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MOCTOBER 1935 © CITY PLANNING e BASEMENT USES e TIME-SAVER STANDARDS

YT NANA Ne ee

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EDITORIAL MONTH

In a few short decades we have seen a growing congestion, a
subsequent extension of city's boundaries, the founding of sat-
ellite communities, the rapid development of traffic means and
the almost unbelievable extension of industrial techniques. Ail
these have contributed in making a hodge-podge of American
cities . . . To Eliel Saarinen, ORGANIZATION is the seed,
root, branch and fléwer of the city-planning tree. The organi-
zation of cities rests largely upon the leadership of the archi-
~ tectural profession—and in THE ART OF CITY BUILDING he
explains the necessary technique ,.. . Expressed crisply in black
and white, sunlight and shadow, atmosphere and distance, ideas
take on real meaning in BREATHING SPACES FOR NEW
YORK, an eight page plate section, the value of the perspec-
tive sketch, always so heart-warming to the architect, is vividly
portrayed . . . The once lowly basement, the degenerate in
every house planning scheme, comes to light in this issue as one
of the most important, attractive and comfortable units in
the house—BASEMENT PLANNING, twenty-two pages of text
and illustrations, covers the general planning and equipment
features, while TIME-SAVER STANDARD CHARTS deal in
a comprehensive manner with the basic elements of base-
ment design, giving the essential data in the most usable form.

“joi
of «

tior

jus
It |
inv
hay

nal

Ox)

TREAMIIVED.
inde and

> OXWELDED PIPING -

— . . . smooth inside and out . .. this

installation typifies part of a large piping system made

“jointless” and leakproof forever by oxwelding. This method ‘

of erection reduces friction and power losses—makes insula-

tion easier to apply and less costly.
A — ee eae 5 ae aes es Linde engineers have prepared clear and con-
n oxwelded piping system is one permanent whole .. . ; ‘ '
; pee E 7 ’ cise technical data especially for the architect
just as if it were constructed from a continuous piece of pipe! ; ; in rare

interested in designing and specifying jointless

It is easier to design, takes up less space, looks neater and piping systems that will remain leakproof

involves no additional cost or time for construction. Welds forever. Ask the Linde Office in your city for
have the strength of the original pipe and require no mainte- complete details or write to the company at

nance. Pipe of all sizes—any material—can be welded. Be- 30 East 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. The

Linde Air Products Company, Unit of Union

cause these advantages cannot be obtained in any other way, ;
Wa ae: . : : Carbide and Carbon Corporation.
oxwelded piping is being specified by architects and installed

in more modern buildings each year.

Ccaything fc Ory Metylene Ulldiag and lating

LINDE OXYGEN e PREST-O-LITE ACETYLENE @ OXWELD APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES FRO a LICL L] n 0 F UNION CARBIDE

UNION CARBIDE AND
CARBON CORPORATION

American Architect, published monthly by International Publications, Inc., 572 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. $3.00 per year.
Canada, $4.00; Foreign, $5.00. Entered as second class matter April 5th, 1926, at the Post Office, at New York, N. Y., under the
act of March 3rd, 1879. Issue 2638, dated October, 1935.

FOR OCTOBER 1935 l

The EXTRA SPACE

Everyone's
Been Looking For

It was right there all the time

just below the sink and
lavatory. Crane Co. discovered it by putting a cabinet around
it. And that is how the Crane SUNNYSIDE Sink and Tucaway
Lavatory came into being.

In new buildings these cabinet units reduce or eliminate
the necessity for special closets. In old buildings they provide
storage space where none existed before. They even eliminate
the necessity for towel bars on the walls, or add to already
existing capacity.

There’s plenty of space for towels, soaps, cleaning powders
and the overflow from the medicine cabinet. ‘Towel bars may

be had in two styles—heavy cast brass brackets and square
chromium plated bars, or steel brackets and round brass rods,
chromium plated or painted white. Heavy-gauge steel walls,
bottom and shelf. Baked enamel finish. Perforated openings
for ventilation in back. Steel sub-base with recessed toe space.
Chromium plated hardware.

