, which, that they might not be left to the
mercy of the winds and waves, were carried the
whole way for the fpace of 320 miles.*

The 1 Zth of February v/as, with the Japanefe,
the lall day of the year. On this day, therefore,
and yefterday, all accounts between private per*
fons were to be clofed j and thefe, as well as all
other debts to be paid. Frefh credit is after-
wards given till the month of June, when theie
muft be a fettlement again. Among the Japa-
nefe, as well as in China, in cafe of loans, very
high intereft is frequently paid, viz. from 1 8 to
20 per cent. I was informed, that if a man did
not take care to be paid before new year’s day*
he had afterwards no right to demand payment
on the new year. Happy the people, who at the
beginning of every new year, can reckon them-
felves free from debt, and owe no man any thing.

The 1 9th was the new year’s day of the Japa-
nefe and Chinefe, when every one drefied in
his holiday clothes, wiihes his neighbour joy,
goes about vifiting with his family, and diverts
himfelf almoft the whole of the firft month.

* In fpeaking of Japan, the Author computes by J'apa*
nef? miles, which nearly correfpond with the French leagues,

G 4 * The

-V

88 DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, I 776.

The year is divided according to the courfe
of the moon, fo that fome years have twelve
and others thirteen months; and the new year
makes its entry in February or March. They
have no weeks confifting of feven days, or of
fix working days, and day of reft ; but the firft
or fifteenth day in each month, is, in fa6t, a
fabbath, or a day of reft. On thefe days
no mechanic works, and even the proftitutes
buy their freedom for that day, confidering it
as the greateft fliame to be obliged to receive
the carefles of men. On new year’s day, as we
faid before, they go about in their holiday drefs,
which is compofcd of fine blue and white check.
The night and day' taken together, is divided
into twelve hours only ; and the whole year
through, they regulate themfelves by the fun’s
rifing and fetting. The hour of fix they reckon
at fun-rife, and the lame at fun-fet : mid-day and
mid-night are always at nine.

Time is not meafured bv watches or hour-
glafies, but by burning matches, which are
twifted like ropes, and divided by knots : when
one of thefe, after being lighted up, has burned
down to a knot, which denotes the elapfe of a cer-
tain portion of time, it is made known in the
day time, by certain ftrokes on bells near their
churches, and in the night by ftriking two pieces
of wood againft each other, which is done {py

the

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776. S9

the patroiing watch. Children are always deemed
to be a year old, at the end of the year in which
they are born, whether this be at the beginning or
latter end of it : fo that if a child is born in the
laft month, it is reckoned a year old on the
new year’s day eniuing. Their year commences
with Nin — o, or 660 years before the birth of
Chrift.

A few days after the Japanefe new year’s day,
the horrid ceremony was performed of trampling
on fiich images as reprefent the crofs, and the
Virgin Mary with the child. Thefe images, which
are made of call copper, are faid to be about
twelve inches in length. This ceremony is per-
formed for the purpofe of imprinting on every
one, an abhorrence and hatred of the Chrifti'an
dodtrine, and of the Portuguefe, who attempted
topropogate that doctrine, and at. the fame time
to difcover, whether any remains of it be yet
left in any Japanefe. The trampling is per-
formed in fuch places, as were formerly molt
frequented by the Chriftians. In the town of
Nagafaki, it continue? for the fpace of four
days; after which period, the images are carried
to the adjacent places, and at laft are laid by
till the following year, livery one, except the
governor and his train, even the fmalleft child,
is obliged to be prefent at this ceremony ; but
that the Dutch, as feme have been pleafed to in-

finuare.

$<5 DE 2 IMA AND NAGASAKI, 177 6.

limiate, are obliged to trample on thefe images*
is not true. At every place* overfeers are pre-
fent, who affemble the people by rotation in
certain houfes, calling over every one by his
name in due order, and feeing that every thing is
duly performed. Adults walk over the images
from one fide to the other, and children in arms
are put with their feet on them.

The figns of the Zodiac are here, as elfe where,
twelve j but they have different names from
thofe of the Europeans j e. g. i. Ne, the Rat.
2. Us, the Ox. j. Torra, the Tiger. 4. Ow,
the Hare. 5. 'Tats, the Dragon. 6. Mi, the
Serpent. 7. Uma, the Horfe. 8. Tfttjufe, the
Sheep. 9. Sar, the Ape. 10. Torri, the Cock.
11. In, the Dog. 12. T, the Bear.

Certain years derive from thefe figns alfo
their names : thus the year 1774 was the Horfe*
year of the Japanefe, and 1776 their Ape-year.

The months, which in confequence of the un-
equal courfe of the moon, never perfectly cor*
refpond with our’s, have their refpedtive names
according to numerical order j and as, during our
ftay here, we were obliged to regulate ourfelves
by the Dutch, as well as by the Japanefe alma-
nacks, we formed every year an almanack com-
mon to both, which fhewed the relation of thefe
two different modes of reckoning time. Of this
1 here prefent the reader with a brief abftrad

only,

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776, 9I

only, from which the names of their months, at
the fame time, may be found.

1776, or Ape-year, has 355 days.

SjOGUATS,

16 July, —

I

correfponds with

30 — —

15

February.

Rokguats.

1

February, 19

1 July, —

1 6

II

— — 0.9

16 — —

3 l

12

March, — 1

17 Auguft, —

- 1

3 °

— — 19

29 — ~

*3

Niguats.

Sitsguats.

I

March, ao

I Auguft, —

U

12

— — 31

18 — —

13 April, — 1

19 September,

1

29

— — 17

30 — —

12

Sanguats.

Fatsguats.

1

April, — 18

1 September,

*3

13

— — 3 °

18 — —

30

14 May, 1

19 O< 5 tober,

1

30

— — 17

29 — —

11

SlGUATS.

Kucuats.

1

May, — 1 8

1 October,

li

14

— — 31

20 — —

3 l

15 June, — 1

a 1 November,

1

29

IS

30 — —

10

Gog u ats.

Sjuguats.

1

June, — 16

1 November,

11

J 5

— — 30

20 — —

3 °

t

fp.

DEZJMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776-

30 — — 9

SjUNITSGUATS.
i January, 10

22 — — 31

23 February, i

2 9 — ~ 7

21 December, i~

3 ° ~ — . 10

SjUlTSGUATS.

i December, 1 1
'21 — — 31

* 777 *

22 January, i

In this manner, the months are reckoned by
the name of the ift, 2d, 3d, and fo on to the
1 2th ; and the years contain an unequal number
of days. Every fecond or third year is leap-
year, of which there are feven in the fpace of
1 9 years.

There are feveral grand feftivals in the year,
■which art kept one or more days together: but
the celebration of the feventh day, as a Sabbath,
is unknown here; and confequentlv, the months
and year are not divided into weeks of feven days
caich.

The moft remarkable holidays in the year 177 6,
during the time of my residence here, were the
following : In Goguats, the 5th day or the 20th
cf June, the Pelang feftival ; in Sicfguats, the
7 th day, or the 20th of Auguft, the Star-fefti-
val ; and the 13th, 14th, and 15th of the fame
month, or the 26th, 27th, and 28th of Auguft,
the Grand Lantern feftival ; in Kuguats, the
7 th, 8th, and 9th, or the x2th, 19th, and 20th
of October, Matfuri was celebrated for three

93

DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, 1776.

days together. There were befides the follow-
ing remarkable days, viz. In Sjoguats the 4th,
and following days, when the images of the Vir-
gin Mary and the crofs were trampled under
foot by the Japanefe. The 15th of the fame
month, or the 4th of March, when the Dutch
ambalTador fetout on his journey to Jedo. Fatf-
guats the ift, or the 13th of September, when
the Japanefe fair (faffiak) was kept ; in Kuguats
the 15th, or the 26 tl 1 of Oftober, when the Dutch
fair (faffiak) commenced ; and in Kuguats the
19th and aoth, or the 30th and 31ft of O&ober,
when firfb one and afterwards the other flip,
were obliged to fet fail on the days appointed
from Nagafaki for Papenberg.

On the 22d of February, and the following-
days, was performed in^Nagafaki, and the ad-
jacent places, the ceremony already defcribed of
trampling on the copper images, concerning
which, I endeavoured to gain every poffible
information. Of the officers that were, at this
time on the ifland, there was but one, who pro-
feffed having once had an opportunity of feeing
it is his way, when fent by the chief to the
governor of the town, about fome matters re-
fpe&ing the preparation for the intended journey
to the court.

On December the 15th, the chief, accompanied
by feveral fupercargoes, writers and interpreters.

went

94 DEZIMA AND NAGASAKI, I77 6.

•went to the town, to take leave of the gover-
nor, previous to their fetting out.

March id. Mine, and my fellow travellers’
chefts, with clothes, together with the medicine
cheft, were examined on the illand, then fealed,
and immediately fent to the ftorehoufe j where
they were kept, till the day that we fet out on
our journey. The medicine cheft is large, and
is furnilhed with medicines from the difpen-
fary, which is under the doctor’s care, and is
fituated near his apartment.

The Japanefe ufe no fealing-wax for fealing \
but twift and tie a paper about fuch things as
they wifh to fecure, in fuch a manner, that they
can eaftly perceive if it has been touched. In
this way, they feal up the locks of the ftore-
houfe itfelf, placing lefs dependence on their
locks, than on their curious paper knots.

JOURNEY TO THE COURT IN I77 6.

ON the \th of March , 1776, the ambafiador
let out from Dezima, on his journey to Jedo.
The 15th or 1 6th of the firft month of the Ja-
panefe year, is always fixed for commencing this
journey. There were only three Dutchmen, or
rather Europeans; who took this journey, viz.
Mr. Feith, the ambafiador, as chief in the

com-

JOURNEY TO THE COURT, Vjj6. 9 $

commercial department ; myfelf as phyfician to
the embafly, and the fecretary Mr. Koehler.
The reft of our retinue, which confiftedof about
200 men, were merely Japande place-men, in-
terpreters, fervants, and valets. In patting the
guard on the bridges, •which join the town to
the factory, we were clolely fearched ; but our
chefts and other baggage, which had already
been fearched and fealed, went through free : we
were alfo attended through Nagafaki, by the
Dutch belonging to the faftory, as likewife by a
multitude of fuch Japanefe, as have any office
in, or bufinefs with the factory. The latter ac-'
eompanied us to a temple ouc of town, where
we baited a fhort time, and treated our jovial
company with fakki. On our leaving this place,
ail thefe japanefe who were now to part with us,
had placed themlelves in groups, according to
their different ranks and conditions of life, for
above half a mile in length, on both lides of
the road, along which we were travelling, which
not only made a very fine appearance, but like-
wife did us great honour. Thefe Japanefe cori-
fifted of the Ottonas of the town and ifiand, the
head and fub-interpreters, with the learners,
-head and fub-purveyors, head and fub-banjofes,
culi-mafters, and feveral others who in any (hape
were connefted with the Dutch.

A

JOURNEY TO THE COURT, 177 6.

A banjos was, by the governor of Nagafa-
ki, appointed leader of the whole caravan, and
ordered every thing both in going and return-
ing. He was carried in a large Norimon, and
a pike was borne before him, to denote his au-
thority and high command. To execute his
orders, fcveral inferior B^njofes were appointed.
The chief interpreter, who is generally a man
advanced in years, is carried in a Cango, .has
the care of the cafli, and the management of
everything during the journey, paying all ex-
pences for the Dutch Company’s account, and,**
that generally with fuch care and parfimony,
that he is fometimes a confiderable gainer by
it, fo that this journey is always fuppofed to be
very profitable. Two Japanefe cooks accompany
them from the factory, for the purpofe of dref-
fing the vidtuals, that are to be ferved up at the
ambafiador’s table; alfo fix Japanefe fervants,
v.ho underftand and fpeak Dutch, to ferve as
waiters, befides thofe fervants that are fent by
the governor of Nagafaki, to attend on the
Dutch, and who do not underftand nor fpeak
their language. The cooks were fent before
during the whole' journey, in order to get the
victuals ready by the time we fhould arrive at
the inn, where we dine. With them were fent the
necefiary provifions, a camp table, three camp
chairs, table linen, and table furniture, which

JOURNEY, TO THE COURT. 97

were always ready and in order, on our arrival at
dinner or fupper. Some clerks attended the
cooks, to order what was requifite at the inns
for the whole retinue, and to keep an account
of the expences.

The ambafiador, as well as his phyfician and
fecretary, travelled in large handfome and lac-
quered Norimons. In K^mpfer’s time, the
two latter gentlemen were obliged to perform
thej'ourney on horfeback, expofed to cold, rain,
and all the inclemency of the weather. Thefe
Norimons or Sedan-chairs, are made of thin
boards and bamboo canes, in the form of an
oblong fquare, with windows before, and on each
fide. The fide- windows are fattened to the
doors, through which one may get in and out
of the carriage on both fides. Over the roof
runs a long edged pole, by which the vehicle is
carried on the bearers’ fhouiders. It is fo large
that one may fit in it with eafe, and even lie
down in it, though not without, in fome mea-
fure, drawing up one’s legs, It is not only
adorned on the infide, but likewife covered on
the outfide in the molt elegant manner, with the
moft coldly fiiks and velvets. At the bottom lies
a matrafs covered with cut velvet, and it has a
flight covering over it, either of the fame mate-
rials or of fome coftiy filk ; and behind the back,
and on each fide, hang oblong cufhions, alfo co-

vol. m. H vered

98 JOURNfeV TO THE COURT,

vered with velvet j in the place where the feat
fhould be, a round culhicm is laid with a hole
in the middle. In front, there is a fnelf or two,
for putting an ink- (land, books, or other fmall
articles on. The windows at the fides may be
let down, when frelh air is wanted, and they may
be clofed both by filk. curtains, and by rolling
curtains made of bamboos, when the perfon in
the carriage wifhes not, to be feen. The tra-
velling in this chamber is very commodious;
fitting long in it feldom proves tirefome. The
porters that bear this light vehicle on their
Ihoulders, are in number according to the rank
of the perfon they carry, from fix to twelve
and more ; and when there are more, fome of
them walk leifurely by the fides, for the pur-
pofe of relieving each other during the jour-
ney. While they are bearing the norimon, they
fing fome air together, which makes them keep
up a briflc and even pace.

Befides thole articles which had been fent
from Nagafaki by water, were carried partly on
horfeback and partly by porters on foot, our
fmall chefts of clothes, lanterns to ufe in the
dark, a ftock of wine,, ale, and other liquors,
for our daily confumption, and a Japanefe ap-
paratus for tea, in which we could boil water
while we were on the road. The Europeans,
however, very feldom ufed this great relaxer
of the ftomach, but preferred a glafs of red

wine

NAGASAKI, 1776. 99

wine or Dutch ale; we therefore provided
ourfelves with a bottle of each of thefe,
which were put into the fore part of the
norimons, at our feet; as alfo a fmall oblong
lacquered box, with /doubled llice of bread and
butter, of the fame form. Every one that tra-
vels in this country, always carries his bed with
him. We were therefore obliged to do the fame
during the whole of the journey, both coming
and going. And as it was neceffary to make a
great Ihow in every refpect, in order to fupport the
dignity of the Dutch company, the bedding, of
courfe, conlifted of coverlits, pillows, and ma-
traffes, covered 'over with the richeft open-
worked velvets and filks.

On the other hand, the Japanefe, who either
went on foot or on horfeback, were provided
with a hat in the form of a cone, and tied un-
der the Chin ; a fan, which at the fame time
ferved as a guide, an umbrella, and fometimes -
a very wide coat made of oiled paper to keep out
the rain, which is as light as a feather. Thole
that travelled on foot, fuch as fervants, hoftlers,
and the inferior order of fervants, were likewife
provided with thin fpatterdalhes, feveral pair of
ftrawlhoes,and wore their night-gowns tucked up.

The whole of this numerous caravan, com-
pofed of fuch different people, and- travelling in
fuch different ways, formed a delightful Ipec-
tacle for an eye not ufed to fimilar fights, and
H 2 was

100 JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

was to us Europeans the more pleafing, as we
were received every where with the fame ho-
nours and refpeft as the princes of the land, and
were befides fo well guarded, that no harm could
befal us, and at the fame time fo well attended, that
we had no more care upon our minds than a fuck-
ing-child : the whole of our bufinefs confiding in
eating and drinking, or in reading or writing for
our own amufement, in fleeping, dreffing our-
felves, and being carried about in our nori-
mons.

On the firft day, palling by Fimi, two leagues
from Nagafaki, we proceeded to Jagami , one
league farther on, and from thence to IJafaia , yet
four leagues farther, where we took up our firft
night’s lodging.

At Jagami , where we dined, we were received
by the hofi: in a more polite and obfequious man-
ner than I ever experienced fince in any other part
of the world. It is the cuftom of this country
for the landlord to go to meet the traveller part
of the way, and with every token of the utmofi
fubmiflion and refpedt bid them welcome j he
then hurries home, in order to receive his guefts
at his houfc in the fame humble and refpeftfui
manner, after which fome trifling prefent is
produced on a fir.all and low fquare table;
and then tea and the apparatus for fmoking,
which, however, we did not ufe. Being flievvn
into the rooms prepared for us, we found the

table-

ICI

ISAFAtA, I77 6.

table cloth laid; when after taking a dram* to
whet our appetites, we dined, drank coffee, and
then prepared for fetting out, after thofe gentle -
men that were fond of fmoking had lighted their
pipe.'.

Here we received for the commiflaries account
fifty Japanefe thails, amounting to about the fame
number of Dutch rixdollars, for defraying the
trifling expences v/hich we might be obliged to
make individually in the courfe of the journey,
and which were fo exactly calculated, as not to
leave any overplus. Thefe were the firft J apanefe
coins which fell into our hands, and which came
under my infpecffion. The firft difburfement we
made was in new-year’s gifts to our fervants and
valets at Dezima, as alfo to the bearers of our
norimons, which, for my fhare, amounted to
fomewhat more than ten rixdollars.

On the following morning, being the 5 th of
March , we proceeded on our journey, taking
the road for Omura , where we dined, at the
diffance of three leagues, and then went on
to Sinongi , where we flept, fituated five leagues
from thence. In the year 1691, when Kasmp-
fer went on the journey to the court, the am-
baffador took another route to Sinongi, viz.
acrofs the bay near Omura, to avoid which we
took a round-about way to Ifafaia, byt without

* A very prevalent cuftom in Sweden, and fome other
countries in the north of Europe. la the op’gina! Afpftits fut,
or Appetite dram. [T.l

H 3 f filing

102 JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

failing acrofs the large bay by Simabara, which
is the road that K/empfer took, when, in the
year 1692, he went, for the fecond time, the
fame journey to the Imperial Court.

On the fix th., in the morning, after travelling
three leagues, we arrived at OriJJino , where is a
fulphureous warm bath. After having viewed
the bath, we travelled three leagues and a half,
before we got to dinner at Takkiwo. After
dinner we palled by Swot a to Oda, three leagues
and a half j and then went two leagues and a half
farther on to Otfinfuy where we flept.

T he warm bath, which was abfolutely boiling
hot, was walled in, and had a handfome houfe
near it, for the accommodation of the invalids
that ufed it. The hot water was diftributed by
means of conduits, to feveral places, where the
lick could lit down, and, by means of two dif-
ferent cocks, draw off, accordingly as it fuited
them beft, either hot or cold water ; which latter
was conveyed hither by art. Befides this, there
were feveral accommodations for the patients to
reft and refrelh themfelves after bathing, as alfo
for walking, all which were very neat and clean.
The Japanefe ufe this and other fimilar baths,
with which the country abounds, in venereal
complaints, the palfv, itch, rheumatifm, and.
many more diforders.

Swot a is remarkable on account of the large
jars (the largeft, indeed, in the world) which

are

SW0TA, 177 6 . IO 3

are made here : they are compofed of a brown
clay, well burned, and of luch an enormous
fize, as to hold feveral pails full of liquor.
The Dutch buy annually a great many of them,
and carry them to Batavia, where, as well as
in other parts of the Eaft-Indies, they are ufed
for holding water, and fell to advantage. In
thefe, the water that is ufed for their daily drink.,
is kept cool, at the fame time that the fediment
fettles at the bottom, fo that the water, by this
means, becomes more pure and wholefome.

The road which we had travelled the pre-
ceding days, was very rugged and tirefomej
but, after we got into the province of Fijen , the
country appeared more fertile, finer, more
thickly inhabited, and more populous. The
villages here were nearer to each other, were
much extended in length, and were lometimes
two together, each of them half a league long,
and only diftinguifhed from each other by means
of a rivulet, a bridge, or by the difference of
.name.

The country was cultivated all over ; exhibit-
ing the fineft fields, loaded with rice and other
grain.

The province of Fijen is, befides, well known
on account of its beautiful and valuable porce-
lain : I had, before this, feen fome of it, in the
Dutch fadtory at the fair, and had now an op-
H 4 portunity

104

JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

portunity of informing myfelf farther concern-
ing it. It is made of a perfectly white clay,
which in itfelf is very fine, neverthelefs is
wrought with the greateft diligence and pains,
and inexpreffibly well ; fo that the veflels and
ornaments which are made of it, become tranf-
parent and extremely beautiful, and at the fame
time are as white as fnow.

The day following, being the yfh, we had a
league to go to a tolerably large river, called
Kajfagawa> over which we were to pals, and
another league to the town of Sanga, which is a
league and a half long. From thence, we pro-
ceeded three leagues to another fmaller town called
Kanjaki, paffing by Ficjabara , which was fituated
about half-way to it. Here we dined ; and, going
farther on, palled Nakabara, at the diftance of two
leagues, and Fodcriki, fomewhat above a league,
till we came to ‘Tayjero , one league farther, where
we fiept.

Sanga , which is the capital of the province,
has a caftle, which is furrounded by fofies and
wails, and has guards at Its gates. This, like
molt of the towns in this country, is regularly
built, with ftralght and wide ftreets. There
are alfo fevcral canals, by which water is con-
veyed through it.

The towns, in general, in this country, differ

chiefly from thg villages, which are alfo very long,

in

ITSKA, 1776. IO5

in having one fireet, while the towns have more :
betides, the towns are furnilhed with gates, and
furreunded by foffes and walls, and, fometimes,
a citadel.

The people, and especially the women, are of a
fmaller lize in this province than in the former;
and the married women, although, in other re-
fpeCs, they are handfome and well-lhaped, dif-
figure themfelves by pulling out all the hairs of
their eye brows, which, with them, ferves to de-
note the marriage-ftate, in like manner as black
teeth do at Nagafaki.

We lay at T ayjero that night ; although
K^empfer, in his Hiftory of Japan, mentions
that this was confidered in his time, as portend-
ing misfortune, and was therefore prohibited.
The reafon for this was, that, in the courfe of
one of thele jcurnies, a banjos and one of the
head-interpreters had quarelled, and the for-
mer, after having killed the latter, had likewife
made away with himfelf.

March the %th, we travelled nearly ten leagues
to Jtjka town ; palling, in our way, by feveral
villages, large and fmall, and over many very
high mountains. We arrived full at Far da t
two leagues off, and afterwards at Jatmyo , one
leagues more, where we dined. The road from
thence went over a high mountain, and con-
duced us a league and a half down to Fiamitz ,
a pleafing ipot, where we baited fome time,

regaled

IOO TOURNEY TO THE COURT.

regaled ourfelves and officers with fakki, and

t

made the landlady a ftnall prefent in money,
to the amount of feven maas and five conderyns,
which is cuftomary at this place. After this,
we went a league and a half farther on, to 'Utjini ,
where we alfo gave our bearers a little reft.

This day, in palling through the province of
‘Tfik.udfen, we were conduced by an officer who
had been fent by the governor of the province to
welcome and conduit us through his territories.

How much foever the Europeans are defpifed
in their factory, and in however contemptible, a
light the Japanefe. are ufed to confider all
foreigners, yet it is not more furprizing than
true, that, in the courfe of our journey to and
from the court, we were every where received
not only with the greateft politenefs and attention,
but with the fame refpeit and efteem as is fhown to
the Princes of the country, when they, make
their journies to the imperial court. When we \
arrived at the borders of a province, we were
always met by an officer, fent by the Lord of it,
who not only offered us, in the name of his em-
ployer, every affiftance that might be required
with rdped to people, horfes, veflels, &c. but alfo
accompanied us to the next frontiers, where he
took his leave of us, and was relieved by another.
The lower clafs of people, alfo, Ihowed us the
fame tokens of veneration and refpeft, as to

Princes ;

107

UTSINI, 1776.

Princes ; bowing with their foreheads down to
the ground, and even at times turning their
backs to us, to fignify, that they confider us in
fo high a light, that, in their extreme infigni-
ficance, they are unworthy of beholding us.

The roads in this country are brOad, and
furnilhed with two ditches, to carry off the water,
and in good order all the year round $ but
elpecially at this feafon, when the Princes of the
country, as alfo the Dutch, take their annual
journey to the capital. The roads are, at this
time, not only ftrewed with fand, but, before
the arrival of travellers, they are fwept with
brooms ; all horfe-dung, and dirt of every
kind, removed, and, in hot, dully weather,
they are watered. Their care for good order,
and the convenience of travellers, has even
gone fo far, that thofe who travel up the country,
always keep to the left, and thofe that come
from the capital, to the right j a regulation
which would be of the greateft utility in Europe,
enlightened as it is, where they frequently travel
upon the roads with lefs difcretion and decorum.
The roads here are in the better order, and laft the
longer, as no wheel carriages are ufed, which do
fo much damage to the roads. To make the
roads Hill more agreeable, the fides of them are
frequently planted with hedges, and on this and

the

8

JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

the preceding days, I obferved them formed of
the tea-fhrub.

Mile- pods are fet up every where, which not
only indicate the didance, but all'o, by means of
an infcrintion, point out the road. Similar pods
are alfo found on the crofs-roads, fo that the tra-
veller in this country cannot, eafily, lofe his way.

Attending to all thefe circumftances, I faw,
with adonilhment, a people, which we confider,
if not in a date of barbarifm, at lealt as unpo-
Jilhed, exhibit, in every indance, vediges of
perfect order and rational chcumfpedt reflection ■,
while we, in our more enlightened quarter of the
globe, are every where deficient in efficacious,
and, in feme places, in almoft every regulation
tending to the convenience and cafe of travellers.
Here I found every thing tend to a good^nd,
without boaft and unnecefiary parade ; and no
whieie did I obferve on the mile-pods the name
of r.he Governor who had credited them, a cir-
cumllance which, in fact, fo little concerns the
traveller.

Ail the miles are meafured from one point
only of the kingdom, viz. from Niponbas,
or the bridge in the capital of the country,
Jrdo.

No pod-coaches, or other kinds of wheel-
carriages, are to be found in this country for the
fervice of travellers ; therefore, all thole that
ar e poor, travel on loot, and fuch as are able to

P a Y>

UTSINI, 1776. IO9

pay, either ride on horfe-back, or are carried in
Kangos or Norimons. Inftead of their long
■night-gowns, they often wear trowfers, or linen
breeches, which reach down to the calves ; and
travelling foldiers tie thefe half-way up their
thighs. Such as ride make, for the moft parr, a
ftrange figure j as, frequently, feveral perfons are
mounted on one horfe, fometimes a whole
family. In this cafe, the man is feated on the
laddie, with his legs laid forward over the horfe’s
neck ; the wife occupies a bailee t made fail to
one fide of the faddie, and one or more children
are placed in another baiket cn the other fide :
a perfon always walks before to lead the horie by
the bridle. People of property are carried in
a kind of fedan chairs, that differ from each other
in point of fize and ornament, according to the
different rank of the owners, and, confcquently,
in point of expence. The worft fort are fmall, in-
fomuch that one is obliged to fit in them with
one’s feet under the fear ; they are open on all
Tides, covered with a fmall roof, and are carried by
two men. The Kangoes, more commonly called
Kagoes , are covered in, and doled on the fides ;
but they are aim oil fquare, and far from being
elegant. The largeit and haiuifomefc are called
Norimons., are tiled by perfons in the higher de-
partments of office, and are borne by feveral men.
At the inns in every town and vi'lage, there is a

number

IIO JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

number of men who offer their fervices to the
traveller.

Thefe Norimons and Kango-bearers can carry-
very heavy burthens to a great diftance, and not
only travellers but goods, which they carry tied
to each end of a pole or bamboo acrofs their
fhoulder ; they generally go a Japanefe mile (or
league) in an hour, and from ten to twelve of
thefe miles in a day.

On the ytb of March, proceeding on our jour-
ney, we arrived at Nogata river, at the diftance of
three leagues and a half from the place we had fet
out from, which river we crofted, and travelling
a league and a half farther, dined at Koijanojfa.
From thence we proceeded to Kurojacky, at
the diftance of three leagues, and going three
leagues farther ftill, came to a large and rich
commercial town, called Kokura.

Kokura is efteemed one of the largefi: towns
in the country, and carries on extenfive trade ;
but at prefent, the harbour is fo filled up, that
only fmall vefiels and boats can get up to the town.
This town is a Japanefe mile(or league) in length,
forming an oblong fquare, and has a river which
runs through its ftreets down to the fea. The
gates are guarded by officers and foldiers. At
one end of the town, and along fide of the river,
Hands the prince’s citadel, which makes a

very handfome appearance, is well fortified

in' the fafhion of this country, furrounded by

faffes

.

Ill

KOKURA, 1776.

fofies and walls, and receives additional ftrength
from a high tower. In this tKe prince of Koku-
ra refides, and keeps his court.

Before we entered into Kokura, we were met
in the name of the prince, received, and con-
ducted through the town to the inn, by two
noblemen from the caftJe. Here we were ex-
ceedingly well lodged, and remained till the
next day in the afternoon.

According to ancient cufiom, the lervant
which was fent with us by the governor of Na-
gafaki, to wait on us during the journey, recei-
ved here a fmall prelent of one thayl and five
maas, equal in value to about a rixdollar and
a half.

Here, as well as at all the other inns, we
were lodged in the back part of the houfe,
which is not only the mod: convenient, but the
pleafanteft part, having always an out-let and
view into a back-yard, larger or fmaller, which
is embellilhed with various trees, fhrubs, plan^p,
and flower-pots. At one fide of this fpor,
there is alfo a fmall bath for firangers to
bathe in, if they chufe. Amongft other things
that were common in feveral places, fuch as the
Pinus Sylvejiris , Azalea Indica, Chryjanthemum
Indicum , &c. I alfo found here a tree, which is
called Aukuba , and another called Nandina, both
which were luppofed to bring good fortune to the

houfe.

• '

The

lid JdukUEY TO THE COURT.

The front part of the houfe is generally
either a fhop for the fale of goods, or a vvork-
fnop ; and juft behind this, is the kitchen and
the apartments occupied by the family, fo that
ftrangers occupy the moft commodious part of
the honfe, and are the fartheft removed from the
noife of the ftreets.

The houfes are very roomy and commodious,
and never more than two ftories high, of which
the lower ftory is inhabited, and the upper ferves
for lofts and garrets, and is feldom occupied.

The mode of building in this country is curi-
ous, and peculiar to the inhabitants. Every
houfe occupies a great extent of ground, is built
in the ftiie of frame-work, of wood, fplit bam-
boos, and clay, lb as to have the appearance of
a ftone houfe on the outfide, and covered in
with tiles of confiderable weight and thicknefs.
The whole houfe makes but one room, which can
be divided, according as it may be found neceffa-
ry, or thought proper, into many fmaller rooms.
This is done by moving flight partitions, con-
fiding of wooden flames, parted over with thick
tran (parent paper, which Aide with great eafe in
grooves made in the beams of the floor and
roof, for that purpofe. Such rooms' we re fre-
quently partitioned off for us and our retinue,
during our journey ; and when a larger apart-
ment was wanted for a dining room, or any other

pur-

SIMONOSEKT, I776. H3

purpofe, the partitions were in an inftant taken
away. One could not fee, indeed, what was
done in the next room, but one frequently over-
heard the converfation that palled there.

As the Japanefe never have any furniture in
their houfes, and confequently no bedfteads,
our matrafles and beds were laid on the floor,
which was covered with thick ftraw mats. The
Japanefe, who accompanied us, lay in the fame
manner, but had no pillows; inftead of which,
they ufed oblong lacquered pieces of wood.
With the above apparatus for fleeping, the Ja-
panefe’s bed-chamber is put in order, and he
himfelf up and deeded, in the twinkling of an
eye ; as, in fa£t, a longer time is fcarcely requifite
for him to throw the night-gown over him, that
has ferved him for bed-clothes, and to gird it
round his waift. And as they have neither chairs
nor tables, they fit on the ftraw mats, with
which the floor is covered, with their legs un-
der them: and at dinner, likewife, every one
of the diflies is ferved up feparately, to each of
the guefts, in lacquered wooden cups with covers,
on a fmall fquare wooden falver.

During our ftay here, we were not allowed to
walk about the town, and acquire a more accu-
rate knowledge of it.

On the wth of March , in the evening, we
crofled in a yacht over the bay, to Simor.ojeki, a
vol. in. J trip.

1 14 JOURNEY TO THE COtfRT.

trip* which was reckoned to be about three
leagues. Here we took up our night’s lodgings
at an inn.

Between Kokura and Simonofeki, a low ob-
long rock was vifible, which at low water ap-
peared a little above the furface, but was quite
covered at the tide of flood. A fhip was faid
to have {truck on this rock, that was carrying
over the Emperor Tayko, and to have been loft:
The Emperor was faved; but the Captain of
the veffel, in order to wreak vengeance on him-
felf, according to the cuftom of the Japanefe,
ripped up his own belly. In memory of this
difafter, a fquare hewn ftone, about twenty-four
inches high, has been erected on this rock.

Simon of eki is not the feat of a Prince, nor, in-
deed, one of the largeft towns in the country ;
but its fituation renders it a place of note, and
it has a very good and much- frequented har-
bour, where frequently from 200 to 300 veffels
are feen riding at anchor. Generally fpeaking,
all fuch veffels run in here as are bound from
the Weftern to the Eaftern coaft, or vice verfa ,
either for the purpofe of difeharging fome of
their wares here, or of making a good port in
cafe of a ftorm.

On account of the great number of people
who flock to this place from all parts of the
kingdom, the trade here is very brifk. As

SltaONOSEKr, 177C

Wares and commodities are brought to this port
from other parts, a great number of articles are
to be had here that are not to be procured
elfewhere. In a place where fo many people
are afiembled together, from all parts of the
country, public ftews were undoubtedly, ac-
cording to the ideas of the Japanefe, highly ne-
celTary ; and houfes of this kind have, therefore,
been eftablifhed, for the accommodation of tra-
vellers. Thefe the Dutch were not even fuf-
fered to fee ; but when we had liberty to walk
about the town, the gates of that ftreet where
they flood, were carefully locked.

This town is fituated at one end of Nipon t
which is the largeft of all the iflands, and con-
tains the two capitals of the kingdom, in which
alfo there is a road to Jedoj this however we
did not take, it being very bad* and moun-
tainous.

A fpecies of Ulm (or fea weed) was gather-
ed on the fea beach here, which was called
Aroa Nori, and which, when dried and roafled
ever the coals, and afterwards rubbed down to
a very fine powder, was eaten with boiled rice,
and fometimes put into Mifb fbup.

For a cold in the head, which one eafily gets
in this country, at the change of weather from
warm to cold, the Japanefe made ufe of a very
fine kind of fnuff, like Spanifh. This fnuff is
I 2 brought

*1$ JOURNEY TO THE COURT,

brought them by the Chinefe, in fmall opake
bottles of green glafs.

Laxa, is the denomination given to a kind of
thread or firing, about four yards long, which
is fold rolled up almofl all over the country. It is
made of wheat or buck-wheat- flour, and is
fold by weight. That which was made from
Buck- wheat, was in a more peculiar manner
called Sabakiri, by the Japanefe. This firing
is cut into fmall pieces, and mixed with foup,
to which it gives a very agreeable, and fome-
what glutinous tafle, without diflblving in the
liquor, and is very nourifhing. When put into
foup, with leeks and force-meat balls made of
fifh, this difh is called Niometii but, if it be
mixed with Cayenne pepper or foy, it is called
Somen.

We now befpoke, againft our return home,
either for our own confumption or for fale,
two commodities in particular, which were rice,
of which they have here the very bell fort j and
charcoal, which we wanted for the purpofe of
dreffing our victuals, and warming our rooms in
winter.

Here they do not reckon by thayls, but by
maafes, fo that for one thayl they count ten
maafes j and for ten thayls one hundred maafes :
and in order to make their payments agreeably
to this mode of reckoning, they have feveral

forts

STMONOSEKT, 1776' « I?

forts of coins, large and fmall, made of gold,
filver, copper, and iron. There is no repre-
fentative or paper money in this country ; but
it is all in fpecie, coined and ftamped by the
government: though the filver coin is not
always of the fame fize, for which reafon the
merchants never fail to weigh it before they
take it.

On the \ith of March we embarked on board
a large Japanefe veflel of ninety feet in length,
which is hired annually upon the Dutch com-
pany’s account, at the rate of four hundred and
eighty rixdollars, for the purpofe of conveying
the ambafiador to Fiogo. This voyage is about
one hundred leagues in length, and with a good
wind is fometimes performed in eight days.
Another fimilar veffel accompanied us, which
carried our baggage and retinue.

We took up our quarters in the cabin.
Our banjos had his room partitioned off to
himfelf on one fide, and the Dutch had the
greateft part on the other. This fide was
divided into two rooms, a very fmall bed-cham-
ber for the ambafiador, and a larger apartment
for me and the fecretary, which was alfo ufed as
a dining-room. The reft was occupied by the
interpreters and other officers.

A veflel of this kind ranks amongft the
largeft that are built in this country, being
J 3 about

ill JOURNEY TO COURT.

about twenty-five feet broad, and very fquare
at the ftern, with a wide and large opening there
for the rudder, which can eafily be unhinged.
Agreeably to the ftri&eft orders, all veflels muft
be in this form, with a view to prevent the fub-
jeefts from going to fea in them, and quitting
the country : they are frequently built of fir or
cedar, but are not nearly fo ftrong as the European
veflels. The keel has a turn upwards fore and
aft. They have only one maft, and in a calm
they are rowed. When we arrived in any of
the harbours, our maft was put down, and
refted on poles fixed for that purpofe; after
which, in cafe it rained or was very cold, the
fail was Ipread out by way of awning, fo as to
cover the whole velfel, and completely fhelter
the people in it from the weather. It had in-
deed, properly fpeaking, only one deck ; but
the cabin with its poop formed, in a manner, a
fecond, on which we could walk, and acrols
which the maft lay. The cabin therefore, on
board of thefe, as well as all the pleafure-boats in
Japan, is very large and roomy, and is capable of
holding a great number of people. This, in the
fame manner as other rooms in their houfes, can be
divided into fmall compartments, all handfomely
papered, and the floor covered with mats made
of rice-ftraw. The moft furprizing circum-
ftance is, that the cabin projects on each fide

over

KAMIKOSjEKI, 1776- II9

over the veffel’s Tides, and is therefore broader
than the veffel itfelf, which has not a pecu-
iiarly elegant appearance. Along its Tides there
are feveral windows.

From Simonofeki we failed to Kamiro , which
is thirty-fix leagues, and after having left this
place, and proceeded feven leagues farther, we
met with contrary winds, and were obliged to
anchor off Nakajfima. But the wind continuing
contrary, and the ftorm increafing, we were
obliged to weigh anchor, and fail fourteen leagues
back to Kaminojeki , in order to get into a
better and fafer harbour. Here we were under
the difagreeable neceffiry of Haying alrnoft three
weeks, before we got a good and profperous wind
to carry us on our voyage.

All this time we lay conftantly on board,
but had feveral times, neverthelefs, an oppor-
tunity to go afhore and amufe ourfelves in the
inns and temples.

Whilft the ftorm lafted, the air was very
cold j fo that we were forced to keep fires in the
rooms j notwithftanding which we were torment-
ed with colds and catarrhs.

The country all over this coaft was moun-
tainous, but, neverthelefs, in the higheft degree
cultivated, infomuch, that the mountains in feve-
ral places refembkd beautiful gardens.

1 4 Here,

120

JOURNEY TO COURT.

Here, as well as at Simonofeki, there were
certain young men, whom the burghers ceded
to the burgomafter to wait upon him, for a
fhorter or longer time. Thefe youths, who were
known by the name of Kodcm, were the burgh-
ers own fons j they were well drefied, wore long
trowfers, like people in office, and after a ffiort
time were relieved by others.

The women here wore a ftrange kind of cap,
which covering the fore-part of the head, pro-
jected at the fides, and was tied under the chin.
It was made of white Chenille, and by means of
pafte rendered quite fmooth and fleek. T hefe caps
were laid to be ufed only in winter ; though, for
my part, I could not conceive that they were
capable of imparting any warmth.

