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Apple Confidential

L we
oe a ma

«6. Apple. AppleTalk

Internet Router
Administrator’s Guide

Apple Confidential

@ APPLE COMPUTER, INC.

This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved.
Under the copyright laws, neither this manual nor the software may be copied, in
whole or in part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the
software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and
copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the
original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not
sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given,
or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into
another language or format.

You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot
be made for this purpose.

20525 Mariani Avenue LocalTalk, and TokenTalk are
Cupertino, CA 95014 trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
(408) 996-1010

MacDraw is a registered trademark of
Apple, the Apple logo, AppleShare, Claris Corporation.

AppleTalk, Image Writer, LaserWriter,

and Macintosh are registered

trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Apple Confidential

Contents

Figures and tables

Preface About This Guide

: Who should read this guide
| How to use this guide
* If you're new to routers
If you're experienced with routers
Selecting a network administrator
Additional references

PartI Introduction and System Requirements

1 The AppleTalk Internet Router

How the AppleTalk Internet Router works
Network connections on your router

What the AppleTalk Internet Router can do
Internet routing functions
Router control and monitoring functions

Bridges and routers

Apple Confidential

2 AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

AppleTalk networks and intemets
Network
Internet
The AppleTalk Network System
Network services
AppleTalk addressing
Packets
Nodes
Network addresses
Node addresses
AppleTalk zones
Zone names and zone lists
An internet zone example
Internet routers
Hardware-based and software-based routers
Seed routers
Hops
Routing tables

3 System Requirements and Router Environments

System requirements
Hardware
Software

Macintosh router environments
Running the AppleTalk Internet Router on a nondedicated Macintosh computer
Running the AppleTalk Internet Router on a dedicated Macintosh computer
Running the AppleTalk Internet Router on a Macintosh workstation

Connecting networks to the router ports
Ports

4 A quick tour

The Router desk accessory

The Router Setup window

The Network Information window
The Port Statistics window

Router operation

Contents

Apple Confidential

Part II Installing and Using the AppleTalk Internet Router

§ Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

The AppleTalk Internet Router disk

Installing on a hard disk

Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router with an AppleShare file server
Shutting down AppleShare when the router is active

Running the AppleTalk Internet Router without a hard disk

Changes in the Macintosh Control Panel

Effects of installing the router software on a Macintosh

6 Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Working in the Router Setup window
Setting the display
Moving the cursor in the Router Setup window
Entering text
Identifying connected networks
Network numbers and ranges
Selecting a network range
Entering a network number or range
Network numbers on nonseed ports
Zone names and zone lists
Entering zone names in a zone list
The port description
The User's Port
Port status
Entering a name for the router
Starting the router
Router status settings
Saving the router setup and restarting
Selecting a zone for the router

7 Making Changes in the Router’s Setup

Making changes while the router is active
Changing port status
Changing router status

Contents

Vill

Contents

Apple Confidential

Making changes while the router is inactive

Changing the User's Port
Adding or deleting a port
Changing port status

Changing the network number or range
Changing a network’s zone name or zone list
Changing a port description

Changing router status

8 The Network Information Window

Router activity readings
— Packets Routed

Recent Activity Rate
Network Reliability
Recent Network Error Rate

The routing table

Selecting the display style
Selecting the numeric display format
Selecting the sorting order of the routing table
Selecting the sort direction
The routing table display
Routing information

Network Range

Zone Name

Distance

Forwarding Port

Next Router

9 The Port Statistics Window -
Interpreting network statistics
Router activity readings
Statistical listings

Packets In

Packets Out

Name Requests In
Name LookUps Out
Data Link Errors
Packet Buffer Overflow

Apple Confidential

Unknown Network

Hop Count Exceeded

Routing Table Overflow

Local Network Number Conflict

Nonlocal Network Number Conflict

Router version mismatch
Resetting the statistics

Router Administration

Reset All Statistics
Change Settings
Network and node number format
Decimal
Hexadecimal
Network information sorting order
Ascending
Descending
Network information view
Summary view
Detail view
Set password
Changing your password
Canceling password protection
Print Current Window

11 Troubleshooting

Problems with your network system
Recognizing network-related problems
Common network-related problems
Where to find network troubleshooting information
Problems with the AppleTalk Internet Router
Recognizing router-related problems
Errors in router setup
Error messages at startup
Error messages in the Router desk accessory

Contents

Apple Confidential

Appendixes

Appendix A
Planning an AppleTalk Internet
When do you need to create an internet?
Planning the physical layout of an internet
Creating a map
Backbone networks
Selecting the backbone network type
Where to place a router
Selecting a router location on each network
Creating redundant routes
Adding backbone networks
Relative network speed
Assigning network numbers, ranges, and zones
Assigning network numbers
Assigning network ranges
Creating AppleTalk zones
Creating zones to balance network services in the internet
Creating zones to facilitate departmental grouping

Appendix B
Effects of the AppleTalk Internet Router on Network
Nodes

Connecting a node to a network
Reestablishing a node’s AppleTalk connection
Selecting a node’s zone

Apple Confidential

Figures and tables

PREFACE About This Guide
Figure P-1 How to use this guide

CHAPTER 1 The AppleTalk Internet Router

Figure 1-1 Connecting multiple network media on a Macintosh II router
Figure 1-2 Bridges and routers on an internet
Table 1-1 Possible Macintosh network connections

CHAPTER 2 AppleTalk Terms and Concepts
Figure 2-1 Nodes on a network can reside in different zones
Figure 2-2 Using seed routers to simplify the router setup procedure
Figure 2-3 Hops in an internet route

CHAPTER 4 Aquick tour
Figure 4-1 The Router menu
Figure 4-2 The Router Setup window
Figure 4-3 The Network Information window
Figure 4-4 The Port Statistics window

CHAPTER §$ Aquick tour

Figure 5-1 The Installer dialog box
Figure 5-2 The shutdown warning dialog box

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 10

APPENDIX A

Apple Confidential

Figure 5-3 The Macintosh Control Panel after installation of the AppleTalk
Internet Router and EtherTalk and TokenTalk drivers

Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Figure 6-1 The Router Setup window

Figure 6-2 The Zone List dialog box

Figure 6-3 The Setup window's router status settings
Table 6-1 Cursor control keys

Table 6-2 Router status settings

The Network Information Window

Figure 8-1 The Network Information window

Figure 8-2 The sort selection pop-up menu, closed and open

Figure 8-3 The Forwarding Port and Next Router in an internet route
Table 8-1 Routing table viewing options

The Network Information Window
Figure 9-1 The Port Statistics window

Router Administration

Figure 10-1 The Router menu

Figure 10-2 The Settings dialog box

Figure 10-3 The Set Password dialog box

Figure 10-4 The Change Password dialog box
Figure 10-5 The Print dialog box for a Laser Writer

Planning an AppleTalk Internet

Figure A-1 How a backbone network is used

Figure A-2 Sample router locations

Figure A-3 A redundant route layout

Figure A-4 Network independence through backbone design

Figure A-5 Laying out the internet for optimum performance

Figure A-6 How some redundant routes can interfere with routing efficiency

Figure A-7 Balancing services through AppleTalk zones |

Figure A-8 How zones help users on different physical networks share
services

Table A-1 A sample network numbering system

Apple Confidential

P R E F A C E

About This Guide

| HIS GUIDE CONTAINS INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLING AND OPERATING THE
AppleTalk® Internet Router.

A router is a device that connects two or more networks, allowing the

network system to grow beyond the size limits of a single network, and
improving performance by isolating local traffic on each connected network.

The AppleTalk Internet Router software runs on a Macintosh® computer
that can concurrently provide other network services. The Macintosh router
can connect up to eight AppleTalk networks.

Preface: About This Guide

Apple Confidential

The AppleTalk Internet Router serves two main functions on an AppleTalk
network system:

w It enables a Macintosh computer to perform internet routing, in many
cases concurrently with other network services, and provides the familiar
Macintosh user interface for router setup and control.

w It provides information to the network administrator about
internetwork routes, network activity levels, and error statistics on the
network system.

The AppleTalk Internet Router is a component of AppleTalk Phase 2, and may
be used only on an internet in which all routers are compatible with AppleTalk
Phase 2.

Who should read this guide

This guide was designed for administrators of AppleTalk network systems.

The technical contents of the guide are written for a reader with basic
computer experience; the reader is not required to have prior knowledge of
network administration. Some of the material is relatively technical, but no
new concepts are introduced without explanation.

Macintosh experience is assumed, so concepts such as selecting text or using
the mouse are not covered explicitly. If you need assistance with Macintosh
concepts not covered here, refer to the owner's guide and the system
software guide for your Macintosh computer.

How to use this guide

This manual begins with basic concepts and proceeds to explicit instructions.
An experienced network administrator may spend less time on introductory
chapters and move quickly to operating instructions; however, it is
important for any administrator of the AppleTalk Internet Router to become
familiar with AppleTalk concepts and terms, such as zones and internets, as
these are central to understanding router services.

Apple Confidential

Figure P-1 illustrates the sequence in which users having different levels of
experience should read this guide.

es Figure P-1 How to use this guide

If you're experienced
with routers

Read Chapter 3 to
background materials learn about the
in Chapters 1-3 router's environmental
ees requirements

Read the internet planning
guidelines in Appendix A

Read the description of
the router's functions
in Chapter 4

Install the router
software as described

Follow the router setup
instructions in Chapter 6

Refer to Chapters 7-10
as needed for router
monitoring and maintenance

Preface: About This Guide

If you’re new to routers

If you’re experienced with

routers

xvi

Preface: About This Guide

Apple Confidential

If you haven't previously set up an AppleTalk router, then you will require an
introduction to the AppleTalk network system and networking concepts
before installing the router:

Carefully study the background materials in Chapters 1 through 3.
Read the internet planning guidelines in Appendix A.

Read the description of the router’s functionality in Chapter 4.

Install the router software as described in Chapter 5.

Follow the router setup instructions in Chapter 6.

Refer to Chapters 7 through 10 for router monitoring and maintenance.

If you're already familiar with AppleTalk concepts and terminology and have
experience with internets and routers: |

Read Chapter 3 to learn about the router's environmental requirements.
Install the router software as described in Chapter 5.

Follow the router setup instructions in Chapter 6.

Refer to Chapters 7 through 10 for router monitoring and maintenance.

Apple Confidential

Selecting a network administrator

Installing and administering the AppleTalk Internet Router requires the
selection of a network administrator who is responsible for maintaining the
network system. If a network administrator has not yet been designated for
your network, it's recommended that one be chosen before proceeding.

The responsibilities of the network administrator include some or all of the
following tasks:

® participate in planning the physical layout of the network system

= plan the placement of routers, set up routers, and assign network
identification numbers

® coordinate the addition, removal, and relocation of devices on the internet,
such as computers, printers, and servers

a develop and maintain a current map of the network cabling layout and
device locations

= coordinate the selection and implementation of network services, such as
file servers and electronic mail facilities

@ perform regular preventive maintenance to help ensure continuous
network operation

@ troubleshoot malfunctioning network devices and problems in the cable
system

The network administrator must be familiar with Macintosh operation and
will benefit from prior training in hardware, software, or data communica-
tion. However, for the purposes of administering the AppleTalk Internet
Router, the network administrator is not required to have any specific
technical background.

Preface: About This Guide xvii

Preface: About This Guide

Apple Confidential

Additional references

The following manuals available from Apple Computer, Inc., provide
additional information about using AppleTalk networks:

s The InterePoll Administrator's Guide describes how to use the
InterePoll™ network administrator's utility for maintenance and
troubleshooting on an AppleTalk network system.

w The LocalTalk Cable System Guide is a brief reference guide to LocalTalk™

cable, hardware, and installation. Use it to help in the initial setup of your
_ hetwork and as a basic introduction to LocalTalk networks,

ws The Apple EtherTalk NB User's Guide provides installation and operation
guidelines for those using EtherTalk™ in their AppleTalk network system.

a The Apple TokenTalk NB User's Guide provides installation and operation
guidelines for those using TokenTalk™ in their AppleTalk network
system.

a Inside AppleTalk is the technical reference manual that explicitly describes
AppleTalk network protocols.

w The AppleTalk Network System Overview provides an introduction to the
AppleTalk network system architecture and AppleTalk protocols.

Apple Confidential

Part I

Introduction and
system Requirements

bad

Apple Confidential

C H A P T E R 1

The AppleTalk Internet Router

( HAT A NETWORK CAN DO FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPUTER USERS, AN INTERNET
router can do for network users: It connects computer networks together,
allowing users on different networks to communicate with each other, to

share information, and to share network services such as printing and

electronic mail.

The AppleTalk Internet Router software enables a Macintosh® computer to
serve as an internet router, through which multiple AppleTalk® networks can
be connected, forming an internet. LocalTalk®, EtherTalk™, and
TokenTalk™ networks can be interconnected using an AppleTalk Internet

Router.

The AppleTalk Internet Router is an integral component of the AppleTalk
network system. It implements the AppleTalk protocols, or rules, that
manage the addressing and routing of information to permit internetwork

communication.

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router 3

About the Finder...

Key Caps
Router

Scrapbook

Apple Confidential

How the AppleTalk Internet Router works

The Macintosh computer used as a router directs traffic among connected
networks. To do this, the router software acquires and maintains an up-to-
date list of all the networks in the internet, as well as the addresses of other
routers through which to forward traffic toward its proper destination.

The AppleTalk Internet Router is administered using a Macintosh desk
accessory named Router. The network administrator uses this desk accessory
to set up the router and to monitor its operation. The Router desk accessory
appears in the Apple menu after the router software is installed.

Alarm Clock Depending on the Macintosh computer being used as a router, you can
Calculator :

chacser connect from two to eight AppleTalk networks to the router, using a
Control Panel combination of the Macintosh serial ports and added internal interface cards.
Find File These network connections include LocalTalk™, EtherTalk™, and

TokenTalk™ networks, and any other network types for which Macintosh
AppleTalk connections become available in the future.

The Router desk accessory appears
in the Apple menu after installation
of the router software.

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router

Network connections on

your router

Apple Confidential

Table 1-1 shows configurations of LocalTalk, EtherTalk, and TokenTalk
network connections typically available on the Macintosh computers listed.

Other network connections, such as an Ethernet connection for the
Macintosh SE, may also be supported, but these are not covered by this
document. The AppleTalk Intemet Router will support any network
connection developed in conformance with Macintosh AppleTalk connection
guidelines.

ws Table 1-1 Possible Macintosh network connections

Connection Macintosh Plus Macintosh SE Macintosh II Macintosh

or SE/30 or Iix lIcx
LocalTalk 2 2 2 2
EtherTalk 0° 0° 6 3
TokenTalk 0 0 6 3
Maximum connections 2° 2° 8 5

* EtherTalk interface cards for these Macintosh models may be available from
independent vendors, making an additional network connection possible on
routers using these computers.

On the following page, Figure 1-1 illustrates how an AppleTalk Internet
Router can be used to connect different network types having different cable
systems.

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router 5

Apple Confidential

@ Figure 1-1 Connecting multiple network media on a Macintosh II router

Ethernet backbone

BATeUaananaasgiaat

LocalTalk in printer port
LocalTalk in modem port
EtherTalk interface card

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router

see

Internet routing functions

Router control and
monitoring functions

Apple Confidential

What the AppleTalk Internet Router can do

The AppleTalk Internet Router provides two categories of functions:

= internet routing, performed in the “background” (or invisibly to the user)
on a Macintosh computer

= router control and monitoring, performed interactively through the
Router desk accessory

The AppleTalk Internet Router performs the following functions on an
AppleTalk network system:

s increases the potential size and number of devices in the network system
by connecting multiple networks together

® connects different AppleTalk network types, such as LocalTalk,
EtherTalk, and TokenTalk

® improves internet performance by isolating local traffic within individual
networks

® creates zones that conceptually partition the internet, so that users can
more efficiently access shared services

A network administrator will use the Router desk accessory for three types
of activities:

@ setting up the router
a viewing network routing information
® viewing network statistics

Router Setup: The Router Setup window allows you to identify the
networks connected to the Macintosh router's ports, and to create internet
zones that can be used to group devices on those networks. Up to eight
directly connected networks can be defined in the Router Setup window.

Network Information: The router's Network Information window
displays general router activity levels as well as the current routing table of
the internet, listing networks, zones, and routing information for the entire

internet.