In apartments, stores, offices, homes—these cabinet lava-
tories equipped with regular Crane Corwiru bow! and fixtures,
will immediately appeal to tenants and owners because of their
great utility, their fine appearance. On display in all Crane
showrooms.

pee

-~- Crane SUNNYSIDE Cabinet Sink

CRANE PLUMBING AND

HEATING MATERIALS

CRANE CO., GENERAL OFFICES: 836 S. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ¢ NEW YORK: 23 W. 44TH ST.
Branches and Sales Offices in One Hundred and Sixty Cities

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

ty,

_—— a ae
reve f ease

SAAN

UR
SS AS
— >,’ Wer 2

Focal point of design... typifying the very spirit of the building * Aluminum lends itself perfectly
to the execution of architectural details and confers that supreme benefit: light weight * A lavish
variety of finishes, all luxurious and lasting, is at the command of the designer * Manner
of construction is dictated only by preference, for versatile alloys in every needed form are

available to fabricators * Aluminum Company of America, 1895 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

ALCOA o ALUMINUM

FOR OCTOBER 1935

ARCHITECTURE
ALLIED ARTS

Above, illustration from "Slum Clearance and Reconditioning of

Insanitary Dwellings.’ Right, House in "The Modern House"

SLUM CLEARANCE AND
RECONDITIONING

OF INSANITARY DWELLINGS
Edited by International Housing Association.
Published by Julius Hoffmann, Stuttgart,
Germany. Volume |. Text, 221 pages, 40
illustrations. Volume 2. Plans, 87 pages, 81
plan plates. Two volumes, price RM 16.

XPERIENCE has taught us that as

long as there are slums people will
live in them. They must therefore be
eliminated before the greater part of
the rest of the housing problems can
be attacked. These volumes consist of
a collection of reports from different
towns and countries to the Interna-
tional Housing Congress in Prague
and represents a comprehensive survey
of unusual interest on the whole prob-
lem of slum clearance. Architects who
are interested in this phase of Ameri-
can rehabilitation will find these vol-
umes interesting and of real worth.

®
THE MODERN HOUSE

By F. R. S. Yorke, A.R.I.B.A. Published by
The Architectural Press, 9 Queen Anne's
Gate, S.W. |. London, England. Second
Edition, February 1935. Illustrated; 215
pages: size 8 x 10; price 21 shillings.
LTHOUGH it contains about 500
illustrations inciuding many plans
and construction details, this book is
not primarily a picture volume dealing
with the modern house. About half the
pages contain text outlining the re-
quirements to be met in the type of
individual dwellings commonly called

“modern.” Discussed at length are
materials to be employed, the various
structural portions of the house and
types of plans best suited to the de-
velopment of characteristically “mod-
ern” design. The author says little
about design philosophy. Sixteen pages
of additional material have been
added which include examples of the
most recent developments in design
and bring the book up-to-date.

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS

By Charles Merrick Gay and Charles
De Van Fawcett. Published by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City. Cloth
covers; 428 pages; size 6!/44x9!/4; price
$5 plus postage.

HIS volume, intended primarily for

use as a textbook, presents the es-
sentials of mechanical and electrical
equipment for buildings, embracing
simple concise statements of the funda-
mental theories involved, together with
their broad application in architec-
tural design.

Although it makes no pretense of
being a “handbook” for the purpose
of engineering practice, it should be
found useful in the every day work
of architects. Since the volume deals
with the basic principles of electrical
and mechanical design it is applicable
for use in architectural and technical
schools, and in the preparation for
civil service and state examinations.

ENGINEERING

BUSINESS

The book is divided into five sec-
tions, covering the subjects of Water
Supply, Plumbing and _ Drainage;
Heating and Air Conditioning; Elec-
trical Equipment and _ Acoustics.
Each chapter is fully illustrated with
mechanical drawings, charts and for-
mulas.

MEMOIRS OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME

Published by The American Academy,
Rome, Italy. Volume XII; 17 plate illus-
trations; 184 pages.

HIS is the ninth volume, issued

since 1917, in a series of studies,
by the students of the American Acad-
emy at Rome, which is five theses
bound as one volume. The subjects
covered are: The Origins of the In-
sulae at Ostia, by Philip Harsh. The
Regia, by Frank E. Brown. The Ar-
chaeological Evidence for the ‘“Tus-
can Temple,” by Agnes Kirsopp Lake.
The House of Marcus Loreius Tibur-
tinus at Pompeii, text by A. W. Van
Buren and restoration by Thomas D.
Price. The Excerpts of Heiric “Ex
Libris Valerii Maximi Memorabilium
Dictorum vel Factorum,” by Dorothy
M. Schmullian.