Not only the ladies of pleafure, but ladies of
reputation likewife, are in the habit of paint-
ing j and the married women had every where
pulled the hairs out of their eye-brows, which
amazingly difguifed even the moft beautiful
countenances.

I faw feveral kinds of fruit, the produce
of this country, either dried or preferved
in yeaft, in a mode which is, I fancy, only
pradtifed at Japan or China. The fruit that
was only dried, fuch as plumbs and the like,
was called Melos ; but fuch as was preferved
either whole, or elfe, if it was very large, cut
into dices, was termed Menaratjki . For this

purpofe

221

KAMINQSEKI, I77&

purpofe the yeaft of fakki is ufed, a liquor
prepared from rice. The acid of the yeaft
penetrates into the fruit, gives it in fome mea-
fure a tafte, and preferves it the whole year
through, or longer. Me fignifies fruit j Nara
the place in Japan where the fruit is thus pre-
ferved in fakki yeaft, and Juki fignifies to pre-
ferve. Konomon is a kind of large cucumber,
which is for the moft part preferved in this
manner, is tranfported in firkins to other places,
and eaten with roaft meat, or other dilhes. It
taftes much like pickled cucumbers.

The long time that we were obliged to lay at
Kaminojekiy on account of contrary winds, the
Japanefe pafied away with games and lports of
various kinds. With relpedt to fuch of them
as were my friends, I filled up their time by
giving them leftures on the art of healing j and
fometimes by queftions about their country, its
government, and regulations in point of rural ce-
conomy, but particularly with refpedt to their lan-
guage, which furnilhed me with the means of
entirely completing the Vocabulary I had pre-
vious to this period already begun.

Siobuts was a kind of game which by the in-
terpreters was called, in Dutch, the game of the
goofe ( Ganfe-fpeel ). In playing this game they
made ufe of a thick checkered paper, with dif-
ferent figures delineated upon each fquare. A

die

121 JOURNEY TO COURT.'

die was thrown, and each player had a wooden
flice, or fomething of the kind, with which he
marked up his throw on the figures.

Cards are by no means a favourite diverfion
with the Japanefe ; befides, they are very ftridtly
prohibited. I faw them played on board of
the vefiel fometimes, but never on fliore. The
cards are made of thick and ftiff paper, two
inches long, and one inch or more broad :
they are fifty in number, black on the under
fide, and diffimilarly marked on the upper.
The cards were laid in different heaps, and on
each heap the money j after which they were
turned up, in order to fee who had won. So
that this game very much refembled that which
with us is called Sala hybika.

During our ftay here I made myfelf acquainted
with the Japanefe compafs. This inftrument
is divided into twelve points : that is, firft, into
the cardinal points, E. N. S. and W. ; and
afterwards, each of thefe into three more. The
points bear the name of certain animals, fuch
as for the North, which is in their language
called Kitta i. the Rat, in the Japanefe lan-
guage Ne.i a. the Cow or Ox, Us ; and 3. the
Tiger, 'Tor a ; for the East or Figafi ; 4. the
Hare, U; 5. the Dragon, Tars 6. the Serpent,
Mi-, for the South or Mima mi, 7. the Horfe,
Uma ; 8, the Sheqp, Fr.h <i the Ape, Sam ;

fir

KAMINOSEKI, 1776. 14 $

for the West or Nis, io. the Hen, ‘Ton-, n. the
Dog, lnu ; and 12. the Wild Boar , I.

Some peculiarities occurred in their language,
which to me appeared to be worth attending
to. Iquang fignifies with them a thoufand,
but is not ufed on any other occafion than in
counting out money; one hundred thayls or a
thoufand manas, therefore, is always denoted by
Iquang me. Mono fignifies both a human being
and goods ; but thefe two different fignifications
are denoted by different letters when the word
is written. SJugi fignifies Cedar wood ( CupreJ \
Jus and Juniperus) and the particle over j both
are founded alike, but written differently. In
like manner, Kang fignifies warm as well as cold.
Fas has a threefold fignification ; that is, firft,
the fmall and round lacquered flicks with which
they eat, inftead of a fork ; fecondly, a bridge,
and laftly ( margo ) the edge of a table, or of any
thing elfe. Yefterday, or the preceding day, they
exprefs three different ways : viz. Kinno , Senjits ,
and Sakkufits.

The people in office at this place, who wore
two fabres, were called Samrai ; and fuch as
were entitled to wear but one, were called
SFjonen.

At laft, after waiting a long time, we weighed
with a more favourable and prolperous wind,
and failed to Dtine Kameru , where we again let fall

opr

125

JOURNEV TO COURT.

our anchor. All around us, as before, we ob-
ferved iflands of various fizes, betwixt which we
failed j thefe waters being filled with them.

At every place where we anchored, the Ja-
panefe were very anxious to go on fliore, in
order to bathe. Cleanlinefs is the conftant ob-
ject of thefe people, and not a day pafles in which
they do not wafh themfelves, whether they are at
home or out upon a journey. In all towns and
villages, inns and private houfes, therefore, there
are baths. The poorer fort of people pay a
trifle only for bathing ; but as many of them
are apt to ufe the fame water without changing,
it frequently happens that they catch the itch
and other contagious diftempers.

Of children, there were here, as well as in the
villages in other parts, great numbers, and it
was thefe only that called out after us, when at
any time we landed. I obferved every where
that the chaftifement of children was very mo-
derate. I very feldom heard them rebuked or
fcolded, and hardly ever faw them flogged or
beaten, either in private families or on board of
the vefiels; while in more civilized and en-
lightened nations, thefe compliments abound.
In the fchools one might hear the children read
all at once, and fo loud, as almoft to deafen
onei

Our

KAMINOSEKI, 1 ^ 6 '. I2§

Our coafting voyage was again continued to
Miter ai, between a number of fmall iflands, and
in a narrower channel between two large provinces.
The harbour here is large and fafe ; on which
account this place is always fought as an an-
chorage by a great number of vefiels.

In all the fea-ports great care has been taken
to eftablith a brothel (and for the moil part
feveral) even in the fmalieft villages. They
were commonly the handfomeft houfes in the
place, and fometimes were even fituated near
their idol’s temples. In fo fmall a place as
Dfino Kameru there were faid to be no lels than
fifty women ; in Kaminofeki there were two
houfes, both which together contained eighty
ladies, and in Miter ai there weie no lcfs than four
of thefe reputable houfes.

Amazed at fiich a vicious inftitution amongfl:
a people, in other refpefts fo fenuble and judi-
cious, I was at fome pains to find out from the
interpreters when, and on what occafion, this
inftitution had originated, and afterwards been
diffufed all over the country. In anfwer to my
enquiries I was informed, that this diffolute
eftablilhment had not fubfifted here in ancient
times; but had firft taken rife during the
civil war which was carried on, when the fecu-
Jar emperor, as generalifilmo of the army, dif-
poffefied the Dairi of the imperial power, except

that

il6 JOUR.NET TO COURT;

that, which he ftill' holds in ecclefiaftical mat-
ters. At that time the Dairi was obliged, being as
yet very young, to flee, with his fofter- mother and
his court, to SimonO'feki. The Dairi’s domeftics
oonfifted then, as they do at prefent, of none but
the fair fex, and he is even now confidered as
0 holy, that no male may approach him. In
this flight over fea, being purfued by the enemy,
his fofter-mother leaped with him into the fea,
where they both peri /lied. His female fervants
who arrived at Simonofeki, and had nothing left
to fublift on, were under the necefiity of adopt-
ing a rather dilhonourable mode of gaining their
livelihood. This, as feveral people allured me,
gave the firft rife to houfes of this kind; the
number of which has fince, during the civil
war and difturbances of many years continu-
ance, gradually increafed.

The interpreters told me likewife, that thefe
women are not called by the fame name every
where, or alike regarded. In Simonofeki they are
ftill more peculiarly called Joruffi> and this name
was before, and ftill is borne by the Dairi’s concu-
bines, who, befides his real wife, are twelve in
number. All others out of Simonofeki are
are ufually called Keife or Ke/e. The name
fignifies a caftle that is turned upfide down, and
therefore is perfe&ly well adapted to thefe wo-
men, who have made the tranfition from chaftity

to

riOGO, 1776. 127

to difiionour. The Faifats are a lower fort*
who are at any man’s fervice, viz. for eight konde-
ryns. Fai Gin was a coin formerly in circu-
lation, of very bad lilver, and of the value of a
konderyn. Eight of thefe Fai gins y therefore,
have given them their prefent name. The
Ofiahv were defcribed as being of the lowed:
clafs, who ran about the ftreets begging. Thefe
were faid to have received their denomination
from a woman of that name, who was a lunatic,
and alfo an idle good for nothing hufley. The
thinking part of the Japanefe however could
not but allow, that thefe inftitutions were inde-
cent, and a fcandal to the nation.

Sigaki are a kind of oyfters which are caughS
■at Miterai, and are well tafted.

Here and at feveral other places I law in
what manner the Japanefe preferved their craft
againft the ravages of that deftrudtive worm,
the Fere do Navalis. After having dragged the
veflel up on the ftrand, they burned both fides of
it as high as the water ufually reaches, till the
veflel was well covered with a coat of charcoal.
This may perhaps contribute to preferve them
likewife from rotting.

Proceeding on our voyage, we again fet fail
with a more favourable wind for Fiogo y where
we arrived after a difagreeable and dangerous
palTage of twenty-fix days. As often as the

Japanefe

JOURNEY TO COURt.

128

Japanele went on ffiore, they always took care
to kill geefe, ducks, and fowls, which were
dreffed for our table but when they are out at
fea, they are fo fuperftitious, as not to kill any
living creature. Therefore, that we might not
for feveral days together be without roafted
birds, I was obliged to take upon myfelf the
office (which was not very troublefome indeed)
of killing them.

In fine weather feveral forts of ducks, and par-
ticularly the Anas Galericulata (or Chinefe Teal)
were affembled in thefe waters (where they are
never feared away by the gun) in fuch numbers,
that at a diftance they appeared like large iflands,
and were not in the lead afraid of us as we
pafied them, not even of me, who was their
daily butcher.

Fiogo is fituated about ten leagues (or thirteen
fea-leagues) from OJaka, direftly oppofite to it in
the fame Bay. It has a large bafon, which
however is open to the fouth, and was therefore
formerly confidercd as uncertain and dangerous
towards that fide. This difagreeable circum-
ftance has neverthelefs been removed by the
Emperor Feki, at an incredible expence, and
with great labour and difficulty, in undertak-
ing which great numbers of people are faid to
have perifhed. This emperor caufed a dam to
be made to the fouthward of the harbour, in

order

FIOGO, 1)76. ii$

order to prevent the fea from breaking into it.
The dam round which we failed appeared at
firft fight like a fand- bank, and was not much
below the furface of the water. Several hun-'
dred veffels, befides ours, had taken fhelter here;
on which account this' harbour is of the more
confequence, as the water as far as Ofaka is but’
lhallow, and does not admit of large veffeis'
getting: up thither. The town, like Nagafaki/
is built along the fhore of the harbour, and then’
on the riling ground that Hopes off gradually
from the mountains. The concourfe of people
here is very great, and the town tolerably exten-
five and handfome.

K^mpfer make's- mention, that he went in
fmall boats from Fiogo to Ofaka'; but although'
we were here obliged to quit our larger veflel,
we travelled from hence' by land to Kanjaki,
from which place we were carried over in veffels
three leagues to Ofaka.

On tht ith of April, in the morning, we fet’
out for Ifmomia , in order to dine there; after
this we went to Amagajaki , a fortified town on
the fea coaft, where, after a journey of two'
leagues, we relied a little, and then went a league'
farther on to the village of Kanjaki , near a large
river. From this place we ordered ourfelves to’
be fet over in boats to the mouth of that large
ftream which runs through the town of Ofaka

vol. in. K down

13a JOURtfEY TO COURT.

down into 'the bay, and which is about the" dif-
tance of three leagues.

Our new hoft was the firft who came in a boat
to meet us on the river, and then conduced us
up the fame through the luburbs, which had
been built all along its banks, and which were
covered by feveral hundreds. of veflels, that bore
witnefs to the great and extenfive traffic of this
town. After we had parted feveral bridges, the
gates, and the guard- houfes that flood on each
fide of thefe latter, we perceived that we were
come into the town itfelf.

Here we were extremely well lodged and
treated. Shortly after our arrival, our hoft
entered, dreffed- in his belt clothes, and, with a
joyful countenance and the moft refpedtful de-
meanor, congratulated us, through the interpre-
ter, on our fafe arrival after fuch a long and
tedious voyage,, and brought with him one of
his fervants, who produced, as ufual, a fmall
fquare table with a prefent, which v/as likewife
decorated in the moft fuperb manner. This
prefent confifted of. feveral oranges of the com-
mon fize, but with a thick, rind, a few Micans, or
fmaller oranges with a. thinner rind, and a few
dried figs. On the top of this prefent was laid a
folded paper, tied over .with red and gilded paper-
thread, at the end of which was parted a ftrip of
Sea- weed (Fucus). Round^ about it alfo were

laid

OSAKA, I 776 . 13 1

kid feveral fquare pieces of the fan'll fea-weed.
All this is according to the etiquette ; and is a
demonftration of the higheft refpedt for the tra-
velling fixanger.

Among other things, we had for fupper a
kind of fifh called Abrame , which was extremely
well tafted.

The firfl: thing we had now to do, was to
teftify our gratitude to the Captain who had
brought us fafe in the large vefifel to Fiogo,
and, together with fome of the crew, had borne
us company hither, and taken care of our bag-
gage. For my part, I had to pay him fix thails,
and to the Tailors leven maas, five konderyns.
In like manner, we were each of us obliged to
pay three thails to thofe who had guarded
and taken care of our Norimons, and to the
fervant fent with us by the Governor, fix thails,
amounting altogether to about iixteen rixdol-
lars.

In Ofaka, we ftaid that day and night only j
and, in the mean time, were vifited by feveral
merchants, from whom we belpoke feveral arti-
cles, correlponding with the famples which they
fhewed us, and which were to be ready at our
return. Such were, in particular, infefts of cop-
per, and artificial trees varnifhed, fans of vari-
ous kinds, writing paper, paper for hangings,
arid fome other rarities.

K Ofaka }

OJaka i^one of the five imperial towns
which belong to the fecular emperor^ it is go-
verned in his name, and, in like manner as Na-
gafaki, by two governors, one of whom goes to
the court every other year, and in the interme-
diate year exercifes the functions of government.
This is, at the fame time, one of the greatell
commercial towns in the empire, on account of
its fituation near the coaft, and almoft in the
center of the country. In confequence of the
incredibly great fupply of every article from all-
parts of the country, provifions are here very
cheap, and the mod wealthy artifts and mer-
chants have eftabliflhed themfelves here. The
river Jedogawa, up which we failed to the town,
runs through the ftreets, and is divided by
means of. canals into feveral branches. The ci-
tadel, which {lands on one fide of the town, is
almoft one league fquare, and, in the ftyle of this
country, well fortified. Acrofs the river, which
runs, through the town, not only expenfive
bridges of cedar are built, but they are alfo nu-
merous, and fome of them very long, from 300
to 360 feet. In almoft every houfe, the front of
the ground floor is either a workfhop or a large
fale-fhop, where the goods are hung out to the
view, to entice purchafers. Many rich people
retire to this place, to fpend their fortunes,
this" town is the moft pleafant in all Japan fo

that

JODO, 1776. I33

that it is in Japan, what Paris is in Europe, a
place where an incefiant round of amufements
is to be had. The governor of the town
pofieflfes no authority over the citadel ; but
it is under the care of two other governors or
commandants alternately, who relieve each other
every third year, and who have no command in
the town. One of them refides always at court,
and when he goes down to relieve his predecef-
for, the exchange is attended with this particu-
lar circumftance, that thefe two are not to fpeak
to each other ; and when one enters, the other
mult go out, and immediately proceed to the
court, to give an account of his adminiftra-
tion.

As it was thirteen miles from Ofaka to Miaco,
we were obliged to fet out early in the morning
on the 9//' of April. We were awakened, there-
fore, before it was day-light ; and after having
drank a dilh ofcoffee, and got ready our bread and
butter for breakfaft, proceeded on our journey;
the Japanefe w'ho went before with a great
number of torches to light us on our way, al-
rnoli continually cheering us with their enliven-
ing fongs. After travelling two miles, and ar-
riving at a large village called Morikuts , we and
our bearers repofed for a while. After this, we
proceeded three leagues to a larger village, viz-.
Firakatta , where we again relied and took feme
K 3 refrelh-

I34 JOURNEY TO COURT.

refrelhment. After which, we went on to ano-
ther reftlng place, viz. Jodo, one league farther,
and dined rather late- at Fufimi , to which it was
more than a league. Jodo is a fmall, but hand-
fome town, and has plenty of water. Its bridge,
called Jodo has, is one of the largefl in that
kingdom, being 400 paces in length. The
town is defended by a citadel, fituated on one
fide of it, in which a prince keeps court.
Fufimi is, in fa£t, nothing more than a village s
but then.it is three leagues long, and reaches
quite to the imperial capital, Miaco, of which it
may be confidered as the fuburbs.

Excepting in Holland, I never made fo plea-
fant a journey as this ; with regard to the beau-
ty and delightful appearance of the country. Its
population too, and cultivation, exceed all ex-
prefiion. The whole conntry on both fides of
us, as far as we could fee, was nothing but a
fertile field, and the whole of our long day’s
journey extended through villages, of which one
begun where the other ended, and which were
built along the road.

This day, I faw feveral carts driving along
the road, which were the firft I had feen, and
indeed, were the only wheel-carriages uled in
and about the town of Miaco, there being other-
wife none in the country. Thefe carts were long
and narrow, with three wheels^ viz. the two

ufual

FU SI MI, 1776. 1 35

ufual wheels, and one before. The wheels \yere
made of an entire piece of wood flawed off a
log. Round the felly was put a cord, or fome
fuch thing, to prevent the wheel from wearing
away by fri&ion. Nearer the town, and in it,
thele carts were larger and clumfier, fometimeS
with two wheels only, and drawn by an ox.
Some of thefe carts too were like thofe of Eu-
rope, with naves and fpokes, but not mounted
with iron, and very liable to be broken. None
were allowed to drive thefe carts, excepting on
one fide of the road, which, on that account,
leemed much broke up. For this purpofe, too,
a regulation was made, that the carts fiiould
fet out in the forenoon, and return in the after-
noon, in order that they might not meet each
other.

Small calces made of boiled flour of rice,
fometitr.es coloured green and fometim.es white,
were to be purchafed at all the inns, and like-
wife in the villages j thefe were bought by tra-
vellers, and particularly by the norimon carriers,
who ate them with their tea, which was every
where kept in readinefs for the convenience of
travellers.

Near the river Miacos, dwelt a great' num-
ber of Pelicans , who had made their nefts in
pine-trees all along the road, as had alio ducks
and other wild-fowl ; notwithftanding that, even
the banks of the river were not left fiee for
K 4 them

JOURNEY TO COURT.

*3 5

them to dwell on, but were every where inhabited
and cultivated.

I had imagined, that during fo long a jour-
ney, in a country to which Europeans have fel-
dom any accefs, I fhould have been able to col-
left a great number of fcarce and unknown
plants ; but I was never in my life fo much difap-
pointed. In molt of the fields which were now
iowed, I could not difcover the leaft trace of
weeds, not even throughout whole provinces. A
traveller would be apt to imagine, that no weeds
grew in Japan; Eut the induftrious farmers pull
them diligently up, fo that the moft Iharp-fight-
ed botanift can hardly difcover any uncommon
plant in their well-cultivated fields. Weeds and
fences were equally uncommon in this country ;
a country furelv, in this refpeft, inexpreffibly
fortunate. The feed is fown on fmall beds of
about the breadth of a foot, and feparated by a
furrow above a foot broad. On thele fmall beds,
wheat or barley is fown, eirher crofiways in rows,
at a fma}! diftance from each other, or elfe
lengthways in two rows. After the corn is
grown up to the height of about twelve inches,
earth is taken out of the furrow, which is
thus converted into a ditch, and this earth
is carefully laid about the borders, which,
by this means, receive frefo nouriiliment and
manure,

In

FUSIMT, 1776. *37

In confequence of fo laborious an operation,
the corn fields bear the exa6t appearance of cab-
bage-beds, which makes the view of the heights
in particular enchanting, thefe being bordered
at the foot with a ftone wall, fo that they have
all the appearance of being furrounded by ram-
parts. If thefe heights are fown, which is not
feldom the cafe, with rice, then the water which
is collected on their tops from the clouds and
the rain, is condu&ed from them to the lower-
jnoft parts, fo that they are laid under water by
means of a wall raifed at the bottom, of an
equal height, through which the water may be
let out at pleafure.

In the beginning of April, the farmers began
to turn over the ground that was intended for
rice. This, by means of its raifed borders, lay
now almofi: entirely under water. The ground
was turned up with a hoe, that was fo me what
crooked, with a handle to it, and was a foot in
length, and of a hand’s breath. Such rice-fields
as lay low and quite under the water, were
ploughed with an ox or cow, for which work
thefe animals only are ufcd in this country.

The other fields which w£re fown with Eaft-
Jndian kale ( Brajfica Orientalist appeared now in
the month of April, gilded all over with yellow
flowers, and gliftened even at a great didance.
The feeds of this kind of kale, called Natanns %

are

JOURNEY TO COURT.

*38

are commonly prefled j and the oil exprefled
from them ( Nat ami abra) is ufed all over the
country for burning in lamps. The feed is ripe
in May, and the root is not ufed.

In feveral places I faw a kind of M u (1 a r d ( Sin a -
pis cernua) cultivated. The Japanefe feldom ufe
the feed of it to their victuals ; but it was that
kind which was fold to us now during our jour-
ney, and to the faftory, for common milliard.

The hufbandmen who were occupied in dig-
ging, were always followed by feveral beautiful
whitifh herons ( slrdea:), which cleared the fields
of worms, and were very tame. On account of
the fervice thefe birds are of, they are confider-
ed here as privileged, and are not feared away
nor molefted by any one.

In the town of Miaco we were lodged in the
upper ftory, which is not cuftomary in other
places, and we remained here four days. Our
great chefts were alfo opened, that we might take
out a change of linen and other clothes, and
necefiary provision for the remainder of the voy-
age.

During this time we had an audience of the
chief juflice and the two governors of the town,
who had all prefents made them from the Dutch
company. We were carried in our norimons
to their palaces, and treated with green tea, to-
bacco, and fweetmeats. The chief juflice (greet
t echier) is almoft the only male at the Dam’s or

cede-

MIACOj X776. Ijp

ecelefiaftital emperor’s court. He is, as ti were, his
vicegerent or court marlhal, who, in the name of
his great matter, regulates and orders every thing
about the court, and more efpecially in eccle-
fiaftical matters out of the court. He grants
paJTes to all thole who travel higher up the
country, or to the fecular emperor’s court.
This much-relpe&ed man is, neverthelefs, not
appointed by the Dairi, but by Kubo, and is gene-
rally an elderly man, and one whofe underftand-
ing is ripened by age and experience. Some
trufty old man, who at the fame time is polfelfed
of a tolerable portion of wealth, was faid to be
chofen for this office by the fecular emperor;
and as the income of this place is trifling and
infufficient, he genarally grows very poor in time
with his high appointment.

The Dairi’s court and palace is within the
town, and, as it were, in a feparate quarter of it,
forming of itfelf a large town, furrounded by
fofles, and a ftone wall. We had not the good
fortune to get a fight of it, otherwife than from a
confiderable diftance. Within it lives the Dairi,
with his concubines, a great number of his at-
tendants, and priefts. Within this palace all his
pleafure lies, and here he pafles his whole life,
without once going out of it. When the Dairi at
any time leaves his apartments in order to walk
in the gardens, it is made known by figns, to

the

140 JOURNEY TO COURT.

the end that no one may approach to fee this
country’s quondam ruler, now merely its pope,
veiled with power in ecclefiaftical matters only,
but who is confidered as being fo holy, that no
man muft behold him. During the few days
we ftaid here, his holinefs was pleafed once to
inhale the pure air out of doors, when a fignal
was given from the wall of the cattle.

Although Kubo, the temporal emperor, as
generalifiimo of the army, had wrefled to himfelf
the chief power, dill, however, the greateft honours
were left to the Dairi. For fome time after the
revolution, Kubo made alfo annually a journey
to Miaco, in order ,to pay his refpefts to the
Dairi. But of late years thefe vifits have been
now and then neglefted, and are now faid to
be entirely laid afide.

Miaco is not only the oldelt capital, but alfo
the largeft commercial town in the empire, an
advantage, for which it is indebted to its central
fituatioj). It ftands on a level plain of about four
leagues in length, and half a league in breadth.
Fdere are edablilhed the greated: number, and, at
the fame time, the bell of workmen, manufac-
turers, and artifts, as alfo the mod capital mer-
chants, fo that almod every thing that one can.
*widi or defire is to be purchaled here : velvets
and filks wove with gold and filver, wrought
metals and manufactures in gold, filver, and cop-
per j

14*

0IT3 i 1776.

per j likewife, fowas, clothes, and. the belt of
weapons. The celebrated Japanefe copper, after
being roafted and fmelted at the fmelting houfe,
is refined and manufactured here. All the coin
too is ftruck here and ftamped. And as at thr?
Dairi’s court all kinds of literature are en-
couraged and fupported, as at a royal academy,
therefore all books that are publifhed, are print-
ed .here.

Here the fuperior interpreter delivered to us
a fum of money in new kobangs, for us to lay
out during our journey in rarities and merchan-
dize, or in what manner foever we might chufe.
The iecretary and I received each of us three
hundred rixdollars, but which we Were afterwards
obliged to refund from our kambang ftock in
Nagafaki.

After befpeaking from thofe merchants who
were permitted to vifit us feveral articles, fuch
as fowas-work, fans, and lacquered ware in par-
ticular, to be ready by our return,

On the 14 th of A-pril we fet out on our
journey. Before we had travelled one league
we arrived at Keagi, where we made a
Ihort halt. We had not much farther to
go from hence to Jaco Tiaia, where we again
refted a little. To Fafiri it was fomewhat
more than a mile, and about the fame diftance
from thence to Jfiba or Otis, where we dined.
Oils is fituated near a lake of the fame name

whic

I42 JOURNEY TO COURT.

which, in proportion to its length of forty Ja-
panel’e miles, is very narrow. Ancient hiftories
relate, that this lake was formed in one night
only by an earthquake, in which this whole
tract of country gave way and disappeared.
This lake is very convenient for the convey-
ance of goods and merchandize by water to the
adjacent places, and is likewife remarkable from
the circumftance, that, though it is only a frefh-
water lake, it contains falmon ; a fpecies of
fifh which is otherwife fo very fcarce, and, in-
deed, hardly ever to be feen in the Eaft Indies.
Some falmon were brought to us to buy for our
table, which were very delicious. The largeft
that I had an opportunity of feeing weighed about
ten pounds. Finding in the courfe of our jour-
ney that we often had this fpecies of fifh brought
to us, we ordered fome to be fmoked againft our
return however they were not to be compared to
our European falmon, either in fatnefs, fize, or
the mode of curing them.

In the afternoon we continued our journey
one league to Tfetta^ one league to Skineva, and
fomewhat more than a league to Rufats , where we
took up our night’s lodging. This village has
at leaft five hundred ground-plots. At Tfetta
we croffed the river over a very long bridge.
The bridge refled on a fmall ifland, which was-

fituated

*43

SEKI, 1776.

fituated nearer to the town than to the oppofite
jhore. It was about three hundred and fifty
paces in length ; built, according to the ufual
mode of this country, in a magnificent ftile, and
furnifhed with baluftrades.

The next morning, being the 15 th of April,
we had above eleven leagues to travel to feveral
villages and towns, which ftood quite clofe to
each other, in a large, rich, and fertile diftrict,
called Omi. Among the moll remarkable of
thefe were, Menoki, Iffibe, Nafumi, Minacuts , Ono,
Mdtfu, Fitsjoma , Ino fana Jaw a, and Sakanofia.
We dined at Minakuts, which is a large inland
town. Here, as well as at the other places,
were fick people r who had come from the ad-
jacent parts for advice from the Dutch phyfi-
cians, in their chronical complaints. Thefe
complaints were frequently either large indurated
glands in the neck, and cancerous ulcers, or
elfe venereal fymptoms, which had generally
taken too deep root.

Towards evening we were come into the
diftridl of Jffi, where we palled through feveral-
villages, and at laft arrived at the town of
Seki , where we took up our night's lodging.

On the 1 6th of April our journey was not
lefs agreeable than it had been the day before,
and, indeed, hitherto in general ; by reafon that

the

JOURNEY TO COURT.

M4

the country of Jfi was very clofdy inhabited,
fertile, and populous, infbtouch that we paffed
through very long villages, which lay upon the
toad, and at very fhort distances from each
other. We were, neverthelefs, whenever we
p*afled through any village, fubje'cl tq an in-
convenience which embittered all our pleafures,
and obliged us to keep the windows of our nori-
mons fhut. A privy, which is neceffary for
every houfe, is always built in the Japanefe vil-
lages towards the ftreet, and at the fide of the
manfion - houfe ; it is open downwards, fo that
the pafiengers may difeharge their water from
the outfide into a large jar, which is funk on the
infide into the earth. The ftench arifing from
the urine and the ordure, as alfo from the offals
of the kitchen, all which were very carefully col-
lected together for the lands, was frequently in
hot weather fo flrong and infupportable, that no
plug introduced into the nofe could difpute the
pafilige with it, and no perfumes were fufficient
entirely to difperfe it. Ufeful and beneficial
as, in other refpedts, I every where found this
branch of the over-firained ceconomy of the
Japanefe, it was equally hurtful to the eyes.
For by the exhalations of this intolerable
vapour, tq which the people had gradually
accuftomed themfelves, the eyes became fo
touch affcdled, that a great many, and par-
ticularly

KWANA, I 776 . 145

ticularly old people, were afflidted with very 1 ed,
fore, and running eyes.

This day we travelled about ten Japanele
miles ; and dined at T/iakuJt, afcer having pafled
through Nofin, Kamirujammi, Moirinojia , and
Soto, and in the evening arrived at a famous
large town near the bay, called Kwarn , after
having pafled through Sutjki, Ojiwaki , Jofaits,
a large town, Tomida and Matjdera.

At Jokaits we were come again to the fea fhore,
which we followed almofl: all the way to the
capital, Jedo ; and in our way had many large
and dangerous dreams to ford, over which no
bridges could be thrown, on account of the great
increafe of the waters in the rainy feafons.

On our way from Jokaits, we were favoured
with the company of three mendicant nuns, one
of which followed each of our norimons, in ex-
pectation of obtaining fome money from the
Dutch. They accompanied us with an even
pace for feveral hours, conftantly begging, al-
though at the very beginning they had received a
handfome piece of filver from us. Their drefs
was neat and clean, but their inceiTant begging
extremely trcublefome. We therefore changed
a piece of gold into pieces of fmall copper coin,
which were ftrung on a ribbon by means of
a fquare hole made in the middle. One or
two of thefe copper coins, called Sent, we dif-
vol . hi. L tributed

JOURNEy TO COURT.

I46

tributed now and then, fo that the expence be,
rame more fupportable to us. The girls were
of different ages, from 16 to 18 years, decent in
their behaviour, except the circumftance of their
begging with fuch pertinacity, and were faid to
be the daughters of priefts of the mountains, a
lort of monks in this country, called Jammabos.
The interpreters told us alfo, that their chief
fupport was begging, that out of their alms they
were obliged to pay a certain tribute to the tem-
of Jfi , and that they were not quite fo well be-
haved and chafte, as, from what we faw, w'e
might fuppofe them to be. They were called
Komano Bikuni.

' Kwana is a large and ftrongly fortified town, in
the province of Omari , which is rich, and of great
confequence amongft the princely provinces of
this empire. Here we took up our night’s lodging,
in a handfome and commodious inn. The town
has two forts, and is furrounded by foffes and
walls. The citadels have high towers, which
fifford a pleafing fight, and in every part of them^
and of the walls, fmall oblong openings are viSble,
through which the befieged may difcharge their
arrows, under coyer of the walls, againft the ene-
mies flrot.

On the \~jth cf April, in the morning, we fet
out from Kwana in a veflel, and eroded the bay
to Mia, which was reckoned feven fea leagues

£u c

147

MIA j 1770.

Bait this voyage was one of the mod extraordi-
nary that ever was made. We embarked with
our retinue and baggage on board of large veffeis
at Kwana ; but when we approached near the
harbour of Mia town, the harbour grew fo fhal-
lowj that we were obliged to make ufe of fmall
boats in order to difembark; neverthelcfs we
could not get up to the town otherwife than by
being puflied over the mud by the hands of two*
men fording it in very little water. So that we
might rather be faid to go by land than by
water, and that a good way up to the town.

Mia therefore, though fituated near the bay, is
a very indifferent harbour, and unfit for larger, and
even for fmaller kinds of veffeis ; notwkhftaoding
which, a confiderable number of them lay here at
anchor. The town has neither walls nor forts,
but is extremely populous, and has great traffic.
There is befides an extraordinary circumftance
with refpeft to Mia, that the middle ftreet pro-
jects full two leagues out of the town, all along
die large river, up to the town of Nagaja, which
is fortified, and is the capital of the province of
Owari.

After having dined in Mia, we let out again on
our journey, and paffing through Kaffadera, Ma->
rumiy Sbigo, and Into Kaws, to Tjiriu , where we
put up at night, making in all four leagues.

On the morning followirg, being the 1 %th of
Slpril we proceeded throv gh U/ida, O/ama and

L % Jafagv

1 48

pURNEY TO COURT.

Jafagi to Okafakt , a fortified town in the province
of Mikawa. Here we dined, after having viewed
and palled over the remarkable bridge which is
laid acrofs the river near the town, and is con-
fidered as the longeft bridge in the whole empire,
being 158 fathoms long. It is built of wood, and
is faid to have coft 30,000 kobangs, or 300,000
rix-dollars. The Prince of the province refides
in the fort, which is well fortified, and adorned
with a high tower and walls.

In the afternoon, palling through Kaginoies,
Fujikawa , Motofiku , Akafiki , Goju, Diokajen ,
and Jcotfia , we travelled fomewhat above feven
leagues farther on to Joots Sida or Joftda } where
we ftaid all night.

The country appeared this day more moun-
tainous than it had for fome time before, but was
interfperfed with level plains and vallies which
were well cultivated. In this month the rice was
tranfplanted. It is firft fown very thick on fepa-
rate beds, like cabbage or other rooted plants,
and, when grown to about a hand’s breadth in
height, taken up, in order to be tranfplanted
out in the fields. For this purpofe feveral roots
are taken together, and with the hand put down
firm into the ground, which is about fix inches
under water. Each bundle is fet a hand’s breadth
or more afunder. This tranfplantation is gene-
rally the women’s bufinefs, who on this occafion

JOSIDA, 1776. I49

are ufed to wade half a leg deep in water and mud.
After this, the rice ripens, and is cut down in
the month of November.

The rice, the grain of which is furrounded with
a hulk, is afterwards cleaned in various ways,
till the grain is totally deprived of all extraneous
matter. In the courfe of my travels I faw feve-
ral of thefe different methods. Sometimes it was
beaten wich blocks which had a conical hole in
them. Thefe blocks were placed in two rows,
generally four on each fide, and raifed by water,
in the lame manner as the wheel of a mill. In
their fall they beat the rice fo that the grain fe-
parated from the chaff. Sometimes, when there
was no opportunity for ere&ing fimilar water-
works, a machine of this kind was worked by a
man’s foot ; who, at the fame time alfo ftirred the
rice with a bamboo. In private families I fome-
times faw rice pounded in fmall quantities, and
for daily ufe, in the fame manner as on board of
the fhips and at other places in the Fait Indies ;
that is, in a hollowed block with a wooden
. peftle.

Fucus Saccharinus ( Komb or Kohu) was thrown
up on the fea-fhore in thefe provinces. I found it
of a confiderable breadth as well as length. Other-
wife it was faid to come from the great ifland
called Matjmai , which lies to the northward of

L 3 Japan.

I

150

JOURNEY TO COURT,

Japan. This FuCus, when dried and c’eanfed from
fand, fair, and other impurities, is ufed by the Ja-
panefe, on feveral occafions. As tough as it may
appear to be, yet it is eaten oecafionally, and par-
ticularly when they meet together to make merry,
and drink Sakki. In thefe cirCumftances it is cut
into pieces and boiled, upon which it grows much
thicker than before, and is mixed with other food.
It is lometimes eaten raw, after being fcraped till it
is white, and in fuch cafe is generally cut into
flips of a nail’s breadth, and two inches in length,
then folded up in the form of a fquare, and tied
over with a finer flip of the breadth of a line, and
three inches in length, cut out of the fame fucus.
Thefe folded fquares are eaten with or without
Sansjo {F agar a piperita.) When prefents are
made, about half a fcore or even a fcore of
thefe fquares are ftrewed about on the fmall table.
When any prefents are made, which is cuftomary
here on many occafions, and is deemed necefiary,
it makes part of the ceremonial to accompany the
prefent with a complimentary paper, as it is
called, which is folded in a Angular manner and
tied. To each end of this paper, a flip is always
palled of this fucus, an inch broad and a quar-
ter of an inch long. This fucus is by fome called
Noli.

In feveral of the villages we palled through,
I faw the manner in which the oil of the Dryandra

Cordata

Cordata ( Abrafin ) was expreffed for the purpofe
of burning in lamps. The prefs lies down on the
ground and confifts of two blocks, between which
the feed is put and crulhed, and the oil expref-
fed. Oneof the blocks is fixed and immoveable,
and againft this the other is forced by means of
graduated wooden wedges, which increafing in
fize at the foremoft end, are driven in with a very
long wooden club. At the fide is an opening to
let out the oil, which is received in a vefiel
placed underneath.

Screens, eight feet high, are contrived fo com-
modious, that they may be put up together in
feveral folds, and are ufed every where to let be-
fore the beds when feveral perfons fleep in one
chamber, or when the occupier wilhes to conceal
any thing in his own room. They ferve alfo to
divide the apartments ; to fet before the windows
by way of keeping off a draught of air ; to put
before the fire-pot in the winter, lb as to make
the room warmer within the fpace thus inter-
cepted, and on many other occafions. Thefe
fcreens are of different fizes ; they are often
handfomely painted, and Covered over with
thick painted paper; for the moll part, they
are compofed of fix different frames, each about
two feet broad.

There is nothing which travellers wear out fo
faff as Ihoes. They are made of rice ftraw, and
platted, and by no means ftrong. The value of
I-- 4 them

JOStDA, 1776.

JOURNEY TO COURT.

*54

them too is trifling, infomuch, that they are
bought for a few copper coins ( Sent ). There is
nothing therefore more commonly expofed to fale
in all the towns and villages, even in the fmallefb
through which the traveller generally pafies.
The Ihoes, or rather the flraw flippers which are
in the mofl general ufe, are without firings ; but
fuch as are ufed on journeys, are furnifhed with
a couple of firings made of twilled flraw, fo that
they may be tied fall about the foot, and do not
eafily fall off. And that thefe firings may not
chafe the inflep, a linnen rag is fometimes laid
over it. On the roads it is not unufual to fee tra -
vellers who carry with them one or more pair of
fhoes, to put on when thofe that are in ufe fail to
pieces. When it rains, or the road is very dirty,
thefe fhoes are foaked through, fo that the tra-
veller is obliged to walk wetfhod. Old worn -out
fhoes are found lying every where by the fide of
the roads, efpecially near rivulets, where travel-
lers, on changing their fhoes, have an opportunity
at the fame time of wafhing their feet.

Small fhoes or flippers of flraw, are ufed for the
horfes all over this country, inflead of iron fhoes.
Thefe are tied above the hoof with flraw firings,
to prevent their feet from being hurt by ftones;
and when the roads are flippery, keep the horfes
from Humbling.- They are not very flrong, cofl
but little, and are to be had every where,

I fa w

153

JOSIDA, 1776.

I faw a curious and peculiar method praflifed
here of conveying the water in times of great
drought to the fubjacent corn-fields. The ri-
vulets, it is true, are both large, and fwell much
in rainy weather j but, at the fame time, they
run off very quickly into the fea, and are then
greatly diminifhed. In order to reap the bene-
fit of thefe, the farmers throw up banks of fe-
veral yards in breadth, and of an immenfe
length, over which they carry the water to a
great diftance, and draw it ofi' as fall as it is
vyanted from the fides on to the fields that lie
below. Several of the rivulets rife in the rainy
feafon fo high, and with fuch rapidity, that no
bridge can refill the force of the current. Thefe
firearm, therefore, muft either be palled in boats,
if that be feafible, or elfe forded.- The bearers
who are ufed to this bufinefs, and fure- footed,
carry the travellers either on their Ihoulders, or
fitting in their norimons ; both which ways, to
me, frequently bore the appearance of being
very dangerous. Some of thefe rivulets after-
wards. dry up, fo that they may be palled dry-
lhod in the fummer.