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router 7

Apple Confidential

Port Statistics: The router's Port Stastistics window displays both general
routing activity and a port-by-port statistical description of various
Operating conditions and errors on the intemet.

Additional functions of the Router desk accessory allow you to set options
for viewing routing information, and to print out the various router displays.

Bridges and routers —

The terms bridge and router have often been used interchangeably in
networking literature. Both bridges and routers are used to interconnect
networks and move information between them, but the differences —
between these devices need to be clarified.

~ Note: In some previous documents from Apple, the term bridge has been
used generically to refer to bridges and routers. This and future
documents from Apple will use the terms bridge and router distinctly.

The difference between bridges and routers can be summarized as follows:

When a bridge is used to join two networks, the result is one expanded
network, not an internet. The bridge causes the previously separate networks
to appear to any other connected networks as a single network.

A router, however, maintains a logical map of the networks and other
routers in an internet, enabling the networks to retain separate identities, and
enabling the router to determine the most efficient path through which to
transmit data to its destination network.

For readers familiar with the terminology of network protocols, a bridge
implements the addressing of nodes on connected networks at the daia-link
protocol level, while a router supports addressing at the network protocol
level.

Figure 1-2 illustrates the distinction between bridges and routers.

Chapter 1: The AppleTalk Internet Router

pple Confident

Bridges and routers on an internet

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Apple Confidential

AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

B EFORE YOU INSTALL AND USE THE APPLETALK INTERNET ROUTER, YOU
should be familiar with some of the fundamental terms and concepts of
AppleTalk network systems. The definitions in this chapter will help you to
understand the router’s operating principles and the information in its
displays.

Network

Internet

The AppleTalk Network

System

Apple Confidential

AppleTalk networks and internets

If you have no prior experience with the AppleTalk network system, be sure
to study all the concepts in this chapter before proceeding. If you are
experienced with AppleTalk, but not familiar with the extended features of
AppleTalk Phase 2, read the sections of this chapter titled “AppleTalk
Addressing” and “AppleTalk Zones.”

A network is a collection of computers, server devices, and connecting
devices that are connected together and capable of communicating with each
other through a transmission medium.

Examples of transmission media indude electrical cables, optical fibers, and
telephone lines.

For the purposes of this manual, a network is defined as having a unique
identity separate from any other network(s) to which it is connected
(see “AppleTalk Addressing,” below).

An intemet is any grouping of two or more networks connected by one or
more internet routers.

A network system is a communication environment in which network
devices and software observe a common set of rules for communicating.
These rules are called network protocols, and they explicitly prescribe each
step in the process of interaction between network devices.

The AppleTalk network system comprises a set of protocols, each of which
governs a different aspect of the communication process, such as how
network devices are identified, and how data is formatted for transmission.
AppleTalk protcols can be implemented by a wide variety of different devices
and transmission media.

While all AppleTalk networks use AppleTalk protocols, they do not all use
the same transmission standards, media, or connections.

12 Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

Network services

AppleTalk addressing

Apple Confidential

The AppleTalk network system's design allows you to select the cable
systems that best suit the needs of your installation, while retaining the
same AppleTalk services and interface throughout the internet Every
Macintosh computer is equipped with a built-in LocalTalk network
connection, which supports the low-cost, medium-speed LocalTalk cable
system.

Altemate network connections include EtherTalk, for the higher performance
of the Ethernet network standard, and TokenTalk, for connection to a Token
Ring network. These network connections are available through special
interface cards in certain Macintosh computers. (See the discussion of
network connections at the end of Chapter 3.)

AppleTalk network services are the capabilities that the network system
delivers to users, such as printing on network printers, file sharing on
network file servers, or communicating through electronic mail.

Transmitting information in an AppleTalk network system—for example, a
request from a workstation to open a file on a server—is made possible by an
addressing scheme that identifies the sender and destination of the
transmission, using network and node addresses. Data is transmitted to and
from these addresses in the form of Packets.

Packets

To prepare data for transmission, AppleTalk network software formats the
data into packets, adding the addresses of the source and destination devices.
A packet is one unit of information that has been formatted for
transmission on an AppleTalk network.

AppleTalk packets vary in length from a few characters to a few hundred. A
short network transmission might fit into a single packet, while a longer
transmission, such as a document file, will usually be broken up into multiple
packets.

Some of the packets transmitted on a network are sent not by users, but by
network software implementing AppleTalk protocols; for example, the
exchange of network information among routers updating each other's ~
routing tables.

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts 13

Apple Confidential

Nodes

Each individually addressable device connected to an AppleTalk network, such
as a computer or a LaserWriter® printer, is known as a node.

= A LocalTalk network can support up to 32 nodes.

a An EtherTalk or TokenTalk network can support over 16 million node
addresses. The actual maximum number of devices is determined by
physical limitations of the network.

Network addresses

An AppleTalk network is identified by either a network number or a
network range. These identifiers are defined during the router setup process.

w A LocalTalk network is identified by a single network number that is
unique in the intemet.

= All other AppleTalk networks are identified by a network range—a range
of contiguous network numbers, such as 1-10. (if EtherTalk is installed on
your router, the EtherTalk software must be upgraded to version 2.0 to
support network ranges.)

The network number or range must be unique in the intemet: no two
networks can have the same number, and no two network ranges can overlap
or have any network numbers in common.

Each number in a network range is a network address that can be associated
with up to 253 nodes. The size of the network range determines the
maximum number of AppleTalk devices on the physical network. For
example, a network having the range 1-10 could contain up to 10 x 253, or
2,530 nodes. |

Chapter 6, “Setting Up the AppleTalk Intemet Router,” describes the
procedure for entering network numbers and ranges, and Appendix A,
“Planning an AppleTalk Internet,” provides additional information about
choosing network numbers and network ranges.

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts :

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AppleTalk zones

Apple Confidential

Node addresses

Each individual node on an AppleTalk network is identified by a node
address. A node address consists of

ws a network number
w anode number, known as the node ID

On a network identified by a network range, the first part of each node's
address—the network number portion—is a number within that network
range. For example, a network having the range 1-10 would contain nodes
with such addresses as 1,96 or 5,77.

An AppleTalk node automatically acquires an address when it is turned on;
the address does not need to be assigned by an administrator or user.

Since node addresses are dynamically assigned in this way upon startup, a
node may or may not have the same address each time it is turned on. When
restarted, a node attempts to reclaim the address it previously used. If, while
the node was off, its address was acquired by another, the node will acquire a
new address.

A zone in an AppleTalk internet is a means of grouping devices that makes it
easier to locate and access network services. AppleTalk zones are conceptual
groupings with no physical boundaries; they are defined by the network
administrator during the router setup process.

Each node in an AppleTalk internet belongs to one specific zone. Network
services delivered by these nodes, such as printing and file service, are
presented to users in listings grouped by zone name.

To view or use any service in an AppleTalk internet, a user first selects a zone
from a list and then indicates the type of service desired. The user is then
presented with a list of all available services of the desired type within the
selected zone only, eliminating the need to search through combined listings
of all services on the internet at once.

Defining zones can facilitate the departmental grouping of users. Since nodes
on different networks can belong to the same zone, and nodes on the same
network can belong to different zones, zones let you create and modify work
groups without changing any physical connections. An AppleTalk internet
can contain any number of zones.

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts 15

Apple Confidential

Zone names and zone lists

During the router setup process, each network connected to the router is
identified, and can be associated with one or more zone names.

s A LocalTalk network can be associated with only one zone name. All of
the network’s nodes belong to this zone.

a All other AppleTalk networks can be associated with a zone list—a list
of one or more zone names available to nodes on that network.

The zone to which an individual node belongs can be chosen from among the
zone names associated with that node’s network. This list of zones can be
accessed through the Macintosh Control Panel. Unless a node’s zone is
explicitly selected from the network's zone list, the node belongs to the
default zone for the network, which is defined during router setup.

A node can belong to only one zone, but the node’s user can view and access
network services, such as printers and file servers, in all zones.

It’s important to distinguish between the internet zone list —the list of all
zones in the internet from which you can access network services—and the
network zone list from which you select the zone to which a node will
belong. The internet zone list is presented in the Macintosh Chooser desk
accessory, while the network zone list is accessed through the Control Panel.

If only one zone is defined for the entire internet, all network services in the
internet are presented together in each Macintosh user's Chooser window,
and no zone name is displayed.

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

Apple Confidential

An internet zone example

It’s useful to remember that AppleTalk zones are groupings of computers
and services defined for organizational purposes, not physical arrangements
of devices. Figure 2-1 illustrates this concept: If you connect two networks
to a router and enter the same two zones—Zone A and Zone B—in the zone
list for each network, either Zone A or Zone B can be selected as the zone in
which to register any node,

= Figure 2-1 Nodes on a network can reside in different zones .

File Server in
Zone A Zone B

File Server in
Zone B Zone A

Network 2

Some key points to remember about zones:

s There is no physical size or shape to a zone; it can include one node, several,
or all the nodes on the entire internet.

a It isn’t necessary for nodes that belong to the same zone to be physically
contiguous, or on the same network, or even on contiguous networks.

a Any node in a network can belong to any zone whose name appears in
that network's zone list.

s A LocalTalk network’s zone list can contain only one zone name.

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts 17

Hardware-based and
software-based routers

Seed routers

Apple Confidential

Internet routers

An internet router is used to connect an AppleTalk network to one or more
additional AppleTalk networks. The following are general aspects of internet
routers for the AppleTalk network system.

A hardware-based router is a dedicated device whose only function is internet
routing. It is generally a self-contained device, without a monitor or
keyboard, designed to be used only as a router.

A software-based router operates on a general-purpose computer, and may be
a dedicated on nondedicated router.

A dedicated router is a computer which, when running internet routing
software, can be used for no other purpose. The AppleTalk Internet Router is
an example of a nondedicated, software-based router. It operates on a
Macintosh computer that may be used concurrently for other network
services, eliminating the need to dedicate a computer to either the router or
server.

When more than one router is connected to an AppleTalk network, the
identifying information for that network, such as its network range and
zone list, needs to be entered in only one of the connected routers.

A router in which this identifying information about a network is defined is
said to be a seed router for that network. A network must have at least one
seed router.

A seed router transmits identifying information about the network to all
other routers directly connected to that network. A nonseed router is a
router in which information about a network is not entered by the network
administrator. Nonseed routers acquire network information from seed
routers.

Seed routers make it possible for you to enter setup information for a
network only once, no matter how many routers are connected to that
network. This capability eliminates the need to enter the same information
in several routers, thereby reducing the risk of conflicts due to mistyped
network information. .

18 Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

Seed router
for backbone

Backbone network

Apple Confidential

While setting up a router, you need to enter network numbers and zone
names for only those networks for which the router is a seed router. An
example of this is shown in Figure 2-2.

@ Note: Any router may be both a seed and nonseed router for different
connected networks. For example, a router with connections to four
networks might serve as a seed router for two of these and as a nonseed
router for the remaining two.

Because a router can provide seed routing services to some connected
networks and nonseed routing services to others, the router's ports are
referred to as seed ports and nonseed ports.

2 Figure 2-2 Using seed routers to simplify the router setup procedure

Nonseed port
for backbone

rh.

| Seed port

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts 19

Apple Confidential

A network must have at least one seed router to be recognized by any other
internet routers. If two or more routers serve as seed routers for the same
network, each must specify the exact same information about the network.

An AppleTalk Internet Router will not recognize any networks connected to
nonseed ports until network information is received from the networks’ seed
routers. This information is acquired during the regular exchange of routing
tables among routers on each network (see “Routing Tables,” following). In

~ the interim, the networks will not appear in the Network Information
displays of nonseed routers.

A hop is a unit count between networks on the internet. A hop signifies
"one router away.” For example, a network device located on a network
separated from your network by three routers would be three hops away.

Hops

AppleTalk protocols allow a maximum of 15 hops in any single transmission
path.

= Figure 2-3 Hops in an internet route

+t. Router

mon Router

*t.. Router

Node 1 is 3 hops away from node 2.

20 Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts

Routing tables

Apple Confidential

A routing table is maintained in each AppleTalk Intemet Router. This table
lists all networks and routers in the internet, to enable routers to determine
the most efficient route for each packet.

The routing table serves the router as a logical map of the internet, specifying
the address of the next router in the path to a given destination network, and
the distance (in hops) to other networks. The router uses the routing table to
determine where (and whether) to forward a data packet.

Each router periodically broadcasts its routing table to other routers on each
of its directly connected networks, enabling them to compare and update
their own tables with the most recent record of connected networks and
routes. In this way, routing tables are kept current as changes are made on
the internet.

The routing table maintained by the AppleTalk Internet Router is described in
Chapter 8, “The Network Information Window.”

Chapter 2: AppleTalk Terms and Concepts 2]

2 ett a \ a \

j Apple Confidential

C H A P T E R 3

System Requirements and
Router Environments

| HIS CHAPTER TELLS YOU WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ROUTER
hardware, software, and environments. Be sure you're familiar with the
information in this chapter before you proceed to install or set up the

AppleTalk Internet Router.

Hardware

Apple Confidential

System requirements

The following sections specify the hardware and system software required
to operate the AppleTalk Intemet Router.

The AppleTalk Internet Router can be operated on any of the following
Macintosh computers:

® Macintosh Plus
= Macintosh SE family
= Macintosh II family

A hard disk is not required on the Macintosh computer running the router
software.

The AppleTalk Internet Router cannot be operated on any of the following
computers:

® Macintosh XL

® Macintosh 128K

® Macintosh 512K

@ Macintosh 512K enhanced

~ Note: If the AppleTalk Internet Router will be running on a Macintosh
concurrently with one other network service, such as file server or print
server software, a system with a hard disk and 1 megabyte (MB) of
random-access memory (RAM) may be adequate. If more than one
additional service is to be provided by the router Macintosh, at least 2 MB
of RAM will be required. For details, see “Macintosh Router
Environments” later in this chapter.

24 Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments

Software

Apple Confidential

The Macintosh computer running the AppleTalk Intemet Router must be
equipped with the following software:

@ System file version 6.0.3 or later.

@ If a TokenTalk network connection is installed on the router, the
TokenTalk software must be version 2.0 or later.

= If an EtherTalk network connection is installed on the router, the
EtherTalk software must be version 2.0 or later. a

EtherTalk software version 1.2 or earlier can be used temporarily in an
AppleTalk Internet Router, to retain connectivity during an internet upgrade
from AppleTalk Phase 1 to Phase 2. However, such a network connection will
not provide the full functionality of AppleTalk Phase 2, and the network will
experience lower performance.

Macintosh router environments

As mentioned previously, one of the advantages of a software-based router
is the ability to combine the router’s services with other network services on
a Macintosh computer.

The three most common Macintosh environments for the AppleTalk
Internet Router are described on the following pages. The one you find most
Suitable will depend on the requirements of the intemet in which the router is
installed.

Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments ps)

Apple Confidential

Running the AppleTalk A highly cost-effective use of the AppleTalk Internet Router is to run the
aaa ae in a router software on a Macintosh computer concurrently with an AppleShare®

nondedicated Macintosh ue sa aces a
computer
© Memory requirements: If both a file server and a print server will be
: running concurrently with the router, a Macintosh with at least 2 MB of
RAM will be required. If either server is individually used with the router, a
1 MB system may be adequate.

* Installing on a server: Refer to “Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router
_ with an AppleShare File Server’ in Chapter 5 for instructions on installing
and operating a router on a Macintosh with AppleShare File Server
software.

There are several benefits to running a router and a server on a shared
Macintosh computer:

@ Since a Macintosh computer used as a server is often a dedicated device, its
cost-effectiveness can be extended by adding a router.

= In many cases, the server requires that the Macintosh be in a secured
environment and that shutdowns be avoided. These conditions are also
ideal for an internet router.

= The addition of router services on an AppleShare server optimizes the
availability of the server by placing it at the hub of several connected
networks that can directly access the server.

s Since the AppleShare server is not used as a general-purpose workstation,
the router's added processing load will not degrade the performance of
any user applications.

4. Important To be run concurrently with the AppleTalk Internet Router, AppleShare File
Server software must have a version number of at least 2.0.1. A

26 Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments

Running the AppleTalk
Internet Router on a
dedicated Macintosh

computer

4. Important

_ Apple Confidential

If your internet environment demands the least possible degradation in the
performance of both servers and routers, or if servers are expected to be shut
down frequently, you may want to dedicate a Macintosh computer to run
exclusively the AppleTalk Intemet Router.

Use the following performance guidelines to determine whether your
environment requires a dedicated router.

w If the router is connecting high-traffic LocalTalk networks in a busy
intemet, the performance of any concurrent server on the router
Macintosh may be degraded by router processing.

a An AppleShare file server that is heavily used by many users may degrade
the performance of the router and ,consequently, may slow down
network performance.

w If the router is connecting EtherTalk or TokenTalk networks, the
performance of a concurrent server will not be as severely degraded, due to
the network interface card’s buffering capability, which reduces the
central processor’s workload.

= An AppleShare print server does not gererate as much input/output traffic
as a file server, so network performance is less likely to be degraded by its
concurrent use on a router.

A dedicated Macintosh is the router environment that presents your internet
with the least risk from interference or degradation in the router device.
However, such measures are not necessary in every intemet. You may wish
to experiment with both dedicated and nondedicated router environments to
determine which delivers performance that is appropriate for your needs.

A hard disk is not required in a Macintosh computer used as a dedicated |
router. For further information, see “Running the AppleTalk Internet Router
Without a Hard Disk” in Chapter 5. A

Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments Z7

Running the AppleTalk
Internet Router on a
Macintosh workstation

A Warning

Apple Confidential

Under most circumstances, an AppleTalk Internet Router should not be run
on a Macintosh computer that will be used concurrently as a user's
workstation. User activities might require shutting down or restarting the
system, or might lead to system errors that would interrupt router
operation. In addition, user applications on the workstation would suffer
from reduced performance due to router processing. _

However, a Macintosh router on your network can be designated as an
administrator's workstation if its use is lim&ed to providing router services
and running network administration software, such as the InterePoll™
network administrator's utility. Such administration tools are used only
intermittently and may not significantly interfere with router operations.

Again, the actual use and administration patterns in your own network
system will dictate the best environments in which to install your routers.

Connecting networks to the router ports

The process of connecting a network to a router port is no different from
connecting an AppleTalk network connector to a general-purpose Macintosh
computer. However, if you're connecting two LocalTalk networks, you can
use both the router’s printer and modem ports. The network connections
available on your router are described below.

Be sure to shut down the Macintosh running the router software before
connecting any networks to its ports. If a concurrent file or print server is
running, first perform an orderly shutdown of the application, and then shut
down the system. This will shut down any serial network connection
software, or drivers, running on the Macintosh ports.

Since the Macintosh can be used with serial peripheral devices, such as
ImageWriter® printers and modems, it’s possible that a driver for such a
device will be running on the printer or modem port. These drivers could
cause a network-wide malfunction if running when a network is connected
to the port. &

28 Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments

ait

Ports

Apple Confidential

Each Macintosh computer is equipped with two standard serial ports: a
modem port and a printer port. Both of these ports are used for network
connections when the AppleTalk Internet Router is set up as a LocalTalk-to-
LocalTalk router.

Additional ports may be added by means of plug-in communication cards. For
example, the Macintosh SE accepts one such card, and the Macintosh II
accepts up to six. The Macintosh Plus does not accept any added internal
interface cards.

LocalTalk: To connect a LocalTalk network, plug the LocalTalk
connector directly into the Macintosh printer or modem port. If two
LocalTalk networks are being connected, you'll need to use both of these
ports.

EtherTalk: To connect one or more Ethernet networks, you'll need to
install an EtherTalk interface card into the router Macintosh for each
Ethemet connection. Refer to the Apple EtherTalk NB User’s Guide for
complete installation instructions. Then, for each EtherTalk connection,
plug the network connector into the port of an installed EtherTalk card.

TokenTalk: To connect one or more Token Ring networks, you'll need to
install a TokenTalk interface card into the router Macintosh for each
Token Ring connection. Refer to the Apple TokenTalk NB User's Guide for
complete installation instructions. Then, for each TokenTalk connection,
plug the network connector into the port of an installed TokenTalk card.

Chapter 3: System Requirements and Router Environments 29

Apple Confidential

R 4

A quick tour

| O HELP YOU BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE APPLETALK INTERNET ROUTER,
this chapter introduces the router’s main features and capabilities:

a the Router desk accessory

a the Router Setup window

a the Network Information window
w the Port Statistics window

Each of these subjects is presented in detail in later chapters.

Chapter 4: A Quick Tour

Apple Confidential

The Router desk accessory

The Router desk accessory is the user interface through which a network -
administrator can set up and monitor the AppleTalk Internet Router.

The desk accessory represents the visible, external functions of the router
software, the actual internet routing operations occur invisibly in the
background and continue when the desk accessory is closed.

Choosing the Router desk accessory from the Apple menu causes the Router
menu to be added to the menu bar.

Figure 4-1 shows the Router menu’s command selections. -

@ Figure 4-1 The Router menu

outer .
About Router...

Network Information
Port Statistics
/Router Setup

Reset All Statistics
Change Settings...
Set Password...

Print Current Window...

Apple Confidential

The Router Setup window

The Router Setup window is displayed each time you open the Router desk
accessory while the router is not running. (When the router is running, the
desk accessory opens to whichever window was most recently displayed.)
You can access the Router Setup window anytime through the Router menu.

The Router Setup window, shown in Figure 4-2, is the interface through
which you identify each network connected to the router.

e Figure 4-2 The Router Setup window

z. Current Reatart
be States OCT San gestert Cort @on

one rast *] Network Range Zone Neme(s) Port Description

FE ether Tete Backbone
FE) Locel Talk LocalTelk Eest
RA) Locel Telk LocalTelk west
Bj Tokentelk TokenTalk

The Router Setup window presents one line for each possible network
connection. The number of lines displayed is determined by the number of
AppleTalk network ports installed in the Macintosh.

You use the Router Setup window to

= identify each network connected to the router
w create zones to partition the internet

s set the router's on/off status

a make changes in the router's setup

The Router Setup window is described in Chapter 6.

Chapter 4: A Quick Tour 33

its

Chapter 4: A Quick Tour

Apple Confidential

EASA Ey SNE EE LTE NT LL PAT A De RE

The Network Information window

Once the router is running, you can display the Network Information
window, shown in Figure 4-3. This window allows you to monitor

w the level of traffic passing through the router
w the level of network reliability (computed in relation to network errors)

a the current contents of the router’s complete routing table, which lists all
networks and zones in the internet

w Figure 4-3 The Network Information window

0 Network Reliebility:

Recent Network Error Rate:
ite busy

Zan, 2 wrvori wre y

Zone Nome Disteace Forverding Port Next Router 7
25 = Marketing Locel Talk East (280)
35 ~—s Engineering % Local Telk West (19)

45-SS Publications S¥i Beckbone (4,577)
65-75 Accounting ea «TokenTelk (68,118)

The routing table is the foundation of the logic that makes intemet routing
possible. It is the logical map of the internet that the router uses to forward
packets between networks through the most direct route.

The routing table lists the network numbers and zone names of all networks
on the internet, the distance in hops to each network from the current
router, the router port through which to forward a packet to each network
destination, and the address of the next router in the route.

The Network Information window is described in Chapter 8.

Apple Confidential

The Port Statistics window

While the router is running, you can display the Port Statistics window,
shown in Figure 4-4, to observe continually updated totals of

a various significant network errors

= incoming and outgoing traffic rates

a readings of activity and reliability levels

ws Figure 4-4 The Port Statistics window

Port Statistics for Router: AppleTalk internet Router aaa
GO Network Reltebility:
Recent Netwerk Error Rate:
idle Busy

Statistics lest reset ot: Tue, Mer 21,1989 17:85
("A
LooalT ak East LecalTak West

Packets In
Packets Out
Name Requests in
Neme LookUps Out
Deta Link Errors
Pecket Buffer Overfiow
Unknewn Network
Mop Count Exceeded
Routing Teble Overfnow
Locel Net Setup Conflicts
Remote Net Range Conflicts
Router Version Mismetch

qgQadao0oo0ooa0o00 0 ao oo
ooo0o0o0ooc°cooo0oo

The statistics are listed separately for each individual port, so you can
monitor relative activity and error levels of connected networks.

The Port Statistics window is described in Chapter 9.

Chapter 4: A Quick Tour 35

Chapter 4: A Quick Tour

Apple Confidential

Router operation

Once the AppleTalk Internet Router has been set up, it performs internet
routing as a background application and does not require any interactive
operation from the user.

The Router desk accesory does not need to be open while the router is
running.

The Network Information and Port Statistics windows are provided as your
visual interface to the router to allow you to monitor and better understand
its activity. }
Although no interaction or maintenance is required on your router, you'll tum
to these windows often to check the integrity of the router’s operation or to
help troubleshoot a problem involving a network connection.

Through repeated use of the router's information and statistical displays,
you'll acquire a sense of “normal” levels for the various events and errors that
are reported, and will come to use this knowledge to interpret imbalances,
diagnose related problems, and optimize your internet design.

mae -
re ;
Ny OE

Apple Confidential

~ Part I

Installing and Using the
AppleTalk Internet Router

Apple Confidential

Installing the AppleTalk Internet
Router

I HIS CHAPTER PROVIDES THE INFORMATION YOU NEED TO INSTALL AND
prepare to use the AppleTalk Internet Router. This includes:

a Installing the router software on a hard disk

a Installing the router software on a Macintosh that’s concurrently used as
an AppleShare file server

= Installing the router software on a Macintosh without a hard disk

w Changes in the Macintosh resulting from the router installation

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 39

Apple Confidential

The AppleTalk Internet Router disk

The AppleTalk Internet Router software is provided on a disk that contains
the following items: |

w the AppleTalk Internet Router software

w the Router desk accessory

s an Installer application plus installation scripts
ws a System Folder |

The following sections describe how to install the AppleTalk Internet Router
on the startup disk of the Macintosh that will serve as a router.

“> Running from a floppy disk: If you plan to run the router software on a
Macintosh without a hard disk, skip to “Running the AppleTalk Internet
Router Without a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.

“& Running with concurrent AppleShare: If you plan to install the router
software on a Macintosh computer that is concurrently used as an
AppleShare server, turn to “Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router with
an AppleShare File Server,” in this chapter, before proceeding.

Be sure that the Macintosh on which you install the router software is

located in a place where it will not be inadvertently shut down or used for

4, Important any unauthorized purpose. A

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

Apple Confidential

Installing on a hard disk
To install the AppleTalk Internet Router software on a hard disk:

1. Start up the Macintosh from the AppleTalk Internet Router disk.

Insert the AppleTalk Internet Router disk into the internal disk drive and
turn on the Macintosh.

2. Display the disk’s contents.

Double-click the AppleTalk Internet Router Installation disk icon to open
the directory window.

3. Open the Installer.

In the AppleTalk Internet Router directory window, double-click the
Installer icon to display the Installer dialog box shown in Figure 5-1.

“> Help: You can click the Help button in the Installer dialog box, either
before or after installing, if you need information about the installation
process or the files being installed.

e Figure §-1 The Installer dialog box

installer

Macintosh II Installation (v6.0.3)
Macintosh Plus installation (v.6.0.3)
Macintosh SE Installation (v.6.0.3)
AppleTalk Internet Router (v.2.0)

B f=) Please select a disk and the resources you want to .
install on it.

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 41

Apple Confidential

4, Select System installation if necessary.
If you're installing onto a blank hard disk with no System Folder, or if
your System file is an earlier version than the one provided here, you'll first
want to install a new System file. Click the System installation for the
appropriate Macintosh computer.

§. Click Install

System installation begins. This process can take up to two minutes or
more, depending on the computer. A message in the Installer dialog box
notifies you when installation has been successfully completed.

6, Install the AppleTalk Internet Router.

Click the AppleTalk Internet Router to select it and then click Install once
more. The router program and desk accessory will be installed, and you'll
be notified by a message when installation has been successfully
completed.

7 Click Quit.
The installation is now complete.

8 Choose Restart from the Special menu.

Since the system was started from the router installation disk, you must
restart the Macintosh using the startup disk onto which you've installed
the router.

When the Finder™ starts up, the Router desk accessory should appear in
the Apple (@®) menu. The router is now ready to be set up.

4. Important LocalTalk network connection software is installed during the router
installation. If you will be using the router to connect EtherTalk or
TokenTalk networks, you will need to install the appropriate interface
card(s) and network connection drivers on the router Macintosh before
setting up the router.

Refer to the EtherTalk or TokenTalk documentation for installation
instructions. A

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

4. Important

Apple Confidential

Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router
with an AppleShare file server

Use this section when installing the AppleTalk Internet Router software on a
Macintosh computer that will concurrently run AppleShare File Server
software. Before proceeding, be sure to read the discussion of concurrent
applications and their requirements in Chapter 3.

The installation procedure described in the preceding section does not change
when the AppleTalk Internet Router software is used concurrently with
AppleShare, but it requires additional steps before and after installing the
router software.

If AppleShare isn’t installed yet, follow the installation instructions in the
AppleShare File Server Administrator's Guide to install the AppleShare
software before you install the router.

If the router was installed first, you'll need to reinstall it after installing
AppleShare. The AppleShare installation causes changes in the System Folder
that would prevent the router from running, and these changes are corrected
during the router’s installation. A

Follow these steps to install the AppleTalk Internet Router after AppleShare
has been installed:

1. If AppleShare is running, perform an orderly shutdown of the
server software.

Refer to the server documentation for shutdown instructions.

2. Restart the Macintosh from the AppleTalk Internet Router
Installation disk and install the router onto the server's startup
volume.

Perform the installation exactly as described for a dedicated router in the
preceding section.

Chapter §: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 43

Shutting down
AppleShare when the
router is active

Apple Confidential

3. Restart the Macintosh from the server startup disk onto which
you've installed the router.

The server is now running, but the router cannot be turned on until it has
been set up.

4. Open the Router desk accessory and proceed to set up the router.

Refer to Chapter 6, “Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router,” for setup
instructions.

5. Set the router’s Restart Status to On, save the setup information,
and once again shut down the AppleShare server software.

6. Restart the Macintosh from the server startup disk onto which
you've set up the router.

The AppleShare server and the AppleTalk Internet Router are now running
concurrently on the Macintosh.

To accommodate the users of the file server, AppleShare File Server software
provides for a timed countdown period when the system is shut down. This
gives users time to finish any work in progress on the server.

An AppleShare dialog box displays a timer that counts down the minutes and
seconds until final shutdown. When this timer reaches zero, the server
software is shut down. However, if the AppleTalk Internet Router is
running, the system does not shut down at this point, but first displays the
shutdown warming dialog box shown in Figure 5-2, alerting you that the
router is still running.

44 Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

i
bi
hae

Apple Confidential

@ Figure 5-2 The shutdown warming dialog box

An AppleTalk Router is running on
this Macintosh. Are you sure you
went to shut down?

-
f OK] | Cancel |

If you click OK to confirm the shutdown command, the system shuts down
normally. If you click Cancel at this time, the Macintosh system shutdown is
canceled and the router remains active, but the shutdown of the server is not
canceled.

You can no longer cancel the shutdown of the server at this point because
the server has already been shut down. You can continue to use the router, or
you can shut down the system at any time. To shut down the Macintosh,
choose Shut Down from the Server menu.

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 45

A. Important

Apple Confidential

Running the AppleTalk Internet Router

without a hard disk

The AppleTalk Internet Router can operate without a hard disk. If you
choose this configuration, use the procedure below to set up the Macintosh
as a router.

© installing on a floppy disk You can install the router software onto a
floppy disk. However, this is not necessary if the router will be the only
application running on the Macintosh. Running from a copy of the original
router disk, as described below, is easier and more direct than using the

Installer to install onto a floppy disk.

If you do wish to install the router software onto a floppy disk, a
Macintosh with two floppy disk drives is required. Follow the directions
in the previous section for installing on a hard disk, but when you open
the Installer dialog box, click the Drive button one or more times until the
name of the desired floppy disk drive is displayed. Then continue the
procedure as indicated for the hard disk installation.

To run the AppleTalk Internet Router from a copy of the Installation disk:

1. Make a backup copy of the AppleTalk Internet Router
Installation disk.

Never use your original disk to run the AppleTalk Internet Router. Make a
duplicate disk, referring to your Macintosh Owner's Guide if necessary,
and store the original disk in a safe place.

2. Start up your Macintosh from the duplicate router disk.
Insert the disk and turn on the Macintosh.

When the Finder starts up, the Router desk accessory is added to the
Apple menu. The router is now ready to be set up.