In the villages were planted in a great many
places Almond and Peach trees ( Amygdalus com-
munis and Perfica) and Apricot trees ( Prunus
plrmeniaca), which all blolfomed this month on
the bare branches, before the leaves had time to

burft

I 54 JOURNEY TO COURT.

bur ft forth from the bud. They furnifloed a
moft pleafing fight to the eye, on account of the
number of blofloms which covered the whole
tree, and even at a diftance made a glorious
appearance with their fnow-whire petals. Thefe,
as well as the Plumb trees ( Primus Tko'neftka),
Cherry trees ( Vrtirtus Cerafus), Apple and Pear
trees ( Pyrus Malus and Cydonia ) bore at this
time both fingle and double flowers. On the
latter, as well as on other deformities of this
kind, the Japanefe fet a great value.

On the 19 tb of April, at noon, we arrived at
a fin all and open town, called Araij, and fiCuatecl
on the borders of a large bay which runs in at that
place from the lea. 1 f its bottom anfvvers its
appearance and lunation, it fhould feem to be'
the lafell and bed' harbour in the world ; and,
if fortified in the European manner, would be
impregnable. \V e had about five leagues j'our-

ney hither, puffing Ifnuri, Ftagaxoa, JeiJUH jama
mura, Sir&jku, and Alot 0 Sirfifka. r his place is
very remade able, on account that here the mer-
chandize and baggage of every traveller arc
f eaich ed, efpecially the baggage belonging to'
the princes who travel upwards to the court.
This frarc'n is made by perlons appointed by
the emperor, and inverted with full powers for
the pur pole, whole duty it rs to fee that no'
women nor arms are introduced, by which

th.e

OYGAWA, 177 6 . 155

the tranquillity of the country might be inter-
rupted. Afcer we had dined, and our baggage
had been fearched, though by no means dri<5tly,
we went to pay our refpefts to the imperial
commiflioners, and then proceeded on our jour-
ney, one league acrofs the bay, in flat-bottomed
vellels, to a town fituated on the other fide of it,
called Majsakki, from whence we proceeded
in the afternoon by the way of Sinowara , Nim-
butjdo , FammamatSy a large and confiderable
town, ‘TinsjenmatSy acrofs Findingawa river in
boats, and farther on pad Jkeda and Daifoin to
Mitjke, in all about leven leagues.

On the following morning, being the goth of
Apriiy we went on pad Mikano y Fukuroj, Nakurj,
and Furagawa, to a large and fortified town
called Kakagawa. Before noon we had tra-
velled four leagues, and here we dined. After
this we continued our route, pading Jcimma
fanoy Nijfaka, Kikugawa, and Kanaja, to the
river Oygawa, in all four leagues. The river
Ojingawa is one of the larged and mod dan-
gerous in the whole country. It does not only
rife high, like others, in rainy weather, but its
courfe towards the fea is inconceivably rapid, and
the bottom of it is at this time frequently covered
with large dones, which the violence of the
dream has carried with it from the mountains.
At all thefe large rivers, where no bridges can

be

I$6 JOURNEY TO COURT.

be built, thegoverment has taken care that the-
traveller fhall be attended, fo as to be enabled
to pafs them without danger, either in boats or
carried by other people. At this dangerous
place, where neither bridge nor boat can be
ufed, the care has been redoubled. Here, there-
fore, is ordered a great number of fuch men as
not only know the bottom well and accurately,
but are alfo ufed to carry travellers acrofs, and
are paid by them according to the height of the
water, and confequently according to the danger.
Thefe fellows are likewife anfwerable with their
lives in cafe of any ftnifter accident happening.
•The pofition in which we were carried over, fit-
ting in our chairs, was exceedingly alarming, ^al-
though the water was not remarkably high, and
did not reach much above the bearers knees.
Several men on each fide bore our norimons,
and others went along-fide of thefe to fupport
them, and prevent their being carried away by
the force of the ftream. In a fimilar manner
the horfes were taken over, with feveral men on
each fide of them, as was alfo all the reft of our
baggage. By way of payment for taking over our
norimon bearers, we here diftributed to each of
them a couple of pinches of ftrung copper coin.
Being arrived fafe over, we had not much more
than half a league to our quarters for the night in
Srnada , a village about one-fourth of a league

in

FAKONIE, 1776. I57

in length. Having relied here two days and
nights, we fet ouc again on the 13d of April,
palling by feveral villages, fuch as Cetto,
Fujida , Avumi, Okabe, and Utjnoja , till we came to
Mariko. After dining here, we paffed the river
Abikawa , and then through Futsjo and Guribara
to our deftined night-quarters in JeJeri , after
having travelled in the courfe of the day above
ten leagues.

On the riifth of April we were obliged to fet out
early in the morning, as this day we had thirteen
leagues to go. After having travelled four
leagues, and paffed Jeferi p.oakits , Obits no,
Frafawa, and Jui, we dined at Kambara. Dur-
ing a journey of five leagues, in the afternoon,
we paffed in veffels a large river, called Fujikawa,
and then thro* Moto Itfiban , or Siro Sakki Joft-
wa.ro, Kaftwabara , Ipon mats, Farra, Numatfo,
and Kifigawa, to Mifima.

Hitherto we had followed the fea coaft ; but at
Ferra again a tradb of land appeared, which was
very mountainous, and over which we were to
travel. The country here too abounded more in
pines and other forts of wood. Fufkaxva River
is very dangerous, and is faidnot to be paf-
fable any where but juft at the fpot where we
croffed it. It is rather deep, and uncommon-
ly broad, and rapid in its courfe, lb that our
rowers, though they pulled with ail their might,
could not take us ftraight over.

At

JOURNEY TO COURT#

153

At Joftwara we were nearer than any where
elie, in the courfeof our journey wepofiibly could
be, to the mountain of Fufi, the top of which we
had already defcried feveral days before, it being
the higheft mountain in that country* and almoft
the whole year round covered with fnow, with which
its white fummit gliftens far above the clouds.
The Japanefe reckon the height of it, in theafcent
from the foot to the top, to be fix leagues. In fiiape
it greatly refembles the one- horned rhinoceros, or
a fugar-loaf, being very thick and fpreading at
the foot, and pointed at the top. When the Japa-
nefe at any time vifit this mountain, where they
believe that the god of the winds (JEolus) has
his refidence, they generally take three days to
afcend it. In the defcent they are not fo flow, as
it is faid to be fometimes performed in a
few hours, when they make ufe of fmall fledges
conftrufted for that purpofe, of ftraw or halm, and
tied before their bodies.

In this neighbourhood I faw feveral boys turn
round on their hands and feet like a wheel, all
along the fandy road, in order to get a little mo-
ney from us; for this purpofe we had before-hand
provided ourfelves with fome fmall copper coin,
which we threw out among)!: them.

After this we arrived at our night-quarters, but
not till late in the evening, and, it being very
daik, by the fight of lanterns and torches.

On

1 59

FAKONIE, 1776.

On the following day a very fatiguing
^nd troublefome route lay before us over the
Fakonie mountains. The whole forenoon was em-
ployed in getting up to the top of them, where
we relied ourfelves, and afterwards fpent the
whole afternoon in getting down on the other
fide to the foot.

This day I was fcldom in my Nqrimon ; but,
ps often as I poffibly could, walked up the hills,
which were pretty thickly covered with bullies
»nd wiid trees, and were the only hills that,
except thofe which lie near the town and harbour
of iNagafaki, I have been allowed to wander up-
on and to examine. But in the fame degree as
1 eafed my bearers of their burthen, I rendered
the journey troublefome to the interpreters, and
more particularly to the inferior officers, who
by rotation were to follow my Heps. I was not
allowed indeed to go far out of the road ; but
having been previoufly ufed to run up rocks
in the African mountains, I frequently got to a
confiderable diftance before my anxious and
panting followers, and thereby gained time to
gather a great many of the % molt curious and
fcarceft plants, which had juft begun to flower,
and which I put up in my handkerchief.

After we had arrived to theUppof th.e moun-
tain, we descended again for about a quarter of

" a league.

l6o JOURNEY TO COURT.

a league, and afterwards continued our route to
Fakonie village, where we dined, befpoke againft
our return feveral pieces of lacquered wooden ware
and other merchandife, and viewed this beautiful
fpot, fituated fo extremely high as it is, and on a
very extenfive mountain. Here was alfo a lake
of a tolerable fize, with an ifland in the middle.
The water of it was fweet, and amongft other
forts of fifh it contained falmon, which was fet
upon our table.

Although the road went up hill continually all
the forenoon, neverthelefs the country was culti-
vated and inhabited in feveral different places.
From Mifina we travelled through Skawero t
Jamma Nakka, and Kapto Jes.

One of the handfomeft andlargeft trees that I faw
here,' was the fuperb and incomparable Thuja do-
labrata , which was planted every where by the
road fide. I confiderthis tree as the handfomeft
of all the fir-leaved trees, on account of its height,
its ftraight trunk, and its leaves, which are con-
ftantly green on the upper, and of a filver-white
hue on the under part. As I did not find it in
flower here, nor any of its cones with ripe feed in
them, 1 therefore ufed my endeavours to pro-
cure, through the interpreters and others of my
friends, a few feeds and growing plants of it, which
I afterwards fent over to Holland by the firft
conveyance.

A

FAKONIE, 1776. l6 t

A fhrub grew here tb which I gave the name
of Lindera ; its w T ood is white and foft, and the
Japanefe maketooth-brufhesofit, with which they
brufli and clean their teeth, without injuring
either the gums or teeth in any fhape whatever.
Thefe are fold as common as matches in Europe.

The Barberry bufh ( Berberis vulgaris) both
the Swedifh and that from Crete ( B.Cretica )
grew here, and were now in bio Horn.

The OJyris Japonica> that was found here, is
a curious fhrub, which had feveral flowers on the
middle of its leaves, a molt rare circumftance in
nature.

Amongfl: the bufhes grew a great number of
the Deutzia Scabra , a fhrub, of which the leaves
were fo rough, that the joiners ufed them uniror-
fally, in the fame manner as we do the fhave-
grafs for polifhing wood.

The northern and mountainous part of Japan
being very cold, I found here feveral genera of
trees and fhrubs, which are otherwife inhabitants
in Europe, although, for the moftpart, they were
a new fpecies. Thus I found here two or three
kinds of Oak, fome Vaccinia,- a few Viburna*
and trees of the Maple kind, (Aceres) together
with a wild fort of Japanefe Pear (Pyrus
Japonica ).

Near the farms, as well here as at various
places, feveral other plants were cultivated, fome
vol, in. M for

162

J0UR.NEY TO COURT,

for hedges, fome on account of their beautiful
flowers, and fome with a view to both thefe in-
tentions. Thefe were,

Several new fpecies of Viburnum , with both
Angle and double flowers ( 'ft ores radiati) fo that
fome exactly refembled the Gueldres rofe ( Vibu-r
mm opulus.)

Of th t.. Spire a kind I very frequently faw the-
Chamcedrifclia , and the Crenata ufed for hedges,
which, with their fnow-white flowers, made an
elegant appearance.

The Citrus trifoliata with its hard- and ft iff
thorns, of the length of one’s finger, was not fo
generally ufed for hedges. Its bare branches were
now in full bloom, and the leaves had hardly be.-
gun to fhew.themfelves. The fruit was faid to
be of. a laxative nature.

For beauty nothing could excel the Maples
indigenous to this country ( Acer diJJ'edlum, Japoni-
cum , palmatum, Jeptemlobum , pi ft urn, and trifidum ),,
which here and at other places were found cul-
tivated.. They had but juft then begyn to put.
forth their bloffoms ; and, as I could no where
get any of the ripe feed, I was obliged to befpeak
fome fmall plants in pots, which, with a great
deal of trouble and expence, were forw’arded to
.Nagafaki.

That beautiful plant, the Gardenia fiorida , which
I faw here both with double and angle flowers,

and

fACONIE, 1776. l6.

and which is fo feldom to be had in other places,
was alfo a bufh ufed for making hedges, altho’ by
the prirciple people of the country only, and near
their dwellings. r \ he feed veffels of it were fold
in the fhops, and ufed for dying yellow;

A long and flender Lizard ( Lacerta Japonica )
which the interpreters confidered as a Scincus
marinas, and which Was called by the Japanefe,
in their language* Sans jo no iwo, was very com-
monly feen running in the tracts of the Faconie
mountains. I afterwards faw the fame animal
hanging out for fale and dried, in almoft every
fhop in this part of the ifland ; feveral of them
Were fpitted together on a wooden fkewer, that
was run thro’ their heads. It was ufed in powder
as a ftrengthening remedy* it was alfo exhibited
in confumptiorfs ; and to children that were infeft-
ed with worms. T he Arum dracontium and dracun~
cuius, and the Dracontium polyphyllum, mth. its large
flowers, that diffufed around a cadaverous odour,
were feen difperfed up and down in different fpots,
as alfo the Arum efculentum, which was cultivated
in feveral places. The roots of all thele plants are
very acrid. The root of the Dracontium polyphyl-
lum is ufed by diffolute women, for the purpofe
of procuring abortion ; but the root of the Arum
ejculenimn , when divelled of its acrimony, and
cur into pieces, is a good and nutritious food.

M 2 The

JOURNEY TO COURT'.

164.

The village of Fakcnie lies on the borders of
lake Fakonie above mentioned, which is furround-
ed by mountains on all ftdes. This village confifls
of at leafc one hundred and fifty houfes, altho’ it
lies fo high up the mountains as hardly to admit
of cultivation. The lake is faid to be one league
long, and three quarters of a league broad. In
fome places it appeared to me to be of the
breadth of two mufket fhots at mod. Stroem-
ings, a fpecies of Herring fo common in the
Baltic, .and which, according to Kampfer, is to
be found here, I had not an opportunity of
feeing ; but fome falmon was now ordered to
be fmoked againfl our return. This lake was
faid to have been produced by an earthquake,
which in this country, and efpecially in the
northern parts of it, is no uncommon phaeno-
menon. This is the more probable, as from
the bottom of the lake the divers flill bring up
large cedar trees, which had formerly funk down
thither with the land itfclf.

Cedars (Cupreffus ■ Japonica ) grew in great
plenty hereabouts, as well as in mod of the
other provinces; but no where, perhaps, can
they be found finer, or in greater numbers.
Thefe are indeed the flraightefl and tailed: of
all the fir- leaved trees. Their trunks run up as
ftraight as a candle, and the wood lads long
without being fubjeft to decay. It is not only
made ufe of for the conftru&ion of bridges, fhips,

bo Vo ,

FAKONIE, 1776. 1 65

boats, and other forts of wood-work to be
kept under water, but of it is made alfo
joiners work of all kinds and dimenfions, which,
when lacquered, fhews all its veins through the
varnilh. This wood, when it has lain for
fome time under-ground, and is foaked through
by the water, acquires a bluifh colour, and, when
covered with a tranlparent lacquer, is extremely
hand lame, and much of it is Ibid from this
place.

We now left this beautiful fpot, and proceeded
on our journey down the mountain, during which
time I did not negled diligently to fearch for and
colled the flowers and feeds of the plants and
bullies that grew by the road-fide. In our way
we faw a great many pretty artificial cafcades
and aqueduds from the lake, made by the in-
habitants, for the benefit and convenience of
their eftates. But before we reached the foot
of the mountain, we came to an imperial guard,
•by whom we were narrowly fearched, in prelence
of the fitting imperial commiflioners.

This is the fecond guard which travellers,
coming from the weftern diftrid, mud pafs,
when they intend to go to Jedo. The fili-
ation of the country hereabouts is fuch, that
every one mull travel over mount Fakcnie , and
pafs this narrow place, which is guarded and
fhut up with gates. The duty of the commif-
fioners is particularly, to take great care that no
M 3 weapon

1 66 JOURNEY TO COURT.

weapons are carried this way up the country, nor
women downwards, efpecially fuch as are con-
ftantly kept in Jedo as hoftages for the fide-
lity of their hufbands in the exerciie of their
offices, and for their loyalty to the emperor.
This place is therefore like a frontier to the
northern part of the country, and for the fecurity
of the capital. It is here that travellers Ihevv
their paffports, and in default of fuch are de-
tained.

Fatta , Kama latta , Jomota , and Kafamats ,
were the villages which we paffed through be-
fore we arrived at Odowara, where we ftaid
all night, after more than five hours journey.
In Jomoio the interpreters told me, that not
far from thence there was a warm bath.

On the 16th of Jpril, we arrived early in the
morning at a large and rapid river, called Sak-
kawa , which we crofifed in flat-bottomed boats,
with thin bottoms. After this we followed the
coaft to the river and town of Fuffawa.

We went through Mifawa, Kofnkfkf to Kofo,
four leagues from Odowara. Here we dined,
and then travelled on for the fpace of about
feven leagues to the town of Fotfua (where, our
quarters were befpoke for that night) pafled
Firafka , over the river Banningawa , and then
paffed Nango, Kwada , Fuff aw a town, and Foka-

nrfkos.

Ban-

StNAGAWA, 177^. 167

Banningawa is one of the larger, rapid, and
dangerous rivers of this country, over which no
"bridge can be built. We croffed it therefore in •
flat-bottomed boats conftruded for the purpofe.
Here ended the mountainous tracts, and a level
plain lay open to us, as far as we could fee.

The town of Tfotjka was fltuated in the interior
part of a country, which projects in a very
mountainous angle towards the fea ; but we foon
got to the fea coaft again, and followed its
fhores quite up to the capital.

We fet out on our laft day’s journey. on the
27 th of April, and had about ten leagues to go
to Jedo. On this, as on the preceding day, we
travelled through an extremely well inhatyted
and cultivated country, where .one town or vil-
lage almoft joined another, and where travellers,
in large troops, near the capital, as it were,
joftled each other. We arrived firft at Sinamo,
and then at Odogaia , Kanagawa , Surumi > and
Kawnfakki , where we dined. Afterwards we
came to the river Rokogawa, to Omuri, Obotoki,
Okido , and Sinagawa.

On the coaft, which in different parts was
well fupplied with oyfters, and was covered with
a great many fhells of different forts, of which I
had no opportunity to get any in the courle of

M 4 this

l68 JOURNEY TO COURT.

this day. I obferved how both (Fuel and Ul-
vee) green and brownifh Sea-weed were col-
lected to ferve thefe induftrious people for food.
After thefe weeds, which were naturally not a
little tough, had been well wafhed and freed
from fait, fand, and other impurities, they were
cut into fmall pieces, which were again wafhed
and fqueezed, till they were fit to be made into
fmall cakes and eaten.

Sinagazva and ’Takamva are two fuburbs to
the imperial refidence town of Jeao } the former
commencing about two leagues from thence,
and being continued along the fea fhore. We
refted a full hour in Sinagawa, took fome refrelh-
rnents, and enjoyed the delightful view afforded
us by the largeft town in the empire, and pro-
bably on the whole face of the earth, as well as
that of its beautiful harbour. This latter, how-
ever, it muft be confeffed, is exceffively fhallow
and muddy. The largeft velfels frequently lie
at anchor at the diftance of five leagues from the
town, others lefs than two leagues, and the fmall
craft and boats in feveral rows within each
other, to the amount of fome . hundreds, ac-
cording to their different fize and burthen. The
town is by thefe means well fecured from the
attacks of an enemy by fea; befides that, in-
furmountable obftacies lie in the way in cafe

of

JEDO, 1776. 169

of the tranfportation of merchandize from other
places.

With the fame curiofity as we beheld the
town, harbour, and adjacent country, the Ja-
panefe beheld us. and making up to us in
jhoals, if I may ufe the expreffion, formed
around us, fhut up, as it were, in our norimons,
a kind of encampment. Amongft the reft were
fcveral ladies of diftinffion, who had been car-
ried to the fpot in their norimons, and feemed
difpleafed v/hen we at any time let down the
curtains. Thefe norimons, when fet down on
the ground around us, feemed to form a little
village, whufe fmall moveable manfions a Ihort
time afterwards diiappeared.

Having pafled through the fuburbs of Sina-
gawa and • Takanava, compofed of only one
ftreet, I perceived by the guard, the increafed
number of people, the filence of our bearers,
and their Headier gait, that we were in the ca-
pital. Not long after we pafled over Niponbas ,
a bridge of forty and odd fathoms in length, and
from which all the roads in the kingdom are
meafured. After having pafted the guard-
houfes at the entrance of the town, we were
carried a full hour along a large and broad
ftreet before we arrived at our ufual inn, where^
we were carried through the back gate, and
through a narrow paftage to the other end of

IJO JOURNEY TO COURT.

the houfe. The firft entrance into this lodging:
did not feem to promife us any thing very great
•or elegant ; but being (hewn up one pair of
flairs, we found our apartments tolerably neat,
•though not fuch as i expected for an embafly
from fo diftant a part of the world. A 'large
.room formed our antechamber, drawing-room,
.and dining-room ; a feparate room for the am-
baffador, and another that could be partitioned
■off for the dodlor and the fecretary, together
-with a frnall room for bathing, made the whole
•of our private 'conveniences, with which we
were obliged to put up during our ftay here.

: The view was towards a fmaller ftreer, which
was feldom free from boys, who conftantly call-
ed out and made an uproar, as foon as they
caught the leaf!; glimpfe of us, nay, and fome-
•times climbed up the walls of the oppofite houfes
in order to fee us.

Thus we had with health and pleafure finiflied
our long journey; and without any one being
indifpofed (except the fecretary, who, when at
fea, buffered an attack from the gout) w r ere fafe
arrived at the capital of this country, fituated
in the remoteft corner of the eafh

The road by which we were conducted, was
at fome few places altered from that which the
ambaffador took in ICempfer’s time, and a few
other inns, different from thofe which we called

at,

JEDO, 1776. 1 JI

at, were ufed for refting and dining at. The
voyage, which lafted almoft: a whole month,
rendered this journey to court uncommonly
tedious to us, and made our arrival at Jedo
later than, perhaps, had ever happened before.
This circumftance, however, was quite in my
favour, as by this means the fpring paffed away
the fafter, and the fummer approached the
nearer, fo that more trees and plants had time
to bloffom, than I fhould otherwife have feen
and collected, if the journey had been a month
Ihorter, and we confequendy had returned a
month fooner to the faftory at Nagafaki.

In our way, we had an opportunity of feeing
how feveral of the princes of the country, as
well the greater and more opulent as thole that
were lefs confiderable made their annual
journey to the imperial court, with a retinue
proportioned to their rank and income.
Fevv of them met us in their return. Mod
of them paffed us on their way thither. For
fuch as were of great confequence, we were ob-
liged to flop while they paffed us, unlefs v/e
could get on to fome inn before them • and
when their retinue was very large, we frequently
fuffered the inconvenience, elpecially when we
met them in places where there were nothing
but fmall villages, of being obliged to put up
at very indifferent inns. It even happened to
us once, that we were compelled to leave the

inn

r S'<72 JOURNEY TO COURT.

inn we had already engaged in the town, and go
to one of the temples fituated out of it, where
we {laid two days, before we could get proper
bearers, horfes, and ether neceflaries for the con-
tinuation of our journey.

Several hundred men, fometimes even to
the amount of one. or two thouland, frequently
conftituted the train of one of thefe princes,
who travelled with great date, order, and mag-
nificence. A confiderable quantity of their
baggage was carried by them, or elfe on horfes
backs. Their coats of arms and infignia
were always borne at a greater or lefs difiance
.from their norimons. A beautiful led horfe or
two generally went before, and fome had one or
more falcons, trained up to the fport, which
were carried on the arm, with a chain fattened
round one of their legs. Befides this, large and
fmallchefts, bedding, the equipage of the tea table,
and even an umbrella, fan, hat, and flippers,
were carried by different fervants, in order to
have every thing ready at hand. Wherever they
pafled a profound filence was obferved ; the
people on the road fell proftrate on the ground,
in order to fhew their refpeft. The norimon-
tearers wore their matters livery, and every
thing elfe was marked with the owners coat of
arms. When they pafled us, the curtain was
generally down; fome of them however had the

politenefs

politer.efs to draw it up, and even to bow to<
us, and fome fent their attendants to compliment
us. If at any time we arrived before them
at a town,, or village, we had an opportunity
of feeing, from fome houfe which had been
already befpoke for us in the main ftreet, the
whole fuite pals by, when the curtain of the car-
riage was generally drawn up, and we had a fight
of the prince fitting in his norimon, in appearance
and complexion exadily like the common people,,
drelfed in the fame manner, and, except in the
great ftate he exhibited, in no wife differing
from other men.

On the frontiers of every province through;
which we palled, we had always been well received
indeed, and complimented, but were not allowed
to pay the princes .a vifit, although we pafied thro'
the very town in which they refided ; nor were
we once vifited by them. The former of thefe
could not be done, becaufe it would, have coft
us confiderab'e prefents, which, after the man-
ner of the country, are always fent previoufly to the
vifit being made. Neither is the latter buffered
for certain reafons ; for befides that this is pro-
hibited, in order that the Dutch may not form
any acquaintance with the princes of the country,
which in one refpect or another might prove
prejudicial to it, the very dignity and greatnefs
of the princes do not allow it, who, if this was

done.

*74' JOURNEY TO THE COURT.

done, rruft appear in all their date. One even-
ing, neverthelefs, we happened to have the honour,
as unexpected as it was unufual, of being vifited'
at our inn by 3 great perfonage, who came
to us incognito, accompanied only by two of his
gentlemen, and {laid till late at night, difCourf-
ing with us on different fubjedts. He feemed
to be as curious and inquifitive as he was friend-
ly and engaging. He examined our furniture,
and every thing belonging to us that was .at hand,
with great attention, and the converfation turned’
not only on the affairs of Japan, but alfo on
thofe of Europe. Sometimes, it is true, we had
rain, but not too often, and the cold was fupport-
able, altho’ in fome few places we were obliged
to moderate it in our apartments by means of
a fire. The Japanefe themfelves bore cold better
than rain, which did not altogether agree with
their bare feet and heads. If it rained hard,
they did not willingly go out and expofe them-
felves to it ; otherwife, when on a journey, they
covered themfelves with an umbrella, hat, and
cloak. Their umbrellas are made of oiled paper,
fuch as are ufually brought from China; their
hats are round, and deep in the crown, and made
of fine grafs, platted ; they are very thin and light,
and are tied under the chin with a firing.
Their cloaks being made of oiled paper, keep

the

JE 90 , 1776- 17 y

the rain out - , and are inconceivably light, and
at the fame time do not grow heavier by the rain,
as the clothes of the Europeans do. The poorer
fort of people, who could, not afford a cloak
of the kind, hung a piece of draw-mat on their
backs, which was generally fmooth, but fometimes
rough on the outfide, from the projecting and de-
pending ends of the draw.

In our journey hither we had paffed through
fourteen provinces, viz. Omura , Fifen , Fftkungo y
Tfikudjen, Budjen JammaJjuo , Cmi, Jfi , Owari,
Mikawa , Tootomi ,. Surunga , Sagami, and Mujafi ;
befides paffing by eight more on the coafi in our
voyage, viz. Nagatto ,. Suwa,. Aki, Bingo, Bitsju ,
Bjdjen , Farms , and Sidsju.

RESIDENCE IN JEDO, 1776,,

Immediately on our arrival at Jedo, we were
vifited by great numbers of the Japanefe, altho*
we were not differed to go out before the day of
audience. However, no one had liberty to pay
us a vifit, except fuch as had received exprefk
permiffion from the government. At firlt we
were vifited by the learned and the great men of
the country ; afterwards even merchants and
others were numbered among our vifuors.

Five

V] 6 JED0, 1776.

Five phvficians and two aftronomers were the
very firft, who after obtaining leave from the
council of the empire, in a very ceremonious man-
ner came to fee us, and teftify their fatisfaftioh at
our arrival. The ambaflador in perfon, as alfo
the fecretary and myfelf, received them in our
faloon, and had feveral hours converfation with
them ; although I, as being more travelled in
the extenfive fields of fcience, was, after the firfir
general compliments had pafied, almolt folely en-
gaged with their quefiions, to which they re-
quelled fatisfaftory anfwers and illuftrations.
The aftronomers were Sakaki Bonsin and Subo-
kawa Sulo, both elderly and fedate men. d he-
quefiions chiefly regarded eclipfes, which I found
that the Japanefe could by no means calculate to
minutes, and frequently not even to hours. As
all quefiions and anfwers were obliged to be made
through the interpreters, it often happened that
we did not clearly underftand each other ; befides,
I was not fo well verfed in the fcience that
treats of the celeftial bodies, as I could have
wifhed, and neither they nor I had any book at
hand, that could be of the leaft afiiftance to us in.
this point. With the phyfieians, it was much
eafier to eonverfe, as two of them underftood
Dutch a little; likewife the interpreters were
not totally ignorant of the art of healing. The
phyfieians were as follows: Okada Jeosin, a

man

JEDO, 1776.

man above 70 years of age ; he generally took
the lead in the converfation, and amongft other
things particularly requefted me to give him
fame information concerning the cancer, broken
limbs, bleeding at the nofe, boils, phimofis, ul-
cerated throat, tooth ach, and the piles. Kuri-
suki Dofa, was a young phyfician, who accom-
panied the former. Amano Reosjun and Fo-
kusMOTo Dosin were the names of two others,
who in general were only hearers. All thefe did
not often repeat their vifits, which afterwards in-
deed were not made with any parade, particularly
to me. But two of the doctors not only vifited
me daily, but fometimes ftaid till late in the.
night, in order to be taught and inftrufted by
me in various fciences, for which they had great
predilection, fuch as natural philofophv, rural
oeconomy, and more particularly botany, for-
gery, and phyfic. One of thefe gentlemen, Kats-
r ag aw* a Fosju, was the emperor’s body phyfi-
cian ; he was very young, good natured, acute and
lively. He wore the imperial arms on his clothes,
and was accompanied by his friend Nakagaw*
Sitnnan, who was fomewhat older, and was
body phyfician to one of the firfi: princes of rhe
country. Thefe two, and particularly the latter,
fpoke Dutch tolerably well, and had feme know-
ledge of natural hiftory, mineralogy, 2oology,
and botany, collected pa; tiy from Jhincfe and
vol. in. N Dutch

17 $ JEDO, 1776.

Dutch books, and partly fr. rp the Dutch phy-
ficians, who had before vlfited the.'e re ions.
Both of them were inexpreffibly infinuating, and
fond of learning; and were the more defirous of en-
gagingmein converfation, as in me they found that
knowledge which had been fought for in vain in
others, and as the interpreters had long before our
arrival fpread thereport, that this year aDutch doc-
tor would arrive much more learned than thofe who
ufually came thither, and who frequently were very
little better than farriers. The fine fet of inflru-
ments that I had brought with me from Paris and
Amfterdam, ferved to confirm them ft ill more in
the good opinion they had already conceived ofme.
Although I was often wearied out by their ques-
tions, yet ftill I cannot deny, that I have fpent
many an hour in their company, with equal fa-
tisfaftion and advantage. They frequently
brought to me at the inn, either as prefents or
tlfe for my infpedlion, finall colleftions of drugs,
minerals, and various frefti plants, both with and
without flowers. Of the latter, which I put up in
paper, dried and laid by, they gave me the in-
digenous names, together with their different
ufes ; aoA I communicated to them in- return,
the Latin and Dutch names, and the more ratio-
nal ufes which the Europeans make of them.
Their principal books in botany were, John-
ston W^wA^/ard/rijandDoDON/cus’s Herbal ;

and

*79

JEDO, 177^.

and in phyfic, Woyt’s Treafury ( Gazophylacium )
which books they had purchafed from the Dutch.
In furgery, they had Hester tranflated into
Dutch, and I fold to them at this time amongd
other books, a very fine edition ofMuNTiNGiys’s
Phytographia .

The doctors were diftinguilhed from others,
by the circumftance that they fometimes fhaved
their heads all over, and fometimes kept theif
hair on, without taking, like others, part of it
off.

In all the Japanefe towns, the utmoft care is
taken to prevent fires or other cafualties. A
trufty, vigilant, and fufficiently numerous watch,
is therefore appointed at all places, and is fet early
in the evening, as foon as it is dark. The fird
night it excited my attention, and ever after-
wards took care to be very diftindlly heard.
This watch was double in Jedo ; that is, one of
them only gave intelligence with refpefl to the
hour ; which was done by linking two pieces of
wood againft each other. Thefe drokes were given
very frequent, and almod at every houfe, by the
watch, as they went their rounds. The two lad
Jlrokes followed very quick upon each other, for
a token that no more were to be expefled. Such a
watch was kept for the mod part in every dreet;
The other watch is particularly appointed for the
prevention of fifes, and is known by the circum-
N 2 fiance

l8o JEDO, 177^.

fiance ofhis draggingalong the ftreets a deft bam-
boo, or an iron bar, in the upper part of which
there is an iron ring, that produces a fingular and
difagrecable found. At the end of every ftreet,
where it can be fiiut with gates, there is always a
high ladder, on which the watch can mount, to fie
if there be any where an appearance of fire. At the
top of every houfe, there is a fquare place fur-
rounded with railing, where a vat with water always
fiands ready at hand in cafe of fire. In a great
many places are ere&ed, near the houfes, ftore-
houfes of ftone that are fire proof, in which mer-
chandize and furniture may be faved. On the
fides of thefe, I obferved feveral large iron hooks
fixed in the wall, which ferved to hang wet mats
on, and by that means to model ate the force of
fire.

For the reft, the houfes in Jedo are, as in
other towns, covered with tiles, and two ftories
high, the uppermoft of which is feldom occu-
pied.

As the houfes are very liable to take fire,
conflagrations very often happen in Jedo, that
lay wafte whole rows of houfes and entire
ftreets. During our ftay here, fires broke out
feveral times, but were very foon extinguifhed.
Our ambaflador gave us the hiftory of a terrible,
fire which happened during his ftay here in the
month of April, 1772. The fire broke out at

twelve'

1 8 1

JEDO, 1776.

twelve o’clock at noon, and lafted till eight in
the evening of the following day, infomuch that
the devaftation made by it extended fix leagues
in Iengch, and three in breadth. On this occa-
fion the inn occupied by the Dutch, was burnt
down, and they were removed three times that
night from the vicinity of the fire, and laft of
all to a temple.

Earthquakes were felt feveral times during
our refidence in the capital, although they were
not very fevere, and more were faid to have taken
place, though we were not able to perceive
them.

We now diftributed gratuities to thofe who
had brought us hither. The man that waited
on us had four rixdollars ; the norimon bearers
three ; thofe that walked by the fide of us alio
three, and two other fervants three rixdollars,
feven maas, and five konderins.

Exclufivelv of the ufual current fpecie which
I had feen during my journey, I was at fome
pains to collect, by means of the interpreters and
phyficians, every fort of ancient and fcarce coin.
The moil common current coins were as follow:
The Nem Kobangs> which are oblong, rounded
at the end^, and flat, about two inches long and
a little more than two broad, and fcarcely
thicker than a farthing, are of a pale yellow
colour ; the die on one fide confifts ©f feveraj
crofs lines (lamped, and at both ends there is a

N 3 , paral-

1 8 2 JED O, 1776.

parallelogrammical figure, with railed letters on
it, and, befides, a moon-like figure, with a flower-
on it in relief. On the other fide is a circular
{lamp, with raifed letters on it j and within the
margin, towards one end, two fmaller funk {lamps
with raifed letters, which are different on each
kobang. The value of it is fixty maas or fix rix-
dollars, Itjib is called by the Dutch Golden
beans ( Boontje ) and is made of pale gold, of
a parallelogrammical figure and flat,a little thicker
than a farthing, with many raifed letters on one
fide, and two figures of flowers in relief on the
other. The value of this is five maas or one-
fourth of a kobang. Nandio gin , is a parallelo-
grammical fiat filver coin, of twice the thicknefs
of a halfpenny, one inch long and half an inch
broad, and formed of fine filver. The edge is
llamped with liars, and within the edges are
raifed dots. One fide is marked all over with
raifed letters, and the other on its lower and
larger moiety, is filled with raifed letters, and at
the fame time exhibits a double moon-like figure.
This I found pafled current on the ifland of Ni-
pon only, and efpecially in the capital towns of
the empire ; its value was feven maas and five
konderins.

ltagannc , and Kodama , were denominations by
whi.ch various lumps of filver, without form or
fafliion,were known, which were neither of the fame
fize, fir ape, or value. The former of thefe, how-
ever

JEDO, I776. I83

ever, were oblong and' the latter /oundtfh. for the
moft part thick, but fometimes though feldom
flat. Thefe pafs common in trade ; bur are always
weighed in paffing from one individual to ano-
ther, and have a leaden caft. They differ with
refpect to the letters infcribed on them ; and thofe
that have the figure of the God of riches on them,
are called Daikokus ganne. A more particular
defcription of thefe, and the reft of the Japanefe
coins, illuftrated by figures, is to be found in thef
Speech I made before the Royal Academy, of
Sciences at Stockholm, in the year 1779,

Seni is a denomination applied to pieces of
copper, brafs, and iron coin, which bear a near
refemblance to farthings. They differ in fize,
value, and external appearance; but are always
caft, and have a fquare hole in the middle, by
means of which they may be ftrung together ;
and likewife have always broad edges. Of
thefe are current, Sjumon Seni , which, however,
at prefent is fcarce, and paffes for ten common
feni, or half a maas. Simoui Sent, of the
value of four common feni, is made of brafs, and
is almoft as broad as a halfpenny, but thin. I
found it current in the ifiand of Ninon onlv. It is

* 4 ■

eafily known by its yellow colour, and by its
raifed arches on the under fide. The common Seni
are of the fize of a farthing, and made of red
copper ; 60 of them make a maas. Dooja Seni ,
is a caft iron coin, in appearance like the kft, and
N 4 of

184

JEDO, 1776.

of the fame fize and value, but fo brittle, that it is
eafily broken by the hand, or breaks in pieces when
let fall on the ground. This was call in a mint
near the town of Nagafaki.

The coins formerly current, and at prefent
fcarce, which my friends procured for me here,
were as follow : Old Kobang this is made of fine
Gold, is of an orange -yellow colour, and fome-
what broader than a New Kobang, otherwife it
bears the fame impreflion. It is always worth
jo rixdollars or thails.

Old Jtjib is lbmewhat longer, broader, and
thicker than the common Itjib ; it is made of pale
gold, and in value 22 maas and five konderins.
One fimilar to this, but lels, was faid tp be very
fcarce, it was much fhorter, narrower and thinner,
and of a deeper colour, and was valued at eleven
maas, two konderins, and two Catjes.

Kosju kin, Kosju bang or Kosju Itjib , Nifrn and
Sjunak, were fmall gold coins, different in fize,
form, and value. They were faid to have been
formerly coined in the province of Kosju, 2 nd
from that circumftance to have obtained their
name. T hey are made of pale gold, and flat, with
ftamps on each fide, two on the one fide and
fpur on the other. Of thefe I obtained four of
the round and one of the fquare fort, differing
in fize, but all agreeing in having the upper-
mpft ft amp on pne fide always fimilar, and the

JEDO, 1776. iff

^vther two to the right, on the other fide, affiScp
fimilar. The lower Clamp on one fide, amd
the two to the left on the other, are naria&Ae
in feveral of thefe coins. The round omes tstece
marked within rive edges with raifed dots*
but the fquare ones not. The value ©f dbem
is from two to twelve maas.

Gomom Gin, a flat filver coin, ts n3innKDs2i two
inches long, and half as broad, with tOTcacsaird
angles, as thick as a halfpenny, and made of
indifferent filver. On the edges are feveral
liars, and within them, on each fide, theme is am
elevation, as if a N audio gin had been laid im thane,
on which there is a large Clamp with raifed
letters. The other lefier moiety is on ©me fide
fmooth, and on the other decorated wish two
rows of dots, two Clraight crofs bars, amd be-
tween them a wavy ribband, all raifed. This was
valued at five maas, and faid formerly as have
been current in the capitals of the empire.

Amongft fuch Japanefe books as were fewa
me, was one which had been printed drurirag
the time of the Portugueie being here. It was a
long quarto, printed on Japan paper, andentsEcSy
with Japanefe characters, except the tide page.
At the top of this flood Racoyoxv , which tire
interpreter could not tranflate into Dutch.
In the middle was an oblong Por tugueie coat of
arms, and below it — ~In Collegio Japcnico Sutiitatis

7 &

iS6

JEDO, 1776.

Jcju, cum facuitate fuperiorttm . a. d, mdxcviii.
The interpreters faid that it was a vocabulary,
but without any Portuguefe in it. It was an
inch in thicknefs.

My attentive and ingenious pupil, Mr. Sum an,
made me a prefentof a Japanefe herbal, which
he called Chimenjo , confifting of twenty volumes
in odtavo, with defcriptions and very indifferent
figures. Each volume was one or at moil
two lines broad.