No printer drivers are included on the AppleTalk Internet Router disk. If you
intend to use the Router printing function, you must first install printer
drivers onto the System on the AppleTalk Internet Router disk. To make
room on the disk, you may need to first remove fonts or desk accessories
from the system using the Macintosh Font/DA Mover utility. A

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

Apple Confidential

Changes in the Macintosh Control Panel

Once you've installed the AppleTalk Internet Router, you'll note some
changes in the Macintosh Control Panel. These changes are produced by files,
installed in the Macintosh System Folder during the router installation, that
enable the Macintosh to recognize the various AppleTalk connections
available.

These files are known as the Network resource file and the AppleTalk
connection drivers.

If you've already had EtherTalk or TokenTalk installed on your system, these
files were part of that installation as well. Figure 5-3 shows the Control Panel
after the installation of the router, EtherTalk, and TokenTalk.

w Figure 5-3 The Macintosh Control Panel after installation of the AppleTalk
Intemet Router and EtherTalk and TokenTalk drivers

Built-in Ether Talk LocelTalk

TokenTak

Pe
f a ee VG Router currently: OFF

Control Panel resource files produce icons in the Control Panel (for
example, the Keyboard and Mouse icons) that allow you to display the »
corresponding options and settings for these resources.

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 47

Apple Confidential

The Network resource file installed with the AppleTalk Internet Router (as
well as with EtherTalk and TokenTalk) produces the Network icon
highlighted in Figure 5-3.

When you click the Network icon, the content area of the Control Panel
displays an icon for each AppleTalk connection available to the system. The
icon for the currently selected AppleTalk connection is highlighted.

Each AppleTalk connection driver displays an icon in the Control Panel.
When you click one of these icons, the corresponding AppleTalk connection
is established. |

One AppleTalk connection driver must be present for each network
connection in a Macintosh. For example, if an EtherTalk card is installed, an
EtherTalk driver must be installed as well. During the AppleTalk Internet
Router installation, the following AppleTalk drivers are added to the System
Folder:

w LocalTalk for the Macintosh modem port
w LocalTalk for the Macintosh printer port (labeled “Built-in”)

© Note: Although LocalTalk for the printer port is built into the Macintosh,
this additional driver is required for the router to recognize and select the
corresponding connection. This file must not be removed from your
System Folder as long as the router is installed.

While LocalTalk is normally connected only to the printer port, the router
software makes LocalTalk connections available for both the Macintosh
printer and modem ports, so that the router can connect two networks
without any change in hardware setup.

In addition to resource files and drivers, the router installation adds a status
indicator to the Control Panel. When the Network icon is selected, a box is
displayed in the Control Panel, indicating whether the router is currently on
and whether it is set to tum on upon restart. These settings can be changed
in the Router desk accessory but not in the Control Panel.

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router

Apple Confidential

Effects of installing the router software on a
Macintosh

Installing the router software on a Macintosh computer will cause some
changes in how you can use the computer.

In addition to the effects on the performance of concurrent applications

(discussed in Chapter 3), these changes include:

ws The amount of memory available for concurrently running applications is
sharply reduced by the router.

s The disk on which the router software is running cannot be ejected or
unmounted while the router is active.

e AppleTalk cannot be deactivated from the Chooser when the router is
active.

a Attempting to shut down the Macintosh causes a warning to be
displayed and requires the shutdown command to be confirmed.

ws Once the router software is installed, you cannot change the currently
selected AppleTalk connection from the Control Panel, even after the
router has been turned off. The router Restart Status must be set to OFF,
and the Macintosh restarted, before you can change the AppleTalk
connection.

Chapter 5: Installing the AppleTalk Internet Router 49

Apple Confidential

C H A P T E R 6

Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet
Router

B EFORE YOU CAN START UP AND OPERATE THE APPLET ALK INTERNET ROUTER,
you need to set up the router by identifying connected networks. The router
7 setup procedure involves
( | = —_ assigning network numbers and ranges
- » defining AppleTalk zones
= —s entering port descriptions

a __ selecting a User’s Port for the router

Apple Confidential

PSS AR i Nn ace Me II LAE I os NUN Oc em SEI Wa CS CONN Nic aS Sa

A Warning Before proceeding, make sure the Macintosh has been restarted using the disk
onto which you've installed the router software. This will enable the router
setup information you enter to be saved on the that disk. a

To display the Router Setup window, open the Router desk accessory:
« Choose Router from the Apple menu.

The Router menu is added to your menu bar, and the Router Setup
window is displayed on the screen, as shown in Figure 6-1.

The Router Setup window is displayed whenever you open the Router desk
accessory while the router is not active.

s Figure 6-1 The Router Setup window

1 os, Setup for Router: AppleTalk internet Router seam
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52 Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Setting the display

4. Important

Moving the cursor in the
Router Setup window

Apple Confidential

Working in the Router Setup window

The Router Setup window is the interactive portion of the AppleTalk
Internet Router software. You can enter and modify the router's sup
information using this window, as described below.

Before you enter the port information, determine whether you want the
router to display numeric information in decimal notation or hexadecimal
(base 16) notation.

If you set the display to hexadecimal (hex), you may still enter decimal values,
and vice versa. The entries will be converted for you.

Numbers in hex notation are preceded by a dollar sign when displayed. You
must enter them in this format as well. A

To set the numeric display, use the Change Settings command in the Router
menu. Changing router settings is described in Chapter 10, “Router
Administration.”

To enter port information, you can use the mouse to position the cursor by
clicking in any text field. In addition, you can use the key combinations
shown in Table 6-1 to move around the Router Setup window.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 53

- Entering text

Port Name

EtherTalk

LocalTalk
LocalTalk

Network numbers and

ranges

Apple Confidential

w Table 61 Cursor control keys

Keys Response

Tab Move to next entry
Shift-Tab Move to previous entry .
Return Move to next line
Shift-Return Move to previous line
Enter

You can enter, select, and delete text in the Router Setup window using
standard Macintosh editing commands.

The active text field, in which the insertion point is positioned, is always
highlighted by a bolder box than the other fields in the window.

Identifying connected networks

The Router Setup window displays one line for each possible network
connection, determined by the number of network ports installed in the
Macintosh. You should see two LocalTalk port identification lines for the
system’s modem and printer ports, plus additional lines for ports added on
AppleTalk interface cards installed in the router.

Under the Port Name column, you see the identifying icon and the type of
each network connection available to you.

For each port that will be connected to a network, you need to enter the
requested information as described below.

You assign a network number or network range to identify each network
connected to the router.

s A LocalTalk network is identified by a single network number.
a All other AppleTalk networks are identified by a network range.

54 Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

4. Important

Apple Confidential

A network number can be any number from 1 to 65,279 ($0001 to $FEFF in
hex notation). A network range can contain any number of contiguous
network numbers.

For a discussion of numbering systems that can be used in the assignment of
network numbers, see Appendix A, “Planning an AppleTalk Internet.”

Selecting a network range

A network range is a range of network numbers, such as 1-10, that you assign
to a single physical network.

Each network number in the range supports up to 253 node addresses.
Hence, assigning a network range allows you to multiply the maximum
number of nodes allowed on a single physical network by the number of
network numbers in the range.

For example, a network having the range 1-10 could contain up to 10 x 253, or
2530 nodes. Node addresses on the network are automatically distributed at
random among all the network numbers in the range. 4

If a network is never expected to require more than 253 node addresses, you
do not need to assign multiple network numbers in its network range. A
range containing a single number, such as 45-45, is appropriate. A

For background information about network ranges, refer to Chapter 2,
“AppleTalk Terms and Concepts.” For a discussion of how to choose a
network range, turn to Appendix A, “Planning an AppleTalk Internet.”

Entering a network number or range

The network number or range must be entered before any other information
can be entered for a network. The blank entry fields in which you enter
network information will appear only after you have entered the network
number.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router >

Network Range

A Warnin

Apple Confidential

To enter a single network number:

1. Click in the Network Range field of the port being defined.
2 Enter the network number.

3. Press Tab to advance to the next field.

_ © Note: If you've entered a decimal number and your display is set to hex (or

vice versa), the number will not be converted until you press Tab or
Retum, or move the cursor with the mouse.

To enter a network range:

1. Click in the first box of the Network Range field of the port being
defined.

2. Enter the first (lower) number of the range in the first field.

3, Press Tab to advance to the second field.
The number you entered is copied into the second field.

4. If the range contains only one network number (for example 3-3),
press Tab again to advance to the Zone name field.

5. If the range contains more than one network number, type the
higher number of the range in the second field.

6. Press Tab to advance to the Zone name field.

You must not assign the same number to more than one network, or allow
numbers in different network ranges to overlap or be duplicated. Only the
value zero (indicating a nonseed port) can be assigned to more than one
network. &

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

avis

Zone names and zone lists

A. Important

Apple Confidential

Network numbers on nonseed ports

You can define a port as a nonseed port, provided the network you are
defining is also connected to at least one router that is a seed router for that
network. The network must be connected to at least one seed router, from
which all nonseed routers can obtain the network’s number or range.

a To designate a port as a nonseed port, enter a network number of
zero for the connected network.

This is a useful shortcut when setting up many routers and ports, and
reduces the chance of error when repeating the same network information on
several routers. A detailed discussion of seed and nonseed routers is provided
in Chapter 2, “AppleTalk Terms and Concepts.”

You create AppleTalk zones during the router setup process, by entering zone
names with which networks will be associated. At least one zone must be
defined in an AppleTalk intemet.

w ALocalTalk network can be associated with only one zone.
w All other AppleTalk networks can be associated with multiple zone names.

A single zone name can be up to 32 characters long and can contain any
characters, numbers, or spaces. The AppleTalk Internet Router supports up to
256 zones in an internet. This is also the maximum number of names in a
single zone list. (The 256 zone limit is imposed by the router software;
AppleTalk architecture places no limit on the number of zones in an internet.)

It's a good idea to keep zone names short and simple, because they will
appear in other software displays, such as the Chooser, and you'll refer to
them often.

If you entered zero for a port’s network number, indicating a nonseed port,
you must leave the zone name field blank. The zone name will be acquired
from a seed router connected to that network. If you entered a nonzero
network number, you must enter a zone name or zone list. A

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 57

Apple Confidential

Entering zone names in a zone list
To enter zone names in a zone list:

1. Click in the Zone Name column (or press Tab from the previous
Zone Name - field).

Marketing 2 Enter the first zone name for this network, being careful to type
it exactly as it appears in any other router listing. -

m= Figure 6-2 The Zone List dialog box

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3. Click Add.
If the network is a LocalTalk network, only one zone name is allowed.
Click Done and skip steps 4 to 6.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each additional zone name, if any.

If you notice an error after adding a name to the list, click the name in the
list, then click Delete to remove it, and reenter the name. The Clear All
button removes all names from the list. The Cancel button closes the -
Zone List dialog box without saving any changes.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

The port description

Apple Confidential

§. Select a default zone, if desired, by clicking the zone name in the
list and then clicking Set Default.

Each node in the network will be registered in the default zone unless a
different zone is selected for that node. For Macintosh nodes, the zone is
selected from the node’s Control Panel. If you do not designate a default
zone, the default zone will be the first zone you enter in the list.

6, When the list is finished, click Done or press Tab.

When you leave the Zone List dialog box, the cursor moves automatically
to the next entry field.

When you enter a zone name, the router software recognizes it as the same
name whether you use lowercase or uppercase characters. This function of
the router is case insensitive, meaning that you cannot distinguish zones
from one another by using different capitalization.

For more information about zones, refer to Chapter 2, “AppleTalk Terms and
Concepts.”

For each of the router's ports, you can assign a description of the connected
network to help distinguish the network in the router’s displays.

For example, a description for a port connected to a LocalTalk network in a
laboratory containing Apple II computers might be “LocalTalk Apple II lab,” a
backbone network linking all networks on a floor might be identified as
“Third Floor Backbone.”

The default entry that appears in the Port Description field is the same as the
port name. You may leave this as the port description or enter a new one as
described below.

The decision to enter a port description is strictly discretionary. The port
description is for your own use and has no meaning to the router software.

The port description can be up to 31 characters long and can contain any
characters, numbers, or spaces.

To enter a port description:

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 59

Port Description

"| Backbone
Local Talk
{Local Talk

The User’s Port

Apple Confidential

1. Click and drag across the default port description entry to select
the text, or press Tab when leaving the previous field.

2. Type the new port description.

3, Press Tab to move to the next line, if any.

Repeat the entry sequence of network number, zone name, and port
description for each network connection.

If the Macintosh used as a router is providing another network service
concurrently, such as an AppleShare file server or print server, the User’s Port
must be selected to determine on which of the connected networks the
server's name will be registered.

After you select one of the router's connected networks as the User’s Port,
any server operating on the router Macintosh will be registered on that
network.

The User's Port is particularly important if the internet is divided into zones.
When you select the User’s Port, you also designate the zone to which the
router node—and any network service on that node—will belong.

The zone you designate for this node is the zone that network users will need
to select in their workstation Chooser to be able to view and access the
node’s services.

Selecting a User’s Port will not affect the router’s operation in any other
way. If the Macintosh is to be used as a dedicated router with no other
services running concurrently, the User's Port may be ignored.

To select the User's Port:

a In the User’s Port column, click the button next to the
appropriate port name to select a network.

If the User’s Port has only a single zone name, the task has been completed.

If there is more than one zone in the User's Port zone list, you will need to
select one zone from this list as the “node’s zone” to which the router
Macintosh will belong.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Port status

Entering a name for the

router

Apple Confidential

You can select the router's zone only after the router has been made active
for the first time. Instructions for selecting the zone follow the instructions
for starting up the router, at the end of this chapter.

The first router port you set up automatically becomes the User's Port. If
you delete the network assigned as the User's Port (by deleting its network
number), the next available port in the Router Setup window becomes the
User's Port.

The status of a router port is either active or inactive. Packets are routed only
through active ports.

When you define a port's connected network, the router assumes this port
will be active when you run the router, and sets the Port Active check box to
On (an X appears in the check box).

If you wish to make any router ports inactive, you need to change the status
setting for those ports.

ws To make a port inactive, click its Port Active check box to chang
the setting to Off. |

The X is deleted from the check box.

You may not need to use this feature during the router’s initial setup, but
you may wish to deactivate ports in the future for testing or
troubleshooting purposes. Changing the status of a port on an active router
is described in the next chapter.

Note: You cannot deactivate the User's Port. This would cut off access to
any network services, such as a file server, running concurrently on the
router Macintosh.

The router must have a name to register on the network so that you can
easily identify it on device listings during network maintenance and
troubleshooting. (Until the router is named, the name “Unnamed?” will appear
in its displays.)

Use the following procedure to name the Macintosh router.

1. Open the Chooser from the Apple menu.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 61

4. Important

Router status settings

Apple Confidential

2. Enter a name for the router in the User Name box at the lower

right.

3. Close the Chooser.

If the router was active when you entered the name, you'll have to restart
the Macintosh before the name appears on the router's displays. If the router
was inactive, the new name will appear in the title bar of all router displays

~ beginning the next time you close and reopen the Router desk accessory.

If the user name you enter duplicates another router’s name in its zone, a
number will automatically be appended to each duplicate name (for example,
RouterMacl, RouterMac2, and so on).

Starting the router

When you've completed router setup, you’re ready to start up the router.
Note that the router will not start operating until you restart the Macintosh
computer.

If the router Macintosh is running any concurrent application, such as file
server software, you'll need to perform an orderly shutdown of that
application before restarting the system. A

Notice the router status settings at the top of the Router Setup window.
When a setting is selected, the radio button next to it is filled in.

s Figure 6-3 The Setup window’s router status settings

62 Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Saving the router setup

and restarting

Apple Confidential

The options presented for router status settings are described in Table 6-2.

@ Table 6-2 Router status settings
Current Status
Of Select this setting to make an active router inactive. This takes effect

immediately, and cannot be reversed until the router is restarted.

On This setting confirms that the router's status is currently active. When the
router is inactive, this button is dimmed and cannot be used to tum the
router back on. You must use the Restart Status button and restart the

Macintosh to do this.

Restart Status

Off Select this setting if you do not wish the router to be activated at startup.
This does not affect the router's current operation.

On Select this setting to make the router automatically active whenever the
Macintosh is started up.

© Starting the Macintosh without the router: When the router's Restart
Status is set to On, you can still start up the Macintosh without loading
the router. To do so, press and hold down Command-r (the Command key
and the letter “r”) while the System is loading. When the Macintosh starts
up, the router's Current Status and Restart Status will be Off.

© AppleTalk services on the Macintosh: When the router is tumed off,
AppleTalk services will continue to be available to the router Macintosh
through the network port designated as the User’s Port.

Before starting the router, use the following procedure to save the setup
information you've entered. You can then restart the Macintosh to tum the
router on, or leave the router inactive until you're ready to use it.

L. If you wish to make the router active at this time, make sure that
Restart Status is set to On.

If you're not ready to start the router, leave the Restart Status Off.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 63

Apple Confidential

2. Close the Setup window.

A dialog box asks you whether you wish to save the changes made to the
setup.

3, Click the Yes button or press Return to save the setup
information.

Your entries are saved in the Router file in your System Folder, and the
Router desk accessory is closed.

4. Choose Restart from the Special menu. ,

When the Macintosh restarts, if Restart Status was set to On, a dialog box

- notifies you that the router software is loading. If any error prevents the
router from starting properly, you are notified by a dialog box, and you
can return to the Router Setup window in the Router desk accessory to
correct the problem (see Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting,” for assistance if
necessary).

4, Important When the router is inactive, it saves setup information on the current startup
disk.
When the router is active, it saves setup information on the disk from which
the router was started. The current startup disk may be a different disk if an
application (such as the Installer program) caused the system to switch to
another startup disk without restarting the Macintosh. This process is called
switch launching.

Although you may rarely or never switch launch the router Macintosh to a
new startup disk while the router is active, it’s important to be aware that
potential conflicts may result. A

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router

Selecting a zone for the

router

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Apple Confidential

The zone list you have entered for the User's Port is the list of zones available
for the router Macintosh. If you wish the router Macintosh to belong to the
default zone in that list, no further selection is needed. To select a different
zone for the router, use the following procedure:

1. Open the Control Panel and click the Network icon .

2. Click the icon for the AppleTalk network type connected to the
User's Port.

The zone list for this network is displayed.

3. Select the desired zone for the router from the zone list and press
Return.

4, Close the Control Panel.

The Macintosh and any server running on it now belong to the selected
Zone.

Chapter 6: Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router 65

~ &

Apple Confidential

Making Changes in the Router’s Setup

T,. CHAPTER DESCRIBES HOW YOU CAN MAKE CHANGES TO THE NETWORK
identification information entered in the Router Setup window.

You can view the information and settings in the Router Setup window at
any time by choosing Router Setup from the Router menu. However, most
of this information can be changed only while the router is turned off.

Changing port status

4. Important

Changing router status

Apple Confidential

Making changes while the router is running

Since an active router is moving “live” network traffic around the internet,
most changes in its setup cannot be made while it is running. The AppleTalk
Internet Router limits setup changes you can make on an active router to
changing the active/inactive status of router ports, and the on/off settings

_ of the router itself.

While the router is active, you can inactivate any network port except the
port of the User's Network (this port must remain active for AppleTalk
services on the router’s Macintosh).

You can also activate an inactive port while the router is running.

1. To change port status, click the check box in the Port Active
column next to the desired port name.

If you are making an active port inactive, a dialog box asks you to confirm
your command.

2. Click OK to confirm the change.

The change in port status takes place immediately, there is no need to
restart the router or close the Router desk accessory.

Making an active port inactive may cause users on connected networks to
lose access to network services. Be sure to give adequate warning to users
who may be affected by the change in the router’s setup. A

While the router is active, you can use the Current Status and Restart Status
radio buttons in the Router Setup window to tum the router off or to
change the router's on/off status on restart. These changes are described in
“Router Status Settings” in Chapter 6.

Unlike other changes to the router's setup, changes to router status are saved
in the Macintosh computer's parameter RAM (nonvolatile memory), not in
the Router file.

68 Chapter 7: Making Changes in the Router's Setup

Changing the User’s Port

Adding or deleting a port

Changing port status

Apple Confidential

Making changes while the router is off

While the router is turned off, you can make changes to any selection or
information that you enter during router setup. These changes are saved in
the Router file on the current startup disk when you close the Rou;r desk

accessory.

Apart from changes to port status and router status, described above,
changes to the router setup can be made only while the router is inactive.

Click the User’s Port button next to the name of the port you want to select.
Only one port at a time can be selected as the User’s Port.

When you select the User’s Port , you also designate the zone in which the
router will reside. This will affect the way network users can access any
server running concurrently on the router Macintosh.

If the new User's Port you select has a zone list, the router Macintosh will
belong to the default zone in this list. If you wish to select a zone other than
the default zone for the router, refer to “Selecting a Zone for the Router,” in
Chapter 6.

The procedure for adding a network port to the router setup is identical to
the procedure defining a port in the original router setup, described in
Chapter 6.

The procedure for deleting a network port is as follows:

a If the connected network is identified by a network number,
delete the network number. |

s If the connected network is identified by a network range, delete
the first number in the range.

The procedure for changing a port's status on an inactive router is identical to
the procedure for changing port status on an active router, described earlier in
this chapter.

Chapter 7: Making Changes in the Router's Setup _ 69

Changing the network
number or range

A. Important

Changing a network’s
zone name or zone list

Apple Confidential

To change a network number or range:

1. Select the current number by clicking the entry.
2. Type the new number.
3. Press Tab to advance to the next field.

4. If you are changing a network range, repeat steps 1 and 2 in the
— second entry field.

Once a network number or range has been used on an active router and has
become part of the internet, it should not be changed unless necessary.

Changing the number or range of a network can cause errors in internet
routing to and from nodes in that network. This is because when a node is
started up, it acquires its network address from the router and saves it in
memory. The node becomes aware of any change in its network number
only when it is restarted. Until the node is restarted, information destined
for that node and information the node sends out will bear an incorrect
network address. A

The zone names you specify in the router's Setup window also appear in the
routing tables of all other routers on the internet and in the Chooser of each
workstation on the internet. They're also used in network administration
utilities and network maps used for troubleshooting.

Since changing a zone’s name will have such widespread effeas, it’s
important to notify users of the network system about the change. The
procedure will require the router to be shut down for a period of time, so it’s
best to perform it at a time of low network use.

70 Chapter 7: Making Changes in the Router's Setup

Apple Confidential

A Warning To avoid conflicts when you change a network’s zone name or zone list, you
must shut down all routers connected to the network and make the identical
name changes in each seed router for that network.

Before restarting the routers, wait at least 10 minutes since the routers were
Originally shut down. This delay will “age out” the old zone name from other
routers on the internet. When you restart the routers in which the change
was made, the new name is acquired by all routers in the internet. &

Note that during the change process, a network whose zone name or zone
list is being changed will neither have access to services on other networks,
nor allow other networks access to its own services. However, services
within the network will continue to operate.

To change a zone name:

L. If the router is active, first give users adequate warning,
The AppleTalk Internet Router does not send any shutdown waming to
user workstations. Be sure to inform users that this process will disrupt
network services.

2. Set router status to Off in the Setup window.
A dialog box asks you to confirm this selection.

3. Shut down all other routers directly connected to the network
whose zone list is being changed.

4. To change a name in a zone list, click in the Zone Name columa
next to the Network Range to display the Zone List dialog box.

ws Todelete a name in the list, click the name to select it, then click
Delete.

a Todelete all names in the list, click Clear All. |
a To add a name to the list, enter the new name, then click Add.

ws To designate a new default zone, click the zone to select it, then click
Set Default.

a Click Cancel to close the Zone List dialog box without saving changes.
@ Click Done when the changes are completed.

Chapter 7: Making Changes in the Router's Setup 71

4. Important

Changing a port
description

Changing router status

Apple Confidential

5. Close the Router desk accessory to save changes.

6, Repeat the above procedure for all seed routers directly
connected to the network whose zone list is being changed.

Be sure to type exactly the same zone names in each router. The order in
which you enter names in a zone list, need not match. However, all must
indicate the same default zone.

7. Be sure the affected routers have been turned off for at least 10
minutes before restarting them.

8 Restart all routers in which zone names were changed.

Once all routers have been restarted, the zone name change has been
completed.

If you're changing a zone name to an already existing name (that is, merging
the zone into an already existing zone), be sure that no network services of
the same type in these zones have the same name. (For example, two
LaserWriters named “Sushi” would cause a conflict once they became part of
the same zone; a printer and a file server having the same name would not.)
a

The port description you enter during router setup can be changed when the
router is inactive. The port description is for your benefit and does not affect
router functions in any way.

a Select the current port description by dragging across the entry,
type the new description in its place, and press Tab or Return.

You can use the radio buttons in the Setup window to change the router's
restart status, as described in “Router Status Settings” in Chapter 6.

You cannot change the router's current status from Off to On without
restarting the Macintosh.

72 Chapter 7: Making Changes in the Router's Setup

- Apple Confidential

C H A P T E R -—so8

The Network Information Window

| HE APPLETALK INTERNET ROUTER'S NETWORK INFORMATION WINDOW
displays a description of your internet that is useful in network

administration.

This information includes

w general indicators of router activity levels

= acomplete table of the networks in the internet, with routing
information about each network

More explicit records of internet activity are provided in the Port Statistics
window, described in chapter 9, “The Port Statistics Window.”

Apple Confidential

The Network Information window is shown in Figure 8-1. This window is
displayed the first time you open the Router desk accessory while the router
is running, and can be accessed whenever the router is running by choosing

Network Information from the Router menu.

You cannot display the Network Information window when the router is

turned off.

@ Figure 8-1 The Network Information window

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Router activity readings

TokenTelk

(250)
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The upper portion of the Network Information window contains indicators
of network activity and reliability levels. Their significance is summarized in

the following sections.

* Note: The number of packets routed accrues continuously from the time
of router startup until reset to zero by the Reset All Statistics command
in the Router menu. This command is described in Chapter 10, “Router

Administration.”

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window

%
Ne!

Apple Confidential

Packets Routed The Packets Routed listing represents the current total of packets that have
: been received and forwarded by the router since the time of the last reset.

This figure is an indicator of the router's overall usage. It can be helpful in
monitoring and balancing the traffic among various routers in your internet,
and as a general gauge of router activity.

This total includes only routed network traffic; it does not include

@ packets from the User's Port related to nonrouter activity on the
Macintosh, such as a concurrently running file server

w packets generated by network control software observing AppleTalk
router maintenance protocols

Recent Activity Rate The router's Recent Activity Rate meter shows the current level of traffic
moving through the router.

This meter measures the activity rate continuously over a 2-second period
and displays the level on a scale of 0-200 packets per second.

Network Reliability The Network Reliability level is the percentage of total packets that are
routed without error.

This reading represents the inverse of the percentage of network traffic
recorded as errors, which includes errors listed in the router’s Port Statistics
window. 7

Recent Network Error Rate The router's error rate meter shows the curent level of errors as a proportion
of total router traffic. |

This error rate displayed ranges from 0% to 10%, measured over a period of 5
seconds. |

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window 75

Selecting the display style

GE}
ES}

Apple Confidential

The routing table

The lower portion of the Network Information window contains the
complete routing table of the intemet.

For each network in the internet, the routing table lists:

w the network number or network range

@ all zone names assigned to the network

we the distance in hops to the network from the current router
the port through which to forward a packet to this destination
w the node address of the next router in the route

The AppleTalk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) keeps this table
up to date through the regular exchange of routing tables among routers,
causing each router to update its own table each time a new table is received,
to reflect such changes as added and deleted networks.

The sections below describe the table’s display settings and the significance
of the table’s components.

The Network Information window can be set to two display styles:

a The summary view display style lists only one single entry for each
network in the internet.

a The detail view display style lists multiple entries for networks with
multiple zones. A separate listing for the network is displayed for each of
the network's zones.

The first icon in the left-hand portion of the routing table display allows you
to switch between display styles.

To select the display style:

a Click the display style icon to switch from summary view to
detail view. Click it again to revert to summary view.

© Note: When the display style is set to summary view, any network having
more than one zone will display only the first alphabetical entry in its zone
list. This zone name is followed by an ellipsis (...) to indicate that other.
zones are present. |

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window

Selecting the numeric
display format

Selecting the sorting
order of the routing table

Apple Confidential

The Network Information window can be set to display numeric

information in two formats :

s The decimal setting displays network and node numbers in decimal
format.

w The hex setting displays network and node numbers in hexadecimal
format.

The second icon in the left-hand portion of the routing table display allows
you to switch between these two display formats.

To select the numeric format:

es Click the numeric format icon to switch from decimal to hex.
Click it again to revert to decimal format.

© Note: When the numeric format is set to hex, all numeric listings are
preceded by a dollar sign ($), and must be entered in this way as well.

Directly above the routing table listing is a one-line display that summarizes
the number of zones and networks in the table. This display also indicates the
key item by which the table is currently sorted. The sort selection pop-up
menu above the routing table allows you to select the sort key by which the
information will be displayed.

For example, you may prefer to list networks by their distance from the
router in hops, placing all the directly connected networks (0 hops) at the top
of the list; or, if you employ a special network numbering scheme, you may
wish to list networks by number.

Figure 8-2 shows the sort order settings available.

To select the sorting order:

1. Position the pointer inside the sort selection pop-up menu and
press and hold down the mouse button.
The menu pops up, showing the sort order settings.

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window 77

Selecting the sort
direction

The routing table display

Apple Confidential

w Figure 82 The sort selection pop-up menu, closed and open

a
cous hams
Distance

ade Forwerding Port

2. Move the pointer up or down until it's positioned over the
desired sort key, and release the button.

The routing table is reordered according to your selection, and the
corresponding column heading in the routing table is in boldface.

Another way to change the routing table's sort order is to click the
heading of the column desired as the sort key. The display is immediately
resorted using that heading as the key. (This applies to all except the Next
Router column.)

The Network Information window normally displays the routing table
sorted by the key you've selected, in ascending order—from A to Z, or from
smallest to largest value.

To change the sort direction of the routing table to descending order:

s Hold down the Option key while clicking the heading of the
column serving as the sort key (this heading is in bolder type).

The sort direction of the routing table is immediately reversed.

Another way to change the routing table’s sort direction is through the
Settings dialog box, which is described in Chapter 10, “Router Administration.”

The routing table is a dynamic display that reflects continuous changes in
routing information on the internet.

The larger the internet, the more likely it is to be undergoing change, as
routers update one another about altemate routes, distances, and changes in
network connections. - 4
Table 8-1 describes ways to control the routing table display as you view it.

© Note: Whenever a change is made to an entry in the routing table, that:
item is boldfaced for a few seconds to call your attention to the change.

78 Chapter 8: The Network Information Window

2 Apple Confidential

@: Table 81 Routing table viewing options

Action Result ,

Hold down the Command The routing table display is “frozen” so that

key while viewing the routing no changes are shown until the Command

table. key is released. You can still scroll through
the list.

Click a column heading. The routing table is resorted with that column
as the sort key. .

Hold down the Option key The order of the selected column is

while clicking a column changed from ascending to descending,

heading. or vice versa.

Routing information The following sections describe the individual columns displayed in the
routing table.

Network Range

The Network Range column lists the network number or range of each listed
network. The listing is displayed in decimal or hexadecimal notation,
depending on which numeric format you have selected.

To the left of the network’s number is an icon representing the router port
to which the network is connected, if it is a directly connected network.

Remember that directly connected networks for which this router is not a
seed router will not be displayed in the routing table until their network
numbers are acquired from their seed routers.

Zone Name
The Zone Name column lists the zone name(s) associated with the network
listed on this line.

When the display is set to summary view, any network having more than one
zone will display only the first alphabetical entry in its zone list. This zone
name is followed by an ellipsis (...) to indicate that other zones are present.

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window 79

Apple Confidential

Distance

The Distance column shows the distance, in hops, from this router to the
network listed on this line.

The distance to any given network should in general not change unless a new
router is introduced. However, if a network becomes unreachable, its distance
may change to 15 and be removed from the table.

A distance of zero is listed for networks that are directly connected to this
router. :

Forwarding Port

The Forwarding Port column shows the Macintosh port through which this
router will forward a packet in order to reach the destination network listed
on this line. This is illustrated in Figure 8-3.

The Forwarding Port's name is acquired from the Port Description field of
the Router Setup window; the icon for the port's network driver is also
displayed.

Next Router
The Next Router column lists the node address of the next router in the route
to the destination network listed on this line.

The Next Router is located on the network connected to the forwarding port
for the destination network. This is illustrated in Figure 8-3.