Befides this I had likewife a,n opportunity of
ptirchafing fome other printed botanical books,
confifting of different numbers of volumes; and
containing figures of different degrees of excel-
lence, fuch as Socqua Jettfo > a herbal confifting of
three volumes, and containing, befides defcrip-
tions, indifferent figures of Japanefe plants only.
Morokufi Komccf, another herbal, which treated
at the fame time of quadrupeds, fifties, birds,
manufadfures, and rural ceconomy. This was
laid to have been firft printed in China, and con-
fifts of feveral volumes, and fmall miierable
figures. The fame work, printed in Japan,
but in a fomewhat handfomer manner, was
called Khnefi. It conftfts of thirteen volumes
in quarto.

Foko nojamma Kufu was a beautiful herbal, con-
fining of only one oftavo volume, with elegant
and diftindt figures of Japanefe plants ; and ano-
ther (title unknown) in feven volumes quarto.

JEDO, 1776 187

I alfo bought a large printed book, in large
quarto, and in two parts, with coloured figures
of Japanefe fifties. This is one of the nioft ele-
gant publications ever exhibited in this country,
and the figures are engraved and coloured in
fuch a manner, as would obtain fingular com-
mendation even in Europe.

At this time, and during the 26 days that I
refided at Jedo, the weather was often damp, and
almoft every day cloudy j with fometimes drizz-
ling, and fometimes heavy rain, either in the fore
or afternoon.

The Japanefe kept here to their ufual meal-,
times. They eat three times a day, and very
frequently j their fare was mjjp-foup boiled with
fifh and onions.

A kind of a thick paper, which was of a
brownifti colour, with feveral (ingle d&rkifh
ftreaks printed on it, was fold as a rarity. Several
pieces, of more than a foot fquare, were palled very
neatly together, and were laid to be ufed as night-
gowns. Tliefe night-gowns, as I was informed,
were worne by very okl people only, and that in
the cold feafon of the year, when they do not
perfpire, and over one or two other night
gowns. It was faid, that young people were
abfolutely forbidden to wear them. As this drefs
was neither durable, or indeed neceffary for want
pf better clothing, it rather denoted the great age
of thole that were permitted to wear it.

Ano-

JEDO, 1776.

Another fort of fluff was made me a prefenc
of, as a ffill greater rarity. It was woven, was
as white as fnow, and refernbled callico ; but it
was prepared, fpun, and woven, from the fame
kind of bark and its filaments of which their paper
is commonly made. This was ufed inftcad of
linen, not through neceffity, but as a rarity, and
was not very ftrong. It was faid that it would
bear wafhing, but that this operation was to be
performed with great care.

The candles ufed in this country are made
of an oil prefled out of the feeds of the Rbus
Jvtceedanea. This oil becomes, when concrete,
of the confidence of tallow, and is not fo hard as
wax. The province of JeffigOy more particularly,
produces this tree, and confequently fuppltes the
greateft quantity of this oil. AmongPc the prefents
which the prince from this province brings to the
imperial court, are one hundred candles of a foot
in length, and as thick as a man's arm, with a
wick in proportion. Thefe gala candles are
burned only twice a year at court ; that is, on
the firft of Sjoguats, and at the feftival of the fir ft
of Sjuguats. Although it is a difficult matter to
procure any of thefe candles, I had neverthelefs
the good fortune to get one, which had burnt
on the above-mentioned occafion. The oil in
thefe feemed both whiter and harder than in the
finals o es that are commonly expofed to file,
which foon grow rancid and brown.

JEDO, 1776. 1I9

The 18 th of May was appointed for the day
of audience. This day was not fixed on before we
arrived at Jedo, and always depends upon thefpeed
or tardinefs of our journey thither. The day being
now arrived, v/e were ready in our beft apparel,
after having previoufiy made a good breakfaft,
to be conveyed in our norimons to the imperial
palace. We were drefied in the European
fafhion, but in coftly filks, which were either
interwoven with filver or laced with gold.
And on account of the fellivity of the day, as
well as of the oceafion, it was requifite for us to
wear our fwords, and a very large black Elk
cloak. The prefents had .been fent before, as
well to the emperor as to the hereditary prince,
the privy counfellors, and other officers of Urate,
and arranged in order at the fide of the room,
where we were to have our audience.

We were carried for a con filer able time
through the town before we arrived at that part
which conftitures the emperor’s refidence. This
is furrounded by fofies and drone walls, and fe-
parated by draw-bridges. It forms a coniider-
able town of itJelf, and is laid to be five leagues
in circumference. This comprifes the em-
peror’s private palace, as alfo that of the here-
ditary prince, each of which were kept feparate
by wide fofies, ftone walls, gates, and other bul-
warks. In the outermoft citadel, which was the
largeft of all, were large and handfoms covered

fir rears.

JEDOj I776.

3>

s

r

its and great houfes, which belonged to the
ces of the country, the privy counfellor r ,
other officers of Hate. Their numerous fa-
es, who were obliged likewife to remain at
court the whole year throughout, were alfo
d here. At the fird gate, it is true, there
a flrong guard, but that at the fecond gate
faid to confid of one thoufand men every
As foon as we had paffed through this
, having previously quitted our norimons, we
e conduced to an apartment where. we waited
nil hour, before we were differed to advance
farther into the imperial palace. At lad we
lined leave to approach it. We paffed thro
ng lane of warriors, who were polled on both
, quite up to the door of the palace, all
led and well clothed.

i’he emperor’s private palace was fituated on
eminence, and, although it confided of one
y only, dill it was much higher than any
;r houfe, and covered a large trail of ground.

were immediately conducted into an anti-
nber, where we again waited, at lead an
Our officers fat down in the Japanele
mer on one fide, and the Dutchmen, together
1 the interpreters, on the other. It proved
emely fatiguing to us to fit in the'rr manner ;
as we could not hold it out long thus, we
our legs out on one fide, and covered them
1 our long cloaks, which in this ref: eel were

of

JEDO, 177 6. I9i

of great fervice to us* The time that we waited
here did not appear long to us, as great num-
bers of people paffed in and out, both in order
to look at us, and talk with us. We were
vifired by feveral princes of .the country, but
conftantly incog. ; though we could always per-
ceive when they were coming, from the murmur-
ing noife which was at firft heard, and the filence
that enfued upon that in the inner rooms. Their
curiofity was carried to a great length in every-
thing j but the chief employment they found for
us was, to let them fee our mode of writing.
Thus we were induced to write fomething, either
on paper or on their fans. Some of them aifo
(hewed us fans on which the Dutch had formerly
written, and which they had carefully treafured up
as great rarities.

At Juft the instant arrived, when the ambafla-
dor was to have audience, at which the ceremo-
ny was totally different from that which was ufed
in KvEmpfer’s time, a hundred years ago. The
amballador was introduced into the prcience of
the Emperor, and we remained all in the
apartment into which we had been ulhered, till
in a ihort time he returned.

After the return of the ambaffador, we were
again obliged to fay a long while in the anti-
chamber, in order to receive the vifits, and an-
fwrr the queftions of feveral of the courtiers.

ir 2

JED'O, 1776

during whole entrance a deep filence feveral
daises prevailed. Amongft thefe, it was Did
tlhat his imperial majefty had-likewife come Incog-
Eia©, in order to have a nearer view of the Dutch
and thrlr drefs. The interpreters and officers
had Spared no pains to find cut, through the
ssseslamari of their friends, every thing that could
.tod iso eur information in this refpeft. The
emperor was of a middle fize, hale eonfikution,
amd about forty and odd years of age.

Alt length, after 2 II the vifits were ended,
we obtained leave to fee feveral rooms in the'
palace, and alfo that in which the ambaftador
bad bad audience. The ambaflador was con-
dofed by the outfide of the drawing room, and
along a boarded paffage, to the audience-room,
which opened by a Aiding door. The inner
room confided in a manner of three rooms, one
a flep higher than the other, and according to-
the meafure 1 took of them by my eye, of about
tea paces each in length ; fo that the difiance
between the emperor and the ambaflador might
be about thirty paces. The emperor, as I was
informed, flood during the audience, in the mod
interior part of the room, as did the hereditary
prince like wife at his right hand. To the right
of this room was a large faloon ; the floor of
which is covered by one hundred mats, and
hence is called the hundred mat faloon. It is
fix hundred feet long, three hundred broad, and

is

jedo , 177 6 ^ 1 93

is occupied by the moft dignified men of the
empire, privy counfellors and princes, who all,
on fimilar occafions, take their feats according
to their different ranks and dignity. To the
left, in the audience room, lay the prefents piled
up in heaps.

The whole of the audience confifts merely in
this, that as foon as the ambafiador enters the
room, he falls on his knees, lays his hand on
the mat, and bows his head down to the mat, in
the fame manner as the Japanefe themfelves are
ufed to teftify their fubjeCion and refpeC. After
this the ambafiador rifes, and is conducted back
to the drawing-room the fame way as he went.

The reft of the rooms which we viewed, had
no furniture in them. The floors were covered
with large and very white ftraw mats ; the cor-
nices and doors were handfomely lacquered, and
the locks, hinges, &c. well gilt.

After having thus looked about us, we were
conducted to the hereditary prince’s palace,
which ftood clofe by, and was feparated only by
a bridge. Here we were received, and com-
plimented in the name of the hereditary prince,
who was not at home ; after which we were con-
duced back to our norimons.

Although the day was already far advanced,
and we had had fufficient time to digeft our
early breakfaft, we were, neverthelefs, obliged to
vol, iii; O pay

194

JEtJO, 1776.

pay vifits to all the privy counfellors, as well to
the fix ordinary, as to the fix extraordinary, at
each of their refpe&ive houfes. And as thele
gentlemen were not yet returned from court, we
were received in the rnoft polite manner by their
deputies, and exhibited to the view of their
ladies' and children. Each vifit lafted half an
hour ; and we were, for the moil part, fo placed-
in a large room, that we could be viewed on all
fides through thin curtains, without having the
good fortune to get a fight of thefe court beauties,
excepting at one place, where they made fo free,
as not only to take away the curtain, but alfo de-
fired us to advance nearer. In general we were
received by two gentlemen in office, and at every
place treated with green tea, the apparatus for
fmoking, and paftry, which was fet before each
of us feparately on fmall tables. We drank
fometimes a cup of the boiled tea, but did not
touch the tobacco, and the paftry was taken
home through the prudent care of our inter-
preters.

On this occafion I ffiall never forget the de-
lightful profpeA we had during thefe vifits, from
an eminence that commanded a view of the
whole of this large and extenfive town, which
the Japa’nefe affirm to be twenty-one leagues,
or as many hours walk, in circumference.

S®

JEDO, 1776. X

So that the evening drew near by the time
that we returned, wearied and worn out, to our
inn.

On the following day, viz. the 19 th of May ,
we paid our refpetts to the temple lords, as they
are called, the two governors of the town, and
the two commilfaries of ftrangers.

A few days elapfed after this before we re-
ceived our audience of leave from the emperor
and the hereditary prince. This was given in
a very fummary manner, and only before the
lords in council appointed for this purpofe, on
the 2 3d following. In the mean time, thefe and
the following days were employed in receiving
prefents, and preparing for our departure. At
the audience of leave, the night-gowns, that are
intended as prefents to the Dutch company, are
then delivered; but the other prefents, deftined for
the gentlemen themfelves, were carried to our inn.
Every ordinary privy counfellor, the day after the
audience of leave, gives ten night-gowns, every
extraordinary privy counfellor fix, every temple
lord five, every governor five, and every com-*
miliary and the governor of Nagafaki two.
Thefe are made of the fineft Japanele filk, very
wide, and reaching down to the feet, with large
wide fleeves, in the Japanefe fafhion, and quilted
either with filk-wadd or cotton. Of thefe our
banjos received two, the fecretary and myfelf
O 2 twa

ig 6 jedo, 1776 -

two a piece, and the ambaflador kept four to
himfelf. Of the (luffs, fome are black, and
others flowered in different ways.

The reft are packed up for the company’s
own account, and divided into different packets,
one for each of the Eaft India company’s ware-
houfes in Europe, in order that they might be
fent home in this manner from Batavia.

Amongft other curiofities that were (hewn us
at Jedo, was a young wolf, which had been
caught farther to the northward, and, as a fcarce
a'nimal, had been brought hither to be (hewn.
The Japanefe were not acquainted with this
animal, and gave fo ftrange an account of it,
that we could not but long to fee it. Being
brought to the place where the wolf, which was
fcarcely half grown, was kept, we obferved how
carefully they had tied it about the body and
legs, though, in fail, it feemfcd more frightened
than dangerous. The Japanefe appeared rather
aftoniftied when 1 told them, that in my native
country thefe animals went in large troops, and
fometimes did a great deal of mifchief.

A fmall cabinet, fuch as is ufed for the Ja-
panefe toilets, with feveral drawers in it, a foot
long, and little more than fix inches high, var-
nifhed with old lacquer ( vieux lac), was offered
to the ambaflador for fale. Such pieces of fur-
niture now-a days are fddom to be feen, and (till

fddorner

JED0, 177 6 .

feldomer expofed to Tale. Butj in order to
purchafe it, one muft have weighed it againft
gold. For this feventy kobangs were aflced, or
four hundred rixdollars. It was without doubt
better lacquered than what is done at prefenr,
and the flowers upon it elegantly raifed. But
yet the difference in the price feemed to me ex-
travagant, and by far too great.

Maps of the country and towns are ftri&ly
prohibited from being exported, or fold to
ftrangers. Neverthelefs I had an opportunity to
purchafe feveral, exactly like thofe that ICslmp-
fer brought away with him (though with lefs
trouble indeed) in his time. Thefe were a gene-
ral map of Japan, and of the town of Nagafaki,
Miaco, and Jedo.

A woman who had been turned out of doors
by her huffDand, was permitted to vifit the am-
baflador, in order to beg fomething towards her
fupport. She had had her head lhaved all over,
and walked about with it bare, making a very
ftrange figure. This was faid to be cuftomary,
when any female, for fome reafon or another,
was parted from her hufband.

Koto was the name of a mufical inftrument,
which in found much refembled a guitar or
David’s harp. It was fix feet long, and one
foot broad, with thirteen firings, and moveable
O 3 pieces

J 98 JEDO, 1776.

pieces of wood for the better arranging the
firings.

The two phyficians at court, my much beloved
pupils, who viiited me almoft every day, had,
through my affiduous pains, and their own un-
wearied endeavours, made confiderable ad-
vances in the fcience which treats of the diagno-
ixs of difbrders, and had even begun, under my
direftion, to reftore to health feveral patients
by means of the fame medicines as are uied in
Europe, divers of which they had procured, in
order to ufe them as occafion might require. *
At this time it happened, that, as I for the
moft part prefcribed the medicines that were to
be ufed, my advice was allied with regard to
fome patient of great diftin&ion at the imperial
court. But when I defired to be informed of
the patient’s fex, age, &c. which is very often
highly neceflary for a phyfician to know, they
affefted great fecrecv, which prevented me from
being able to prefcribe at all. The people of
diftinttion in this country feldom fuffer themfelves
.to be feen by the inhabitants themfelves, much lefs
by ftrangers - 3 and at court, the perfonages com-
pofing the imperial family are for the moft part fo
little known, that there are very few people in the
whole empire that know the reigning emperor’s
name before he dies. So that, in fa£t, it might
have been abfolutely impoffible for me to dis-
cover

cover who my illuftrious patient was. At firft I
ufed great importunity to be allowed to fpeak
with the lick perfon, and to put fuch queftions
as would ferve to give me information concern-
ing the diforder. And this might have adlually
happened, on account of the dangerous fituation
in which the patient was ; but on this occafion
fuch precautions were to be ufed, as would pre-
vent me from either feeing the fick perfon, or
laying my finger on the pulfe. In ihort, my
vifit was to be made in the adjacent room, with
the curtain down. As by fuch means I could
not obtain the necefiary information with refpefb
to the Hate of the patient, I adopted the method
of inveftigating and finding out the circum-
ftances I ought necefiarily to be acquainted with
through the medium of the interpreters, and of
fuch of my medical pupils as had made the
greateft advances in their ftudies. After which
the remedy was foon prepared ; and my illultri-
ous patient, who without doubt was one of the
imperial princelfes, quickly reftored to health.

I had brought with me from Holland a quan-
tity of corrofive fubiimate, and during my re-
fidence here plainly perceived that this remedy
was much wanted, on account of the great num-
ber of people that laboured under the venereal
difeale. Notwit'nilanding which, I could not fell
any of it to the phyficians of this country, who

O 4 were

200

JEDO, 1776.

were totally ignorant of the ufe and application
of this fure, but, at the fame time, dangerous
medicine. They had fome idea, indeed, of fali-
vation, but thought it too difficult and dangerous.
With the other methods of ufing mercury they
were not acquainted. I therefore thought I
could not do better than prefent the practitioners,
as well the phyficians of the country as the in-
terpreters, with fmall parcels of the fublimate,
and at the fame time gave them dire£tions how
to ufe it, by diffolving it in water with the ad-
dition of fome kind of fyrup. This folution was
afterwards exhibited by them to a great many
miferable creatures, after the due preparations,
and with the utmoft caution, but never without
daily reports being made to me ^and confe-
quently under my direction; till fuch time as
at length they could venture to take the manage-
ment of it entirely to themlelves. The cures
they performed with it feemed at firft to furpafs
their conception; they were rather inclined to
confider them as miracles, and bellowed on me
more thanks and bleffings than I could ever
have expected for a piece of information, which
I myfelf confidered as trifling; but which was
of great importance to them, and may here-
after prove of incltimable utility to a whole
patiop.

The

20 r

jedo, J77 6.

The Japan eft* have not the lead knowledge
of anatomy ; neither have they the moil diftant
idea of the circulation of the blood. When,
therefore, they feel the pulfe of their patients,
they do it fil'd on one and afterwards on the
other arm, not knowing that the beatings of the
pulfe are every where exaftly alike, and that the
dime heart propels the blood to both places.
This feeling of the pulfe, in their manner, is a
tedious operation, and lads full a quarter of an
hour. Bleeding, indeed, has fometimes been
performed in the arm by a few phvficians and
interpreters ; but it was but leldom that they had
recourfe to this operation, and then always with
a great deal of apprehenfion and fear. On this
head I gave them not only the bed and mod
certain indrudlions, but alfo encouraged them to
pradtife on certain occafions, this fimp!e but
often ufcful operation ; and for that purpofe I
was obliged to make a prefent to my beloved
pupils at Jedo of my filver fpring-lancet, and
other chirurgical indruments which might be of
ufe to them.

Amongd the plants which were brought to
me in Jedo, and which I did not obferve elfe-
where, were the following, viz. ( Juglans Nigra )
Walnuts, ( Fagus Cafiavea ) Chefnuts, which,
however, I afterwards faw in Miacoj (Inula
helenium) Elecampane, the aromatic root of

which

202

JEDO, 1776.

which was ufed as a ftrengthener of the ftomach ;
and our common Pine ( Pinus abies J, feveral of
which I faw at the time that they were carrying
us up to the imperial court.

At the fame time too, 1 had the pleafure of
feeing a man of diltin&ion carried in his nori-
mon to court in the moil pompous manner, a
manner which is uled in the towns; and on
days of feftivity only. On this occafion the
norimon is not carried, as ufual, on men’s
Ihoulders, but on their hands, and as high 2 s the
bearers poffibly can, who at the fame time
run with it as fail as they are able. The other
hand is carried horizontally, and in running they
throw their heels up into the air. This norimon
paffed us at fome diftance, like an arrow fhot
acrofs a field.

My friends made me a prefent of a large
chalk-fcone, which was faid to be found in the
ftomachs of horfes. The Dutch called it Paar-
dttfeen. It was only faid to, be found in the
vicinity of Jedo, in fuch horfes as are kept in
the liable, without my informer being able to
throw any farther light on the fubjeft, or to fay
whence this concretion derives its origin, and re-
ceives its growth. Some fmaller Hones which
I had given me afterwards, were flatter, and had
no nucleus in them. This Hone confided of
lamellae, was very clofe-grained, and as large

as

1C3

JEDO, 17/6.

as a child’s head. I am apt to imagine, that
the water which the horfes drink is impregnated
with lime, and that their Handing Hill contributes
much to the growth of this fubftance.

The minerals, as well as other natural curi Gli-
des which the Japanefe brought to me at Jedo,
were of various kinds, of which I fhaii here
enumerate only the mod curious : Gold ore from
Simar , was called Kan nab. AfbeHus, an im-
mature fpecies, called Jfiwatta. Cupreous Py-
rites, from Simotjke and Jsjo jamma , or from
Asjo mountain. A copper ore, brought hither
from China, was called Simoo Seki : it contained
a great quantity of fulphur, and was laid, when
burned and reduced to powder, to be ufed in
coughs. A white and fixed porcelain clay, of
a farinaceous confiftence, was called Fak Sekif:.
This, together with a great variety of other
minerals from the Cape, as alfo Bezoar and pre-
cious Hones, I prelented to my much- efteemed
preceptor, the Chevalier Bergman, and may
be feen in the collection of foflils belonging to
the royal academy at Upfal •, alfo a white Af-
beHus with foft and fine fibres, called Sckima,
which is fpun and woven, and made into cloth.
Alfo a red Arfenic, called Owco or Kyquan ScH ;
and yellow Shell-fand, termed Aw a Sna (i. e. coarjs-
grained '/and). A Lapis Steatites, was called Saku-
Jekis , and J/uwatta : this was of a flefli colour,

and

204

JEDO, 1776.

and very beautiful. Pumice-flone was known
under the denomination of Karuifi , and a fpathi-
form ftala&ite under that of Ifurara If. Cin-
nabar, in powder, was called Sju ; a round
quartzoie-ftone was named from Tfugara, the
place from whence it had been brought, Tfugaro
If , and alfo ‘Takara IJi j white marble, Nikko Jfi
and Nikkorofik-, Galena with Cupreous Pyrites,
Soi noi Megin ■, a fine rock oil, from Sinatio, Ke-
fojo no Abra ; Saltpetre, Siro Jinfo ; Sal fontanum^
boiled out of the earth near fome warm-baths, Boo-
Jta Phytolithus lithophyllum, from the Fakonie
•mountains, Konofa Jfi ; Tubipora Mufica, Luukuv
Sangcda-, Sponge, Uniwatt a ; a Gorgonia ra-
mofa, Umemats ; red Corals from Kamaku,
San go din ; and the fame from Sangami, were
called Sangosjn ; a thick red Millepora, from
the ifland Sjofufma, in the province of Sannoki ,
Djukuts •, Anomia plicatella, Seki Jen ; Argo-
nauta argo, from Jotfigo, Fako June-, Cypraea
mauritanica. Kino Kui ; Cicindela Japonica, from
Of, Hammoa ; Julus terreftris, Jafude ; Onifcus
alellus, Saori Kofi , which fignifies a houfe-
infe<5t j Onifcus oceanicus, Funa Muji, which
fignifies a fhip-infe£t ; Sygnatus hippocampus,
Kaij ba j Sepia oflopodia (the Cuttle-fifh) which
is much filhed for, and is dried and eaten all
over the country, Ika ; Jamamo was the name
given to a filh with red fins, from the rivulets

of

JEDO, 1776. 205

©f the Fakonie mountains ; this reduced to
powder, was faid to be good for the ladies in
peftoral complaints ; Anas querquedula, was
called Kamo. Karafumo was a name given to
the roe of fome large filh, which, faked, prefled
flat, and dried, could be eaten like any other
dry food with rice. Kali, Makotje> Niga Kotje 3
and If aka Gotje, were appellations borne by dif-
ferent kinds of flounders ( Pleuroneflei ).

The interpreters alfo lhewed me a root, pro-
bably of fome Fern or other ( Filix ), which
they called Jaboki, and which, when cut acrofs,
exhibited the figure of a liar, that was con-
fidered by them as fomething extraordinary.

As the town of Jedo is very large and exten-
five, it is likewife vtry populous, on account of
the infinite number of Grangers who flock to it
from all parts of the country. Every family, it
is true, has its own houfe, and the houfes are only
one, or at moft two, (lories high ; but, yet, many
individuals live crowded together in one and the
fame houfe. Towards the ftreet there are always
either work-fhops, or ordinary fale-fhops. Thefe
are for the mod part covered with a cloth,
hanging down before them, at lead in part, fo
that no one can eafily fee from the ftreet what the
people are at work upon. But in the fale-Ihops
are leen patterns of almofl every thing. The
Greets, especially the principal ones, through

whief*

20 6

JEDO, 177 6 .

which we paiTed, were very long and broad,
frequently from eighty to a hundred feet in
breadth. The town, like that of Nagafaki, is
alternately governed by two governors, biirgo-
mafters, and commiflaries {Otter, as) over each
ftreet.

I was informed that the princes of the coun-
try had not only their ufual palaces for them-
felves and their families within the firft citadel,
but alfo feveral houles in different quarters of
the town, to flee to in cafe of fire.

Before my departure my pupils requefted
from me a certificate with refpedl to the inft rudfions
1 had given them, and the progrefs they had
made. I therefore gave them one written in
Dutch, which made them fo immenfely happy
and proud, that neither I nor any young dodlor
could pofilbly have ever plumed ourfelves more
on our doctor's hat and diploma. I had the
good fortune to gain their love and friendfhip
to fuch a degree, that they did not only fet a
high value on my knowledge, and on my kind-
nefs in communicating that knowledge to them,
but they loved me from the bottom of their
hearts, fo as greatly to regret mv departure.*

* Sirice this, during a period of feveral years, I have not
cnly kept up an intercourfe by letters with them, and others
cf my friends among the interpreters, but likewife fent them
feme fmall, but acceptab’e, p relents, and received, in return,
both feeds for the botanical garden at Upfal, and fome addi-
tions to the academy’s collection ot natural hiltory.

co 7

JEDO, 1776.

Our departure from Jedo was fixed for the
<z$th of May , and was to take place inevitably,
as the 13th of Siguats , or the 30th of May, was.
appointed by Kueo, the reigning fecular em-
peror, for his fetting out on a journey to the
temple of Nike, which is very large, (lands thirty-
fix leagues to the eaft of Jedo, and was the place
where a great feftival was to be kept. This
journey had been in agitation three years, and
a great many preparations made for it, although
it had been continually put off from year to
year.

As both the monarch himfelf, and all the
princes of the country are clothed, and
their hair dreffed, in the fame manner as the
reft of the inhabitants, and confequently, being
deftitute of thrones, jewels, and the reft of their
paraphernalia, cannot be diftinguiffied from
others, they have adopted the expedient of ex-
hibiting themfelves on journies and feftive oc-
cafions, according to their condition in life, and
the dignity of their refpe&ive offices, with a
great number of people, officers, and attendants
hovering about them. It was therefore neceffary,
that extraordinary preparations fhould b^made
for the lupreme ruler of the country. On the
roads, new houfes were to be built to bait at,
as well at night as in the day-time. Every
convenience that could be thought of was to be

in

io$

JEDO, 1776-

in abundance, and previoufly in proper Order at
each place. All the domeftics, both before and
during the journey, were to be in the higheft
degree vigilant, every one in his ftation. Dur-
ing Kubo’s abfence, the imperial citadel was to
be in charge with the prince of the province of
Milo, and the government with fome of the pi ivy
counfellors. Orders had already been iffued out
that a careful watch fliould be kept every
where, to prevent fires, popular commotions,
and other untoward accidents. The money or-
dered to defray the expences of the journey
amounted to 280,000 kobangs, or 1,680,000
rtxdoilars. Of this money diftributions were
made to the privy counfellors, princes of the
country, and others who were to be in the
emperor’s fuite. The journey was to be per-
formed to the temple of Niko in three days,
and the day after their arrival was to be a day
of reft. On the 17th of Siguats, or the third
of July, the feftival was to be celebrated, and
the day following they were to fet out on their
return home. At our departure on the i$th of
May from Jedo, we already faw leveral large
companies, which were to go before; but
three days before the emperor fet out, fuch
companies, as thefe began to follow very clofe
upon each other. On die day before the em-
perpr’s departure, towards the evening, they

crowded

209

JEDO, 1776.

Crowded fo clofe on each other, that there was
only an interval of half an hour between the
appearance of each company j and this continued
till five o’clock in the morning, when the empe-
ror himfelf fet out with the hereditary prince,
Jn the train of this innumerable multitude fol-
lowed, as the interpreters informed us, feveral.
very old men, beggars, executioners, and even
coffins, that nothing might be wanting to com-
plete the proceffion.

Before I quitted Jedo^, I felt myfelf exited by
my pride, not only to know the name of tire
emperor, at whofe court I had had the Angular
fortune to refide, but alfo to learn the names of gll
the rulers, as well ecclefiaftical as fecular, who
have reigned over this happy people and land
Since Kvempfer’s time, which is almoft a hun-
dred years ago. I well knew the difficulty of
this, and forefaw the impoffibility of arriving at
any knowledge of it at any other place than
here, which might be done by the affiftance of
the friends whom I had obliged. It was not
without a great deal of trouble, though, in fafi-,
fortunate enough, and very flattering to me,
that, a few deys before my departure, I 'received
an hiftorical Sketch relative to this Subject, which
otherwife could not have been procured for any

fum of money.

• *. -

yoL. m. P The

216 RETURN FROM COURT.

The name of the reigning fecular emperor,
or Kubo, was Minamoto no Je Fartj Koo‘, he
had alfo received from the Dairi, whole province
it is to grant titles, the following firname : Sjo ji tfi
naij daijjin Sakonje no taij fio zeij ji taij Siogun.
His age likewife was given into me, and was
forty-three years. Minamota was laid to be
the family name; Je Faru, his own name,
and Koo anfwers to fir, although this ride, like
that of feigneur in France, is only given to peo-
ple of diftinftion.

The name of the hereditary prince was Mr-
namoto no Je Moto Kco, together with the
Bairi’s title : Su nieji daijnagon . He was faid to
be about twelve years old.

RETURN FROM THE COURT, 1776.

On the i$th of May, in the morning, we fet
out from the capital for Nagafaki. Our jour-
ney homeward was made nearly in the lame
manner, and along the fame road as the journey
upward. We likewife, for the moft part, put up
at the fame inns, either to dine or fleep, and
very feldom made any change. We dined this
day in Kawajakki , and took up our firlt night’s
lodging in totfka. On the 2 6tb of May, before

we

211

ODOWARA, 1776.

we left this place, we made a purchafe of feve-
ral elegant, but fmall, boxes of fhells, which
were laid up very neatly and curioufly on carded
cotton. Thefe are generally bought by the
Dutch, either to fell again, or to fend to Europe
to their friends and relations, as rarities from fo
diftant a country. Although the fhells were all
fattened to the cotton with glue made of boiled
rice, in order that they might not fall off, I
picked out as many as were not before known
in Europe, or at lead very fcarce, and which are
now kept amongft other collections of the aca-
demy at Upfal.

We dined afterwards in Kcijfo , and flept at
Odowara. In our road we o’olervea a Pine-tree
( Finns Syhejlris') the branches of which were
ipread horizontally, and formed a vegetating co-
ver over a fummer-houfe, under which one might
walk to and fro. I had leen feveral of thefe
pines before at different places, but none by
far fo extenfive as this. Its branches were twenty
paces in length, and fupported by feveral poles
that were placed under them.

On the i~jth of May we croffed the high
Fakcnie mountains, where we met with the fame
adventures as on our journey upwards. We dined
at the village of Fakonie, received and paid for
the things we had befpoke, and put up at night
on the other fide of thefe mountains at Mi/ima.

P 2 The

212

RETURN FROM COURT.

The Epidendrum monile , a parafitical plant,
that does not fallen its roots in the ground, was
feen here, tied up in bundles, and hung out be-
fore the houfe. So that this plant could live fe-
veral years without water or any kind of nourifh-
ment whatever, and yet grow and flower all the
while.

Several places alfo they had, Acroftichum haj-
tatum , planted in pots for pleafure, although it is
with great difficulty that this fpecies of plant is
raifed in Europe.

On the i$th of May , we travelled on till noon
to Jofiwara , where we dined, and in the evening
to Kambara. In palling by, we inveftigated Hill
more accurately the lofty mountain of Fufi.
The foot of it feemed,on the one fide in particular,
to go off with a very long Hope. Its fnow-white
top appeared now very high above the clouds.

Here, as in various other places, the ordure
left by travelling horfes was very carefully ga-
thered from off the roads by old men and chil-
dren. This was done very readily, and without
Hooping, with a Ihell ( Halictis tuber culatd) which
refembled a fpoon, and was fafiened to a Hick.
The gatherings were put into a bafitet, and car-
ried on the left arm.

Neither could I fee without admiration, the in-
duHry of the farmers in manuring their lands, a
\york, in which they were already pretty far ad-
vanced. This colleffion of manure of every kind,

’ urine

ODOWARA, 1776.

urine and offals, which they had prepared at home,
quite thin and fluid, they now carried in two
pails on their fnoulders to their lands, and there
with a Jcoop poured it out near the roots of the
green corn, the blades of which w’ere fix inches
long. This I was told was done twice each time
they fowed.

Trapa natans was a very common plant in the
rice grounds ; and its black roots were much
ufed for food when boiled in foupsj although I
thought them rough and difagreeable.

Onthe 29/^, 30/^, and 31ft of May, we proceeded
on our journey as far as Nijfaka , where, on account
of the great number of people, who met the
travelling princes, we were obliged to flay three
whole days. On the firft of thefe days we did
not travel more than feven miles, to Sutjo ■, on
the fecond day to Smada , on the third we did not
get farther than to Nijfaka , fcarcely more than
two leagues.

The catkins of the alder ( Betula Alnus ) were
feen in feveral places, hung out in the fhops for
lale. On enquiry, I found they were ufed for
dying black.

The Lycium f apov.icum , a fmall handfome
lhrub, was every where planted for hedges j and

The Azalea Indica flood in almoft every yard
and plot, near the houfes, in its beft attire,
ineffably refplendent with flowers of different
colours.

214 RETURN FROM COURT.

The Chamarops excel/a, a palm tree, higher
than a man, was feen in different places. From
the net-like bark that furrounds the Item, were
made brooms, which were every where ufed for
fweeping, and were expofed to fale.

The fruit of the Mefpilus Japonic a now began
to ripen. Like other medlars, it tailed tolerably
well, and melted in the mouth. In the heat of
the day I thought it very refrefhing.

In Futju, we bought feveral bafkets of differ-
ent fizes, and cabinets with drawers, all which
were made of flips of rattan, woven on the fpot,
in the neateft and moft elegant manner.

During our journey down, and in this rainy
feafon, we were molefted by gnats {Culex irritans)
which particularly diflurbed us in the night, and
fometimes prevented us from fleeping. We
were therefore under the neceffity of purchafing a
kind of porous green fluff, for curtains, fuch as
is ufed every where in this part of the world, for
a defence againft thefe blood-fucking infefls.
Thefe curtains are very wide, and are tied over
the teller, and fpread below over the whole bed,
without having any other opening than juft at
bottom. They are very light and portable, and
wove fo open, as not to prevent the air from
pafting through them.

The Dolicbos polyjiacbyos , a plant of the pea
kind, which ran up winding like fcarlet beans,

was

miaco, 177 6. ai£

was planted in many places, and formed into
arbours. It was not only ferviceable for this
purpofe, but alfo extremely ornamental on ac-
count of its flowers, which hung down in long
ftalks, and made their appearance in gradual fuc-
ceflion.

-The Sefamum orientale was cultivated in ma-
ny places and from the feed, although very
fmall, a fine oil was exprefied, which was in ge-
neral ufe here, as well as in other places in India,
for d refling of victuals, and other purpofes.

After having lufficiently refted ourfelves, we
fet out again on our journey, on the \th of June *
although we did not get farther this day than
to Kakigawa , which is only two leagues.

On the 5 th, 6th , 7 tb, 8 th, ytb, 10 th y and 1 ith
of June , we kept on our regular route, in the
fame manner as on our journey upwards, and
dined in Mitfke , -Array, Okajfakki, Isjakuji, Mina -
kuts and Jfiba , and flept in Fammamats , Jofida ,
Chiriu , Kwana, Seki , Kufats and Miaco.

In different parts of the road, between Jedo and
Miaco , beggars were feen that were cripples,
for the moft part in their feet. This appeared to
me fo much the more ftrange, as otherwife
cripples are feldom to be met with in this coun-
try.

Red and inflamed eyes alfo were very common
in thefe provinces, efpecially among the poorer

P 4 for

21.6 RETURN FROM COURT.

of people, as well among fuch as were advanced
in years, as among young children. This ma-
lady lias its principal fource in two things, viz.
in. the fmoke from the charcoal within the houfes,
and the flench proceeding from the jars of urine,
which are in all the villages near every boufe.

Double flowers of the Corchorus Japonictis
( Jamma Buki) grew wild here, and made a pleaf-
ing appearance. Dried and pulverized, they
were ufed in haemorrhages j. and, in cafes of
bleeding at the nofe, were blown up the nof-
trils by means of a quilh

In the beginning of June, which is the third
or fourth Japanefe month, the firft gathering was
made of the leaves of the tea plant, which at this
time are quite, young, and yield the finer kinds
of tea. In fome places, I obferved, they had
carelefsly fpread tea leaves on mats, to dry be-
fore their houfes.

I had alfo an opportunity of feeing at feveral
places in the villages,, how corn, wheat, and
muftard feed, were thraflied on mats before the.
houfes in the open air. This operation was
fometimes performed with flails, which had
three flicks , fometimes the fheaf and ears were
beaten again ft a barrel, fo that the grain fel out,
which was afterwards feparated from the chaff!

The wood of the Myrica Nagi, was called 'Nagi.
This wood is very fine and white, and is tafed
for- combs and other fimilar articles.

Fjm

MIACO, 1776. 017

Fjttn no ki was the name given by thn Japa-
nefe to a kind of wood, which was alfo ufecl
for making of combs.

On the 1 ith of June, we were intro-
duced to the grand marfhal, or the im-
perial fupreme judge, as alfo to the two go-
vernors of the town, by whom we were re-
ceived in like manner as by the others in Jedo,
The fupreme judge (Groot Rah ter) gave in re-
turn for the preients he received, five large
night-gowns, but the governors of the town, in-
fteadof thefe, gave the arhbaflador a fum of money
only, to the amount of 21 rixdollaxs. Thefe
were put up in paper in the manner ufual in this
country. When fuch prefents as thefe are made
in filver, they are wrapped up in a long piece
of Japan paper, which is afterwards pafted to-
gether and written upon, on one or both fides.
Sums fo inclofed, whether larger or fmaller, come
frequently from the mafter of the mint, and pafs
through many hands. And the mafter of the
mint, who has written the value on the outfide,
becomes -anfwerable for the contents, when one
of thefe parcels is opened.

In the afternoon I had a private vifit from the
Dairis,or the ecclefiaftical emperor's body phyfi-
cian. He is about the middle age, and his name
is Og?no Sajfiogeje no Sakca. Ogino is his family
name ; je no Sakai , his pr?enomen j and Safi age is. a

title

RETURN FROM COURT.

aiS

title of honor given him by the Dairi. He brought
me feveral herbs, the mod of them juft gathere d
the ufe of which he was very defirous of knowing*
as well as of gaining fome intelligence with re-
gard to the cure of certain diforders. Our con-
verfation was carried on through an interpreter ;
but he was not a little furprized, when once, in
order to fix the name, of a plant in bis memory
with the greater certainty, I wrote it down be-
fore his face in Japanefe characters — T'amma.

Tamma Mufi was the appellation given by the
interpreters to the Bupredis Ignita, which they
had got here and brought to me.