The Next Router address is displayed in two ways:

a If the router is on a LocalTalk network, this address is listed as the
router’s node ID number.

we On networks having a network range, the Next Router’s address is listed
as the router’s node address (the network number within this range,
followed by the router's node ID number).

For a network directly connected to the router, the address listed as the Next
Router is the router’s own node address on this network. This address is
shown in parentheses.

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window

Apple Confidential

@ Note: Since a node’s number need be unique only on its own network,

duplicate node numbers may appear for routers on different networks.

we Figure 8-3 The Forwarding Port and Next Router in an internet route

—_.. Next Router
in route to Network 3
from Router A

PG.

—_. Forwarding port Network 4
+b... for Networks 1, 3, and 4

Router A

Ports

Chapter 8: The Network Information Window

\ f

Apple Confidential

R 9

The Port Statistics Window

| HE APPLETALK INTERNET ROUTER’S PORT STATISTICS WINDOW DISPLAYS
continually updated totals for a variety of significant traffic events and
errors, listed separately for each of the router’s connected networks.

Apple Confidential

At any time while the router is running, you can display the Port Statistics
window shown in Figure 9-1. To do so, choose Port Statistics from the
Router menu.

@ Figure 9-1 The Port Statistics window

0 - Network ReHebibty:

(CTITTTIET TT) «Recent Network Error Rete:
idle Gusy

Remote Net Ranges Conflicts
Router Yersion Miamatch

Interpreting network statistics

The router's statistical figures may not have immediate significance to you.
As you monitor router activity over time, you will become familiar with
normal levels of activity and errors, and leam to interpret deviations.

Since statistics are listed separately for each port, you can use this display to
compare traffic and reliability levels of connected networks. When comparing
network statistics, be sure to compare networks of the same type: LocalTalk
only with other LocalTalk networks, and so on.

Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window

Apple Confidential

If, for example, you find one of the networks running particularly high levels
of traffic and errors, this might suggest a problem with the distribution of
services of users among connected networks (assuming you've ruled out a
hardware malfunction). You can try to correct this problem by relocating
servers, printers, or workstations, restructuring the affected networks, or
adding a backbone network. |

Router activity readings

The upper portion of the Port Statistics window contains the general router
activity readings. These readings are the same indicators displayed in the
Network Information window:

a Packets Routed

= Recent Activity Rate

ws Network Reliability

we Recent Network Error Rate

Refer to Chapter 8, “The Network Information Window,” for a detailed
description of these readings.

Below the router activity readings, a one-line listing indicates the time and
date at which the port statistics were last reset. The statistics listed below
represent routing activity and errors incremented since that time.

Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window 85

Apple Confidential

Statistical listings

The Port Statistics window contains three basic classifications of statistics:

Operational statistics:

Network activity errors:

Router setup errors:

Packets In

Packets Out

Name Requests In
Name LookUps Out

Data Link Errors

Packet Buffer Overflow
Unknown Network
Hop Count Exceeded

Routing Table Overflow

Local Network Setup Conflicts
Remote Network Range Conflicts
Router Version Mismatch

All statistics are listed in two ways:

w collectively for the router (Total)

w individually by network port

The listed totals are continually incremented from the time the router is first
started until it is shut down, or until the statistics are reset. When a port is
made inactive and later reactivated, the count is not reset to zero but simply

continues to increment.

Statistical values for currently inactive ports are displayed in italics.

Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window

x
_

Packets In

Packets Out

A. Important

Name Requests In

Name LookUps Out

Apple Confidential

The sections that follow describe each of the statistical listings and their
potential significance.

The Packets In value shows the total number of data packets intended for
routing received by the AppleTalk Internet Router. Packets pertaining to
router maintenance and nonrouting services on the Macintosh (such as file
server activity) are not included.

The Packets Out value shows the number of data packets routed by the
AppleTalk Internet Router. Packets pertaining to router maintenance and
nonrouting services on the Macintosh (such as file server activity) are not
included. :

The total numbers of packets in and packets out will not necessarily be
equal, since these values will reflect errors that occur while forwarding. A

Name Requests In are requests for network device names transmitted during
network activities, such as listings by workstation Choosers and network
searches performed by network management software.

If statistical totals indicate an unusually high number of Name Requests
through a given port, a problem may exist on the network connected to that
port. For example, if a user left an unattended workstation with its Chooser
window opened and with LaserWriter or AppleShare selected, Name Request
traffic would be increased unnecessarily on that nework.

Name LookUps are issued by the router in response to incoming name
requests. A Name LookUp is used to acquire device names for listings in the
Chooser or in network management displays.

When the router receives a Name Request, it creates a Name LookUp for each
network whose zone list contains the zone named by the request.

Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window 87

Data Link Errors

Packet Buffer Overflow

Unknown Network

Apple Confidential

The ratio of Name LookUps to Name Requests is determined by the number
of times the zone name appears in zone lists for different networks. The
greater the number of network zone lists in which a zone name appears, the
higher the name lookup traffic that will be generated by a name request for
that zone.

The Data-Link Errors value represents low-level, hardware-based errors
occurring in the transmission of packets to and from the router.

The router is not capable of detecting such errors occurring on a network at
large, between two remote devices; it can detect errors only in packets that it
receives and transmits. An example of a possible data link error might be a
packet corrupted by an improperly terminated network.

The Packet Buffer Overflow statistic shows the number of packets being
discarded by the router as a result of an inflow rate that is higher than the
outflow.

When the rate of incoming packets is higher than the outgoing rate, the
overflow is handled by the router’s buffer. Once this buffer becomes filled,
packets are discarded until the imbalance is corrected.

Under normal usage conditions, no significant packet loss should occur. If
this statistic is consistently high, the distribution of servers or other
resources on connected networks may be unbalanced and require correction.

A Unknown Network error is reported when the router has been requested
to route a packet to a network not listed in its routing table.

Possible causes for this error include a break on the network system, caused
by disconnected cables or other hardware malfunctions or by a problem with
one of the other routers on the internet.

88 Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window

Hop Count Exceeded

Routing Table Overflow

Local Network Setup

Conflict

Remote Network Range

Conflict

Apple Confidential

The Hop Count Exceeded value indicates the number of packets that the
router did not forward because the packets had already traveled 15 hops in
one single route—the maximum allowed by AppleTalk protocols.

If this condition results from inefficient network layout, router placement in
the internet should be redesigned so that no route exceeds 15 hops.

The Hop Count Exceeded error can also result from a packet entering into a
temporary loop between routers. This can happen if a network in the internet
becomes inaccessible and disappears from one of these routers’ routing
tables. Such a situation is corrected automatically by the continuous updating
of routing tables, which quickly stabilize following any such conflict.

A Routing Table Overflow error is reported if more network segments are
connected to the internet than can be stored in the router's routing table.

The routing table’s maximum capacity is 1024 entries for network numbers or
ranges. A network range counts as a single network entry in the table,
regardless of how many network addresses are contained in the range.

A Local Network Setup Conflict error is reported if another router on a
network that is directly connected to this router lists a conflicting network
number or range for that network.

Although this conflict will not normally occur on the AppleTalk Internet
Router (the router will not start up if it detects this situation), a router from
another manufacturer lacking this safeguard may be connected to your
network, or a router may have been connected to the internet after it was
turned on.

A Remote Network Range Conflict error is reported if another router lists a
network range in its routing table that conflicts with the current router's
routing table. "

For example, one router could list a network range of 3-57 for a connected
network, and another router could list a range of 4-60 for a different
network. Such overlapping network ranges are not permitted in an internet.

Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window 89

Router Version Mismatch

Apple Confidential

A Router Version Mismatch is reported each time a routing packet is received
from a router on the internet that does not support AppleTalk Phase 2.

Resetting the statistics

The AppleTalk Internet Router’s statistical display will continue to increment
the totals for each value until the display is reset or the router is shut down.
When reset or restarted, the values will begin to increment from zero once
more. (The Packets Routed reading in the Network Information window is
reset as well as all port statistics.)

For any individual value, the displayable limit is 99,999,999, after which the
value will cease to increment until reset.

To reset statistics:

1. Choose Reset All Statistics from the Router menu.
A dialog box asks you to confirm your selection.

2 Click OK.

The statistical and activity values are set to zero, the activity level meters
are restarted, and the time of reset is displayed in the Port Statistics
window.

90 Chapter 9: The Port Statistics Window

Apple Confidential

1 0

Router Administration

| HIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES THE ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS PRESENTED IN THE
Router menu:

w Reset All Statistics
a Change Settings
ws Set Password

a Print Current Window

Apple Confidential

Router administration functions are accessed through the Router menu,
shown in Figure 10-1.

ws Figure 10-1 The Router menu

flouter
About Router...

Network Information
Port Statistics
/Router Setup

Reset All Statistics
Change Settings...
Set Password...

Print Current Window...

Reset All Statistics

The Reset All Statistics command resets
a the time of last reset shown in the Port Statistics window
ws the statistical listings in the Port Statistics window

w the activity readings that appear in both the Port Statistics and Network
Information windows

These statistical and activity values accrue continually from the time that the
router is started until they are reset.

To reset statistics:

1. Choose Reset All Statistics from the Router menu.
A dialog box asks you to confirm your selection.

2. Click OK.

The statistical and activity values are set to zero, and the activity level
meters are restarted.

Chapter 10: Router Administration

Network and node
number format

Apple Confidential

Change Settings

When you choose the Change Settings command from the Router menu, the
Settings dialog box shown in Figure 10-2 is displayed.

© Note: The router setting options are also described in chapters covering
the individual displays affected by these settings.

s Figure 10-2 The Settings dialog box

Settings

Network information view:

O Summary

To change any setting, click the radio button next to the option you wish to
set. The router setting options are described in the following sections.

This setting controls the display of network numbers and router addresses
(node numbers) in the router's Setup and Network Information windows.

Decimal

Network and node numbers will be displayed in decimal notation. .

Chapter 10: Router Administration 93

Network information

sorting order

Network information view

Apple Confidential

Hexadecimal

Network and node numbers will be displayed in hexadecimal notation (base
16). Hexadecimal numbers are displayed preceded by a dollar sign ($) and must
also be entered in this format.

The networks listed in the Network Information window's routing table
will be sorted using the key selected in that window's pop-up menu. The
choice of ascending or descending order can be set in the Settings dialog box.

Ascending

The routing table will be sorted with entries listed in ascending order.

Descending

The routing table will be sorted with entries listed in descending order.

This setting selects the level of detail displayed in the Network Information
window's routing table. The changes in the way network listings are
displayed apply to networks with multiple zones only. LocalTalk networks
are unaffected.

Summary view

The summary view lists only one entry for each network in the routing table. —

* Note: When the display style is set to summary view, any network having
more than one zone will display only the first zone name in its zone list.
This zone name is followed by an ellipsis (...) to indicate that other zones
are present.

Detail view

The detail view lists multiple entries for networks having multiple zones. A
separate listing for the network is displayed for each of the network's zones.

94 Chapter 10: Router Administration

Apple Confidential

Set Password

If you wish, you can restrict access to the AppleTalk Internet Router
through password protection, so that no unauthorized users can change the
router's setup or status settings.

To set password protection:

1. Choose Set Password from the Router menu.
The Set Password dialog box shown in Figure 10-3 is displayed.

es Figure 10-3 The Set Password dialog box

Gid passuard:

New pessword: [

2. Type any password you like, using up to 8 characters.
The characters you type are displayed as bullets to prevent the password
from being visible to others.

3. Press Return or click OK.
You're asked to reenter the password for confirmation.

4. Retype your password.
Type each character exactly as before. The router distinguishes between
uppercase and lowercase characters in passwords.

§. Press Return or click OK.

Password protection is now activated. Anyone who tries to open the Router
desk accessory when the router is inactive will be asked to enter the
password first.

Chapter 10: Router Administration 95

A. Important

Changing your password

Apple Confidential

You will also need the password to access the Router Setup window while
the router is active. You may then leave the Router Setup window and will
not need the password to return to it until the Router desk accessory is
Closed.

To prevent unauthorized access, always be sure to close the Router desk
accessory after using the Setup window. A

To change a password:

1. Choose Set Password from the Router menu.
The Change Password dialog box shown in Figure 10-4 is displayed.

we Figure 10-4 The Change Password dialog box

Oldpesswore: [|_|
New password: ee

2. Type your old password, but do not press Return.

3. Press Tab, not Return.

Since the OK button is highlighted, pressing Return at this point has the

same effect as clicking OK. But since the New Password box is blank, OK
would confirm the blank passwork as your new password. Instead, press _
the Tab key to advance to the next box, or click in that box.

4. Type your new password and press Return.
You're asked to reenter the new password for confirmation.

96 Chapter 10: Router Administration

Canceling password
protection

A Warning

Apple Confidential

5. Retype your new password.

Type each character exactly as before. The router distinguishes between
uppercase and lowercase characters in passwords.

6. Press Return or click OK.
Your new password is now set.

Repeat the procedure for changing your password, but do not enter any
characters in the New Password box or the confirmation box.

1. Type your old password.

2. Press Return or click OK.
You're asked to reenter the blank password for confirmation.

3. Press Return or click OK once more.
Password protection is now canceled.

Keep a written record of the password you select in a secure place. If you
ever lose or forget your password, you'll need to remove and reinstall the
router software, and then reenter all the setup information. A

Chapter 10: Router Administration 97

Apple Confidential

Print Current Window

The Router menu’s Print Current Window command allows you to print each
of the program’s main display windows.

When you choose the Print Current Window command, the router's printing
function is set to print the contents of the currently displayed window. If
you wish to print a report for a different window, you'll first have to display
that window.

To print out any of the router's displays:
1, Make sure the desired printer is selected in the Chooser.
2 Choose Print Current Window from the Router menu.

The Macintosh Print dialog box shown in Figure 10-5 is displayed.

ws Figure 10-5 The Print dialog box for a LaserWriter

LaserWriter “LaseriWriter”’

3. Select the desired printing options in the dialog box.

4. Click OK.
The contents of the current display are sent to the selected printer.

© Printing to an AppleShare print server: You cannot use the router's
printing function to print to a print server residing on the same
Macintosh as the router.

© Printing on a floppy-only system: Printer drivers are not provided on the
AppleTalk Internet Router disk. If the router is running from this disk,
you'll need to install printer drivers onto the System Folder of the disk:

Chapter 10: Router Administration

ent

Apple Confidential

C HA P T E R ] ]

Troubleshooting

T,. APPLETALK INTERNET ROUTER SOFTWARE IS DESIGNED TO SAFEGUARD
against user errors occurring during router setup, such as invalid entries, and |
errors occurring during router operation, such as conflicting network
numbers. Messages alert you of potential problems whenever possible.

However, while installing and operating the router, you may encounter
problems that require you to take some corrective action. This chapter
describes potential problems and remedies, and explains the router's

significant error messages.

Apple Confidential

Problems with your network system

A network system can experience a variety of problems that affect the
operation of your router. The symptoms may become known to you through
the router's displays—for example, loss of communication through one of its
network connections—but may in fact originate as a problem on the network.

It’s important to distinguish between problems caused by your network
system and those affecting only the router.

Recognizing network- You may encounter the following types of problems arising from the

router's network environment:
related problems
s problems with physical network connections to the router

oO cables and connectors
oO network interface cards

a breaks in the network cable system caused by damage or accidental
disconnection

s intermittent, temporary loss of a network connection caused by
improperly connected cables

@ network malfunctions caused by improper network layout or improperly
terminated cables

w malfunctioning network devices

a incorrect software configurations (wrong versions of the System or
Finder, or EtherTalk or LaserWriter drivers)

Most frequently, network problems will be caused by a physical break, or
disconnection, in the network system. Should your router experience
unexplained disturbances, make sure all physical connections are intact before
assuming a router malfunction.

100 Chapter 11: Troubleshooting

Apple Confidential

The troubleshooting scenarios below represent some of the most common

Common network-related
internet problems encountered when routers are in use.

problems
Before performing any of the troubleshooting operations described, make
sure you've attempted to eliminate all possibilities that network hardware,
cables, or connections are at fault.

Symptoms described below, such as devices missing from network listings,
can be identical whether they are caused by a router setup error or by a
disconnected cable.

= Symptom A zone name or network device is missing from the Chooser listings
on one or more network workstations.

Cause Two or more networks may have been assigned the same number, or
overlapping network ranges, during their seed routers’ setup. In this case,
only the first of the conflicting networks encountered during a Chooser’s
device search will be recognized (generally the one closest—having the
fewest hops—to the workstation performing the Chooser listing).

Solution You need to assign a new network number or range to one of the two
networks.

It isn’t necessary to locate both of the sources of conflict if you already
know one of the networks involved (if a device is missing from node
listings, it’s the network on which that device resides). Simply assign a new
number or range to the conflicting network that is known.

Refer to Chapter 7 for instructions on changing a network number.

* Not all conjlicts are detected: The AppleTalk Internet Router cannot
prevent the same number or range from being assigned to networks on
different parts of the internet. The router can alert you of network
number and range conflicts only when they occur during router setup, or
when conflicting numbers are assigned to the same network by different
routers.

To avoid assigning duplicate network numbers as you set up new networks
and routers, always maintain an accurate and complete map of all networks in
your internet.

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 101

102

s Symptom

Cause 1

Solution 1

Cause 2

Solution 2

e Symptom
Cause 1

Solution 1

Cause 2

Solution 2

Cause 3
Solution 3

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting

Apple Confidential

One or more devices are listed in the wrong zone in the Chooser of a
network workstation.

An AppleTalk zone name has been changed in a router that was then
restarted earlier than the recommended delay period (see “Changing a
Network's Zone Name or Zone List” in Chapter 7). As.a result, there is a
conflict between zones visible to users on the network whose zone name
was changed and zones visible to other users.

Alternatively, while a zone name was changed somewhere on the intemet, a
router may have been off or disconnected from the network, and then later
restarted or reconnected.

Shut down all the routers connected to the network in which the original
change was made for at least 10 minutes, to allow other routers to “age out”
any record of the conflicting zone name from their routing tables. This is
done automatically as routers periodically update their routing tables, if they
find that a network is no longer listed. Then restart all the affected routers.

A router Macintosh that is concurrently used as a file server or print server
has the wrong port selected as the User’s Port in the router's setup.

Shut down the router and change the User’s Port.

A network is missing from the listing in the router’s Network
Information window.

No connected router was set up as a seed router for this network. All routers
connected to it contain only the value zero in place of the network’s number.

Select a router connected to the missing network and use the router’s Setup
window to enter a network number and zone name, making this a seed
router for the network.

A router port to which the missing network is directly connected has been
turned off. If more than one network is missing from the list, there may be
an inactive port on a router somewhere in the path to these networks.

Check the setup information in routers connected to the missing network(s)
to make sure that all ports routing to the network(s) are active.

The missing network is more than 15 hops away.

Modify the placement of routers in the intemet so that no route exceeds 15
hops.

eas

Cause 4

Solution 4

Cause 5

Solution 5

s Symptom
Cause

Solution

e Symptom

Cause

Solution

Apple Confidential

The missing network is connected to a seed router that was very recently
Started up, and the router's setup information is not yet been acquired.

This condition should be self-corrected within a few seconds or minutes,
depending on the size of your internet.

There are more than 1024 networks in the internet. (Few internets will exceed
this limit.)

This can be corrected by using nonrouting bridge devices to combine groups
of separate networks into larger networks, each having a single network
address.

Devices that should be in the same zone are not.

Zone names for one or more networks were entered incorrectly while setting
up the router.

Check seed routers for each network affected by this problem, to make sure
that zone names were not mistyped when entered. The zone names must be
typed identically for each network in order for devices in these networks to
be part of the same zone (however, you need not match the case for
uppercase or lowercase letters, and zone names need not be entered in the
same order).

Devices appear not to function, or a device that does function is not
the one you thought you selected.

There may be more than one device with the name you selected. Duplicate
device names are detected by AppleTalk protocols only at the time of device
startup, so this problem might occur if a device was named before being
connected to the network, or if zones containing devices with the same
names were merged.

In the zone where the problem occurred, check the names of all devices of the
same type that is experiencing the problem, and rename any duplicates.
Alternatively, you can restart all devices of the type experiencing the
problem. Duplicate names will be automatically corrected at startup by
AppleTalk software appending a number to the end of the name.

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 103

Where to find network
troubleshooting
information

104

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As network systems grow larger and more complex, it becomes more
difficult to locate the sources and causes of problems. A tool that can aid in
network troubleshooting is the InterePoll network administrator's utility
from Apple Computer, Inc.

Inter* Poll produces lists of all connected devices in a network, zone, or
internet, to help you determine whether connection problems exist.

Intere Poll also reports on software version numbers in each connected
workstation, to help you determine whether compatibility problems exist.

Intere Poll can also perform loopback tests to individually targeted devices, to
check the integrity of selected network paths.

Since routers are network devices, Inter*Poll reports all connected routers in
its device listings and helps you to verify the status of multiple internet
routers from one central location.

Contact your authorized Apple dealer for more information about Inter Poll.

Problems with the AppleTalk Internet Router

Most types of router-related problems are detected by the AppleTalk
Internet Router software and reported by error messages that alert you of
the situation.

The error messages listed in this section are followed by a brief description of
remedial action you can take.

When in doubt, or when faced with a problem that is not described in this
chapter and does not respond to known remedies, a general measure of last
resort is to remove and reinstall the router software. Before doing so, print
out a record of the current router setup, if possible, to refer to when
duplicating the setup in the new Router file.

Recognizing router-

related problems

a Symptom

Cause

Solution

Apple Confidential

You may encounter the following types of problems arising from the
router's own operating conditions:

@ problems caused by constraints of the Macintosh computer, such as
insufficient available memory

w problems arising during router installation, such as inability to locate
needed resource files

ws problems caused by changes made to the Macintosh router while it is
active, such as a system disk being locked or becoming full

ws problems caused by errors in setting up a router, as described below

In addition to the guidelines in this chapter, refer to Chapter 6, ‘Setting
Up the AppleTalk Internet Router,” to make sure you've explicitly followed
the router setup instructions.

Errors in router setup

Most error conditions related to router setup are communicated to you
through error messages. This section documents two problems that do not
produce error messages. Additional error conditions are described in the
message listings that follow this section.

The router Macintosh experiences a long delay during startup (up to
several minutes).

An EtherTalk card installed in the Macintosh has an improperly terminated
port or cable.

Check the router's EtherTalk card(s). If no cable is connected to the port, a
T-shaped BNC connector must be connected to the port and terminated
with two Ethernet cable terminators. If a cable is connected to only one side
of the connector, the other side must contain a terminator. Any cable(s)
extending from the connector must also be properly terminated at both
extremities.

If no terminators are missing from an EtherTalk connection, check for the
possibility of a break somewhere along the Ethemet cable. The effects of
improper termination can be produced by a break anywhere in the cable.

Once all connections have been checked, restart the router Macintosh.

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 105

106

e Symptom:
Cause

Solution

Error messages at startup

A. Important

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting

Apple Confidential

The text in router windows is illegible or appears to be displayed
in the wrong font.

The router Macintosh does not have the necessary fonts installed in its
System Folder. |

The Router desk accessory uses the following fonts in its displays:

es 10-point Geneva

@ 10-point Courier

s 12-point Chicago |

If any of these fonts is not installed in the router Macintosh, use the
Macintosh Font/DA Mover utility to add them to the System Folder. These
fonts should be available on most Macintosh computers, but may have been
removed from the Macintosh you are using.

This section lists error messages displayed during router startup. These
messages indicate that some condition was encountered that prevents the
router software from running.

When router startup is interrupted, the Macintosh reverts to using the built-
in LocalTalk network connection (through the printer port).

After correcting a problem that has interrupted router startup, you need to
reset the router's Restart Status to On in the Setup window before restarting
the system. A

The Router could not run. A driver for one of the AppleTalk
connections can not be found. The built-in LocalTalk port will be
used for your AppleTalk connection.

No AppleTalk connection driver could be found for a port that you've set up.
Check the System Folder and, if the required drivers are there, try to restart
the router. If a driver is missing, or if the problem persists, reinstall the drivers
and/or the router software.

The Router could not run because there is no seed router on the network
connected to port [Port Description).

The Router could not run because there is no seed router on the network
connected to the User’s Port.

Apple Confidential

The Router could not run. An error occurred while installing a driver
for one of the ports. The built-in LocalTalk port will be used for
your AppleTalk connection.

The router software had a problem loading an AppleTalk driver. A possible
cause is inability to find a network resource, such as an EtherTalk card. Make
sure that no card has been moved since the router's setup. (This message will
also appear if you've intentionally removed an interface card, until you change
the router setup to reflect this change and restart.)

The Router could not run because AppleTalk services ould not be
accessed.

Although AppleTalk may be active on your Macintosh, an external, network-
based problem is making AppleTalk services inaccessible to you at this time.
Possibly, all available node addresses on a connected network are being used.

The Router could not run. Please use the Chooser to activate
AppleTalk.

Check in the Macintosh Chooser to make sure that AppleTalk is set to Active.

The Router could not run. Please use the Router DA to set up the
Router’s ports.

At least two ports must be set up before you can run the router.

The Router could not run. The Router file was not found. Please
reinstall the Router.

Make sure the router file is in the System Folder. If it is there, try to restart the
router. If it is missing, or if the problem persists, reinstall the router software.

The Router could not run. The startup disk is locked.

The startup disk on the router’s Macintosh must be unlocked because setup
information may have to be written to the disk. Unlock the disk, set Restart
Status to On, and restart the router.

The Router could not run. The network number 111 you have set up
for one of the Router’s ports is in conflict with that network's actual
number, 222. Please use the Router DA to correct that value.

A network number entered in this router’s setup does not match that
network’s number as identified in a routing table received from another
router on this network. Verify the information and correct it in the Router
Setup window.

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 107

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The Router could not run. The network range 110 to 111 you have set
up for one of the Router’s ports is in conflict with that network's
actual range, 220 to 222. Please use the Router DA to correct that
range.

A network range entered in this router's setup does not match that
network's range as identified in a routing table received from another router
on this network. Verify the information and correct it in the Router Setup
window. ;

The Router could not run. The zone name ‘xxxx’ you have set up for
one of the Router’s ports is in conflict with zone name ‘yyyy’ on that
port’s network. Please use the Router DA to correct that zone name.

A zone name entered in this router's setup does not match that zone’s name
as identified in a routing table received from another router on this network.
Verify the information and correct it in the zone list.

The Router could not run. The zone name ‘xxxx’ you have set up in

the zone list for network range 111 to 222 is not in the actual zone

list for that network. Please use the Router DA to correct that zone
name.

A zone list entered in this router’s setup does not match the zone list for this
network range, as identified in a routing table received from another router
on this network. Verify the information and correct it in the zone list.

The Router could not run. Zone name ‘xxxx’ has not been set up for
network range 111 to 222, but is in the actual zone list for that
network. Please use the Router DA to add that zone name.

A zone name in the zone list for the network range indicated appears in
another router’s routing table, but has been omitted from this router's setup.
Verify the information and correct it in the zone list.

The Router could not run. The zone list you have set up for network
range 111 to 222 is in conflict with that network's actual zone list.
Please use the Router DA to correct that zone list.

The zone list you have entered for the network range indicated is entirely
different from the zone list for this network range entered in another router.
Verify the information and correct it in the zone list.

The Router could not run. The default zone ‘xxxx’ you have set up
for one of the Router’s ports is in conflict with default zone ‘yyyy’
on that port’s network. Please use the Router DA to correct that
default zone.

Error messages in the

Router desk accessory

Apple Confidential

The default zone selected for a network range must be the same in each seed
router for the network having that range. Verify the information and correct
it in the zone list.

The Router could not run. The Router file is damaged. Please
reinstall the Router.

Some portion of the router software has become corrupted. You must reinstall

- the router software.

Error messages listed below are displayed during during operation of the

Router desk accessory. The messages are listed alphabetically and are followed

by an explanation only if you need to respond in a way that isn't explained by

the message text. |

@ Audio or visual alert: If, while trying to open the Router desk accessory,
the system beeps once and returns to the Finder, system memory is
insufficient to open the desk accessory. You may need to shut down any
concurrent applications before opening this desk accessory. (If the volume
has been set to zero on the Macintosh Control Panel, the menu bar will
flash once.)

A network oumber can only have decimal or hexadecimal digits.

A network range must consist of two numbers. Both numbers must be
zero or both numbers must be non-zero.

If you enter a zero to indicate a nonseed port, both numbers in the range
must be zero. If this is not a nonseed port, neither number may be zero.

A network range must not duplicate or overlap another network
range.

Two or more networks have been set up with the same network number.

Each network on the internet must be given a unique number, unless it is the
value zero.

A port description cannot be more than 31 characters in length.
At least one port must be set up if the Restart Status is set to On.

At least one zone name must be entered if the port’s network number
field is not zero.

If a nonzero network number is entered for a network during router setup, at
least one zone name must be entered. A zone name must be entered even if
the internet contains only one zone.

A User’s Port must be selected.
Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 109

Apple Confidential

The router cannot run unless one of the networks listed in the Setup window
is selected as a User's Network. See the setup instructions in Chapter 4.

A zone name cannot be more than 32 characters in length.

A zone name of “** is not allowed.

The single asterisk character is reserved by AppleTalk protocols to signify
“this zone.” It cannot be used as a zone name.

Confirmation of your new password has failed.

The password you typed does not match your first entry. Carefully retype
your passwords, making sure to match uppercase and lowercase characters.
Could not find the Router file. Please reinstall the Router.

Could not open the Router file. Please reinstall the Router.

There may be too many files open on this Macintosh, or the Router file may
be missing. Make sure the Router file is in the System Folder. If it is there, try
to restart the router. If it is missing, or if the problem persists, reinstall the
router software.

Could not save setup information in the Router file. Please check
that the disk is not locked before continuing.

The startup disk on the router's Macintosh may be locked. It must be unlocked
so that setup information may be saved. Unlock the disk and continue.
Network numbers must be in the range of 1-65279 ($1-SFEFF hex) for
seed ports, or zero for non-seeed ports.

Printing could not be completed. The Router software was damaged
or incorrectly installed. Please reinstall the Router.

This message is displayed if any error occurs while using the Router menu’s
Print Current Window command. Check that the printer is operating properly
and try reprinting. If the problem persists, there may be insufficient memory
to run the printing routines. Try selecting another printer in the Chooser.

The new password could not be saved. Please check that the disk is
not locked before continuing.

The port cannot be activated. Conflicting information for this
network was entered in another Router.

While the port was inactive, conflicting network number or zone name _
information about the connected network was entered in another router.
Verify the information and change the router setup as needed.

The port description cannot be more than 31 characters long.

110 Chapter 11: Troubleshooting

Apple Confidential

There is not enough memory to open all the AppleTalk connection
files. Please close other applications or DAs before continuing.

There is not enough memory to open the Router DA. Please close
other applications or DAs before continuing.

If one of more concurrent applications are running on the router’s Macintosh,
there may be insufficient available memory to run the Router desk accessory.
You'll need to perform a shutdown of a concurrent application before running
the router, and may need to install additional memory to run these concurrently.

There is not enough memory to print. Please close other
applications or DAs before continuing.

There is not enough memory to save the setup information. Please
close other applications or DAs before continuing.

The Router cannot print to a spooler installed on this machine.
Please open the Chooser and select another printer.

The printing service currently selected in the router Macintosh Chooser is a
print spooler, such as the AppleShare print server, that is running on the
router Macintosh. You must select a different printer to print from the
Router desk accessory.

The Router can not run on this model of the Macintosh computer.

i The AppleTalk Internet Router can be run only on the Macintosh Plus,
-_ Macintosh SE family, and Macintosh II family computers.

The Router software was damaged or incorrectly installed. Please re-
install the Router.

The router software will not be available if the Router file was incorrectly
installed. You cannot use the Macintosh Font/DA Mover utility to install the
Router desk accessory. Restart the router, and if the problem Pee reinstall
the router software.

Too many characters have been entered.

You cannot set up the Router. No AppleTalk connection drivers were
found in the System Folder. Please reinstall the Router.

AppleTalk connection drivers are needed for the router to recognize the
different AppleTalk network connections. Restart the router from the disk
onto which the router software was installed. If the problem persists,
reinstall the drivers and/or the router software.

You cannot enter a zone name if the port’s network number is set to
zero.

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 111

112

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting

Apple Confidential

You cannot make the User’s Port inactive

Deactivating the User's Port is not permitted. This would cause network
services on this port to be lost. Any concurrent application on the router's
Macintosh, such as an AppleShare file server, could be lost to network users.

You cannot set up more than 8 ports.

Your password cannot be more than 8 characters long.
You typed the old password incorrectly.