On our return from the court we are always
more at liberty than in going to it. Confe-
quenrly we were allowed, previous to our de-
parture from Miaco, which was on the 13th of
Jdne, to fee feveral of the largeft, mod elegant,
and bed fituated temples in that place. Thefe
dand, as in this country is ufually the cafe, on the
declivity of a mountain, and command the mod
delightful profpedts. Here were alfo artificial
ponds, in which the monks had feveral live black
turtles ( Tejludo Japonic a) for their amufement.
Amongd thefe temples, that of Daibud is not
only the larged, but the mod remarkable. The
temple dands on 96 pillars, and has feveral
entries, which are very lofty, but at the fame time

very

MI A CO, 1776. 219

very narrow. The body of the temple confifts*
as it were, of two llories, which run into each
other, and confequently have a double roof, the
uppermoft of which was fupported by feveral
painted pillars, above two yards in diameter.
The floor was laid with fquare pieces of marble,
which I had not feen any where elfe. The only
thing here wanting was, a fufEcient light for lo
large and magnificent a pile of building, which
doubtlefs proceeded from the architect ’s no*c
having been grounded in the true principles of
his art. The image of the idol Baibud, which
flood almofl in the middle of the temple, was
enough to flrike the beholder with terror and
awe : terror, on account of its fize, which
fcarcely has its equal ; and awe, in confequence
of the reflections it mull naturally fuggeft.
The image was in a fitting pofture, and raifed
about two yards from the ground, with its legs laid
acrofs before it in the Indian manner, and gilded.
The ears were long, the hair fhort and curling,
the (houlders naked, the body covered with a
wrapper, the right-hand raifed, and the left laid
edge- ways againft the belly. To any one who
had not feen this image, the fize of it rriuil ap-
pear almofl: incredible. The interpreters allured,
me, that fix men might fit on the palm of the
hand in the Japanefe manner, with their heels

•under

a 20

RETURN FROM COURT.

vinder them. The figure feemed to me to be
well-proportioned, although it was fo very broad,
that its fhoulders reached from one pillar to the
other, notwithstanding that, thefe, when meafured
by the eye, appeared to be about thirty or thirty-
two feet afunder. This idol, as well as the
fedt that worfliips it, der ives its origin from India,
and their acquaintance with it muff, in all pro-
bability, have came from Siam, China, or feme
other place, at the time when Arrangers were at li-
berty to trade with greater freedom in this coun-
try, and they themielves carried on commerce
with foreign nations in their own bottoms.

My aftoni foment at this enormous ftatue had
not yet ceafed, when we were carried to another
temple, which was nearly as majeftic, and as wor-
thy of admiration. The height of it was not
very extraordinary, nor its breadth, but, on the
other hand, its length was confiderable. This
was facred to Qvanwon, and his image, together
with ail his Dii minores , were, to a confiderable
number, fet up in this edifice. In the middle
fat Qyanwon himfelf, furnifoed with thirty-fix
hands; near him were placed fixteen heroes larger
than men are in common, but much lefs than the
idol, and thefe occupied a feparate room, and par-
titioned off, as it were, to themfelves. On both
fides next to thefe ftcod two rows of gilt idols, each
with twenty hands. Afterwards were put up, in

rows

OSAK.A, I776* £21

rows on each fide, idols of the fize of a man,
quite clofe to each other, the number of which
I could not reckon. Thofe that were reared
to us, or forwards, were the fmalleft, and thofe
that dood behind, gradually larger; fo that all
the twelve rows could be feen very didinctly.
On the hands the heads of all thefe fmaller idols
were placed, and the whole number was faid to
amount to thirty-three thoufand three hundred
and thirty-three.

We then proceeded to FuJimL where we dip-
ped ; after which, a little before fun- let, we got
into our fmall boats, and went down the river to
Ojaka , where, after an agreeable night’s trip,
we arrived the following morning.

We daid at Ojaka two whole days, and had
more pleafure and amufements at this place than
during the whole of our journey befides ; as here
vve had feveral times an opportunity to take a
view of the town in our norimons, be prefent at
plays, fee their dances, and enjoy various other
uncommon fights, which are to be met with here
in great abundance. Thofe that I, for my part,

• mod valued, were a collection of Japanefe plants,
in a well-ordered garden, a collection of birds
indigenous to this country, and the cading of
their copper into bars. Their plays are full of
glee; but lb very angular at the fame time, that,
to me, they rather appeared ablurd. The in-
terpreters

222

RETURN FROM COURT.

terpreters were obliged to explain them to us.
The fubjeft of them was generally either fome
love adventure, or heroic deed. In their way,
the performers feemed to ad well, but the thea-
tre was very fmall and narrow. The dancing
was chiefly performed by children of both fexes,
two or more together. They fomewhat re-
femhled our country -dances, and the fubjed of
them was nearly the fame as that of their plays.
The body was bent a hundred different ways,
and then fell back again into its natural pofition,
according to the mufic or finging by which the
dances are accompanied.

The mod curious part of the fpedacle was
to lee the girls drefied in the moil magnificent
manner, and in the higheft ftyle, like ladies of
the firft diftindion, and with an almoft infinite
number of night-gowns, the one over the other,
all of the fineft and thinneft filk. This great
number of night-gowns, which was not per-
ceptible, as they were extremely thin and light,
fometimes amounts to thirty or more, and the
girls growing warm while they are dancing,
partly to cool themfelves, and partly to make a
fhew of their finery, pulled them off by degrees,
one after tire other, fo that a whole dozen of
them together hung down from the girdle, with
which they were tied about their bodies, without
hindering them in the leaft in their evolutions.

I faw

OSAKA, I 77 6 . 22 J

I faw in the ftreet called Bird-ftreet, a number
of birds that had been brought hither from all
parts, fome to be fhewn for money, and others
for fale. There was alfo a botanic garden to-
lerably well laid out in this town (though with-
out an orangery) in which were reared and cul-
tivated, and at the fame time kept for fale, all
forts of plants, trees, and fhrubs, which were
brought hither from other provinces. I did not
negleft to lay out as much money here as I
could fpare, in the purchafe of the fcarceft fhrubs
and plants, planted in pots, amongft which were
the moft beautiful ipecies of this country’s ele-
gant Maples, and two fpecimens of the Cycas
revoluta , a Palm-tree, as fcarce, as the export-
ation of it is ftriftly prohibited, and upon which,
on account of its very nutritious Sago-like pith,
the Japanefe fet fo high, and, indeed, extra-
vagant a value, not knowing that it likewife
grows in China. Thefe were afterwards all
planted out into a large wooden box, at the top
of which were laid boughs of trees interlaced
with packthread, fo that nothing might injure
them. This box was afterwards fent off by
water to Nagafaki, from whence it was fentr
along with another box of the fame kind, packed
at the fadtory, to Batavia, to be forwarded to
the Ilortus Medians in Amfterdam.

We

224

RETURN FROM COURT.

We alfo viewed the temples here, and had an
interview with the two governors of the town.

The operation of fmelting of copper was one
day performed particularly for us, and merely on
purpole that we might fee it, in confequence of
the importunate intreaties both of our chief and
our conductors. This was done with much
greater fimplicity than I had imagined. The
fmelting hut was from twenty tp twenty-four
feet wide, and a wall like a niche was built up,
with a chimney on one tide of it. At the botr
tom of this, and level with the floor, was a hearth,
ip which the ore, by the afiaftance of hand-bel-
jows, had been (melted before our arrival. Di-
reCtly oppoflte, on the ground, which was not
floored, was dug a hole of an oblong form, an4
abouttwelve inchesdeep. Acrofs this werelaidten
fquare iron bars, barely the breadth of a finger
afunder, and all pf them with one of their edges
upwards. Over thefe was expanded a piece of
(ail -cloth, which was prefled down between the
bars. Upon this was afterwards poured cold
water, which flood about two inches above the
cloth. The fmelted ore was then taken up out
of the hearth, with iron ladles, and poured into
the above deferibed mould, fo that ten or eleven
bars, fix inches long, were call each time. As
fcon as thefe were taken out, the fufion was
continued, and the water now and then changed.

That

OSAKA, 1776. 21*5

Tha‘ the copper was thus call in water, was not
known before in Europe, nor that the Japanefe
copper hence acquires its high colour and fplen-
dor. Ac the fame time, I had the good fortune
to receive, through the influence of my friends
the interpreters, a prefent of a box, in which was
packed up, nor only pure copper call in the
above-mentioned manner, but alfo fpecimens
taken from every procels that it had gone
through, fuch as the crude pyrites with its matrix,
the produce of the roalting, and of the firft
and fecond fmelting.

This box, which may be feen in the cabinet
of minerals belonging to the academy at Upfal,
was not lefs gatifying to my late relpe&able and
beloved tutor, Profefior Bergman, than the in-
formation I gave him on my return home with
relpedt to the calling of the copper in water.

After this we faw a quantity of call copper,
not only in the above-mentioned form of bars,
as it is fold to the Dutch and Chinefe, but alio
call in larger and fmaller, round and fquare,
thicker and thinner pieces for other purpofes,
according as they may be wanted for the fabrica-
tion of kettles, pans, and other utenfils.

El ere was a difference made between the fer-
vants that waited on us at the inns. Young
boys were ufually called kodom } but fervants, that
had arrived at the age of manhood, bore the
-appellation of todokos.

vol, nr.

There

226

RETURN FROM COtJRT.

There cannot well be a ftranger fpe&acle than
that which prefents itfelf to the view, when a great
multitude of people are affembled together, which
is not unfrequently the cafe ; every man’s clothes,
as well as the reft of his paraphernalia, being
marked with the owner’s mark or his arms.
This is a common cuftom with the Japanefe,
fo that every one knows his own property again,
and thieves can make no advantage of ftolen
goods.

I purchafed here a quantity of Mofca of dif-
ferent degrees of finenefs, and of different
qualities. The fineft fort of all is white,
and is ufed in common all over the country as a
cauftic, both for the cure and the prevention of
diforders. The coarfer kind is brown, and is
ufed as tinder. Both thefe forts are prepared
from the common wormwood ( Artemifia vul-
garis ) that is to fay, from the wool that covers
its leaves. The leaves are gathered in this
month, and afterwards dried and fet by for far-
ther preparation. They are then beaten and
rubbed, till the fibrous part is feparated from the
woolly, and the latter is obtained pure. There
are particular furgeons who apply themfelves
clofely to the adminiftration of this cauftic, and
who carefully ftudy, when, how, to what part of
the body, and in what diforders it is to be
ufed. It takes fire very readily, and confumes

.(lowly,.

OSAkA, I 776 . 227

ilowly. When a fmall ball of this is laid on
any part of the body, and fet fire to, it burns
down into the fkin, forming ulcers of different
depths, which fome time after aft as drains for
carrying off the humours that have flowed to
them from different parts. The back is the
chief place for the application of this univerfal
remedy, and although there are but few maladies
in which it is not ufed, yet it has the beft effeft
in rheumatifms and colds. Neither lex, age, nor
fituation in life, exempts any one from the necef-
fity of its ufe.

The Menyanthes nymph aides, with the leaves
and flowers, was kept here ffeeped in brine, and
was ufed for fallad, in the fame manner as pickled
cucumbers.

Of the Box tree, which was common in this
country, combs were made, which were lacquer-
ed, and worn by the ladies in their hair by way of
•rnament.

The Nymphea nelumho , in feveral places grew
in the water, and was confidered, on account of
its beautiful appearance, as a facred plant, and
pleafing to the gods. The images of idols were
often feen fitting on its large leaves.

The Skimmi ( Illicium Anijatum) was every
where confidered as a poifonous tree, and the
Japanefe would not believe that the fame tree
produced the real ( Anijum Stellatunt) Starry,
Qjt Anile

*

228 RETURN FROM COURT.

Anife, which they annually buy of the Chinefe.
The Capfules did not ripen well in this country,
nor had they fuch a ftrong and agreeable aro-
matic tafte as thofe that are kept in our drug-
gift’s {hops. Otherwife, the tree itfelf was in
high eft imation., was frequently to be met with
planted, and particularly near the temples, and,
as their idols were fuppofed to delight in it,
branches of it were always put amongft other
flowers in their temples in pots full of water.

For the menfuration of time, the Japanefe ufe
the powder of the bark of this tree in a Angu-
lar manner. A box twelve inches long, being
filled with allies, fmall furrows are made in thefe
allies, from one end of the box to the other,
and fo on backwards and forwards, to a con-
fiderable number. In thefe furrows is ftrew-
ed fome fine powder of Skimmi-bark, and divi-
fions are made for the hours. The lid of the
box is then clofed, but a fmall hole is left open
in order to fupply the fire with air. After this
the powder is fet on fire, which confumes very
flowly, and the hours are proclaimed by ftriking
the bells of the temples.

The fruit of the Melia azedarach was ufed, like
the feeds of the Rhus Succedanea, for making
an expreficd oil, which oil grew hard like tallow,
and was ufed for candles.

On

FIOGO, 1776. fl 29

On the 15 th of June we fet out for Fiogo,
where we made preparations for the long voy-
age we had to take, and embarked on board of the
large vefiel, which ufually carried the ambaflador
over to Simonofeki. The paflage this time
was both quick and profperous, fo that in the
lpace of a few days we arrived fafe in port.

From Fiogo we went to Kokura, and on
midfummer-day, in the morning, from thence
to Nagafaki. We dined and flept at the fame
places where we had put up on our journey up-
wards to Jedo.

There cannot -be a finer fpeftacle in all nature
than that of the Lampyris Japonica in a fum-
mer’s evening,. This is a fly, which near its
tail has two firall bladders, that, like the glow-
worms in Europe, diffufe a bluifti phofphoric
light. But the glow-worm has no wings, and
lies quiet in the juniper bufhes ; whereas, this
is winged, and flies about free and unconfined.
Thoufands of thefe now filled the air, fome
foaring high, and others flying lower and near the
ground ; fo that the whole horizon feemed to
be a fky illuminated by thoufands of glittering
ftars.

In Fiogo we gave our norimon-men .five rix-
dollars and five maas for their trouble, and to
the hoilefs in Fiamiis Foge, according to the efta-
CLj blifhed

2J0 RETURN FROM COURT.

blifhed cuftom, feven maas and five konderyns ;
after having baited there, and regaled ourfelyes
with fakki.

Before we got quite to Nagajaki town, our
chefts were fealed, in order that they might
pafson to the warehoufe without being fearched.
Our norimons and the reft of the baggage, as
alfo we ourfelves, were ftn&ly fearched. It is
true, J had no contraband articles to hide; but
as to the fcarce coins and maps, which I with
great pains and difficulty had procured, I wa$
unwilling either to lofe them, or, by their
means, bring any man into difficulties. There-
fore, after having put the maps amongft other
papers, and covered the thick coins over with
plafter, and hid the thinner pieces in my fhoes, I
arrived, with the reft of our company, fafe in
the fadtory on the 30 th of June , where we gave
each of our fervants one thail and five maas, and
were received by our friends with fatisfadtion
and joy ; which were fo much greater and live-
lier, as this journey had been protradted to a
much greater length than ufual, and confe-
quently they had long been in expedition of our
return.

MATURE OF THE COUNTRY. 23*

'.THE NATURE A NO PROPERTIES OF THE
COUNTRY

Japan is fituated beyond the farthermoft end
of Afia to the eaft, entirely feparated from this
part of the globe, and confifts of three large, and
many fmall iflands. It extends from the 30th
to the 4 1 ft degree of north latitude, and from
the 143d to the 161 ft degree of eaft longi-
tude, reckoning from the meridian of Teneriffe.
Therefore it lies feveral degrees eaft of the
capital of Sweden, fo that at Japan they have
fun-rife and noon eight hours earlier j confe-
quently, when it is noon at Jedo, it is only
four o’clock in the morning at Stockholm, which
makes a difference of eight hours.

Moft of the European nations call this empire
Japan, or Japonj the inhabitants themfelves
call it Nipon, or Nifon j and the Chinefc, Sip-
pon and Jepuen.

The Japanefe iflands were not totally unknown
in former ages. Japan is fuppofed to be the
country which Marco Paolo, of Venice, heard the
Chinefe mention by the name of Zipangri. Of
the European nations, the Portuguefe were the
firft who dilcovered it, and landed there, viz,
when Antojne de Mota, Francois Zeimoto,

0^.4 and

ij 2 Mature of the country.

and Antoine Peixota, were thrown by a ftorm,
with a large Chinefe junk, on this coaft, on their
voyage from Siam to China. After their arrival
at China, and in confequence of the report they
made, other Portuguefe, and even mifiionaries,
were fent thither. In what year the firfc Por-
tuguefe made this difcovery is by no means cer-
tains fome fay in the year 1535, others in
1 542, others in 1 548, and others fill' later.

The whole country confifts'of fcarcely any
thing elfe than mountains, hills, and vallies ; and
a large plain is feldom feen here. The coaft is
furrounded by mountains and rocks, and a very
turbulent ftormy fea. The greateft part of
its harbours are entirely unknown to the Euro-
peans s and thofe few that are known, are either
full of rocks, or have large fands or (heals, fo
that all failing and entrance into them is ex-
tremely dangerous. Formerly Portuguefe and
Dutch veflels arrived in the harbour of Firan-
dos ; but at prefent this, as well as all the others,
are (hut up, and Nagafaki is the only port in
which foreign veflels are allowed to anchor.
The harbour of Jedo has fuch (hallow ground,
that even fmafl boats cannot approach the ftrand ;
the larger Japanefe veflels keep far out to fea,
and an European (hip would be obliged to an-
chor at five leagues diftance.

The

NATURE OF THE COUNTRY, <233

The mountains are of various heights, more
or lefs fcartered or connected, and fome of them
alfo are volcanoes. One of the higheft in
the country is mount Fufi; its top reaching
above the clouds, and being difcernable at the
diftance of many leagues.

Many of the mountains are overgrown with
wood ; and fome of thefe again, which are not
too fteep, are cultivated and made to rife in
very high perpendicular declivities, like fteps,
one above the other, and that not unfrequently
up to the very top. In the vallies and on the
plains the foil differs in different places ; but
moft commonly it confifts of clay or fand, or of
both together, intermixed with a frnall portion
of mould.

In general it may be afferted, with the greateft
truth, that the foil of Japan is in itfelf barren ;
but in confequence of the labour and manure
beftowed upon it, together with heat and a fuf-
fkient quantity of rain, it is brought to a con-,
fiderable degree of fertility.

The heat in fummer is very violent, and
would be infupportable, if the air was not cooled
by winds from the fea.

In like manner the cold in winter is extremely
fevere, when the wind blows from the north and
north-caft. It is always felt to be more intenfe
than it really is, as indicated by the thermometer j

as

£34 NATURE OF TIJE COUNTRY,

as from the violence with which the wind blows.,
it pierces the body like arrows of ice.

The weather is very changeable the whole
year throughout, and the ground receives rain
in abundance. It rains almoft the whole year
round ; but particularly in the Satjaki or rainy
months, as they are. called, which commence at
raklfummer. This abundance of rain is the
caufe of the fertility of Japan, and, of what is
the confequence of this, its high degree of
population.

Thunder is by no means unfrequent; but
tempers and hurricanes are very common, a§
a!ft> earthquakes.

The thermometrical obfervations which I
made during my flay in Japan, and which are
probably extremely uncommon in their kind,
will fhew in a more accurate manner the nature
of dais climate ; and as none fuch, to my know-
ledge, have been hitherto made known, I have
thought proper to be very circumftamial in the
communication. They were chiefly made in the
fouthern parts of Japan, that is, near Nagafaki,
on the ifland of Dezima, but part of them were
likewife made during my journey to the court,
and in jedo, the capital.

The thermometer I made ufe of was Fahren-
heit’s, divided into 1 1 1 degrees, with a double
glafs, and filled with quickfilver, and was af-
fected

nature of the country. 23$

fedted by the flighted change of weather. I
always kept it hanging on the outfide of my
chamber window, by the fide of a wall, againft
a wooden poll in a northern afpedt, and in the
open air.

The greateft degree of heat in Nagafaki was
98 degrees, in the month of Auguft ; and the
fevereft cold 35 degrees, in January, in the
morning. The cold weather was univerfally
allowed to fet in this year later than other years;
and was of Ihorter duration, infomuch, that we
began to make fires in our rooms later than
ufual.

As to a barometer, I had none ; and there-
fore could make no barometrical obfervations,
in the ftridt fenfe of the word ; in general, how r
ever, I took notice,

1. That the eaft and north, and north-eaft
winds, which here blow from the land, are very
cold. The fouth and well, and fcuth-weft, which
blow from the fea, are always much warmer;
and when it rains, the weather immediately
grows milder.

2. In the fummer time, the wind blows at
Nagafaki almoft every afternoon from the fouth,
which is a refrefhing wind ; in the nights and
mornings it blows from the eaft.

3. When a fog rifes in the evening, and the
clouds gather, it generally rains on that night;

but

136 nature of the country.

but if there be a fog in the morning, it generally
proves fair.

4. When the fky in the winter is clouded
over in the eaft and fouth, rain, with blowing
weather, and ftorms, generally fucceed ; but as
foon as it clears up in the weft or north, the
weather turns out fair.

5. In the months of December and January,
I twice obferved fine flakes of fnow in the air,
which, however, at Dezima, melted before it
could reach the ground. I was told, that in
other years a great deal of fnow had fallen,
which had lain for fome time.

6 . Lightening, thunder, and thunder-fhowers,
occur fometimes in June and July, but chiefly
in Auguft and September, as weli in the even*
ing, as all night long.

» 775 ’

1775 * SEPTEMBER,

237

D, M.

Morn*

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

74

85

87

84

2

76

85

88

86

3

86

88

90

88

Cloudy.

4

86

89

89

87

5

83

81

81

80

Mizzling rain.

6

76

82

84

81

7

75

83

87

85

8

75

81

82

78

Cloudy.

9

73

80

81

80

10

7 1

8t

83

81

11

75

75

76

76

Rain. Sunfhine to-

12

74

79

82

79

wards evening.

*3

67

79

80

80

14 ;

72

79

80

79

*5

76

81

81

79

16

72

80

80

77

17

72

82

82

80

18

73

79

83

79

*9

70

80

81

80

20

72

81

81

79

21

72

79

80

80

22

72

81

82

80

23

75

82

82

79

24

70

81

82

79

25

70

78

81

76

26

69

77

77

77

27

69

77

79

78

28

7 1

77

78

77

29

7 r

79

80

78

30

68

78

82

81 -

1238 T 775 * OCTOBER.

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather#

1

71

79

84

82

2

69

SO

83

81

3

74

81

82

81

4

72

81

82

80

5

•72

81

84

82

6

72

8'2

83

82

7

72

81

84

84

/•

8

77

84

88

84

yf

9

84

86

35

10

76

84

86

85

x 1

78

84

*5

84

12

77

79

80

77

J 3

68

77

79

78

14

67

76

~6

78

i5

70

75

80

80

16

70

76

73

76

17

70

72

75

74

Cloudy with rain.

18

70

73

74

72

19

70

.72

73

73

20

70

73

75

73

21

7 i

73

75

72

22

7 1

72

73

72

Rain.

23

7 °

7 1

73

72

24

66

68

68

6 5

25

63

65 ■

66

69

Rain towards Evfen.

26

66

70

7 i

70

27

63

64

65

64

Cloudy.

28

60

66

6 7

64

29

64

68

70

70

Cloudy, with miz-

3°

63

68

69

68

zling rain.

3 1

6©

68

70 |

68

1775* novjtmbeA, 239

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather-

I

64

72

73

75

Wind fouth.

a

77

73

7 i

7 °

3

60

68

7 °

68

4

59

66

66

64

5

64

68

70

71

Cl. with miz. rain.

6

7 o

76

78

78

Rain in the forenoon.

7

76

74

76

72

3

6 7

67

67

62

Delightful funlhine.

9

S3

63

64

62

10

56

63

63

63

The breath vifible in

1 1

60

61

64

64

die morning.

12

59

63

66

65

l 3

60

6 1

63

61

14

60

60

60

60

Wind north.

*5

60

62

6 3

61

16

52

66

68

62

17

5 *

68

64

18

53

67

68

60

J 9

55

64

64

63

The breath vifible

-0

57

64

65

64

when the thermo-

21

52

64

66

63

meter was between

02

56

6 1

62

5 6

55 and 60 .

*3

48

60

61

56

24

52

60

60

57

2 5

55

5 o

59

53

26

53 1

5 «

59

55

Rain.

27

5°

5 8

60

55

28

45

60

61

5*

29

53

64

67

65

30

60

67

68

66

Rain the whole night.

177 5 * DECEMBER

240

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

btatc of the weather.

I

58

68

68

54

2

5 6

68

68

63

66

68

70

70

Thunder fliowers.

4

59

67

67

59

5

48

48

48

44

6

39

5' 2

53

5 1

7

4 1

55

57

<2

-

$

c

8

40

5 6

59

56

9

45

59

6©

56

10

46

60

60

5 6

11

5i

59

59

59

j 2

56

64

64.

60

Small rain.

13

< 1

64

66

60

Rain.

14

48

62

63

Go

T

15

5 2

59

59

56

The breath vifible.

1 6

44

55

5 6

52

rain.

*7

51

54

54

55

Rain.

18

48

55

5 6

55

19

47

57

56

55

20

5°

60

61

57

21

56

63

60

56

Rain.

22

47

50

47

47

WindN. Hail.

23

42

52

52

48

Hoar froft, rain in

24

38

55

55

54

the evening.

25

5°

54

52

56

Rain.

26

45

58

61

5 6

27

5 6

63

64

66

Rain.

28

5 7

62

63

57

29

54

59

54

54

Hard rain.

3°

5 6

57

59

55

3 l

48

1 53

57

54

177^* JANUARY,

241

D.M.j

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

52

58

60

54

V

2

5°

55

54

5°

3

42

5i

54

48

4

38

54

56

54

5

52

60

64

58

Rain even. & night. Eaft.

6

66

68

68

70

Rain.

7

57

60

58

56

Rain, afterwards funfhine.

8

54

52

52

46

Rain. WindN.

9

40

46

44

46

10

43

52

54

48

11

44

52

52

54

Cloudy. Rain.

12

59

60

60

55

Rain.

13

44

52

5°

5°

14

42

5°

52

48

*5

38

5°

52

50

Froft.

16

47

54

54

52

Rain.

17

44

52

52

5°

18

48

5°

48

46

Cloudy. Wind N.

*9

38

42

42

40

WindN. very cold. Snow,

20

35

48

5°

46

Thick ice on the water.

21

36

5°

50

5°

Cloudy. Rain.

22

47

S 2

54

5°

Wind N. Rain.

23

44

52

5°

48

Rain & hail. Wind N.W.

24

40

48

44

44

Wind N. Rain.

25

44

48

48

46

26

36

55

56

55

Hoar frod. Ice.

27

48

62

62

58

28

44

54

5°

5°

29

36

55

56

5°

30

48

58

58

61

Rain. Wind N.W.

3i

60

56

56

, 52

Rain. Wind N.W.

VOL. Ill,

R

242 1775* FEBRUARY.

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the Weather,

I

42

48

48

48

Rain. Snow. Wind

2

43

5 1

50

5 °

S. W.

3

40

5 2

56

52

4

46

56

58

5 6

5

50

6o

60

58

WindW. Sunlhine.

6

60

64

66

62

7

47

54

54

5 *

8

48

5 1

5 i

52

9

46

48

48

48

Rain.

IO

48

54

58

56

0

ii

48

5 2

52

50

12

48

S 2

52 ,

50

»3

42

44

5 °

48

Rain. Snow.

i 4

44

48

48

46

*5

42

50

5 °

46

16

42

S 2

55

52

17

44

52

52

5 °

18

42

54

54

50

*9

44

54

5 6

52

20

44

56

58

52

2 1

52

58

58

56

Small rain.

22

60

62

63

60

Mizzling rain.

2 3

52

54

54

5°

24

44

54

58

52

25

48

56

58

54

Mizzling- rain.

26

56

5°

50

48

Rain.

27

40

5°

5 2

48

28

44

55

52

5i

29

46

55

56

5‘

1776. march.

243

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

«=■ 1 ■ ■ t 1 rr.- ■ tf

State of the weather.

I

46

54

56

52

2

44

56

60

5 °

3

44

56

56

5 6

4

56

60

62

58

On the journey to the

5

55

6l

62

58

court.

6

5 °

62

6 3

55

7

58

54

54

52

Rain.

8

47

59

5 6

52

9

44

58

56

52

10

44

56

56

5 2

Rain.

1 1

5 1

56

5 6

56

y

1 2

54

58

58

58

Thunder fhowers.

13

60

62

62

62

Rain.

14

62

60

62

60

Rain in the morning.

i 5

58

55

55

56

Rain.

16

60

62

60

56

17

54

66

70

66

18

56

60

60

52

Rain.

l 9

60

66

62

62

' •

20

56

68

68

56

21

58

72

72

70

Mizzling rain.

22

68

68

68

62

Rain in the morning.

23

58

60

70

68

24

64

68

66

64

Mizzling rain.

25

64

68

70

58

26

58

64

64

60

27

56

58

5 6

55

28

60

60

60

56

Rain in the morning.

29

52

5 6

58

56

30

58

55

64

5 6

31

54 |

58

54

55

R 2

244

1776- APRIL.

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

56

58

58

56

2

60

68

68

60

3

62

60

60

58

4

60

66

64

62

5

60

66

66

So

6

60

77

77

70

7

60

68

72

70

*

8

62

72

74

70

In Ofaka.

9

60

72

74

70

10

60

60

60

58

3 1

58

60 '

60

60

In Miaco.

32

62

60

64

62

Rain.

13

56

58

56

So

Rain.

14

4 s

58

60

58

35

56

56

56

56

Rain.

36

58

58

58

62

Rain.

37

62

70

70

70

33

62

66

68

66

19

64

66

66

66

Rain.

20

64

66

66

64

21

60

60

60

60

Rain.

22

56

5 6

58

58

23

5°

56

60

54

24

48

66

70

66

25

60

70

68

64

Rain and thunder.

26

52

7°

72

58

27

58

70

76

68

28

62

65

66

72

29

62

68

68

68

Mizzling rain.

3°

62

68

70

66

1776. MAY.

24 $

D.M.

Morn.

Noon.

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

54

72

74

68

In Jedo.

2

72

72

72

68

Mizzling rain.

3

64

64

64

64

4

60

70

72

68

5

66

70

72

68

Rain in the evening.

6

5 6

70

7 °

68

7

53

64

64

64

Hard rain.

8

62

7 °

76

72

Thunder fhowers.

9

66

72

74

68

io

64

66

66

62

Thunder Ihowers.

ii

5 6

64

68

6 4

12

53

70

72

68

i3

58

70

72

70

i 4

68

74

76

72

i 5

68

74

76

72

Rain.

16

70

76

73

74

i 7

70

78

76

72

iS

60

70

72

70

19

64

74

76

74

20

70

72

76

76

21

66

70

74

68

22.

62

72

76

74

23

68

74

76

76

Mizzling rain.

. 24

68

80

82

78

25

74

80

7 6

76

Left Jedo.

26

76

74

80

70

27

64

76

78

72

*

28

66

74

74

72

29

68

70

72

74

Mizzling rain.

3 °

72

72

72

66

Rain.

3 l

66

78

78

68

R3

1776. JUNE.

246

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

68

72

72

70

2

66

76

78

72

Rain in the morning.

3

68

76

84

78

4

64

76

76

74

5

72

76

78

80

Thunder fhowers.

6

64

66

66

64

7

64

66

68

64

In Miaco.

8

64

66

66

68

Rain.

9

6 5

70

70

70

10

64

80

74

70

1 t

68

80

82

76

In Ofaka.

12

68

76

78

76

*3

72

72

72

76

Rain.

14

76

76

76

72

Rain.

15

70

72

74

76

16

72

78

84

80

>7

74

78

78

76

18

76

78

78

74

Rain.

19

74

74

74

72

20

74

76

76

72

21

75

76

66

76

22

76

7 6

76

76

2 3

80

76

76

76

In Kokora.

24

76

84

84

80

2 5

76

80

84

82

26

76

82

78

74

Heavy rain at noon.

27

76

82

80

76

Rain.

28

76

84

84

84

Rain.

29

78

82

84

82

On Dezima ifland.

3 ®

80

82

84

82

177 6* JULY 1 . 247

D. M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

80

84

88

82

Rain in the morning.

2

80

84

84

80

Ditto.

3

80

84

86

80

4

78

88

88

84

5

82

90

90

84

6

84

90

90

84

7

' 82

89

89

82

8

80

84

85

80

Cloudy.

9

73

76

78

76

Heavy thunder-far? .

10

78

80

80

76

Rain.

11

76

80

80

76

Showers.

12

72

80

80

78

•

i 3

80

86

84

80

H

76

80

86

80

15

84

88

90

78

16

7 8 ]

80

85

82

Heavy rain.

17

80

84

84

80

18

80

86

86

80

19

82

84

84

82 •

20

80

88

9 2

84

21

80

9 1

92

86

22

82

88

88

86

23

84

88

88

84

24

84

88

88

85

25

82

84

84

83

Showers.

26

82

9 °

9 1

84

27

82

88

88

84

.28

84

86

88

84

Showers.

29

84

78

78

79

Heavy thunder-lhrs.

30

82

85

85

82

31

82

88

88

86

R 4

248 1776* august.

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

E ven

State of the weather

I

86

93

96

98

Thunder (howers.

2

84

88

88

82

Hard rain.

3

79

80

82

80

4

80

92

95

84

5

84

95

98

84

6

80

96

98

88

7

82

96

98

92

«

8

80

92

96

88

9

84

96

98

86

10

86

88

86

86

Rain.

11

78

86

86

82

12

80

9°

92

88

.

13

88

90

93

88

14

86

9 6

96

90

15

84

86

86

82

Heavy rain.

16

80

86

86

84

Small rain.

*7

78

9 °

92

86

18

78

9 °

92

84

J 9

76

88

90

84

20

86

88

90

84

Rain in the evening.

21

82

92

94

86

22

82

86

86

82

Rain.

23

80

88

88

82

Rain.

24

82

90

90

84

25

80

90

92

86

26

80

92

94

84

27

82

92

92

86

28

82

88

88

86

29

82

90

90

84

3 ®

82

89

90

86

3 1

80

9°

90

84

Rain in the morning.

177^. SEPTEMBER

249

D M.

Morn

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

80

88

9 °

84

Rain in the morning.

2

80

84

84

78

Thunder fhowers.

3

72

84

86

78

4

70

88

90

80

5

76

90

94

86

6

77

50

90

88

Rain in the evening.

7

80

94

94

80

Heavy thunder {bow-

8

8c

94

94

88

ers.

9

82

94

96

88

10

80

92

94

86

1 1

80

9b

90

82

Thunder fhowers.

12

80

86

96

84

J 3

78

88

9°

86

14

82

82

82

80

Heavy thunder {bow-

*5

80

78

78

78

ers for three days

16

78

80

80

80

together.

17

76

82

80

76

18

74

82

82

76

J 9

66

80

82

75

20

68

84

84

76

21

68

82

82

76

22

72

78

78

76

23

68

78

78

76

24

6 5

80

82

78

25

70

82

80

72

26

64

80

82

72

27

60

78

82 •

74

28

60

80

80

76

29

60

82

82

76

30

60

82

82

74

25O I 77 ( ^‘ OCTOBER,

D.M.

Morn.

Noon

Aftn.

Even.

State of the weather.

I

62

86

86

78

f

2

72

86

86

80

3

76

82

82

76

4

66

84

84

78

5

70

82

84

78

6

64

82

82

7 8

7

66

82

84

78

8

62

82

84

78

9

64

84

86

78

10

68

84

86

80

11

74

80

80

80

Thunder fhowers.

12

72

76

76

78

*3

66

74

82

74

14

72

80

80

80

Rain. Wind S.

1 5

16

70

64

74

64

74

64

68

64

Cloudy. WindN.

17

60

66

64

62

Mizzling rain.

18

62

66

66

64

Ditto.

19

62

68

68

68

20

66

66

66

62

Rain.

21

62

66

66

66

Ditto.

22

64

68

68

66

23

58

70

70

66

24

58

74

74

70

25 '

60

76

76

74

26

6 4

80

82

76

27

72

76

76

70

Thunder fliowerfc.

28

7 °

80

80

76

29

68

70

72

68

3 °

5 ?

74

74

66

3 l

64

74

74

66

PERSONS OF THE JAPANESE.

251

THE PERSONS OF THE JAPANESE.

The people of this nation are well made,
aftive, free and eafy in their motions, with
flout limbs, although their ftrength is not to be
compared to that of the northern inhabitants of
Europe. The 'men are of the middling fize,
and in general not very corpulent; yet I have
feen fome that were fufficiently fat. They are of
a yellowifh colour all over, fometimes bordering
on brown, and fometimes on white. The lower
clafs of people, who in fummer, when at work,
lay bare the upper part of their bodies, are
fun-burnt, and confequently brown. Ladies of
diftindtion, who feldom go out in the open air
without being covered, are perfedtly white.
It is by their eyes that, like the Chinele, thefe
people are diftinguifhable. Thefe organs have
not that rotundity which thofe of other nations
exhibit, but are oblong, fmall, and are funk
deeper in the head, in conlequence of which
thefe people have almoft the appearance of being
pink -eyed. In other refpedts their eyes are
dark-brown, or rather black, and the eye-lids
form in the great angle of the eye a deep furrow,
which makes the Japanefe look as if they were
lharp-fighted, and diferiminates them from other

nations.

25^ GENIUS AND DISPOSITION.

nations. The eye-brows are alfo placed fome-
what higher. Their heads are in general large,
and their necks fhort, their hair black, thick,
and fhining, from the ufe they make of oils.
Their nofes, although not flat, are yet rather
thick and fhort.

THE GENIUS AND DISPOSITION OF THIS
NATION.

The Japanefe are in general intelligent and
provident, free and unconftrained, obedient and
courteous, curious and inquifitive, induftrious
and ingenious, frugal and fober, cleanly, good-
natured and friendly, upright and juft, trufty
and honetl, miftruftful, fuperftitious, proud, and
haughty, unforgiving, brave, and invincible.

The Japanefe nation fhews Senje and fteadinefs
in all its undertakings, fo far as the 1-ight of
fcience, by whofe brighter rays it has not as yet
had the good fortune to be illumined, can ever
guide it. This nation is fo far from deferving
to be ranked with fuch as are called favage, that
it rather merits a place amengft the molt civi-
lized. Their prefent mode of government, re-
gulations for foreign commerce, their manufac-
tures, the vafl abundance, even to fuperfluity,
of all the neceffaries of life, &c. give con-
vincing

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION. 2 53

vincing proofs of their fagacity, fteadinefs, and
undaunted fpirit. That idle vanity, fo common
amongft other Afiatic as. well as many African
nations, who adorn themfelves with ffiells, beads,
and glittering pieces of metal, is never to be
oblerved heie j nor are thele unncceflary Euro-
pean trappings of gold and filver lace, jewels,
and the like, which ferve merely to catch the
eye, here prized at all j but they endeavour to
furnilh themfelves from their own manufactures
with decent cloathing, palatable food, and excel-
lent weapons.

Liberty is the foul of the Japanefe, not that
which degenerates into licentioufnefa and riotous
excefs, but a liberty under ftridt fubjeftion to
the laws. It has been fuppofed, indeed, that
the common people of Japan were merely flaves
under a defpotic government, as the laws are
extremely fevere. But a fervant who hires him-
felf to a mailer for a year is not therefore a
Have j neither is a foldier who has enlifted for a
certain number of years, and over whom a much
ftricter hand is kept, a Have, a (lave although he is
obliged implicitly to obey his fuperiors com-
mands. The Japanefe hate and detell the in-
human traffic in. (laves carried on by the Dutch,
and the cruelty with which thele poor creature-
are treated.

The

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION.

254

The rights and liberties of the higher and
lower clafs of people are equally protected by
the laws and the uncommon feverity of thefe
laws, joined to the inevitable execution of them,
lerves to keep every one within proper bounds.
With regard to foreigners, no nation in the
whole extenfive tradt of the Indies is more
vigilantly attentive to their liberties than this ;
and none more free from the encroachments,
fraudulent attempts, or open attacks of others.

The regulations they have adopted in this
particular are not to be paralleled in the whole
world. The inhabitants have been forbidden to
leave the empire on pain of death, and no fo-
reigners are fuffered to come into the country,
except a few Dutchmen and fome Chinefe, who
during the whole time of their flay, are watched
like ftate-prifoners. The people of diflindlion
and thofe that are rich, have a great number of
attendants ; and every one, in general, has fome
attendant in his houfe, to wait upon him, and
when he goes abroad, to carry his cloak, Ihoes,
umbrella, lantern, and other things that he may
want of a fimilar nature.

With refpedt to Courtejy and fubmiffion to
their fuperiors, few can be compared to the
japanefe. Subordination to government and
obedience to their parents, are inculcated into
children in their early infancy, and in every

fituation

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION. 255

lituation of life they are in this relpeft inftruft-
ed by the good example of their elders, which
has this effeft, that the children are feldom re-
primanded, fcolded, or chaftifed. The inferior
clafs of people Ihew their refpedt to thofe of a
higher rank and to their fuperiors by bowing very
low, and in the molt reverential manner, and at
the fame time pay implicit obedience to them
cheerfully, and without the lealt hefitation. Their
equals they always lalute with great politenels,
both at meeting and parting. In general they
bend their backs with their heads downward,
and lay their hands either on their knees, or elfe
on their legs below their knees, and fometimes
bring them down to their fee*-, accordingly as a
greater or lefs degree of rcfpeft is to be Ihewn j
and the greater the veneration, the nearer do
their heads approach the ground. If any one
fpeaks to them, or they are to prefent any thing
to another, they bow in the fame manner. If a
perfon of inferior rank meets his fuperior in the
ftreet, he remains in the pofture above mentioned
till the latter has palled him. If they are equals,
they both make the fame obeifance, ftanaing
Hill, and then go on with their backs bent for
a Ihort time after they have palled each other.
On entering any houfe, they fall on their knees,
and bow their heads more or lefs low j and before

they

256 GENIUS AND DISPOSITION.

the rife to go away, perform the fame obei-
fance.

This nation, as well as m?nyothers, carry their
Curiofity to a great length. They examine nar-
rowly every thing that is carried thither by the
Europeans, and every thing that belongs to them.
They are continually aiking for information upon
every -fubjedt, and frequently tire the Dutch out
with their queftions. Among the merchants who
arrive here, it is chiefly the phyfician of the em-
baflfy that is confidered by the Japanefe as
learned j and confequently, on the little ifland
fet apart for the fadtory, and particularly in the
journey to court, as alfo during the refidence of
the Dutch in the metropolis, they look up to
him as an oracle, whom they fuppofe capable of
giving them information upon every fubjedt,
particularly on thofe of mathematics, geography,
natural philofophy, pharmacy, zoology, botany,
and phyfic.

During the audience we had of the emperor,
the privy councellors, and others of the high eft of-
ficers of ftate, we were furveved from head to foot,
as alfo our hats, fwords, clothes, buttons, lace,
watches, canes, rings, &c. ; nay, we were even
obliged to write in their pretence, in order to
fliew them our manner of writing and cur
charadters.

In

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION. 257

In mechanical ingenuity and invention, this
nation keeps chiefly to that which is necefiary
and ufeful; but in induftry it excels molt
others.

Their works in copper and other metals are
fine, and in wood both neat and lalting ; but
their well-tempered fabres, and their beautiful
lacquered ware, exceed every thing of the kind
that has hitherto been produced elfewhere. The
diligence with which the hufbandman cultivates
the foil, and the pains they bellow on it, are l'o
great as to feem incredible.

Frugality has its principal feat in Japan. It is
a virtue as highly elteemed in the imperial
palace, as in the pooreft cottage. It is in con-
fequence of this that the middling clafs of. peo-
ple are contented with their little pittance; and
that accumulated llores of the rich are not dif-
fipated in vvantonnefs and luxury. It is in con-
fequence of this, that dearth and famine are
ftrangers to this country ; and that in the
whole extent of this populous empire, fcarcely
a needy perfon or beggar is to be found. The
people in general are neither parfimonious nor
avaricious ; and have a fixed dillike to gluttony
and drunkennefs. As the foil is not waRed upon
the cultivation of tobacco, or of any other pfe-
Lefs plant, neither is the grain employed in the
vol. m, § dif-

*5$ GENIUS AND DISPOSITION.

diftillation of fpirits, or other idle, not to fay
pernicious, purpofes.

Cieanlinejs and neatnejs are attended to as well
with regard to their bodies, as to their ploathing,
houfes, food, vefiels, &c. ■, and they ufe the
warm-bath daily.

Of their friendly difpofition and good nature, I
have frequently with aftonifhmenc feen manifeft
proofs ; even at a time when, as now, they have
every reafon in the world to hate and defpife the
Europeans who traffic there, for their bad con-
du£t and fraudulent dealings. This nation is
lofty, it is true, but good natured and friendly
withal j with gentlenefs and kindnefs it may be
footh?d and brought to hear reafon but is not
to be moved in the lead by threats, or any thing
like defiance.

JuJlice is held facred all over the country.
The monarch never injures any of his neigh-
bours ; and no inftance is to be found in hif-
tory, ancient or modern, of his having ffiewn
an ambition to extend his territories by con-
queft. The hiftory of Japan affords number-
lefs inftances of the heroifm of thefe people in
the defence of their country againft foreign
invafions, or internal infurre&ions 5 but not c**
of their encroachments upon the lands
perties of others. The T -~ « ax

9

r

k

CENIUS AND DISPOSITION,

2 5 ?

kingdoms, or fuffering any part of theif own to
be taken from them. They have ever followed,
and (till continue to follow, the ufages and
cuftoms of their forefathers, and never adopt tl
manners of other nations. Juft'ice conftanth
prefides at their tribunals, where caufes are ad-
judged without delay, and without intrigues or
partiality. The guilty finds no where an afylum /
no refped: is paid to perfons, nor can any one
prefume to flatter himfelf with hopes of par-
don or favour. Juftice is held facred even with
refpeft to engagements with the Europeans,
inlomuch, that treaties once concluded are
neither broken, nor even a Angle letter of them
altered, unlefs the ^Europeans themfelves give
occafion to fych procedures.

Honefty prevails throughout the whole count!
and perhaps there are few parts of the woi
where fo few thefts are committed as her
Elighway robberies are totally unknown. The
are feldom heard of ; and in their journey to ti.
court the Europeans are fo fecure, that they pS
very little attention to their baggage ; althourj
ip the faftory the common people think it <no
to pilfer a few trifles, particularly fugar and tet
cups, from the Dutch^ while thefe articles &
carrying to or from 1 the quay.

It is highly probable that thefe people hat
fo Jufpicious as they are at pre
~ 2 • fern

£60 GENIUS AND DISPOSITION,

fent j poffibly their former internal commotions
and civil wars,, but ftill more the frauds of the
Europeans, have called forth and increafed their
miftruft, which now, at leaft in their commerce
with the Dutch and the Chinefe, is without
bounds.

Suferftitimi is more common with them, and
rifes to a higher degree than in any other nation ;
which is owing to the little knowledge they have
of moft fciences, and the abfurd principles in-
culcated into them by their priefts, together with
their idolatrous dodtrines. This fuperftitious dif-
pofition is difplayed at their feafts, their public
worlhip, in themaking of folemn promifes, in the
life of particular remedies, the duffing of lucky
or unlucky days, &c.

Pride is one of the principal defedts of this
nation. They believe that they are honoured
with that Jacred origin from gods , from heaven,
the fun and moon, which many Afiatic nations
as arrogantly as abfurdly lay claim to. They
confequently think themfelves to be fomewhat
more than other people, and, in particular, con-
fider the Europeans in a very indifferent light.
Whatever injury a Japanefe might be inclined to
put up with, he can never bear to have his pride I
touched. It was pride that expelled the Por-
tuguefe from the country, and this alone may in
time ruin the prefent fiouriffiing traffic carried
on by the Dutch,

Befides

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION. a6z

Befides the circumftance of this nation having
never (not even in the remot'eft ages) been con-
quered or fubjeded to any foreign power, we read
in the annals of its hiftory fuch accounts of its va-
lour and uv.conquerable jpirit, as might rather be
taken for fables, and the produce of a fertile ima-
gination, than the fofaer didates of truth, did not
latter years furnifh us with convincing proofs of
their reality. In the year 799, the Tartars hav-
ing, for the firft time, over-run part of Japan
with an innumerable army, and their fleet hav-
ing been loft in one night in a hard gale of wind j
the Japanefe commander in chief, on the day
following, raifed the camp, attacked the enemy,
routed and put them all to the fword, fo that
not a man was left alive to return with the tid-
ings of fo unparalleled a defeat, and fo com-
plete a vidory. In like manner, when in the
year 1281, they were again attacked by the Tar-
tars, to the amount of 240,000 men, the vidory
was equally great and glorious. The expulflon
of the Portuguefe, and the extirpation, at the
fame time, of the Chriftian religion in the feven-
teenth century, was fo complete, that fcarcely
any traces are now to be found of their former
exiftence in the country. The war and devalua-
tion continued for the fpace of 40 years : feveral
millions were vidims to its fury; and at the laft
flege 37,000 men fell. Thefe vidories are not the
only proofs of the courage and intrepidity of the
S 3 Japanefo.

GENIUS AND DISPOSITION:

^aneie. I fhall here adduce another inftance Fill
more to the purpofe. The affair happened in the
year 1630. A fmall Japanele veffel arrived for
the purpofe of trading at the ifland of Formofa,
•which at that time belonged to the Dutch Eaft
India company. One Peter Nuytz, who was
at that time governor, treated the Japanefe mer-
chants ill, who arrived there in this veffel, and who,
on their return home, complained to their prince
of the ill-treatment they had received. As the
prince took fire at this infult, and the more fo,
as it came from foreigners whom he defpifed,
and at the fame time he did not find himfelf in
a condition to revenge himfelf, his guards ad-
dreffed him in the following manner: “ We do
not confider ourfelves worthy any longer to have
the care of your highnefs’s perfon, unlefs you
permit us to retrieve y®ur honour. Nothing can
efface this ftain but the blood of the offender.
You have only to command, and we will cut off
his head, or bring him hither alive, to be treated
as you fhall think proper, and according to his
deferts. Seven of us will be fufficient for the
purpofe. Neither the danger of the voyage, the
ftrength of the caflle, nor the number of his
guards, fhall fcreen him from our vengeance.”
Accordingly, having received the prince’s per-
miffion, and confulted upon the meafures proper
to be taken, they arrived at Formofa. They were
no fooner introduced to the governor, in order to

have

G.-SNIiy

have an audience, than they all drew their fabres,
inade him prifoner, and carried him on board '
of the vettel that had brought them. This hap-
pened in broad day-light, in the fight of his
guards, and domeftics, and without any one of-
fering to ftir in defence of their matter, or to
refcue him from his bold conductors, who, with
their fwords drawn, threatened to cleave his head
in two the moment the leaft oppofition Ihould
be made. This anecdote may be feen in K^emp-
fer’s Defcription of Japan, appendix, p. 56.

Any one that; from what has been faid above,
has formed to himlelf a notion of the pride, juf-
tice, arid courage of the Japanefe, will not be
much aftonifhed, when he is told; that this peo-
ple; when injured, are quite implacable. As they
are haughty and intrepid, fo they are refentful
and unforgiving ; they do not fhew their
hatred; however, with violence or warmth of
temper; but frequently conceal it under the
mafk of an inconceivable Jang froid, and wait
with patience for the proper time to revenge
themfelves. Never did I fee a people lefs fub-
je< 5 t to Hidden emotions and affections of the
mind. Abufe them, defpife them, or touch
their honour as much as you pleafe, they will
never anfwer you a fingle fyllable, but merely
with a long Eh ! Eh ! teftify, as it were; their
furprife, and conceive in filence the greateft
hatred for their opponent, which no juftification,

S 4 nor

264 . GENIUS AND DISPOSITION.

nor length of time, nor change of circumftances
can afterwards efface. Thus they are not ufcd
to treat their enemies uncivilly either in word
or behaviour, but deceive them, as well as others,
with diflfembled friendfhip, till, fooner or later, an
opportunity offers of doing them fome material
injury. '

THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE

Is, on account of its differing in many refpefts
from the European languages, very difficult to
learn. It is written, indeed, like the Chinefe,
in ftrait lines upwards and downwards, but the
letters are quite different, and the languages, upon
the whole, fo difumilar, that thefe two neigh-
bouring nations cannot underftand each other
■without an interpreter. The Chinefe language,
however, is much read and written at japan,
and is confidered as their learned language,
which, together with various fciences, they have
adopted from China.

Not vith (landing thefe difficulties, I was at
great pains, as well during the lad autumn and
winter months as fince that time, to learn, from
my bed friends among the interpreters, both to
underdand and fpeak it a little, as alfo to write
it ; though, as well for their fafety as my own, I
was obliged to do this with the greated privacy.
And the better to obtain this end, whence I
flattered myfelf that at a future period (and par-
ticularly

TH2 JAPANESE LANGUACE.

ticularly in my journey to court) I might derive
confiderable advantage, I wrote down the words
by degrees, as I learned them, and, by the affift-
ance of the Japanefe dictionary already mention-
ed, formed a vocabulary of a language, which of all
others is the leaft known in Europe. At firft
I imagined I Ihould profit much in this refpeCt
by my Dutch friends, and the more, as many of
them feemed to be able to call for any thing
they wanted in the Japanefe tongue ; but not
one of them had ever thought of forming a voca-
bulary by way of affifting his memory, or other-
wife endeavoured to elucidate the nature of the
language. A Japanefe and Dutch vocabulary
might, it is true, in the fpace of two centuries,
have been thought of, and completed for the ufe
and fervice of fuch as are to remain for forne
time in this country, had not incapacity in forne,
and idlenefs in others, laid infurmountable ob
flacies in the way* Some ftay here for a fhorc
time only, others are merely in fearch of a for-
tune, and, for the major part of them, the to-
bacco-pipe has too great charms for them to
devote to any thing better, more ufeful, and more
agreeable, their precious time, which, however,
here they frequently complain of as tedious*
Of this vocabulary I have given an extra<£l, at
the end of this volume, in hopes that fomebody,
fooner orjater* may reap fome benefit from it.

TH£

THE NAME

Of each family dnc{ individual is ufed in Ja-
pan in a very different manner from what it is in
Europe. The family name of the Japanefe re-
mains unchanged, but is never ufed in daily con-
verfation, of in the ordinary courfe of life, but
only when they fign any writings, and that chiefly
when they fet their feals to them. There is like-
wife this Angularity in the affair; that the family
name is notpdt after, but always before the adfciti-
tious name, in like manner as in botany, where
the generic name of a plant always precedes
the fpecific. So that the adfcitidous or adopt-
ed name is that by which they are addreffed, and
this is changed feveral times in the courfe of their
lives. As foon as a child i$ born, it receives
from the parents a certain name, which, if a fon,
he keeps till he arrives at years of maturity. At
that period it is changed. If afterwards he ob-
tains an office, he again changes his name ; and
if, in procefs of time, he is advanced to other
offices, the fame change always takes place, and
fome, but efpecially emperors and princes, have
a new name given them after their death. The
names of the women are lefs fubjecft to change,
and are frequently taken from, certain beautiful

flowers..

NAME.

*~7

fiowers. Titles are given to place-men of a
fuperior order, on entering to their employ-
ments: and to the chief of them various names
7 * ,

of honour are added by the fpiritual emperor.

THEIR DRESS

At Japan deferves, more than any where elfe
in the world, the name of national j as it not only
differs from that of every other nation, but at
the fame time is uniform from the monarch
down to the moil inferior fubjeft, fimilar in both
fexes, and (which almoft furpaffes all belief) has
been unchanged for the fpace of two thoufand
five hundred years.

Jt confifts every where of long and wide
night-gowns, one or n^ore of which are worn by
people of every age and condition in life. The
rich have them of the fined filk, and the poor
of cotton. The women wear them reaching
down to their feet, and the women of quality
frequently with a train. Thole of the men come
down to their heels ; but travellers, together
with &ldiers and labouring people, either tuck
them up, or wear them fo fhort, that they only
reach to their knees. The men generally have

them

263

DRESS.

them made of a plain filk of one colour, but the
filken fluffs worn by the women are flowered, and
fometimes interwoven with gold flowers. In the
fummer, they are either without any lining at all,
or elfe with a thin lining only ; in winter, by way
of defence againft the cold weather, they are quilt-
ed with cotton or filk vvadd. The men feldom wear
many of them, but the women often from thirty
to fifty, or more, and all fo thin, that together they
hardly weigh more than four or five pounds.
The undermoft of them ferves for a fnirt, and is
therefore either white or bluifh, and for the moll
part thin and tranfparent. All thefe night-gowns
are fattened about the waift by a belt , which for
the men is about the breadth of a hand, and for
the women of about twelve inches, and of fuch a
length as to go twice round the body, with a large
knot and role. The knot worn by the fair fex,
which is larger than that worn by the men, (hews
immediately whether the woman is married or
not ; as the married women wear the knot before,
and the fingle behind. The men fatten' to this
belt their fabre, fan, tobacco-pipe and pouch, and
medicine-box. The gowns are rounded off
about the neck, without a cape, open before,
and (hew the bare bofom, which is never cover-
ed either with a handkerchief or any thing elfe.
The (leeves are always ill-fhaped, and much,
wider than they ought to be, and fewed together

half

DRESS.

half way down in front, fo as to form a bag at
bottom, into which they put their hands in cold
weather, or ufe it as a pocket to hold their pa-
pers and other things. Young girls, in par-
ticular, have the fleeves of their gowns fo long,
as frequently to reach quite down to the ground.

On account of the great widtli of their gar-
ments, they are foon drelfed and undrelfed, as
they have nothing more to do than to untie their
girdle, and draw in their arms, when the w'hole
of their drefs inftantly fails off of itfelf. So that
long and wide night-gowns univerfally form the
drefs of the Japanefe nation, though in this point
fome fmall variation takes place with regard tofex,
age, condition, and way of life. Thus one fre-
quently fees the common people, fuch as labourers,
fi fhermen, and fajlors, either undrelfed, when they
are at their work, with their night-gowns taken oft
from the upper part of their bodies, and hang-
ing down loole from their girdles ; or elfe quite
naked, having round their body a^ girdle only,
which wrapping round and covering the parts
that decency requires to be concealed, is carried
backwards between the thighs, to be fattened to
;he back.

Men of a higher rank in life, have, belides
thefe long night-gowns, a Ihort half-gown , which
js worn over the other, and is made of fome
thin kind of Huff, fuch as gauze. It is like the

former

$• 7 ®

DRESS.

former at the fleeves and neck, but reaches only
to the wade, and is not fattened with a girdle,
but is tied before and at the top with a ttring.
This half-gown is fometimes of a green, but
moft frequently of a black colour. When they
come home to their houfes or to their refpedtive
offices, where there are none fuperior to them,
they take off this outer garment, and, folding
it carefully up, lay it by.

The breeches are of a pecular kind of fluff,
which is thin indeed, but at the fame very clofe
and compact $ and made neither of filk nor of
cotton, but of a fpecies of hemp. They are
more like a petticoat than breeches ; being fewed
between the legs, and left open at the fides to
about two- thirds of their length. They reach
down to the ancles, and are fattened about the
waift with a band, which is carried round the
body from before and from behind. At the back
part of thefe breeches is a thin triangular piece of
board, fcarcely fix inches long, which is covered
with the fame fluff as the breeches, and Hands
up againft the back jutt above the band.
The breeches are either ftriped with brown or
green, or elfe uniformly black. I have fome-
times feen them made of Succotas, a fluff from
Bengal. Drawers are feldom ufed but on jour-

’ " wear fhort and tucked-

DRESS.

271

up night-gowns, that they may walk or run
with the greater fpeed.

The complimentary dpefs, as a fort of holiday
drefs is cabled in Japan, is ufed only on folemn
occafions, and when people of an inferior rank pay
homage to their fuperiors, or by fuch as are
going to court. Such a drefs is worn on the
outfide of all, over the gowns, that form the
whole of this people’s ufual drefs. It confifts of
two pieces, made of one and the fame kind of
fluff. The underreqft piece is the above- de-
fcribed breeches, which are generally made of
a blue fluff, printed with white flowers. The
uppermoft piece, which particularly diftinguifhes
this drefs, is a frock, not unlike the half night-
gown already fpolcen of, but is carried on each
fide back over the fhoulders, by which means
the Japanefe have the appearance of being very
broad fhouldered.

All their clothes are made either of fiik,
cotton, or of a kind of linen manufactured from
certain fpecies of nettles. The better fort of
people wear the fined Aiks, which in finenefs and
tenuity far exceed every thing produced either
in India or Europe; but as thefe filks are not
above twelve inches broad, they are not carried
to Europe for fale. The common people wear
'-'•r. which is found here in great abundance.

■'■iriofitv.

ays dress,

rhe Japanefe make of the bark of the Morns
pa py rtf era, a kind of cloth, which is either
manufactured like paper, or eife fpun and woven.
The latter fort, which is quite white and fine,
and refembles cotton, is fometimes ufed by the
women? The former, printed with flowers, is
ufed for the long night-gowns by elderly people
only, and is worn by them at no other time than
jn the winter, when they" perfpire but little, and
then with a gown or two befides.

As the night-gowns reach down to the feet,
and confequently keep the thighs and legs warm,
Jlockings are neither wanted nor ufed throughout
the whole country. One fees the common people,
however, when travelling, and foldiers who have
not fuch long night-gowns, wear fpatterdalhes
made of cotton fluff. I cbferved that fome people
near Nagafaki wore alfo hempen Jocks, with the
foies of cotton fluff, which they ufed in the
fevered winter months, to preferve the feet from
cold. They are tied fall about the ancle, and
have a feparate place made for the great toe to
enter, and adapted to the form of the flioe.

The fooes, or, to fpeak more properly, flippers
of the Japanefe, are the moft fhabby and indif-
ferent part of their drefs, and yet in equal ufe
with the high and the low, die rich and the poor.
They are made of rice ftraw woven, but fome-
times for people of diftinclion of fine flips ot

ratan.

DRESS.

273

fatan. The flioe confifts of a foie, without
upper leather or hind-piece: forwards it is
eroded by a ftrap, of the thicknefs of one’s finger,
which is lined with linen j from the tip of the
fhoe to this ftrap a cylindrical firing is carried,
which pafles between the great and fecond toe, and
keeps the flioe faft on the foot. As thefe fhoes
have no hind-piece, they make a noife, when
people walk in them, like flippers. When the
Japanefe travel, their fhoes are furnifhed with
three firings made of twifted ftraw, with which
they are tied to the legs and feet, to prevent them
from falling off. Some people carry one or more
.pair of fhoes with them on their journeys, in
order to put on new, when the old ones are worn
out. When it rains, or the roads are very dirty,
thefe fhoes are foon wetted through, and one con-
tinually fees a great number of worn-out fhoes
lying on the roads, efpecially near the brooks:,
where travellers have changed their fhoes after
wafhing their feet. Inftead of thefe, in rainy or
dirty weather, they wear high wooden clogs >
which underneath are hollowed out in the mid-
dle, and at top have a band acrofs like a ftirrup,.
and a firing for the great toe j fo that they can
walk without foiling their feet. Some of them
have their ftraw fhoes faftened to thefe wooden
clogs. The Japanefe never enter their houfes
with their fhoes on ; but leave them in the entry,
„ i vol. in ... . X „ -• o,r

BRESS.

VrA

on place them on a bench near the door, and thus
are always bare- footed in their hordes, fo as not
to dirty their neat mats. During the time that
the Dutch live at Japan, when they are fome-
times under an obligation of paying vifits. at the
fooufes of the Japanefe, their own rooms at the
factory being likewife covered with mats of this
kind, they wear, inftead of the ufual fhoes, red;,
green, or black flippers, which, on entering the
houfe, they pull off j however, they have ftock-
ings on, and flioes made of cotton fluff, with
buckles in them, which flioes are made at Japan,
and can be waflied whenever they are dirty.
Some have them of black fattin, in order to avoid
walking them.

This people’s mode of dr effing their ■ hair is as
peculiar- to them, and at the fame time as gene-
ral amongft them, as their ufe of the night-
gowns. The men fhave the whole of their head
from the’forehead down to the nape of the neck,
and what is left near the temples and in the
neck is well greafed, turned’ up, and tied at the
top of the head with feveral rounds of white
firing, made of paper. The end' of the hair
•that remains above the tie is cut off to about
die length of one’s finger, and, after being well
•fiuflened with oil, bent in fuch a manner, that
the; tip is brought to Hand againft the crown of
,tjhe head, in which fituation it is kept merely by
the firing above mentioned. This coeffure is

flriftly

DRESS.

27 s

ftri&ly attended to, and the head fhaved every
day, that the flumps of the growing hair may
not disfigure their bald pates. Priefts and phy-
ficians, and young men that have not yet attained
to the age of maturity, are the only perfons who are
exempted in this refpeft. The priefts and phy-
ficians (have their heads all over, and are thus
difcriminated from all others. Boys again keep
all their hair on till fuch time as the beard be-
gins to make its appearance.

Of the fair fex, none have their hair cut off>
except women that are parted from their huf-
bands. I had an opportunity of feeing fuch a
one, while I was at Jedo, who traverfed the
country much, and made, with her bald pate,
a droll and Angular appearance. Otherwife
the hair* well befmeared, and made fmooth with
oil and mucilaginous fubftances, is put up clofe
to the head on all fides, and this either quite
in a neat and fimple manner, or elfe Handing out
at the fides in the form of wings. After this
the ends are faftened together round a knob at
the crown or the head. Single women and fervant
maids are frequently diftinguifhed from the mar-
ried by thefe wings. Juft before this knot a broad
comb is ftuck, which the poorer fort of people
wear of lacquered wood, and thofe that are in
better circumftances of tortoife-fhell. Befides
thefe, the rich wear feveral long ornaments made

T 2 of

DRESS.

2j6

of tortoife-fhell ftuck through this knot, as alfo a
few flowers, which ferve inftead of pearls and dia-
monds, and conftitute the whole of their de-
corations. Vanity has not yet taken root among
them to that degree, as to induce them to wear
rings or other ornaments in their ears.

Thele people never cover their heads either
with bats or caps , to defend them againft the cold
or the fcorching heat of the fun, except on jour-
neys, when they wear a conical hat, made of a
fpecies of grafs, and tied with a firing. I obferved
fuch as thefe alfo were worn by filhermen.
Some few travelling women wore caps in the
form of a terrene, which were interwoven with
gold. Otherwife, the parafol is what they ufe to
fhelter them againft the rain or the rays of the fun.

Befides the above-mentioned drawers, fpatter-
dafhes, and hat, which none but travellers w'ear,
they are generally provided on journeys with a
■cloke, efpecially fuch as travel on foot or on
horfeback. Thefe clokes are wide and fhort, and
of the fame fhape as the night-gowns. They are
made of thick oiled- paper, and are worn by the
fuperior attendants in the fuite of princes, and
of other travellers; and my fellow-travel-
lers and myfelf, during our journey to court,
were obliged to make a prefent to our attend -
ants of fome of thefe clokes, when we pafled by
the place where they were manufactured.

The

DRESS.

277

The Japanefe always have their coat of arms
put on their clokes, particularly on their long
and fhort night-gowns, and that either on their
arms or between their ilioulders, with a view to
prevent their being ftolen, which in a country
where people’s clothes are fo much alike in
point of materials, form, and fizp, might eafily
happen.

Inftead of a handkerchief \ I always faw them
ufe thin and foft writing paper, which they con-
ftantly carried about them for this purpofe, and
which they alfo ufed for wiping their mouths and
fingers, as like wile for wiping off the fweat from
their bodies under the arm-pits.

THE STILE OF THEIR ARCHITECTURE.

The houfes in general are of wood and
plafter, and white -walked on the outfide, fo as
to look exadtly like ftone. The beams all lie
horizontal, or Hand perpendicular (no flanting
ones, as are otherwife ufed in frame-work build-
ings). Between thefe beams, which are fquare,
and far from thick, bamboos are interwoven, and
the fpaces filled up with clay, fand, and lime.
In confequence of this, the walls are not very
thick, but when white-walked make a tolerably
T 3 good

478 STILE OF ARCHITECTURE.

good appearance. There are no partition-walls
in their houfes, which are merely fupported by
pofts or upright beams, between which again at
the cieling and floor other beams run acrofs, with
grooves in them, for partitioning off the apart-
ments. Thus, the whole houfe at firft forms
only one room, which, however, may be parti-
tioned off with frames that Aide in the grooves
made in thefe crofs-beams, and may be put up,
taken away, or Hid hehind each other at plea-
fure. Thefe frames are made of lacquered wood,
and cqvered with thick painted paper. The
cieling is tolerably neat, and formed of boards
clofely joined ; but the floor, which is always
railed from the ground, is laid with planks at a
diflance from each other. The roofs are covered
with tiles, which are of a Angular make, and
very thick and heavy ; the more ordinary houfes
are covered with chips, on which are frequently
laid heavy ftones to fecure them. In the villages,
and the meaner towps, I fometimes faw the fides of
the houfes, efpecially behind, covered with the bark
of trees, yvhich was fecured by laths nailed on
it, to prevent the rain from damaging the wall.
The houfes are generally two ftories high, but
the upper ftory js fddom inhabited, is for the
molt part lower than the other, and is ufed for
a loft, or to lay up lumber in. The houfes of
people of diftinftion are larger indeed, and

handfomey

STILE OF ARCHITECTURE.

handfomer than others, but hot more than two
dories, or, at the molt, twenty feet high. In
each room there are two or more wUdewSi
which reach from the cieling to within two feet
of the floor. They confift of light frames, which
may be taken out, put in, and Aid behind each
other at pleafure, in two grooves, made for this
purpofe, in the beams above and below them.
They are divided by (lender rods into panes of a
parallrlogramic form, fometimes to the number
of forty, and palled over on the Outfide with
fine white paper, which is feldom or fever oiled,
and admits a great deal of light, but prevents
any one from feeing through it. The roof al-
ways projects a great way beyond the houfe, and
fometimes has an additional roof, which covers
a fmall projecting gallery, that (lands before the
window ; from this little roof go flanting inwards
and downwards, feveral quadrangular frames,
within which hang blinds made of ru fires, which
may be drawn up and let down, and ferve not
only to hinder people that pa-fs by from looking
into the houfe, but chiefly when it rains, topre- •
vent the paper-windows from being damaged.
There are no glafs windows here; nor have I
obferved mother-of-pearl or Mofcovy talk ufed
for this purpofe.

The flssrs are always covered with mats made
of a fine fpecies of grafs {Junius) interwoven
T 4 with

280 stile of architecture.

with rice-ftraw, from three to four inches thick,
and of the fame fize throughout the whole coun-
try, viz. two yards long, and one broad, with a.
narrow blue or black border. It was only at
Jedo, in the imperial palace, that I faw mats
larger than thefe. In the houfps of the lower
order of people, a great part of the room on the
outfide is not covered with mats, and ferves for a
hall, where the company may leave their fhoes :
within is a raifed floor, which, covered with mats,
conftitutes the fitting-room, and, by means of
Aiding fcreens, may be divided into feveral com-
partments.

The infideS of the houfes, both deling and
tvalls, are covered with a handfome thick paper,
ornamented wiih various flowers ; thefe hang-
ings are either green, yellow, or white, and fome-
times embellilhed with filver and gold. A thin
gruel made of boiled rice forms the pafte ufed
for this purpofe ; and as the paper is greatly da-
maged by the fmoke in winter, it is renewed
every third or fifth year.

Tradefmen and mechanics frequently ufe the
front part of the houfe, that looks into the ftreet,
as a workfhop, lale-fhop, or kitchen, and inhabit
the part that looks into the yard.

The room which ferves as a kitchen has no
Other fire-place than a fquare hole, which is
frequently in the . middle of the room, and is

lined •

STILE OF ARCHITECTURE# 28 1

lined with a few ftones, which are laid level
with the furface of the mats. The fmoke makes
the houfe black and dirty, as there is no chim-
aey, but only a hole in the roof ; and the floor-
mats, being fo near the fire-place, frequently oc-
cafion fires.

livery houfe has its privy, in the floor of
which there is an oblong aperture, and it is over
this aperture that the Japanefe fit. At the fide
of the wall is a kind of a box, inclining obliquely
outwards, into which they difeharge their urine.
Near it there is always a China veflel with water
in it, with which, on thefe occafions, they never
fail to wafli their hands.

Every houfe likewife has a fmall yard, which
is decorated with a little mount, a few trees,
fnrubs, and flower-pots. The plants that were
moft commonly feen here were, the Pinus Syl-
veftris, Azalea Indica, Aukuba, Nandina, &c.

At fome places, fuch as in Jedo and other
towns, adjacent to each houfe there is a [tore-
houfe that is fire-proof, for the purpofe of faving
the owner’s property.

One feldom finds a houfe in which there is
not a room fet apart for the purpofe of bath-
ing, with a bathing- tub in it. This generally
looks towards the yard.

So that the Japanefe buildings, in town as well
a$ in the country, have neither that elegant appear-
ance.

£$$ STILE OF ARCHITECTURE.

jmce, nor the convenience and comfort of our
houfes in Europe. The rooms are not fo cheer-
ful and pleafant, nor fo warm in the winter,
neither are they fo fafe in cafe of fire, nor fo
durable. Their femitranfparent paper windows,
in particular, fpoil the look of the houfes, as well
in the rooms as out towards the ftreet.

The public buildings , fuch as temples and
palaces, are larger, it is true, and more con-
fpicuous, but in the fame ftile of archite&ure,
and the roofs which are decorated with fever
ral towers of a fingular appearance, are their
greateft ornament.

The towns are fometimes of a confiderable
fize, always fecured with gates, and frequently
furrounded with walls and fofiies, and adorned
with towers, efpecially if a prince keeps his court
there. The town of Jedo is faid to be twenty-
one hours walk in circumference, or about twenty-
one French leagues. From a height 1 had an
Opportunity to take a view of the whole of this
jtpacious town, which for fize may vie with
Peking. The ftreets are ftrait and wide, and at
certain diftances divided by gates, and at each
gate there is a very high ladder, from the top
of which any fire that breaks out may be dif-
covered v an accident, that not unfrequentlv hap-
pens here feveral times in the week.

The

STILE OF ARCHITECTURE. 283

The villages differ from the towns, by being
open, and having only one ftreet. Their length
frequently furpaffes all belief : moft of them are
three quarters of a mile in length, and fome of
them fo long, that it requires feveral hours to
•walk through them. Some alfo ftand fo clofe
together, that they are difcriminated from each
other only by a bridge or rivulet, and their name.

Neither chimnies nor doves are known through-
out the whole country j although the cold is very
intenfe, and they are obliged to make fires in
their apartments from October to March. The
fires are made in copper kettles of various fizes,
with broad projecting edges. The hollow part
of thefe is filled with clay or allies, and well-
burned charcoal is put at the top, and lighted.
A pot or kettle of this kind is placed in the
middle of the room, or at one fide, and, on ac-
count of the apartments being too pervious to
the air, the fire is made feveral times a day, or
elfe a conftant fire is kept up for the Japanefe to
fit round it. This mode of firing, however, is
liable to the inconvenience, that the charcoal
fometimes fmokes, in confequence of which the
apartment becomes dirty and black, and the
eyes of the company fuffer exceedingly.

The furniture in this country is as fimple as
die flile of building. Here neither cupboards,

bureaus,.

TURNITURK.

2?4

bureaus, fophas, beds, tables, chairs, watches,
looking-glafies, or any thing elfe of the kind are
to be found in the apartments. T o the greatel
part of thefe the Japanefe are utter ftrangers.
Their foft floor-mats ferve them for chairs and
beds. A fmall table, about 1 2 inches fquare, and
four in height, is fet down before each perfon in
company at every meal. Here it may be proper
to obferve, that whereas mod of the other nations
in India fit with their legs laid acrofs before them,
tire Chinefe and Japanefe lay their feet under
their bodies, and make a chair of their heels.
A foft mattrafs, fluffed with cotton, is fpread out
on the mats when the hour of reft approaches.
Cupboards, chefts, boxes, and other fimilar ar-
ticles, are kept in the ftorehoufes or elfe, in fe-
parate rooms.

Fans are ufed throughout the whole country,
and every body carries one always about him.
It is always ftuck in the girdle on the left hand,
behind the fabre, with the handle downwards..
On thefe they frequently have their route marked
out, when they go on a journey.

Mirrors do not decorate the walk, although
they are in general ufe at the toilet. Of giafs
there are none made in the country : but both
the fmaller and larger fort are made of caft
metal, which is a compofition of copper and

zink,

i.Ssr

FURNITURE. 285

zink, and highly polifhed. One of thele mir-
rors is fixed on a (land, made for that purpofe,
of wood, and in an oblique pofition, fo that the
fair fex may view their lovely perfons in it, as
well as in the beft looking-glafsr

Tps END.

Abikawa river, 157.

Apple trees, 154.

Abrame, 1 3 1 .

Apricot trees, 153,

Abralin, 151;

Aquedufts, 153;

Aceres, 161.

Ara, 69.

Acorus, 82.

Arbours, 215.

Acroftichum, 212.

Ardea, 138.

Akafaki, 148.

Argonauta, 204.

Alcearofea, 84.

Armenault, io*

Alder, catkins of, 213.

Arms, coat of, 226, 277.

Allium, 82.

Arraij, 154, 215.

Almanack, 91, 92.

Arfenic, red, 203.

Almond tree, 153.

Artemifia, 71, 226.

Amagafaki, 129.

Arum, 163.

Amano Reosjxjn, 1 77.

Arundo bambos, 83*

Ammunition, 19,

Albeftus, 203.

Amomum mioga, 82.

Afparagus, 81.

Amygdalus, 153.

Aftronomers, 176.

Anas, 128, 205.

Asjo, 203.

Anethum, 81.

Asjo jamma, 203.

Anife, 81.

Atjar, 83.

Anifum ftellatum, 227.

Attendants, 65, 95, 96, 230.

Anomia, 204.

Audience,ambafiador’s, 1 89,

Antoine deMota, 231.

195, 217*

Antoine Peixota, 232.

Aukuba, hi.

Apium petrofelinum, 9 l .

Awanori, 115*

VOL. lit.

A

ii I N

Awa fna, 204.

Awumi, 157.

Azalea, in, 213,

B.

Bamboos, 83.

Banc a, flraits of, 3.
Banjofes, 17, 18, 20, 30,96.
Baningawa river, 166.
Barberry bufh, 161.
Barometer, 235.

Baflard faffron, 78.

Batatas, 82.

Batavia, 1, 3.

Baths, bathing rooms, 102,
1 1 1, 125, 166,204, 281.
Beaps/Windfpr, 86.

Beads for daughter, 21, 22.
Beddead, 12, 1 7.

Beet, red, 81. .

Beggars, 158, 215.

Belt, 258.

Berberis, 1 6 1 .

Bergman, ProfeiTor, 203,
225.

Beta, 8 1.

Betula, 21.3*

Bing, 77.

Birds, 221.

Black paint, 78.
Bleijenberg, the ihip, 2, 3,
II.

Books, 28, 33, 178— 179,
^,85—187.

D E X.

Boofu, 204.

Botanizing, 79, 159, 165.
Box tree, 83, 227.

Boys, 158.

Brandy, 18.

Braflica, 81, 137.

Breeches, 270.

Bridges, 142— 143, 148,

169.

Brooms, 214. ■

Brothels, vide Stews.
Buckwheat, 85, 116.
Building, ftile of, 1 1 2 — j 1 3,
277-283.

Buildings, public, 282.
Bupreftis, 218.
the Burg, 10*1 1, i6 ?
Burial, 26.

Butter, fait, 73.

Buxus, 83.

Beet, 81,

C.

Cabinet, 196, 197.

Calamus aromaticus, 82*
Candles, 70, 71, 188, 22^
Cannabis, 84.

Canni, 78.

Caps, 276.

Capficum, 85-
Captain, 1 3> 1 5> 1 7.

* Cards, card-playing, 122*,
Carrots, 2i>

I N D

CartfraTus, 78,

Carts, 134—135.

Cauftic, 226.

Cayenne pepper, 85.

Cedars, 164 — 165.

Celaftrus, 84.

Cerambyx, 69.

Certificate, 206.

Cette, 157,

Chalk ftone in horfes, 202 —
203. b
Chamaerops, 214.

Charcoal, 116.

Chefnuts, 201.

Cherry trees, 154.
Chenopodium fcoparia, 84.
Chief, commercial, 42, 43.
Children, 125.

Chxmantfo, 186.

Chimnies, 283.

China root, 61.

Chinefe, 54—58. ^

Chinefe coaft, 4, 5.

Chinefe language, 264.
Chiriu, 215.

Chryfanthemum Indicum,
hi.

Cichorium, 82.

Cicindela, 204.

Cieling, 280.

Cinnabar, 204.

Citadel, 146, 148, 189*
Citrus, 162.

Clay, 203.

I E X. Hi

Cleanlinefs, 258.

Cloudy fky, 23 6 .

Clogs, wooden, 273.

Coat for fmuggling, 13, 15.
Coins, money, 27, 101, 116
— 1 17, 1 8 1 — 185, 230.
Cojet, governor, 7.

Cold, 66, 72, 233, 235.
Colds, 84, 1 15 — 1 16, 227.
Colours, colouring fub-
Jftances, 77, 84, 163, 213.
Combs, 217, 227.

Compafs, 122.
Confumption, 163.
Convolvulus, 82.
Convallaria, 85.

Copper, 24, 51, 54, 140,
225.

ore, 203.

— — fmelting of, 224— -

225.

Coral, 204.

• Corchorus, 216.

Cordage, 63.

Coughs, 203.

Court, Journey to, 86, 94 —

* 75 -

Courtefy, 254.

CoXIWIA, 7.

Crabs, 5, 6.

Cripples, 215.

Culex, 214.

Cupreous pyrites, 20^.
Cupreffus, 164,.

£ Ctfriofky*

INDEX.

iv

Curio/ity, 256.

Curtains, 314.

Cuflom houfes, 26#

Cycas, 217.

Cypraea, 204.

Do

Daibud, 219-^220.
Daikokus ganne, 183.
Dairi, 139—^140.

Daifoin, 155*

Dances, 221.

Daucus carota, 81.

Deutzia, 161.

Dezima, 14, 40*

Diarrhaea, 61.

Dictionaries, 37, 38*

Dill, 81 •

Diofcorca, 84.