You typed the password incorrectly.

Apple Confidential

Appendixes

113

igs

tos

Apple Confidential

A P P E N D I xX A

Planning an AppleTalk Internet

| HIS APPENDIX PROVIDES GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING
w the layout of an AppleTalk internet
a the placement of internet routers

w the assignment of network numbers, ranges, and zones

These guidelines are provided for network administrators at all levels of
experience, but the information is particularly relevant to beginning network
administrators. While the discussion of planning, in some cases, assumes you
are creating a new intemet, the guidelines apply equally to installing a router in
an existing internet.

( Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 115

Apple Confidential

When do you need to create an internet?

Three situations most commonly call for installing a router to create an
internet:

= To connect two or more existing networks

Generally, computer networks that serve the needs of separate work
groups in different parts of an organization are installed separately.
Routers can connect these networks into an internet, allowing users on
each network to access network services on the entire internet.

These networks may be of different types, using different connection
methods and transmission media, and may require a router that can
overcome these differences while connecting the networks together.

= To enlarge a network that has reached its maximum length or
number of devices

A network can be enlarged beyond its specified limits by the addition of a
router. Devices called repeaters and bridges also allow you to increase a
network's size and number of devices, but they do not produce separate,
individually addressable networks.

Rather than adding cables and devices to a single network, it is often more-
efficient to grow by creating new networks, using routers. This can result
in better performance on each new network, and allows the creation of
independent work groups.

s To isolate traffic on different parts of a network

When many users try to use network services simultaneously, network
performance is reduced. For example, one group of network users
performing frequent, high-volume printing tasks might cause network
congestion for all other users.

A router can separate such a network into two networks that can
communicate with each other but that are functionally independent—
thereby isolating local traffic on each network and improving
performance.

These three objectives are not mutually exclusive; the creation of an internet
often involves several routers and may satisfy all the above objectives.

116 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

Creating a map

Apple Confidential

Planning the physical layout of an internet

Since most computer networks are likely to grow, it’s important to design an
internet that will continue to deliver high performance as you connect new
networks and add computers and servers. :

The key to an expandable internet is a layout that supports growth while
maintaining the most efficient route possible between any two networks—
in terms of both hops (the number of intervening networks) and speed.

Begin the internet planning process by creating a map of the desired internet

layout. This map can be hand drawn, or computer aided with the help of

graphics software, such as MacDraw®.

It’s useful to obtain floor plans of the building locations involved in the
internet, to help determine the relative scale and locations of the networks
you need to draw. (Floor plans may be available from the facilities
management department of your company or the building management
office of your building.)

Using a copy of the floor plan as a background, draw in the networks and
routers needed for your internet. Use the guidelines for network layout
provided in this appendix, and make adjustments to fit your plan as
necessary.

The network map will serve three purposes:
= To help you determine where routers are needed

= To help you determine the optimum placement of routers for the least
number of hops between all connected networks

# To provide a visual reference of where networks and devices are located,
for use in troubleshooting network problems once the internet is
operating

The network map will be equally useful whether you are laying out a new
internet or installing routers to connect existing networks.

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 117

Apple Confidential

As you develop an internet plan, you will find that the creation of backbone
enone en networks is one of the most useful tools available for designing an efficient
internet layout. 3
A backbone network is a network whose primary function is to transport
information between other networks, which are connected to the backbone
by routers. In the design plan of an internet, a backbone can help to create
efficient routes between all parts of the intemet. Each network connected to
a backbone is no more than two hops from any other network connected to
the backbone. This is illustrated in Figure A-1.

It's advantageous to create a backbone network if many separate networks
need to be connected to each other, or if networks that need to be connected
are not physically contiguous.

= Figure A-1 How a backbone network is used

Example A
Without backbone

Network 1 | Network 2

Nerwork 5

Network 2

Se oe Se Network 5

118 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

siete.

Apple Confidential

In the Figure A-1, example A shows five networks connected serially by
routers, with no backbone. To get from Network 1 to Network 5, a packet
would need to travel four hops, and to contend with network traffic on the
three intervening networks—which may themselves be slower-speed
networks.

In contrast, in example B, the same transmission would need to travel only
two hops, with the backbone network in between. (Network performance
can be further enhanced if that backbone is a high-speed network.)

Selecting the backbone network type

Any type of network that can be connected to a router can be set up as a
backbone. However, since the object of a backbone is to enhance
performance—and since the backbone may be used as a throroughfare for
many connected networks—it’s desirable for the backbone network to
transmit data at a fast rate.

For example, any type of backbone can provide the efficiency of fewer hops
between networks, but an Ethernet backbone will also provide a high
transmission speed. The usage levels and performance needs of your own
internet should dictate your backbone selection.

It’s important to note that network nodes can be connected directly to a
backbone network, permitting heavily-used devices such as file servers to
become more efficiently accessible to networks connected to the backbone.

Where to place a router

Each internet is, in some ways, unique: The connected networks can differ in
size, layout, and type. Provided a router is properly connected, there are no
absolute rules that govern the placement of routers in your internet.
However, the following guidelines for router placement can help you to
improve the performance of your internet.

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 119

Apple Confidential

Selectin mn 1A ‘ router may be placed at any point in the length of a network. It isn’t
sutier i labies wate necessary to connect networks end-to-end. As shown in Figure A-2, a router

on each network can be the endmost device on a network, or it can be located anywhere along
the network cable.

® Figure A-2 Sample router locations

— a: =

— i- in ye) owes
Ay.) toues

= —= 5

(
0

120 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

+t. Router

meeee ge ceneaeaasaanase

CRAALERS RAMS ROEALMARERERS ROe wOtAS Foe EeRetoasEtorseesasancane

Creating redundant routes

Apple Confidential

Where possible, try to create duplicate routes to each individual network.
Using this technique, called redundant routing, you can prevent these
networks from becoming inaccessible to the rest of the internet if a break
should occur on one of their access routes.

In Figure A-3, a router has been added to the internet to produce circular
redundancy, creating an alternate access route between any two networks
and improving network reliability.

@ Figure A-3 A redundant route layout

o
Io

a= am el toe

I
io

(“G. Router

“t.. Router

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 121

Apple Confidential

Adding backbone As described in the earlier discussion of backbone networks, a backbone gives
networks each connected network a more direct route to every other network, with

the minimum possible number of hops. A large internet can contain a
framework of several backbone networks connecting all other networks.

ws Figure A-4 Network independence through backbone design

a am =

im i im > 1——

o o __ =
= alm) ora = re

If a break should occur on any individual network (other than the backbone),
other networks can maintain uninterrupted communication, independently
of the inactive network. "

122 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

Apple Confidential

Relative network speed Since you may combine different types of networks in an AppleTalk internet,
P you need to consider where t would be most advantageous to place higher
speed networks in the layout of your internet. When possible, avoid placing
slower networks in a busy route between other networks.

ws Figure A-§ Laying out the internet for optimum performance

Two examples of a more efficient layout

Recommended
LocalTalk
Ethernet

aN ta,

( | Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 123

Apple Confidential

When connecting networks of different speeds, consider that the router
does not distinguish the speed of a network when selecting a route to a
destination; it favors the route with the least number of hops.

Wherever redundant routes exist, try to place fewer hops in the faster
network so that this will be the path selected. You may want to eliminate

redundant routes where their hop counts will cause the router to favor the
slower-speed route. This is illustrated in Figure A-6.

w Figure A-6 How some redundant routes can interfere with routing efficiency

Ethernet

| Router 2 Router 4 [*RRe,

| Router 3
:

OO OOS BOE OHA EES @ &

"
t
UUTGERERDIDSEST Mn :

In this internet, Router 1 will forward a packet
through the shorter, 3-hop route, even though
wee cca 3-hop route it is slower. To prevent this, eliminate the
redundant route by removing Router 3.

124 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

Assigning network
numbers

Apple Confidential

Assigning network numbers, ranges, and
zones |

The procedure for assigning numbers and names to networks and zones is
described in Chapter 6, “Setting Up the AppleTalk Internet Router.” The
format you use to identify networks is subject to a few restrictions, such as
the length and maximum value of network numbers, but it is otherwise
detemined by your own preferences and conventions, not by any specific
ules.

However, observing certain guidelines in how you identify networks can help
to maintain order as the internet grows and the number of networks and
zones increases. These guidelines are described in the following sections.

In large and fast-growing internets, it's useful to observe a consistent
network numbering system—a special format for the creation of network
numbers.

Such a system involves assigning a location code or department code to the
digits in a network number. The examples in Table A-1 illustrate how a
network numbering system can help to identify networks in an orderly way.

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 125

Apple Confidential

@ Table A-1 A sample network numbering system

Example 1
Sample Network Range: 12345-12399

~ Example 2 (shown in hex)
Sample Network Range: $0123-S01FF

A network numbering system serves three purposes:

a It facilitates the assignment of network numbers when new networks
are created.

w It gives a meaning to each network number, so that an administrator can
look at a routing table or other network listings and associate the
network numbers with their physical counterparts.

a It allows networks that are not currently connected to be merged into
the internet in the future without causing network number conflicts.

126 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

Assigning network ranges

Apple Confidential

If a network containing more than 253 AppleTalk nodes is to be connected to
an AppleTalk Internet Router, or if a network in your internet is expected to
grow beyond 253 AppleTalk nodes in the future, you must assign a network
range to that network.

When assigning a network range, be sure the size of the range allows for
ample network growth.

For example, in a network containing 1000 nodes, the range 1-4 would
accommodate current needs (4 x 253 nodes = 1012), but would allow only 12
free node addresses for future growth. Exceeding this level of growth would
require you to shut down the router and assign a new, larger network range,
disrupting network services to users. |

The recommended guideline in choosing a network range is to allow capacity
for at least twice the current number of nodes, and more if rapid growth is
anticipated. Since an AppleTalk internet supports up to 65,279 network
addresses, or over 16 million possible node addresses (65,279 x 253 nodes), it’s
possible to assign oversized network ranges and still have sufficient
addresses for a very large internet.

Example:

A single EtherTalk network connecting 300 nodes is to be connected to an
AppleTalk Internet Router, and the network is expected to grow by 30% in a
year.

hogsin

A network range containing two network numbers would support the
anticipated year’s expansion. However, similar growth in the following year
would require you to change the setup of all the network's seed routers.

A network range containing at least four network numbers is recommended
for this network.

For further flexibility in your intemet setup, when assigning network ranges,
allow wide margins between the ranges you select. For example, if a range of
100-110 is assigned to a network, you may want to start the next range with
network number 120 rather than network number 111. If your intemet has

relatively few networks, margins between network ranges can be very large.

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 127

Creating AppleTalk zones

Zone List
a a)

Port: (ga EtherTalk
Default: Zone A

Apple Confidential

AppleTalk network zones and zone lists are defined in Chapter 2, “AppleTalk
Terms and Concepts.”

There are two principal objectives in creating multiple zones for the internet:
@ to balance the number of network services presented to users
w to support the creation of departmental work groups

Creating zones to balance network services in the internet

Through the Chooser desk accessory, a network workstation presents lists
of all the available printers and servers in a given zone. These include file
servers, print servers, and mail servers. The user selects desired services from
these lists.

In an internet having hundreds or thousands of nodes, if all nodes were in the
same zone, the listings of available servers presented to users would be
extremely long and cumbersome to use.

Defining multiple zones can create a balance between the number of users
and the number of servers available to them. Figure A-7 illustrates this
concept

@ Figure A-7 Balancing services through AppleTalk zones

Server registered Server registered Server registered
in Zone A in Zone B in Zone C

Network 1

128 Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet

teats

Apple Confidential

Creating zones to facilitate departmental grouping

A group of users assigned to the same zone can efficiently share the network
resources in that zone. But since a department’s boundaries do not necessarily
correspond to a physical network cable, a zone list can add flexibility to the
creation of work groups by allowing users on the same physical cable to be in
different zones. Figure A-8 illustrates this point.

@ Figure A-8 How zones help users on different physical networks share services

File server
in Prineer
ZoneA ZoneA ZoneB ZoneA ZoneB ZoneB 2ZOMeB in .
: ‘ _ “ i ‘ e
oC Oo 70 =
=— = ao a — ee — =

ZoneA ZoneB JZoneA ZoneB- ZoneA —

SHLEA6E

Appendix A: Planning an AppleTalk Internet 129

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Apple Confidential

I x B

Effects of the AppleTalk Internet
Router on Network Nodes

| HIS APPENDIX DESCRIBES CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH A NODE ON AN APPLETALK
network may be affected by the operation of a router.

If unexpected network-related conditions are encountered by network nodes
while the router is operating, consult the network troubleshooting guidelines
in Chapter 11 of this guide, and the owner's guides of the affected node
hardware and software.

131

132

Apple Confidential

_ The AppleTalk Internet Router’s operation is generally transparent to users of

network nodes. However, the presence of an active router may require action
from a node’s user or administrator when the node first detects the presence
of the router. This may occur on one of two occasions:

@ when the node is first connected to the network
w when a router first becomes active on the network

Connecting a node to a network

When any node is connected to an AppleTalk Phase 2 network for the first
time—if routers are to be used on that network—then at least one seed
router should be active on the network.

If, for any reason, x0 router is active when the node is first connected to
the network, then once a router does become active, the node’s AppleTalk
connection may need to be reestablished before the node can communicate
with the rest of the internet. Reestablishing the AppleTalk connection
allows the node to acquire a new network address that is consistent with
the router’s setup.

The next section, “Reestablishing a Node’s AppleTalk Connection,” describes
how to reestablish the AppleTalk connection on a Macintosh node. This may
be necessary under two conditions:

a Ifthe node has never previously been used on an AppleTalk Phase 2
network, its AppleTalk connection will need to be reestablished before
any internet services can become available to it.

= If the node has been moved from another network where an AppleTalk
Phase 2 router was running, the node may have saved its prior network
address, which will conflict with the new address. The node’s AppleTalk
connection should be reestablished immediately. Otherwise, the node
may lose access to all local network and internetwork services.

In either condition, when a router does become active on the network, the
node may display an alert message indicating that the user must reestablish
AppleTalk in order to use internet services.

Appendix B: Effects of the AppleTalk Internet on Network Nodes

LocalTalk

EtherT sik

Apple Confidential

Reestablishing a node’s AppleTalk connection

Follow the instructions below to reestablish the AppleTalk connection on a
Macintosh node:

L. Open the Control Panel.
Choose Control Panel from the Apple menu.

2 Click the Network icon.

The Control Panel displays an icon for each AppleTalk connection available
on this node.

3. Click the icon for the desired AppleTalk connection.
If there is a zone list for this node, it is displayed.

4, Press Return to confirm the node’s zone.

5. Close the Control Panel.

The AppleTalk connection is reestablished.

Appendix B: Effects of the AppleTa!k Internet on Network Nodes 133

Apple Confidential

Selecting a node’s zone

If a zone list is entered in the setup information for a network, each node on
the network can belong to any zone in this list. LocalTalk networks are
always associated with a single zone name rather than a list, so no zone
selection is performed for LocalTalk nodes.

A node’s zone is generally selected from the network's zone list when the
node is connected to the network for the first time, and can be changed at
any time.

Since not all nodes are capable of displaying a zone list (for example, certain
non-Apple computers), a node will reside in the default zone for its network
unless a zone is explicitly selected for the node.

The default zone for a network is selected by the network administrator
during router setup, when entering the network’s zone list. It is the first
entry made in the zone list, unless the network administrator designates a
different zone as the default zone.

4. Important Once a node's zone has been selected, it's not necessary to select it again each
time the node is started up. The node’s zone name remains saved until it is
changed by the user or administrator. A

To select a Macintosh node’s zone:

1, Open the Control Panel.
Choose Control Panel from the Apple menu.

=f:
|
—, i 2. Click the Network icon.

The Control Panel displays an icon for each AppleTalk connection available
on this node.

LocalTalk 3. Click the icon for this node's AppleTalk connection .

134 Appendix B: Effects of the AppleTalk Internet on Network Nodes

pea
i -
Or ae

Apple Confidential

If the selected AppleTalk connection is EtherTalk or TokenTalk, a zone list
is displayed.

4, Select the zone for the Macintosh node.

The node's currently selected zone is displayed. To change this selection,
click the desired zone name in the list.

§. Click OK or press Return.

6 Close the Control Panel.

The procedure is completed, and the node now belongs to the selected
AppleTalk zone.

Appendix B: Effects of the AppleTalk Internet on Network Nodes 135

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