Djokafen, 148.

Dju kuts, 204. , <g
Doctors, 177, 179.
Dolichos polyftachyos, 214
— 215.

Doofa feni, 183 — 184*
Dracontium, 163.

, Dref§, complimentary, 271*
Dryandra, J50.

Dfmo kameru, 126.

Ducks, 128.

E.

Earthquake, 142, 181*
Elecampane, 20*— *02#

Englilh, 44.

Endive, 82.

Epidendrum, 212*

Esse van, 2.

Eveich, 10.

Eyes, red, 145, 215 — 216 ,

2 5 r.

F.

Fagara, 62, 150.

Fagus caftanea, 201.
Fahrenheit’s thermometer,
234 -

Fai gin, 127.

Faifats, 127.

Fair, 53, 93.

Fak fekifi, 203,#

Fakonie, 159, 160, 164,
211.

Fan, 99, 284.

Farda, 105.

Farra, 157.

Fafira, 141*

Faflak, 93.

Fatta, 166.

Feith, M. 2, 43, 94.
Feki, the emperor, 128*
Fennel, 81.

Fern, 205.

Fellivals, 92, 93.

Fevers, intermitting, 5.
Fiamits, 105, 229.

Ficus, 62, 1 30,

Fields,

Fields, 136 — 137*

Figs, 62, 130,

Filix, 203-
Fimi, 100.

Fiogo, 127, 128, 229-
Fiofabara, 104.

Firakatta, 133.

Firagawa, 155.

Firalka, 166.

Firandos harbour, 23 2.
Fire, 71.

Fires, accidental. Fire-
watch, 179—181.

Fifen, 103.

Filhes, '&c. book of, 186.
Filhermen, fiflring boats, 5,
7 -

Fitsjoma, 143.

Fjun noki, 217.

Flies, luminous, 229*
Floors, 281*

Flounders, 203.

Fog, 23^; — 236.’
Fokanofikos, 166.

Foko no jamma kufa, 186.
Fokusmoto Dosin, 177.
Formofa, 7.

Francis Zeimoto, 231.
Friendly difpolitioUj 258.
Frugality, 257.

Fruit, 120 — 121.

Ftagawa, 154.

Fucus, 130, 149, 150, 1 68*
Fukoroj, 155.

Funa raufi, 204*

Furniture, 1x3, 284 — 285.
Fufi mountain, 158, 21 z*
2 33 -

Fufida, 157.

Fujikawa, 148, 137,

Fufimi, 134., 22 1 «

Fufifawa, 166,

Futju, 214*

Futsjo, 1 57«

G-

Galama* 204.

Game of the goofe, izf#
Ganfe-fpeel, izu
Gardens, 81, 223.
Gardenia, 162 — 163.
Genius and difpofition of
the Japanefe, 252 — 264-
Ginger, a kind of, 82.
Ginfeng root, 16.

Girls, 74—77, 145—145,
122 .

Gnats, 214-
Goju, 148.

Gold ore, 203.

Gomome gin, 1 83.
Gorgonia ramofa, 204.
Governors, 25, 36, 37, 37,
195.

Groot rechter, 138-
Guard, 41, 165.

Guards, imperial, 14,
Guribara, 157.

H,

VI

r N D E X.

H-

Handkerchief, 277*

Hair, mode of drefilng, 274.
— 276.

Haliotis, 212.

Hangings, 280.

Hat, 1 99, 276.
Haemorrhages, 216.
Haringa, 2.

Harbours, 19, 38, 114,

128, 147, 169, 232.
Heat, 233, 235*

H^dera, 83.

Hedges, 107, 162, 163,
213.

Herbals, 186.

Herons, 138.

Hemp, 84.

Holidays, 92—93-
Honefty, 259.

Horfes, 203-
Horfemen, 109.

Houfes, ftile of building,
112 — 1 1 3, 180, 205.
Hoft, 130.

Hours, 88.

Hurricanes, 234*

I#

Jaboki, 205.

Jaco tjaja, 141.

Jafagi, 148.

Jafude, 204,

Jagami, too.

Jamma fano,

Jamma nakka, 160*

Jamma buki, 216.
janraijo, 105.

Jamamo, 204, 205.
Japanefe, afpedt of, 25 1,
Japanefe nation, 251 — 264-

language, 264*

265.

Jars, 102, 103.

Idols, 219 — 221, 227.

Jedo, 175, 205, 231, 232.
Jedogawa river, 132.
Jepuen, 231*

Jeferi, 157.

Jeferi-noakits, 157.

Jelfigo, 188.

Jetfuri jamma umra, 154,
Ika, 204.

Ikeda, 155.

Illicium, 227.

Images, trampling upon*
89, 93.

Imokavva, 147.
Implacability, 263.

Imuri, 154.

Ingenuity, mechanical, 257;
Inns, in, 138, 169, 170.
Inofanafawa, 143.
Interpreters, 20, 31, 32*—
35, 42, 96.

Inula helenium, 201, 202.
Jodo, 134,

Jokait^,

I N P E X.

Jokaits, 143.

Jomoto, 166.

Jootfia, 148.

Joots fida or Jofida, 148.
Jofida, 215.

Jofiwaro, 157, 158, 212.
Joruffi, 126.

Journey to court, 86, 94-—

175- \ ■

Ipomsa, 62.

Iponmats, 157.

Ifafaja, 100.

Ifaka gotjo, 205*

Kami, 143 — 1440
Ifi, 143, 144.

Ifiba, 141, 215*

Ifibe, 143.

Kmomia, 229*

Isjakufi, 2 if,

Ifiwatta, 203,
liuvvatta, 203,

Itaganne, i8z*

Itjib, 182.

Itfka, 105.

Jui, 157.

Julus terreflria, 204*
Juniper tree, 82.

Juftice, 258 — 239.

Juftice, chief, 138 — J39,
Juglans nigra* 201.

vil

KabrO, 75.

Kaginoies, 148.

Kakegawa, kakigawa, if J*
21;.

Kaki, 61, 130.

Kalre, 137.

Kali, -203.

Kamaka, .204.

Kambara, 157, 2T2«

Kami kiri, 69.

Kaminofeki, 1 1 9.

Kamiro,-i.i 9.

Kamiru Jamma, 145;

Ivamo, 205.

KiEMPFER, 97, IOI, lOf*
129, I70, I9I, 197^-209,
263.

Kanaga, 155.

Kanagawa, 167.

Kangoes, kagoes, 109,*
Kanfaki; 1 04, 1 29.

ICapto Jes, 160.

Karafumo, 205.

Karuifi, 204,

Kafamats, 166,

Kafivvabara, 157.

Kaffadera, 147.

Kafiagawa, 104.
Eastragawa fosju,j77*
Kawa batta, 1 66,
Kawafakki, 167, 210*

Kay ba, 204.

Keagi, 141,

Keife*

Till

I N D E X.

Xelfe, kefe, 1 26.

Kefofo no abra, 204*
Kikugawa, 155.

Killing of animals, 1 2J8.

K I MOOS I, I 86.

Kin nab, 203.

Kino kd, 204*

Kifigawa, 157.

Kitchen, 280 — 281.

Kitama kura, 68.

Kobang, 181, 182^184.
Koehler, 95.

Kodama, 382.

Kodom, 120, 225*
Xoijanotfa, no.

Koijfo, 211.

Koifo, 166.

Kokura, in, 229.

Komb, kobu, 149, 15©*
Konofaifi, 204.

Konomon, 121.

Kolinfikf, 1 66.

Kosju, province of, 184.
Kosjubang, kin, itjib, 184.
Koto, 1 97.

Kubo, 139, 149, 207, 208,
210.

Kurisuki, Dofa, 177.
Kurofakky, 1 10.

Knfats, 142, 2 1 5*

Kwada, 166.

Kwana, 145, 146, 215.
Kyquan feki, 203.

L.

Labourers, 23.

Ladies, 120, 169.

Ladies of pleafuFe, 74 — 77*
Lamps, 70, 74, 75, 138,
151.

Lampyris Japonica, 229.
Lacerta, 163.

Lakes, 341, 142, 160, 164.
Language, 38, 123, 264,
265,

Lantern festival, 92.

Lapis ileatites, 205.

Laxa, 1 1 6.

Leeks, 81.

Lettuce, 82.

Liberty, 253.

Lightning, 236.

Lindera, 161.

Lizard, 163.

Lovers, 84.

Luukuv fangodu, 204.
Lyciutn, 213.

M.

Maas, 1 1 6.

Majfakki, 155*

Makotje, 205.

Malva mauritanica, 84,
Manure, 80, 212, 213. *

Maples, 161, 162, 223.
Maps, 197, 230.

Marble, 204.

Marco

INDEX.

x

Marco Paolo of Venice,
235 *

Mariko, 137.

Married women, 78, 120,
268.

Marumi, 147.

Matfkafa, a filh, 68.
Matches, 88.

Mats, 279, 280*

Matfdera, 145.

Matfmai ifland, 149.

Matfu, 143.

Matfuri, 92.

Meaxima, 10, it.

Mcbos, 120.

Medicines, 73, 198, *9 9.
Melia azedarach, 228.
Menaralfki, 120.

Mendicant nuns, 145, 146.
Menoki, 143.

Mentha piperita, 84.
Menyanthes, 227.

Mefpilus Japonica, 214.
Mia, 146, 147.

Miaco, 133, 138, 140, 215.
Miacos river, 139.

Mican, 130.

M’lkano, 105.

Mikawa, 148.

Mile ports. Miles, ic8.
MHlepora, 204.

Minakuts, 143, 215.

Mix a mot a, 210.
Minerals, 203 - 204.

Mint, marter of the, n 7.
Mirrors, 284, 283*

Mifawi, 166.

Mis for. a nr, 67.

Mifima, 157, 21 1.

Miterai, 126.

Mito, 226.

Mitlka, 155, 21 3.
Moirinorta, 143.

Money, 32, 141, 2 17
Months, 88, 90, 91, 9*.
Morlcuts, 133.

Mokokusi Komowi, x85,
Moras papyrifera, 272.
Moto ittiban, 137.
Motofiku, 148.

Motofi-aika, 134.
Mountains, 138— 160, 164,
165, 232, 233.

Moxa, 226.

Maical iurtru nent, 197.
Murtari, 138.

Murter roll, 12.

M arte ring, 20.

Myrica nagi, 216.

N.

Nigija, 147.

Nigafnki, 13, 17, 38^40,
74, 79 — 8 t , 89, 90, 2^9.
Nagi, 216.

Nakabara, 1 04,

N A KAO A'.V A 3 UN N A W, \ 7 7 y

1 35. Na:<

VOL. til#

B

X’ .

1 N D E X.

NakafTims, 119.

Nairn ri, 155.

Name, ad.citiuous, 2 66.
Name, family, 2 66.

Names, 209, 210.

Nandina, 1 1 1 .

Nandio gin, 182.

Nan-go, 1 66.

NafTumi, 143.

Natanni, natanni abra, 137,
138.

N attire of the country, 231 —
250.

Neatnefs, 25S.

New year’s day, 72, 87.
Nicotiana, 85.

Night gowns, 1S7, 195,
222, 267 — 268.
Night-gowns, half, 269 —
270.

Niga kotjc, 205.

Nikko ifi-, 204.

Nikkarofik, 204.

Niko, temple of, 207.
Nimbutflo, 195.

Niomcn, 1 16.

Nipon, 231.

Niponbas, 169.

Nifm, 184
Niuhka, 155.

-river, 1 10.

Norimcns, 97 — 98, 109,

2C2.

ttofi, 1 ;o.

Nofin, 145.

Nurnarfo, 157.

Nuns, 143 — 146,

NuYTZ, Pe 1ER, 262.
Nymphsca nelumbo,

O

Oak, 161.

Obotoki, 167.

Ocymurn, 84.

Oda, 102.

Odogaia, 167,

Odowara, 1 66. 21
Ofama, 147.

Ogino, zi 7,

O agu e, 78.

Oil, 150, 215, 22S.

OifterS, 5, 69 127.

Oils, 1 41,

Ojingawa river, 103,
Ojiwaki, 143,

Okabs, 157.

Ok-adaJeosin, 176 — 177*
Okafaki, 148, 2 1 5.

Okido, 167.

Okits no freffawa, 137.

Gid pc 'pie's drefs, 272,
Omi, 143.

Omura, 10 1.

Omari, 167.

Onions, 81.

Onifeus , 204.

Qno

I N D

©no, 143.

Oranges, 130.

O rhino, 102.

Ofaka, 129, 1 3 r , 132.

Oiiakv, 127.

O.lrea pleuroneftes, 5.

Ofyris, 16 1, 221 — 225.

Oti gaki, 69.

Ottonas, 42, 81 .

Outpofts, 11.

O.vari, province of, 146.
Owoo, 203.

P.

Paardefteen, 202.

Paint, 77, 78.

Palace, hereditary prince’s,

193.

Palace, the emperor’s, 189,
192, 193.

Papenberg, 58, 60.

Parfley, 81,

Payments, 78, 87.

Peach tree, 153.

Pear trees, 154, 161.

Peas, 86.

Pedbral complaints, 205
Pelang feftival, 02.

Pelicans, 133.

Pepper bulb, 62.

Spank!:, 85.

Perea, 69.

Perch, 6 9.

B

E X. i

Pc i dea, 153.

Phabolus, 86-
P.iv ic, 34.

Pliyucians, 176, 217
Phytolithus, 204.

Pilot kin, 7.

Pine, 157,. 202.

Pinus, hi, 202, 211.
Pifum, 86.

Plays, 22 r.

Pleurcfmcles, 203,

Plumb tree, 13a.
Polygonum barb: it urn, 85.
Porcelain, 52-, 103, 101.
Portuguese, 44, 231, 261.
Foil coaches, ic8.

Potatoes, 82, 84.

Prefents, 72, 86, 87, io <$ 3
hi, 130, 150, 217.
Princes, 171 — 174.

Pride, 260.

Privy, 281.

Provinces, 174.

Pranas, 153 — 1^4.

Pulp fapato, 3.

Pulfe, feeling, 201.

Pumice Hone, 224.

Pyrus, 154, 16 1 .

Quamvon, 223 — 221,
Quartz, 204.

R.

R.

Radifhcs, black, 8.

Rain, 6, 8, 174, 187, 234,
236.

Ra n cloak, 99, 174, 175,
276.

Rakvyoxv, 185.

Ratans, 214.

Rbeamatijm, 227.

Rhus, 188.

Rice, 116, 135, 148.

Rive; 1 10, 332, 135, 153,
1 7, j66> 167.

Roads, 103, 107.

Roc'., 1 14.

Roc:; -oil, 294.

Roc of fifti, 6S.

Rokogawa, 167.

Rooms, 66 .

Ro es, 63-
RuRa, 63.

Rulers, 209.

s.

Sabakiri, ;i6.

Sabbath, 92.

Saddle holies, 109.

Sa ICaki Bonsin, 177.

Sakanoda, 143.

Sakkawa, 166.

Sakki, 73.

Sckuiciiis, 203.

Sal fca;ancm, 204.

Sale fhops, 280*

Salmon, 142, 160.
Sa’tpetre, 204.

Salutation, 235,

Samrai, 123.

S.inga, 104.

Sangami, 204.

Sangodin, 204,

Sangosju, 204.

Sannoki, 204
Sansjo no i.vo, 163.

Saori koii, 204.

Scbena, 68.

Sea- weed, 113.

Sea-ports, 126.

Sealing of chefts, 94.
Searching for fmuggled
goods, 13, 23, 26—30,
31, 94, 93, 230.

Seki, *43, 213.

Seki jen, 204.

Sekima, 203.

Seni, 183, 184.

Senfe of the Japanefe, 232.
Sepiee, 72, 204.

Servants, 225.

Sefamum, 215.

Shells, 21
Shell- fan dj 203,

Ships, 9.

Shoes, 15 1 — 152, 272 —
274,

Sigakl, 127.

ux.iiawirfi

102 .

Simadu,

I N

D E X. *Iu

Simida, 15 6,

Smagglers, fmuggling, 15,

Simar, 203.

26, 27, 28, 30.

Simoni feni, 183.

Snow, 236.

Simonofeki, 113,229*

SnufF, 1 15, 116.

Simoo feki, 203.

Socks, 272.

Simotfke, 203.

Soi no me gin, 204.

Sinagawa, 168, 169.

Solanum, 82.

Sinamo, 167.

Somen, 1 16.

Sinapi, 138.

Sono, 145.

Singo, 147.

Sooqua jenfo, 186.

Sinongi, 101.

Spatterdalhes, 272.

Sinowara, 155.

Spaniards, 44.

Siohuts, 1 21.

Spiraese, 162.

Sippon, 231.

Spirit, unconquerable, 261*

Siro jinfo, 204.

Sponge, 204.

Sirofakki, 157.

Stalactite, 204.

Sitting, manner of, 113.

Star-fbftival, 92.

Sick, 143, 198, 199.

Stavenife, the ihip, 1.

Sirafka, 154.

Steen dekke r , captain, 1 o'.

Siwano, 204.

Stews, public, 74—76, 1 15,

Sjofufima, 204.

126, 127.

Sju, 204.

S Uncus marinas, 163,

Sj union feni, 183.

Stockings, 272.

op

p'

00

4 -

Storehoufe, 281.

Skawaro, 160.

Stor s, 4,5, S, 234-

Skimmi, 227, 22 3 -

Strocmings, 164.

Ski'; nova, 142.

Sublimate, corrcfive,. 199,

Skrcens, 151.

260.

Slaves, 3, 65, 67.

S.ubukawa Solo, 176.

Sle ?ping, apparatus for.

Succory, 82.

1 1 3 *

Supcrftition, 260.

Slippers, 272 — 274.-

Surumi, 167.

Smadn, 213.

Surgeon , 226.

Smilax China, 61.

S wo to,

XIV

1 N D E X.

&VVOtO, 102.

fcjyngnathus hippocampus,
204.

T.

Takanawa, 168, 169.
Takaraili, 204.

Takkiwo, 102.

Tako fune, 204.
Tammafnats, 155-.

Tamma muil, 21 8.

Tai tars, 261,

Tayfero, 104, 105.

Tea ; tea tree, 108, 216.
Teeth, 78.

Temple, 80, 207, 218—
220.

lords, 2i> 107.

Teredo naval is', 127.
Teiludo, 218.

Tetraodon, 68 .

Thayls, 11 6.

T h c r ;z , omet r ieal ob fe r v a

tic ns, 6, 234 — 251.
Threading, 2:6.

Thuja, 160.

Thunder, 234, 236.

Tide, 2-1.

Tj'lriu or chiriu, 147, 21c.
Time, measuring of, 88,
228.

- — how pad at Batavia,

64. 65-

Th.cler, 71 .

Tindingawa river, 155.,
Tinsjenmats, 157.

Tjonen, 123.

Titles, 267,

Tobacco, '83.

Todokos, 225.

Todoriki, 104.

Tomb-fcones, 79.

Tomida, 343.

Tooth brn flies, 1 6 1 .

Totfka, 1 67, 210.

Towns, 104, 105, no, 143,
146, 154, 155, i 65 , 1 63 v
179, 205, 283.

Trade, merchandize,., 43,

44, 45 — $*> S3> 1 ! 5*

Trapa, 213.

Travelling, 108, 109, 172,
1.73,175,207—209,210,
Tietta, 142.

Tsjakufi, 145.

Tfi kudfen, 106.

Tfugara, 204.

Tiugaro iii, 204.

Tiurara ill, 204.

Tabipora mufica, 204.

Tu 1 ko, the emperor, 1 1 4.
Turneps, 82.

Turtles, black, 218.

V.

Vaccinia, 161.

Valour, z6i — 263.

Veldts,

I N D E X.

xv

Veffels, failing, 21, 58, 71,
117 — 119,146,147, 155,
232.

Viburna, 161.

Vicia fab a, 86.

Vie ax lac, 196.

Villages, 103, 283.
Vifchers Eyland, 61.

Vifits, 173 — 174, 217.
Vocabulary, Japar.efe, 186,
and at the end of the Vol.

U.

Umbrella, 99, 174%
Umemats, 204.

Uniwatta, 204.

Unicorn’s horn, 49.

Urtica, 63.

Ufida, 47.

Utsnoja, 157.

Utfini, 106.

Ulva, 1 15, 168.

W.

Walnuts, 201.

Wax, 188.

Weather, regilkx of the,
233—251.

Weeds, 136.

Weig ts, 52.

Winds, 235.

Windows, 279.

Wives, 77, 197.

Wolf, 196.

Women, 105, 126.
Workfhops, 280.

Worm or caterpillar, 69,
70 -

Worms in children, 163.
Wormwood, 79, 226.

Y.

Year, divifion of, 88.

Yard, 281.

Z.

Zipangri, 231.

Zeimoto, Frangois, 231.
Zodiac, figns of, 90.

mrnmm

VOCABULARY

OF THE

JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

A

ABhorrence, Kafir , modor.
Abufive language, Sojo .
to Accufe, betray, Siras
furw . , fott tit furxx .

After, Sibaida.
to Admonilh, Nagufizmvt .
Adopted fon, Jofiy jooifi ,
jajjinaiko .

Affrighted, OturuJka y Ofi-
rui okurafiy okcctine.
to be Afraid, Tomagaru .
Agallochum,

Agreeable, Jurofikku .
Againft the Hream, »SW
'ivatika*

to Agree for, to bargain,

Air, »SW.

All, M<?/.

Alms, Fodokojfu, fegia*

Alum, Mifban .

Alone, folitary, Bakari> to*

Jin, fammijiku*

to Allow, to permit, Jtrufi*
Allowed, Junts gGtnen,
Amber, Kowak<v*
Ambergride, Kitfer # no fmig 9
i. e. Whales excre-
ments.

Amendment, Joifo.

Anifeed, Oikio.

Anifeed water, Uikjojfi*
Anchor, I kart.
to Anchor', to let go the
anchor, lkdkarxx .

Animal, Ktdaikono .
to be Angry, Faftddi/krtt^
ikaru,

to make any on£ Ai *gr.y,
FaratdUy fdfiti'U*
to grow Angry, fftMkd-
tatfuru, farikatatfuru.

Anvih

a

2

Vocabulary

Anvil, Kanafiki .

Anfvv£r, Fento, ferifi, hotai .
to Anfwer, Fento furu,fenfi
furu, kotai furu .

Anguifh, Aijoki.
Apothecary’s {hop, Surria.
to Appear, to look like,
Midaffu .

Apparition or ghoft, ifai-
kemono, juirtu
Arm, £/<&.

Armofyn filk, Kaiki.

Arms, coat of arms. Mono-
gore.

Arrow, quiver, Ja , y*/-
fufu.

Arfenal, kura.

Artery,. Miakofufi.
to be Afhamed, Fafllru.
Afhes, Hacyfaiyjinohai.
to. Aik, requeft, Tannomu.
to Afk, to enquire, . LLaffu-
nuru.

to Aflay, Kokuru miru.

Afs, Lob a.

Aflant, Jagamu, jotigo*
Aiihma, Ikinofemekv.
Aftronomer, FoJJimu
to Attend, to wait upon,
Neiruru . t

Attendant, Sairio .
to Augment, to increafe,
f ajfnau, fujatfuru .

Ax, Waro 3 tjono, flow*,

B.

Back, Senaka.

Bad, Faradate, far at at s, fa-
rakaki, <warlkakiife, kufe no
nvarika , tfeno^wari.

to Bake, to bake bread,
Jak<v, pan jahv.

Bali, globe, Tippo no tamma.

Ball, to play with, 7! ema,
tamma , malt.

Banifhed, Dufai.

Barber, perriwigmaker, Ka-
mi, jui.

Bare, naked, Bo , faguru ,
haguru .

Bare-footed, Snvajji.

Barley, Omuggi.

Baflard, TetenaJJigo.

Bath, warm .bath, IJhnt >
unfing .

to Bathe in a tub, Furu.

Bat, or flittermoufe, Komu -
ri.

a Beam or balk, Hari , yh/-
mokv.

a Beam in building, 2?<?-

Bean, Marne.

to Bear, to bear children,
Sa?nu, famkejjukuy fanfuru.

a Bear, y*.

Bed, Nedokuri.

Bed curtain, Kaja katjo .

Bedftead,

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE. 3

Beddead, Toka.
to Begin, Hajfimaru , fasji -
mar u.

Beginning, Fasjime .
to Beg, a beggar, Morau ,
f yiing, kojki .

Bellows, Fuji go.

Belly, Stabara .
to Bend, Oru.
to Befmear, TiTxr.
to Befpeak, Atfurajxx .
Befpoken goods, Atfuraje
mono , tamoni mono .
to Bewail, Knuiamajki .
to Bind books, Tjamintofirxx.
Bird, Tori, //o.

Bird cage;. Tori nofu .

Bird lime. Tori wzo//i <uw?w-
na.

Bird’s bill, Tfubuffa , £#V/i-

bajjin

Bird’s ned, Tori wo fit, jens.
Birds, the Tinging of. Tori
wo fajoru .

Birth day, Tansjo nitji , CT/wa-
refi.

Bitter, Nigaka, Nigai.

Blind, Mek'-wura, mernokf.
Blood, T/i, Kjets,
to Blow, to blow up the fire.
Fichu, fiok v.

the wind Blows, Kofi no
fuhu .

to Blow ©ut.

to Blow the nofe. Fauna
toru .

Blubber of whales, &c.

Tokuru , wo kauju.
Board, eating, Sukomots ,
kuimono , kufmos .

Boat f ^ Obatera .

Boat (Japanefi) Temma.
Body, Gotai .
to Boil up, Fagiru .

Bone, Tow£.

Book, Somots.

Borough, JJkefai , ukejau ,

kekejauju .

Borrowed, Finausa .
to Border upon, Sakkai fu-
ru.

Botanid, Tanfifi.

Boundary, Sakkai.

Boundary mark, To/?.

Boon, or requed, Tannomi.
Bow, to ftioot with a bow,
Jumi, ir#.

a Bowl for playing at nine
pins, Tamma ,

Box, Ttfio.

Box, I remono.

Brain, Itadakki, fiakkujej
Branch of a tree, JWi?.
Brandy, and all forts of fpi-
rituous liquors, So/;#.
Brafs, Sintju.

Breadth, Jakob aba, firofa.
Bread, bread of a woman,
Tjitji.

Bread

4

VOCABULARY

Button, button hole, Botan ,
Botangana •

to Buy, Kawu, kao , hot a.
to Buy and fell, Baibai .

C.

Cable, Tjanfuna.

Calf, JJfnoko ,

Calf of the leg, Stofoue.
Calumback, Kiara .
to Call, J^u.
to Call out, Nagakv , omek&i
Camphor, Sono.

Candle, Rofokv, from Ro,
wax, and Sokv, wick.
Candleflick, Rofoks tatti .
Cannon, IJJibia .

Cap, Bofe K .

Capacious, roomy, Tfujai.
Captive, prifoner, Sumebito <>
Capital, flock, Kctta.
Cards, Semekv, nijkaka .
Cart, Kuruma , gumma, go-
fogumma .

Carpenter, Daiku .
to Carry out, Saguridajfu.
to Carry away, ina,-

ouu

Cafh, ready money. Sod an.
toCafhier, Madojfu, kajcjjii .
Cat, Mio,neko .

Catje, Ikkin*

Caufe, reafon, Wanjitj.

1 1

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

to Celebrate or extol. Fo-
ment,

Chafing difh (large) Fihtf-
fj L

Ditto (fmall) Jjuro .

Chalk, SiraJJiimi .

Chamber, cabin, Bea fea,
to Change or alter, Tjigau,
kawatu.

Chain, Kswufari .

Chapter, Ketta,

Charcoal, Sumi,/um .
to Chew, Asjinuaw.,
to Cheat, DamaJJu.

Cheek, Hogeta,fo,fogeta .
Cheft, Hago , nagamatji .
Chief juftice, 0/«$r.
Chicken, Fioko,

Child, Kodoma,

Chintz, Sara/a.

Chopping knife, Debaho-
tjo, nommi .

Church, 7* °ra>

Cinnamon, Nikke .

Circle, Maru,

Citadel or caflle, Siro,fo .
Clay, Siraffumi .

Claw, Fommarige.

Clean, Kir etna , sjomu
Clear, Set eng,
to Climb, Nageru .
to Clip, to clip off, fo.
to Clip with feiffars, AT/ru,
fafami Airy.

Cloak, Haw art.

Cloak to keep out the rain,
TV.

Clock, Suriganni, rei ,

Cloth, 6*0

Cloth, to wipe pffites with,
Fui king .

a fuit of Clothes, Kimono,
to have a fuit of Clothes on.
Kimono kirw.

Cloves, Fjooji,
pit Coal, Ifufumi .

Cobweb, Knjjumo no je t mo-
noje .

Cock, Ondari , otqri.
Cockscomb, Sftr/ no kflbito.
Coxcomb, Kabuto ,

Coffin, Kvjanoki .

Cold, Samka kang.

Cold, a diforder, Kufamc
fvru.

to Catch cold, Ka/e fukv,

fukaji.

Commodioufly, with eafe,
SJio, Sjiona,
to Compel, Muri,

Common, general, or uni-
verfal, OnaJJijo?ia,
Common, or ordinary, S/une , ,
tju.

Compafs, to fleer by, Fobari
hobarri.

aComprefs, M*ki meme.
Commerce, to trade, Akira-
wu, Sobqi,

to Compare, Anajkaranx,
Coarfe*

Coarfe, Aral, areka fnovjat-
ka* .

Coat of mail, Rapto<

Colic, Senk't *

Colour, to colour, Iro, trots -
kuru , fomuru.

a pair of Compares, Buma-
waffu*

to Complain, T'odokuru, uta-
jurtiy mofaguru , todokekv .
to Come, ir&ru.

Comb, to comb, Rnxtuji,
K'wafkes uru.

Converfation, Koioba atf li-
me*

to Confifcate, Kjsju.
to Conduct any one out to
the door, OA’#ru, utjiokuru.
I ftiall Condudl him out,
Wataks kufi utji okuri
maffo .

Conduit, Rakifi.
to Confide r, Anfuru.
Confe&ionary, Sattojaki.
to Conquer, Ratfu.

Cook, Riourinen .
to Cook, Tak<Vy niaffxx .

Cool, Sufuji,
to Cool, Sofu,furu*

Copy, Vjufi.

Copy id, UtfujUy ntufu.
Copper, Agaganni, akagan-
ni .

Coquet, /ra #207*0.

Corner, Fauna*

Cordage, rope, 57^*0, ^ #0
kawa*

tarred Cordage, Tjanfuna .
Cork,

Corpfe, Sitting y Jigojo, f-
gai.

to Co ft, expences, Nedangy
fapiy irio.

Cottage, Sato, mura *

Cotton, Kiwatta *

Court, Miaco*

Cough, Siwatnoki *
to Count, to reckon, Kansju ,
fatjofu.ru *

Counting houfe, Sanjobea *
Courageous, Kimono fitoka^
amar u.

Cover or lid, Ata.
to Cover, Tfutfumxx , 0#*
Coverlit for a bed, Ftong*
Covenant, Rubiru ,

Cow, cow beef, £Zr, #0
niku*

Crofs, Sjumanfi.

Crofs road, Sjumonfi mit~
ji, jotskado *

Creature, animal,

>•

Crooked,

to Crufli to pieces, Fifaguni*
to Creep, i^u.

Cray-fnh, Ganns*

Creek or bay, AW*.

Crazy, Bakka, babo.

Cup

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

7

Cup, tea cup, Wang , tia -
*wang.

the Cup of a pair of fcales,
*7 ex bin.

to Cut, i. e. to be lharp,
Kuifakuj kuikiru .
to Cut afunder. Kirn.
Cuftoms, cuftom-houfe,7r^-
fingy kokfing bansjo .
Cufnion, pin-cufhion, Fan-

Aft-

D

Dainty, delicious, Umaha .
Dark, Mime.

to Dawn as the day, Akibo-
nu .

Dam, fifh Dam, Ike.
Daughter* Mufme , go go .
Danger, Abunaka.
Dangerous, Abunaikotti ■,

Damage, prejudice, Takka -
r a, Jong.

D evout, Tfut inf unde.
Devotion, K<wa?ien .

Damaffi, Dons ,

Devil, Oni .

Deep, Fwkai, f'kaka.

Dear, coftly, T 'akkaj tfu/uku.
Dead body, Sinda fining.
Dear, my dear, Subu Suita ,
onego.

Defire, inclination, Fimma
konomutfuk .

to DeduSl^Kanjo aj:t , San jo

„ “A *

Debt, Sukugin .

Debtor, Sakugin ota fito
Deceit, fraud, Datnajkoto
Deformed, I'efong.
to Dig, Foli.

Difmclined, without defire
for a thing, Konoman.
Dirtinefs, uncleanlinefs,
Akfta.

D i rty , unclean , Kifanefiogore 9
Diffuade, Jamaru.
to Divine, foretell, Sufi mi -
r\x 9 uranaw . .
to Difmount, Orir u.
to Difmifs one from office,
Itoma .

Difmiffion, Itoma.
to Difcharge or Difmifs,
Itimagoi .

to Divide, Wakwuru,
Diarrhaea, Kuudas.
to Die , S inner u finu .

Diffi, Kooke.

to Difguife or malk, Ifi jiiru .
a Ditch with water, Forie,
Foka.

Dice, the playing with dice,
Sait , bakutji utfu.

Divers, various, Iro iro.
Difference, diftin&ion, Ma -
tjgai.

to Difcover, Owamu.
to make a Difference, Mat-
figotoru.

Difciple, Keko.
to DiHocate a bone, Fanjfix.
Dike or bank. Dole.

Double

VOCABULARY

8

Double, Kafannaru.m
Dove, Fctioy
wild Dove, Jamma fato .
tame Dove, Jefato .

Door, To.

Door mat > Toma.
to Double, Kafannw , kafano -
ru.

Done, executed, //ax.
to Do, or make, Sum, itaj/u ,
Suiurru.

to Do one’s bell, Ufo jai ni~
kui.

Dog, Inm
to doubt, Utagu.

Dragon, Firio.
to Draw the portrait of any
one. Nag u, torm.
to Draw, Katamitru, mbol/u,

to Draw out, Nugu.
Drawers, or under breeches,
Feko, momofki.

Dream, jume junicmim,
to Drefs onefelf, Kimono tja-

kv fum,fofukfurxx.

Dreffed and pairfted Lady,
Mifimai.

Drum, Taiko.

Drunkard,. Jeikfari.

Drink, No'mi.'.iono «

D rop, Tdtfifha.

to be Drunk, Namojijeikfsan,
to pretend to be Drunk,
Jeik, farajfuri .

It is break of day, Ju no aki >

to Drink, Nom\ 3.

Duck, tame Afiru, Wild,
Kamo.

to Dwell, inhabit, Tfuinxx ,
Tatfum tsukurU.

Dyfentery, Okabara ,

to Dry, dry, in, FoJJh, boffa.

to Dry Up, wither, Karruru.

Dry, Kanjaka, firu . boj ] ii fz»
joru,

E

to Earn, deferve, Sotomuru,
Stomuru jabu.

Earthquake, Djiftn.

Earth, the Earth, Tji dfi.

Ear, Mi mi.

Ear ach, Memi no itami.

Eafl, Figafi.

to Eafe one’s felf, evacuate,
Jofifong,fung, ftt/o.

Ebb tide, Smeo no Jim*

Echo, Fibiku.

Edge, border. Fas.

Edge of a mat, Tuttami no
feri.

Egg, Egg fhell, Tamago,
Tamago no karra .

Eggs, t0 l a Tamago mot-
/u.

Eggs, to fit on , Fioko nokomu ->
ru.

Eel, TJnagi.

Ell, Ikkin.

Elbow, Ude, fife.

Elephant, So.

Elapfc

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

Elapfed, pad, Sngita .
Empty, Aki*

to Empty,evacuate,^i>x<;#ru.
Envy, Nettamj.

Envious, Neramu.

Enemy, Kata hi.

Enfign ftafF, Hatofao , fato -
fa r vjo %

Enigma, conjecture, Nafi ,
Entrails, Faravoatta .

E nd, Oarly fans, fanai.
Eternal, Ifo.

Every day, Neifas .

Every night, Meibang.
Events, adventures, Fufaia ,
hanajji.

Even, level. Fir at aka.
to Exchange, Kajuru .
to Exercife, Mannahu.
to Excel, Watar u.
Executioner, SiokL
to Experience, MidajJ u,

Mijkc dajfa .
to Explain, CVw^u.
to Examine accompts, /7/&z
$*.

Eye of a Needle, Farim

mimifo .

to Eat, Eatables, K<wu^ kui
mono .

•

F.

Falcon, Fahka*

4 *

Face, or countenance, Karuuo,
omotte , minmente, tfera.
to Fall, Otjiru, tawareta.
to Fall lhort, Tarang, fu-

fokv .

Falfe, to adulterate,

«/7* ; nfamonoj] u.

Famine, Katfujetoji, hiking
Fan, 0§r.

Round fan, Utjwwa .
Fan-maker, Ogitjkuri .
Fan-duck, Ofiori.

Farewell, Kingo, nigoferru*
to Faft, &/£hzu.

Father, 77/*, * 0 / 0 .
grand Father,

Father in law, Jitfofo.
Fathom, one fathom, F7>£,
fact firo .

Fat, it is fat, Kojuru ,

Jfa* oru *

Feather, Tir/ ^

to Fear, Ofaruru •
to Feel, Obojuru .

F eeble, Jowaka, jo-zuai,
Feftival, Matfuri .
to Fetch, Tor'iuffur'i*

Fever, Ak/r,

Field, corn-field, FatakL
Field, Nabekv .
Figure,#*/#//,
a File, to file, *fafuri, jafa-*
rifuruy jafuri kakur\i •

Fin, a fin, jokojiri,Jire.

b

Fine

10

VOCABULARY

f ine, Koma kanna , komaina ,
komaka, komai .

Finger, jubr,

to Find, to hit upon, Mi-
dafj u, mid/kurM) midkedajju ,
Fire* Fi, fnoko .
a Fire (incendium) Kwaffi.
to Fire oft a mufquet, Utfx,
Fifh, J^uuo^fakkana,
to Fidi, I<wo tfuru ,

Fifherman, Rie/t.

F idling box, Binto*

Fifhing net. Ami,

Fifh fried in oil, Agi Iwo.
Fill, Tekobus,

Flag, colours of a fhip, Ha-

lo.

Flame, FoffOytjiai ihi . .

a Flea, Hem:.
to Flea, Fagurxj.

Flint, Kadoijt. \ cx

Flood, Sivuo.

Floor, JiAa,

Flour or meal, Mugifo.
t Flower, Fanna,
to Flower or bloom, Fanna ,
falv.

Flower pot* Fanna iki, fau-
na tfuba.

& Fly, Hat,
to Fly away, Toobu,
to Fly away, F ukitfraffo.

j

Frame, Aiding frame. Sofa-
noko , Sofoncfone,

Free, to free, Frjja, momu,
Frefh, AtaraJJt,
to Freeze, Kogufurvt.

Friend, Ftoobai,
good Friend, Naha a jr.fi,
naka no joka,

bad Friend, Naka no <warka.
to F righten, OdcJji 1, ofururxi.
to Froth or cream, Awa

tatfuru.

Fruit, fruit kernels. Mi,

fanne.

Fog, foggy weather, KL *
ri, dont eng.

*Fold, wrinkle, Fidda,
to Follow, Tfufukv.

Foot, 'ajji .

: Force, flrength, Sicaria.
(Force-meat balls, Kamma*
t bokud

(Foreigner, Jamma midof,
to Foul, make dirty, Jogs-

ru.

Fountain fpring. Mis no ka-
rakuri .

Four-footed, Jotfajfi.

Fox, Kitfne,

Fuel, fire- wood, 7 akigu
Full, Mifs ,

Full, fatiated, Skaijuru.

gaifik

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

G.

to Gain, Kata> Kcitfu .

Gain, profit, Di, disjmig .
Gad, Ox gall, 7 ang } gU'ivo.
Gallery, Linfi .
to Gape, the jaws, Akuhu ,
jikiibi.

Garden, Hannabhataku
Garret, jW/kzL
to Gather together^ Atju-
jfiarxiy }nr\x>jorijaL
Gate, Mong .

Gentle, JSorcna , fofikina y ja-
fl warakana .

to Gild, gilded, Riukinfitru^ .

khnfaku.

Ginger, 5/^

Girl, maiden, Komufmt .
Girdle, £ ktTflTMrunu , fanfa -

to Give, Fur cm, jarn.
to Give up, Wataj]\x y furir\,
to Give up to, to deliver
cyer to, Niixtata£\x.
to Give back in return,
Modoffa, hajoffu.

Glad, merry, I%vau y omoflt.
GJove, 7> >/.

Glue, Simegi.
to Glue, Simegi fafamu .
to Go away, Modoru, kairu.
to Go into fome body's
Jioufe, JorjukVyJitQ , *0 ^
iarb y/ri-v.

to Go down, UrurUt /ru.

* to Go up, Aguru .
to Go out, Sitsfugjpi
to Go to bed, A7/r jiu.
he Goat, Jagi,

God, 67/?, kami.

Gold, gold coin, AT//?, &>*-
%“•

Gonorrhea, Rinsjo.

Good, it is good, Jukka^

Jukka.

Goodman, Jukka ft o.
Good natured, Naha no juk -

ka»

to be good for nothing, Jo -

nakim

Goods* merchandize, Mw?.
Grapes, 2W#.

Gnat* O, Sutofu
Gnat, Ka+ -

to Grind, tyu,
to Grind, grinddone,
tojifi.

Ground, Pon, fort.

Guard, imperial guard, Pang
oban furu •

toHceep Guard, jfow /*/*.
to Giiefs, Atfuru •

Gull, Kagume .

Gun, fowling piece,

tiffo.

Gut, Qbyaxatt*,

H.

VOCABULARY

1 1

H .

Hail, Jr are.

Hair, Kami .

Hammer, Kanatfutji.

Hand, TV

Hand, Koaka , kowaiy ko-
ndarka.

Handle, Motf.

Handle of a pot, Knvang.
Handy, Gajkoi.
Handkerchief, Tenogoi*
Hare, U> ufagi •

Harnefs, Kapto.

Hally pudding, pade for
books, (larch, Nori.
Hade, to make halle, Motja.
Hally, JJJegaro.

Hat, Kafa.
to Have, Jrxiy at u.

Haven, bafon or bay. Mi-
natOy irie .

Hawk, T obi.

Head, Kubi .

Head ach, Attamanna , ita -
may dtilfo*

to Heal, to cure, Jeta +
Health, TaJJianifls .

Heart, Kokurro, fingfingnofo.
to Hear, Kikf.

Hearth, fmith’s forge, Ma-
. kuts .

Heavens, the (ky, T in.
Heaven, the manfion of the
bJefled, Gokurakv .

Heavy, Omoka 3 omotaka .
i Heel, Kibis.

• Help, to help, KaJJei , tori-

znotj'u , kajj'e furu .

Hens, a Hen, TV/, men-
dori met or i.

Herb, Kivu/a, Kufa.
Herring, or Pilchard, Kq-
noferu.

Hereditary prince, Dai-
nagon famma.

Heron, dork, Sagi, Korn
toi.

to Hew, to cut, Kira.
to Hide, Kakfxx .

Hide,'ikin, Kazva.

Hideous, OtoruJJik.

High, Dakka.

to Hinder, Motomer u.

-

Hip,. Momo\

la Hiftory book, concerning

* wars - and martial deeds,
JkfaunOy hannajibo .

to Hit, Neraa.
to Hoard up, take care of,
Nawajfuy u.

Hoarfe, Kojekariy kui no ka -
karVL.

to Hoid up a ched, Fikia -
gur u.

to Hoid a fail, Hoaguru.
to Hoid fail, Hoagura , ho-
maku.

Hog, wild boar. Sis , ino Jts.

Hole,

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

Hole, or cavity, Anna .
to Hold one’s tongue. Da -
?naissr\x.

Honour, Roko.

Honey, Fats miets .

Hook, Kakkiganne.
to opk K&kan\u.
Horn, Fjunno , kahv.

MW'

draught Horfe, Mira, nim-
. AL.*

faddle Horfe, Jome sjwe.
Rot, Atjha.

Houfe, y<?.

Houferent, Jcnufi,

Hunger, Fbncfe,
to Hunt, Kan,
to Hurt, to do hurt, J/W«-
ru.

Hyfterics, in women. Ska!.
_ — , in men, Sakki,

I-

|ack fcrew, Manriki.

Ice, KoorL

j ealous, Dingfuni , nelamn •
111 , Faradati, faratats, fara-
kakiy 'warikakuj'e ,
rwarika ijino-wari .
to do III, JVarukakotofuru .
to fpeak III of any one,
r/i*z, ^ 0/0

Important, Tafits.

to Improve or meliorate,
JoofuxM.

Impolite, ofemswti

hurt!.

Impudent, Cafkafme.
ImpoiTible, «!?0/2z arm e*
Incendiary, Fitfoku
Inconvenient, Fufiuna.
Income, Mitfuki mono.
to Infect, Wat fur u .
Infectious diftemper, Utfitri
jannw.

Ink, Suviyfum ! .

Inkftand, Sufwnl hake.

I nn , Jedoja , futifing.

Infalt, affront, jFw.
Interpreter, 'Ffuji.

Ditto upper, OJpijl,

Ditto under, Krfuji.

InftruCt, Ofiruy rfjcni.
to Invite, Niljkuru.

Iron, Tcts , f iroganni.
to Iron clothes, FincJljurM .
Iron for fmoothing clothe y.

Noriyjinncji fuinoi.

I (land, Dfima .
to Itch, Kaika .

Itch, an eruption on ths
fkin, Kafa.

to Join together, Jo/ura . .

tfogM.

Journey,
to take ajourney,

J o nrney homewards ,Kudan,
Journey,

*4

VOCABULARY

journey upwards, N abort.
Ditto downward s r Kudari .
Judge, Tadajpi.
to jump off, Tobxi,

Ivory, &cge,fogi.

K.

to Kill, Koroffa.

Kils, Umakuiji , K'lvvtjtfu.

S' (X Ktfs, Umakutji font,

Ki chen, Kammado .
Kingdom, Kuni , knxjuni*
Kettle, Jab-iuang.

copper, Y ctjakwang.

iron, Fjifdag.

china, Dobine *

Key, key hole, Kagb kagi
ana.

Knife, table knife, Id aka,
faka , fotjo.

folding Knife, On faka .
pen Knife, Ko gat anna.

e.e, Fifa, Jifa no farra •
to Kneel, Fifatatfum.

Knot, Firrnno.
to Know (feire) Sim,
to Know (cognofcere) Mi-
Jiru .

Known, Mijicoika .
a Known herb, Konokufa ,
mijhurka .

to let one Know, Arawaru-

m.

Knap upon doth,
i&adas.

L

Lace, Zajfiiferi*
to Lacquer over, Moire
fyru.

Lacquered work, Jt&i/V

ntono^ nor i mono.
lacquered >york, gilded,

Ladder* Fatfigo.

Lady, Okatfa, nioho?

Lamb, Fitfufinoki.

Lame, Tjukjfito .

Lamenefs, AW jwm.

Lamp, Fitomoji , fuihojj, an-
don.

Lamp oil, Tomojt abura.
Lamp black, Fegura f*m P
Siuni, a keinuri .

Land, Kokf, kuut ,

Landgrave or Lord of the
DiftriS, .foW Ji y daimio .
Landlord, hod, 7*

Lantern, Japanefe, of pa-
per, Tjotjin .

Ditto of glafs, Tc iro.
Larboard, Torikaji.

Lading, Hannii-honnakoto,
Laughable, Qkajki.

Law,

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE. f?

to Lay,

to Lay hold on, Tcrajcru ,
Jhamaijorw .

to Lay a wager, Kake,furu.
Lazy, lazy fellow, hafuro ,
fionakamono'j fionafji.
Lead;*- Nanidti .
white Lead, Sirome.
black- Lead 'pehcil, Sekfiti.
a Leaf,

Leak, leakyi AL™.

Lean, to grow lean, Jaffita,
jajfu.

to Learn, Narau , AvViu.
to Le&ure, Stajurafuru.
to Lend, AVu.
to Lend out, Karidaffu ,
Length, Nagafan.

LelTon, Tjumi ju.
to Lefien, 6 ^ 0 y5/ru.
to Let fly an arrow, 7ru.
Letter of the alphabet, A/<?A

ijt rnoufim

a Letter, an egiftlc, /*-

to Lick, Neihiryx.
to Lie irl wait, Snobimiru .
to Lie down to £ ?ep, jW-
turu.

to Lift, Motfiagaru.
make Light, Kamkii fur it.
to Light, to kindle, /
yb, ftamufu.

to Light a candle, Rvfks^
mifts hunt.

Lightening, Inafuma, huz~
bikai .

Lime, Si robe, tfikui, S imbed*
to burn Lime, S/aii jakv.
to Limp, limping, Tijmbs
fku, tjimba.
a Line or ftripe, Mimi.
Ling, Hainofo.

Lint, Met jet .

Lion, Sis.

Lip, Tfuba.

a Liquor prepared fro ;n
rice, Sakki.

Liquorice, Spanifh. JanJdri .
Liquorice root, Karfo*
to Live, lnotj'u
Lively, Jois mijkane.

Liver, Kimmo.

Living, Iktoru.
to Load, Manje tfumu , nia-vz
furw.

to Load a horfe, Norn.
to Load a fhip, Niaku ijj-

m\\.

to take a Load in, T/iv;.
Komu .

Lock* So, Sjo,jootJhuri.
Long, Nagai.
to Long for, Nagofufo.
to Lookout after, Miawaf

furw.

ro Look at, Mirt\.

* Leo ki%

VOCABULARY

*6

Looking glafs, Kagami .
Loofe, Gres.
to Lofe at play, Mykuru.*
to Loofe n, Tak^o.

JLofs, Scxg.

W Lefe, Song fur-d, mahirw,
JLcraib, Siraini, fubifirami.
Low, Fiktti.

Lucky, fortunate, Jenoffuki ,
fm=sjeai.

L-dkewarm, Name.
to Lye, to tell a lye, Sura-
ufifio*

M.

Mad, Kitfigai , */*,

Mad, Kitjigai •

to have Made, Skurajj'uru .

Majesty, Gajo*

to Make larger or enlarge,

Man, in the general fignifi-
cation, Momo.

Man (vir) O/c/L. ,

M anne r,m e thod > Ofiknnoviits .
Manure, K r jc.

Map,

Mar** IXamo.

Marl, butt, Sir us.

Mark, fig a, Survfu.
to Mark, to write down,
Surufi ittr&yfir/furu.
to Marry, Konrcjum,
Marriage, 'JZiiwi *

Married man, Metorn, taf-
fiurw .

Marrow, ^Fjjio.

Mail, Hobafi.

Mailer of a fhip, Sendo*

Mat, floor mat, Tattami.
a Match to light fires with,
Skedahh , Jkegi .

Matter of a fore (jP#j) Umu
Meal, Sibundoki.

Mean, Sfiune, tju.

M cailes, IlaJJika.
to Meafure, to take meafure.
Sic.' v form, Jiakfuifw.
Meafure of capacity, Mome.
Meafure, to meafure length
with, Siakf, monofiafia.
Meat, flefh, Miku , mi.
a Medicine, Knuaffur'hgofuru
to Melt, Jguni } kiuru iokurxx ,
Merchant, Akibito, fonin.
Merry, glad, Omafifiroi .
Meffage, Mefienger, S&w,
Koijhai .

Metal, Kar agamic.
to Mew like a cat,
nakv*

Microfcope, Mofimeganne.
Midwife, Foriagibaka, T ’o -
riagikaka.

Mild, F at fr.ar mono .

Mile, a mile, Ri> itjir'u
Mile poll, ltjirifiura.

\ Milk* Jji) tjn {/*'•

Milk

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE. 17

Milkwoman, Onago no titu
Mill, Us, kuruma.

Milt or fpleen, Heinofo.
to Mimic, Nifurw .

Miferable, Hajfii .
Misfortune, Fufai-waL
Mifchance, mifcarriage.
So if an , chomang .

Miftake, Matjigai .

Mifirefs, i. e. concubine,

£0 tekaki .

Mif-ufe, Sojugu , chigau*
to Mix, Mafuru .

Mode, cuftom, QkftaUri.
Modefty, bafhfulnefs, Haf.

jaffi, fat skaffik u*

Moment, Metataki ,

Monkey, ape, <Wu,y 2 z/u.
Money, Kane .

Monthly caurfes, Savjarriy

Skinomon.

Moon, ( Tfuki.

new Moon, MikatfukL

full Moon, Mangets.

Moon light, Wajfuk-vi
Mofs, Koki*

Moth, ATo/L
Mother, F afa, kafa «

Mother of pearl,

Mother in law, Jitfubo, jit -
nofafa.

Mould, mouldinefs,

/mi.

Mountain, Jamma.

the Mounting of any thing,

Kan ago.

Moufe, Ko?tifumi •

Mouth, k'uuutji .

Mud, AW.
to Murder, TotokuroJJo.
Murderer, Stokorojfty meffudo •
Mulk, Siako.

Muftard, Karas.

N.

Nail (iron pin) | auger,
Kuugi kiri .

Nail on the finger, Tfume ,
jaJJitrM.

Naked, Had aka.

Name, Afo,

Nape of the neck, Qonokubo ,
Napkin, handkerchief,

£ 0 /.

Narrow, firaitened.

Native country, Hungokf.
to Naufeate, AW 00 nvarika;
Navel, Fotfo y fefo,

Navel firing, Faraobi.
to draw Near, to approach,
SkaijurM, JkaknurM .

Neat, Chodo^

Necefiary, /r/V.

Neck, Kwabi, no dor.
Needle, Fart.

Neglefl, Tfojingi okatari .
to Negleft, JKafurw.

• Neighbor*, $T //*.

Nefi,.

;S v o c a b

Neft, Koja, kago .
a Net, Tjurihai, ami.

New, Atarafjiy sjoguats.

New year’s day, Guan/its.
Niggardly, avaricious, Ni-
gi ri,/njoambo , Jimats .

Night, JofariJoru.

Night gown, Nimakv.
the Night watch, Jo bang ,
jabang .

Nightingale, Ogu ifu .
Nipple, Tjibufa .

Nobody, Naha, dare won at.
to Nod with the head, G#/-

fur.Q.

North, Kitta.

Nofe, Fanna *

Nofirils, Fanna nofu.

Notary,

Nutmeg, Nikufuk.

O*

Oar, jfo.

Oath,

to Offer, Okurn, aguru }a~
JiagurM, nedoajkurxx.

Officer of police for a ftreet,
Ottona .

Office, employment,
jakunin , ftomefito.

Oil, Abura.

Oil pre fs, Abura Jtmoru.
Old, TaJJijoriy furuje , furule.

ULARY

Old age, .foyfr.

Open, A burn.
to Open, Ahern.
to Order or command,
letjhiy iffiuru,

Organ pipe, Kubuje .

Orphan, MinaJJigo.

Otter, Kawanfo,
to Overturn, ?* avuaruru.
Own, one’s own, Waga.
Owner, 'Tofigoro .

Ox, Kinkiri ufi.

Oyflers, Otjigaki.

P.

Pace, ftep, Ajumi .
to Pack, T/utfumw .
to Pack up, Nefuku fur&
mitjkuni.

to Pack afrefh, 6W na-ucaf-
/a.

a Packet, a parcel, S7*/-
fumi.

Packthread, 7/0 forna , ito
jama .

Pains (i. e. labour) Kitjka.
Pain, It ami.

Painful, Itamofe.
too Painful to be born, Ama r
ntame.

Paint of the face, to paint
the face, Kefoy ofertii , i/-
Jofuru.

to

OP THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

to Paint, to imitate by paint-
ing, Jcfur^y jedoru .

Pan, Nabe .

Paper, writing paper, Kami .
window Paper, Minoganni ,
7nifokatjigcinny .
imperial Paper, OtoZa <&//£.
painted Paper for hangings,
Karakami ,

gilt Paper, Kmkarakami .
nofe Paper common,
ganni.

nofe Paper large, Sitkufumi.
Paper for prelents, Fafogami.
Parafol, Fifafu
Parchment, Fiogu.

Pardon, JiurujJi .

Parents, Ricjin #

Parrot, Omu .

Partial jF/g*/.

to Partition off with planks,
Fedatfuru , Jkirxx.

Pafs-port, SaJJigari .
to Palte, ZW/u.

Palling brulh,

Pallry, confedlionarv,
k-jjaJJi .

a Patch, to patch or mend,
Kiri, fufiy fufi furu. '
Patience, Takatfuru.
wooden Pattens, Gtfta, Z<?-
fgefuri.

to Pay, Farauy faraL
Ppace,

Peacock, Kufikv .

Peafant, farmer, Fjakfo .
Pearl, Kainotamma .
to Peel, to peel off, Muk*v\
Penis, Mara.

Pen, pencil, ZWiz.

Pen knife, Kohatanna ,
Pepper, ATo//*?.

Per cent.

to Perfuade, advife, TV/V-

Pheafant,

Phylician, 7/2z.

Pike (aninllrument of war)
Jarri.

to Pile up, Tfumu.

Piles, haemorrhoids, Dji y fji.
a Pill, Guaijakv.
couch- Pillow, Bojp .
bed- Pillow, Kakuri makura „
a Japanefe wooden Pillow,
Makura .

Pin, F ififari, tomebariy tcnc~

f arL *

Pin cafe. Fart ire .

Pin cufhion, Farifafs \
to Pinch, Nefumu.

Pinchers, Kugi noki.

Pipe, tobacco pipe, Kiferu.

P — , to p — , Sohingy fobin
furu ,

Place-man or Perfon in of-
fice, Ssniny fobaininy fo~
htnin.

to

20

VOCABULARY

to Place, to put. Ok u.
Plank (board) ha hei.
to Plant, Honu.

Flatter for a fore, Kofaku ,
katagofakv.

Plate (filver) Firatti, fra.
Plate (ordifk) Sara.
Play-houfe, Sibaia.
to Play at cards, Karta utfu,
bakkutfu) bakkutjiutfu.
to Play with dice, Sugoroko
utfi.

One that Plays at dice, Ba-
kutfe utji.

Pleafant, O mojito of to,
Pleafing, agreeable, jfuro-
Jikku.

Pleafure, amufement, Slo,

affihi.

Pledge, Sits',
to Pledge, Sitji irurxx.
Plough, Scri,feribetta; tfukv,
tauts.

to Plough, Togajajfi.
to Pluck, to pluck Ott, Chi-
giru.

Pock-marked, Mago*
to Point out, Mirn , oibi.
Poifon, Sumire doku.
to Poifon, Douku .

Pole* ttake, Fajfura.

Polite, Kawatta, kuttona,
?nefrafi,

Poor> Fingi

Porcelain images, Jakima,

no ningto •

6

Portrait, Je,

Portrait painter, Jekakv.
Pot, earthen pot, Tfutfubo,
to Pound, to break by tri-
te re, Utfvuaro.
to Pour in, Tfugu.

Powder (gun) powder ma-
gazine, jfenfo , jenfoia .
Powder, medicine, Sa?i % ko.
fmall Pox, Fofo.
to Pray or worlhip, Ogamu
■fur u, faifurw*

Prayer, requeft, Tamio?ni.

to heaven, Kjojomi.

Pregnant, Mimotji , farami,
Prepotterous, Matjigao «
to Prefs, Siburu.

Prefent (not abfent) Kono -
guru.

Prefent, gift, Okuro , miage ,
fmots.

to accept a Prefent, Uhtoru .
Pretty, fine, Migotto , kik-
kona.

Prickle, thorn, Ige.

Priett, Boos.
to Print, Fanku*

Prince, Waka gimi.
Princefs, Waka gimi gat t a.
Prifon, Roja.

Privy councellor, ftaimio <

the

21

the Privy or neceflary, Set-
fujin.

Profit, gain, Tok^u*
Progrefs, advancement. Fa -
ijaha, ■

Prohibition, Fato .
to Prohibit, Fato furu,
to Promife, Jakfak u.
a Promife, JakfokJla .
Profpeft, a fine profpefl,
Ge, ke ; jui ke.
to Protect, Hajakvy fajai,
bajai 9 fajakv*

Proverb, Tattoje gotob a.
to Provoke, Far at ate fafuru .
to Pull away* to pluck off,
Fik u.

Pulfe (of the artery.) Miakv.
to feel the Pulfe, Miakv
tolhu

Pump, to pump, Mitfukiy
mitfuki furu ,

P unifhment, Nikwuni, fekka ,
Jikka.

to Punifh, Nik~duum\x*
Purge, Kud»J[u.
to Purge, KudaJJu furu.
Purfe, Kamefukuro ,
to Pufh, Suhikakaru.

a.

Quail, Lyura.
to Quarrel, contend, Ijnu

to Quench, extinguifh, Ki-

off i, kiaji.

Queftion, enquiry, i Vfum 9
tfukamma tfuru .
to Queftion, interrogate,
Faffu nuru.

Quick, Faljo 9 faijakL

R.

Rabbit, Uj'agi,

Rain,

to Rain, Amc no Jiuru*
Rainy, Senkju .

Rainy feafon, NdubaL
Rainbow, 7VV/L
Ram, Qte/fo fitftji'JL
Rat, Nifumi ♦

Ratan, a fpecies of rane.

r/aje.

Raven, Karafiu
Raw, AtaraJJiy nama*

Ray, fun beam. Goto, SJt~
fugets no goko .

Razor, Sorrs, jeri , fori , Lz*
mi .

to Read, jomu.

Ready, prepared, S/ar*?.,

fmai .

Receipt, GkittorL
to Receive, L/i<? term
to Receive a prefect* TJk&m,

xkitcru-

OP THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

ZZr

vocabulary

fo Reckon upv Kajujuru .
Reeds, flags, Jos ,
Refractory, Nigir.

Reins, Tafuna , tadfuna •
to Remove, JautJuri furu .
Renown, Siman.
ho Report, Kafiejura .
to Report, Tjufai , yz/ru.
Reft, remainder, Nogori .
Reft, jejune.

to Reft, to take reft, JaJJude
oruy jajjiimu.

Refidencc, Todcmani , tor#/.
Re fin, Matfcjari.
to be Revenged, ^yii.

Rib,. Jokabara*

Rice, Kome.
early Rice, Wafe.
threfhed Rice, Ski gome *
boil’d Rice, A/cr.
reddifh Rice, Tobofe.
white Rice, Mat ji gome*
fine Rice for Soups, A?-
menfe.

Rich, Buginfa.

to Ride on horfeback, Noru,

Right fide, Migi.

Ring, gold ring, Ibigajmu
to Ring a bell, Fur a*
teRince, Jii/Juga*

Ripe, Jukfuri, um*

J^iver, Kcnva.

Rivulet* river, Nagari, ta-

Rheumatifm, Kake*
Rhubarb, Dainxo.
to Roaft, Ira, Jakv*

Rogue, Uje.

Roll, Maku , kurubakas*
Roof, Jaiine .

Root, Ne<

Rofe water, Hanna no inis*
Rope, 7 funa no na *
to Rot, Kabira .

Round, round about, Manu-
ma<vjar i %

to Row in a boat, Roofa.
Rumour, report, UwaJJa*
to Run, yijiubti.
to Run out, Morn, fugurra.
Ruft, rufty, Sabir, fabita *
to Ruft, Sabir ra.

S.

Sabre, long, Katanna ,

ftiort, IVagijJ'aJfin*

Sack, Fahiro .

Saddle, Kswura.

Saddler, Kwurafukuri, ba~
gufi.

Safe 'for meat, Sokomots hake.
Saffron, Kak-jja.

Sail, to fail, Hoo, hajjird*

— to hoift* Hoaguru, bo-

maku*

to ftrike, take in,

HogoruJJlt,

Sailor ;

Sailor, Snijfi.

Salt-petre, Sirojinfo.

Salt, to fait, Si<wo, Siwo-

fur'd.

Salt water, Siwo mis, ufizvo.
to Salute, to compliment,
Rcfuru , reigifuru .

Salve, Neriakv > jurogojakv.
Sample, fpecimen, Asjinuau .
Sand, reef of land, Tfmna>
Jufakki*

Sanders wood, Biakdan .
Sappan wood, Sowa, fohok ,
Sattin, Sjas.

Sauce, Sjur.

Saw, to faw off, No bo,
f voakv ,

Saw dull, Nogokufu.
to Say,

Scabbard, &yVz.

Scales, {mail, Hakari , timbe .
- — — — large, Tembin.
School, fchool -mailer, Fera,
Wo.

Sciffars, FaJJami, fajjdim.
to S cower, Migakf.
to Scrape off, Kufagu , h-
furxi.

to Scratch, rub off, Ke/urn.
Screen, Beooto .

Screw, A r ^/T.

■Scum, Aw a*
to Scum off,

&zva Tor u»
c«

Sea, ocean, £7?//£.

Sea- lick, Funin jou .

Seal, Fang, bang, ingjo.
to Search at the cuitormu
Aratamu .

Secretary, Joniro *

See, to fee, vifion, fight,
ifefiru.

Seed, Fanna .

Seed (in general) Muggu
to Seek, Fatjimurw, mitjkuru:
to Sele6l, Jeraburn , jen+~
dajfn.

to Sell, L^v/.

Senfe, underflanding* Gav

.

to Separate, &?ru.

Serpent, Kutjinawa, hebi .
Servant maid, Onago, jarii-u
a Servant man or woman,
Kerai .

to Serve, to deferve, .&*?-
mum, ftomuro^ jakv,
to Set or place out, Ffurzi

to Settle, to finifli, Wakiru.
to Sew, iV<?, noi*

Shadow, Kagu
Shagreen, Same.

Shallow, AJJcii , ajjaka „
Shame, Haji, fojt.
to Shave, Soru,
a Sheaf, or bundle of any
thing, Kifamu ,

Sheep,

. ’ fi'/'f:' ...

VOCABULARY

-n

Sheep, Fit lift, fitfufi.

■a. Sheet of paper, Itjimai.
Sheets (of a bed) S kimono*
Shell, univalve {hell, Kai>
korano kai .
to- Shew, Fuji , uia .

1 will Shew, Omini kokl majji,
mi/i majju .

Ship, an empty (hip* Fiwe r
haraf y ne.

Shoe, Kuoutfxi.

Shoe-maker, Kzuuijutfukuri.

Shop,. Mife.

so-. Shorten, Kogir u«.

Shoulder blade, Katabone*
Shoulders, Kata .

Shriek, cry, Tamagatta .
Sick or ill, Itami mono, bi-
oki ■ ?jiono r jwnai mono .
Sicknek, Jamai,. itami , 4 /-
okL

Side, Waki.

to Sift, a fieve, JFV*u, fino r
kufa.

Sigh, Fame iktfuhv .

Sign, fign at a fair,

to- Signify, Wagervu
Silk,. Kinno ..

Silvery

Silver coin*. Ginjing.
SfLver-fmith, gold-fmith,

G'blfo.kjit*.

to Silver over, filvered over,
Ginnagajfu , gimbekv.
Sinew,, .£0*0 #0 tfugai.
to Sing, Utan *
to Sing a fong, Uta no fuji •
to Sink, Stfumu .

Sir, Samma, mufs .

Sifter, Mufrtte*

— — eldeft,

to Sit on mats, Idorvt.

on ftools, Kojkakurxx.

Slap in the face, box on
the ear, Fogeta , uttokuri .
to Slaughter, UtJkornJJ h.
Slave,. Fro ho y Jirombo , /’li-
ra//^.

Sleep, to fleep, Afor, »«m.
to Sleep with one, Sahini
nurxx . v

Sleepy, Nenmtaka, nemutai*
Slime, Munis tang .

Slimy, NebarUy nemaru.
Slipper,

Slop bafon, Do?nburi y otja -
wang.

Slow, Sifukamaiy jojajora .
Small, Ko, komaka*

Smell, iV/0/, nizvoi.
to Smell, Kufamu.
to Smile, to laugh, Warau.
Smith, Kafia ..

Smooth, ftippery, Suberu .
Smoke, Ho?tio.
to Smoke/ Kemoli .

to

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

Smith, Kajta .

to Smoke, fmoke meat, Ke -
mura fun.

to Smoke tobacco, Tabaco
no?nu.

Smoked, Kemota.
to Smuggle, SukurU,
to Sneeze, Akfengyi .
to Snore, Ibikikakv .

Snow, to fnow, Juki , Juki
no fun.

to take SnufF, Kagu .

SnufF, Fauna, tabak, kagi.
SnufFbox, Hanna t ah ako ire.
to SnufF a candle, S inkin.
SnufFers, Sinkiri .

Sober, Harafofs.

Soldier, Bannin.

the Sole of a fhoe, F/ra:.

Some, Ikubakv .

Son-in-law, Jitjuft .

to become Sore, Kifutfukun .

Sorrow,

Sorrowful, Kujamo ,
doko.

Sort, to afTort, faw, r«/
fun.

Soul, Omo, ferio.

Sound, Hibiki.

Soup, lWu.

Sour, Suika.

South, Minami.
to Sew, to embroider, A r a,
noi.

Sewing box, Farifafs ..
to Sow, to fow corn, Tanne*
mak<v .

* Sowas, Sakdo.

Spaniih green, RokuJeo .
to Speak to a perfon, M?-
noju, mufmafx , y«, 'moo-
fun .

to Speak ill of any one,
Warika koto ju.

Spectacles, Meganni, fanna
meganni .

SpeClacle cafe, Megan™ no
je.

Speech, Kotoba.

Spider, K~jvumo,
to Spin,

to Spin cotton, Momen fik<vi

filk, Nibaffmiurw.

Spinning wheel. Moment * -
ruma*

Spittle, to fpit, Subakki, fu~
bakki hawk*

Spitting pot, Faifuku
Spoon,

to Spoil or damage* Ttamxi,
farurWy fofun , JkuJhrumu •
a Spot, ?noja.
to Spread, AT^u.
the Spring, Faru , #*?*/,*.

S P^ 5%.

Square, Sikafo.

Square, a mechanical in*
ftrumett, Magurikani .

' d to

* SWj* is a competition of gold and copper, (generally of a black co-
lour) ot which various trinkets and utertfils are made in Jap ift, f Note
comma heated to the Trarllator by the Author .J L

*6

VOCABULARY

to Squirt, Mififukvfum.
Stable boy, Mogo.

Stag, Kano fis.

Stairs, Fakko fajfigo, fajfi go.
Stallion, Kuma.
to Stamp, Tfukv •
to Stand, Tatfu.
to Stand up, arife, Okiru.
Starving, Katfujetofi , hiking.
Star, Fofi.

Starboard, Omokafi.

Starch, powder blue, A<wo-
fumi furw , gunsjo.

Statue, Ningio .

to Stay over night, JodaJfi .

to Steal, No/um u.

Steel, Hagane, /agave.

Stem of a (hip, Tomotti .
Stench, to funk, Kwfai, hu-
/aka.

Steep, Somodatfii.
to Step, trample, Ki , gi.
Stern-poft of a (hip, Tomotti.
Sticks, to eat with. Fas.
to Stick, to adhere like glue,
77%u.

to .Stick, or cleave to, Ka -
kurw.

Stiffs Ojoru, Jkorru> bwuki.
to Stifle, Sitrturxk*
to Stir, to put in motion,
2 gokv.

Stirrup, A burnt.

Stock fifh, Tara.

Stocking, Merias.

Stomach, Fit.

Stone, I/, inva.

Stone cutter, Ifnotnz.

Storehoufe, vvarehoufe, Ku-
ra, k n Juura.

Storm, Okafi.

Story of a houfe, Kikaai.

to Stop up, to (luff, Tjumar'a.

Strainer, Konoferu.

Strand, Nagifa , ifo.

Japanefe Straw flipper, Sort,
agaruts.

Strawberries, It/go.

Street, Tjo, matji.

Stream, Nami fi~Mo.

Streak, Sufi.

to Strike, Wutfu, utfia, ta -
takv .

to Strike on the head, Kubi
kirn 4

to Strike with the hand*
Tatab v.

to Strike from behind, Kiru,
fanurti .

Stripe, Mi mi.

String, fiddle firing, Ita y
famfi no iio.

Strong, Saoka , kitjka , sjioL

to caufe any one to be
Struck, Tatake .

to Stumb’e, Ketfu maftikv ,
taivara, torruru . , tavja*
ruru .

Stupid,.

OF THE JAPANESE

Stupid, Donna .

Such, Konojdna .
to Suck, Nebura, fenuabam.
to Suck (the bread) Koo-
ruffu .

to Suffer, Tejikv.

Sugar candy, Kori/atto .
foft Sugar, Sirofatto .
to Suit, fit, Au y ota.

Suite, troop of followers,
Ikcdor fukama juro.

Sulphur, Iwo.

Summer, Noats .

Sun, Fi f nitji.
the Sun fets, Fi noir'u
the Sun rifes, Fino de, fino
agaru .

Sun dial. Fit oh.

Sure, certain, Tajkani.

Surgeon, Gekwa, guairo .
to Swallow, Nomikomw •
to Swathe, to fwaddle, Ma-
ku .

Sweat, to fvveat, AJi y aji-
furu.

Sweet, Amaka, amai .
to Swell, to fweli up* Fa-

ruru. .

to Swim, Ojugu.

Sword, Ken.

Sword belt, Jsjuobi.
a Syringe or jquirt, Mijt
Juki,

d 2

LANGUAGE.

T.

Table-cloth, Skimmomen «
Table, Sukus 9 fandai .

Tail, SiriOyJiri'VuOy O.
to Take off a leg, Fanafa .
to Take a likenefs, y^/u.
Tame, kimono najuku*
to T ame, Nogai .
to Tap, TfigUy \ Tfumuru ,
Tar, pitch,

Tar, to tar, Num y tjan
nuru.

Tade, to tade, AJi afi-wu.
Tavern, or Public - ho ufe,
Kooja .

Tea, tea-canider, tea-cup,
Tjjaa, tjaire y tjawang,
Telefcope, To meganni ,
Temple, Ter a.

Teflicles, Kintama , hum*
itamma fugitive.

Thanks, Katajkenai .
to Thank, Katafike no gofa*
rimafu .

Thick, Atfufay atfurni.

Thief, Noftoy nofobito.

Thigh, MomOyfotomomQ 9
Thing,

Third, Nodonokanyakiu
Thin,

Thread, /><?.
to Throw, Naguru .
to Throw down, Kobpfix,
Koborumy ftawnm*

Thicfhold,

8

V O C ABULAR Y

Threftiold, Sekis.

Thumb, Ojajubl , ojubi .
Thunder, JCaminari.
to Tickle, Kufuguru ,
Ticklifh, Kujfuwaika *
Tidings, Tjujing .
to Tie together, Kubirti,
awafuru.

Tiger, Tor a .

Tile, Kawara.

Time, paftinie, Toki, kwu-
rafu.

Tin, Sufn.

Tinder, Fjutji ,

Tinder-box, Fjutjibako.
Tobacco-box, Tabako ire .
Tongue, Sta,Jita.

Tongs, firc-tongs, Febajz.
Tooth, gum, Ha, fagis.

T ooth-powder, Hamigaki .
Tooth-ach, Hanoi t ami .

Top, point, Toge.

Top of a mountain, Toge,
to Torment, ltanda, fimuru,
Tortoife, Ka?ne , bekogame ,
Tortoife-fhell, Bekko .
to Touch, Kaman, kakaru,
ateru,

to Tow, Fik<v »

Tower, To.

a Towing veftel, Fikv fune.
Town, Matji , fotomatji.
to Tranftate, Tfubsn furu.
Train oil, Kufura , w

to Travel, Tabi /urn.
to Tremble, Fururu.
to Tremble (for fear) Fu«
rou.

Treafure, Sakkara .

Trumpet, Tjammerafuki .
Trunk, tawara .

Truth, Makoto.
to Try, Aida.

toT urn, t;. /Vi/ kurikajaj/n.
to Turn, <v. F ikikurikagafs

mak u.

to Turn out of the way,
avoid, Wakarurn .
to T urn in a lathe, Nejirn.
to Turn about, Kajern.
Tweezers, Ken no kin.
a Twining plant, Kadfura „
Twins, Fntago.
to Twill, to wreathe, Sibor\i s

U.

Ugly, Kifannai .

Umbrella, Fifajt.
to Underftand, Kcnogotok u.
Unfortunate, Fu/aiwai ?io
fito.

Unjuft, in juft ice, Muri.
Unmarried, Gataifcn , naka ,
no warrika .
nfure, Makota naranu.
nthankful, Kata/ke no Ka-
raffu.

Unwhole -

« k

OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

Umvhoiefome, Biofiz,
Upright, fmcere, MaJJafiku .

Sinfjc .

Uie, cuftom, Narrurw,
to Uie, Motji jura ►

V.

a Valley, Nerawa •
Variegated, -FW*

Vein, S*/?.

Velvet, Birodo*

Venture, Kakura,

Vexation, Nagu/ammu.
it Vexes me, Nagufama Fito .
Vexed, mentally affii&ed,
Sitfnaki, fitfnaka, Jimaru •
View, a fine view, Gr, & j

Vinegar,

Vinegar cruet, Suire.
Virgin, Imada, kimufme .
Virginity,
a Viiit, Mimaim
Vote, Koje.

Voyage, Wat or u«

Vulva,

W.

V/add, callico wadd, Watta,
ditto filk, Mavuatta , neb as.
Wager, Kud&mono , Naimono .
Wages, friary, Jaknrio.
Waggon, cart, Kuruma .
to Wait, wait here,
jiukurU) matte.

to Wake, Oliteoru*
to Waken, Okufw,
to Walk, /to.
to Walk round about,
warn.

to Walk lengthways, Arubv,
Wall, Kabe.

War, /£«/#, fakaro .
to make War, Motomum.
Warm, to warm, Nakka*
atfca, atfururw,
to Warn, to caution,

/am.

to Wafh, Arau,
to Wafh one’s-felf, Jofe .
to Wafh one's feet, Sinfok
fiurct .

a Watch (time-keeper) To*
hei.

Watch-maker, ToleijeJJi*
Water, Af/V.

Water- tub (large) Furo .

(fmall) 7^

Waterfall, Taki*

Wave (of the fea) Arafifu.
Way, guide, annefa .

to Wear out, worn out,
/wru, Sururu, fiageta .
to Weave, Fattaoru, om.
Weather, good weather, /V-
urijjui fiuri .

foul. Wand fiuri .

Weather, boiftercus, Itormy,

Kitfifiuru

fine

VOCABULARY

3 *

fine Weather, Jukka furi y
jui tehg.

Weapon, Bugu.

to Weep, Jogeru, naku.

Wedding, Nagaodo , naga-
daki .

Wedding-day, Kbnreiji.

Weight, Fundo .

a Well, Jga*wa.

Welcome, Jokita, jo cidena
nnferrimafta*

'Weil, iWx.

Wet, to wet, Naroru, Na-
rajfu.

Whale, Kufira.

Whalebone, Kujira no fige .

Whale’s fat, blubber, Kujira
no kauoa.

Wheat, flour of wheat, Ko-
ntuggi, mugi no ka.

Wheel, Kururna .

Whetflone, Foiji.

Whip, Mootji.

to White-wafh, Muru> Jkui
muru.

Whole, Djigokf.

Whore, Jufo, jorojt.

Wick: of a candle, Sukv,
fokv.

Widow, Jammome .

Widower, Otokojammomt,
ctokegoh .

Wide, large, Habanna firoka i

Wife, Niobo,jomego.

Wig, Katfurciy Jkegami, tfu-
kiganni, -
Wild, Inu.

to Will, to be willing, Ko-
fi omu fujka.

Willing, Sio.

Wind, Kafe.

Wind, contrary, Mokaokafe .
to Wind up, Sut/ufn u,
Windlafs or capflan, Ma-
li do.

Window, Madoy famma.
Wing, Foobu fanne.
to Wink, make a flgn, Ma -
naku..

Winter, Fuju.

to Wipe up, Nogouy hawaku.
Wife, prudent, Fjifa.
to Wither, SibomUy kakuru.
Wonder, miracle, Kimcona ,
kurigi.

Wood (to burn, &c.) Tagi,
taki gi.

Wood, grove, Mori.

Wool, Kemono .

Wound, ulcer, Kega, Juri-
hago .

to Work, Sigito.

Worfhipper, Ogamujitra mo -
ftOyfaifuru mono .

Word, fpeech, Kotoba .
to Write, a writer, Kak'v ,
ffa.

' Writing-deik, FiliJaJfi: 1

* Yarn,

errata.

JPagt, Lint*

19, ult. after thing, read they take in hand.

75, l y for Kalbro, read Kabro.

77, 8 yfor married, read marry.

78, 13, from bottom, for Ohagur, read Ohaguro.

85, 1 , after Spanifh, read (or Cayenne).

1 41, 5, from bottom, /£/' Tiaia, read Chaja.

143, 1 1, after Nafumi, read Ifami.

146, 12 , for Akafiki, read Akafaki.

.155, 16 , for Fuiagawa, read Firagawa.

160, 13 >for Skawero, read Skawaro.

203, 9 ,for kan, read kin.

204, 14 ,for Sangoda, read Sangodu.

, 5, from bottom, for Sygnatus, read Syngnathus.

212, 1 3 yfor Jofnvara, read Jofivvaro.

226, 1 1, for Mofcha, read Moxa.