3esides 17 plate illustrations there
are numerous floor and plot plans.
Members of the American Academy
and architects generally who are in-
terested in antiquity should find this
latest edition of value.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

£ ts not a matter bo he
talon lightly, the confining of childvon tn

le / ,, = J y a
artificia surroundings during the HLOSL <
active lime of eS Kies.

The Readers

Have a Word to Say

® TIME-SAVER STANDARDS

APPRECIATED
Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:

AY I take this opportunity to again

congratulate you on the splendid
Time-Saver Standards sections you
have been publishing in AMERICAN AR-
CHITECT.

In my perusal of the articles on Heat-
ing, Cooling and Air Conditioning, it
occurred to me to suggest that refer-
ence data on Hot and Cold Water Sup-
ply would be very useful to architects.
This might include the requirements of
various types of buildings as offices,
residences, multi-family buildings, etc.
as to quantity requirements; the sizing
of mains, risers, circulating lines,
branches to fixtures, etc.; methods and
details of piping; pressure and gravity
tanks; hot water tanks and instanta-
neous coils in boilers; materials, etc.

This is a subject which generally is
only superficially covered in an archi-
tect’s education, and one which I feel
he often wishes he had more knowledge
of. I hope this suggestion may be of
use to you in the preparing of forth-
coming Reference Data sections.—Wuil-
liam H. Leyh, Architect, Brooklyn.

e BUILDING CODES
Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:

Og should be done about
out-moded building code require-
ments. Within their own communities,
I believe, architects can foster an educa-
tional program that will influence the
public sentiment toward a more enlight-
ened method of stating requirements.
The subject does not lend itself well to
dramatization, however, and the most
sensitive point at which the public can
be approached is that of construction
cost. I should like to see careful esti-
mates made in each community, using
prevailing costs of materials and pre-
vailing wage rates, and creating a com-
parison between the code requirements
in use as contrasted with more liberal
requirements. The results would prob-
ably not be as startling as is generally
supposed, but they would present the
subject in such a concrete way that the
general public could understand. Ar-
chitects are in a particularly good posi-
tion to do this work.

Obviously, somebody or some group
has to study the matter continuously
and determine what the proper basis of
performance really is. If it is left to the
interpretation of individual designers
operating under a vague requirement
for safety, the solutions achieved are
likely to be as different as the ability
and conscience of these designers. The
protection of the public will be, in effect,
delegated to them without any stand-
ards being set up. That is why I think
architects should co-operate in the set-
ting up of standards so that the per-
formance basis could take on reality.

Whether in the creation of per-
formance standards or in getting them
accepted for local use, architects would
be helpless without assistance of build-
ing officials, fire protection experts,
engineers, realtors, and others. There
is however, plenty of machinery already
established through which architects
can function it they want to take a lead-
ing place, as they should, in code im-
provement.—George N. Thompson,
Division of Codes and Specifications,
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C.

® CONTRACTOR ACTION
Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
RCHITECTS should have a strong-

er cohesion which would not only
enable them to take disciplinary meas-
ures against any members of their pro-
fession who deserve it, but which also
would make it possible to discipline con-
tractors who do not behave. Such con-
tractors should know of the strength
of such a body, and the dangers of their
being put on a black list for various
reprehensible acts.

Example: a low bidder, for a contract
of less than $4,000, whose record is in-
vestigated and found unsatisfactory is
not awarded a contract—which goes to
a higher bidder. The low contractor,
through spite, sends the architect an
exhorbitant bill ($650) followed by a
lawsuit for alleged services rendered.

I am sure no fellow architect would
let this man bid on any of his work if
his name were known. If the architect
in question had had the means to let
the matter be known to his colleagues,
the contractor would not have dared to
annoy him.—Vahan Hagopian, A. I. A.,
New York, N. Y.

BUILDING

Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
ONDITIONS in the Middle West
are much improved and this is re-

flected in the building industry. Large
construction work is still very scarce,
but there is a large volume of small
work—much of it alterations and re-
conditioning. The residence shortage
in cities like Peoria is getting to be
very acute. One real estate firm here
has only six vacancies out of nearly
twelve hundred properties handled.

Store vacancies, very numerous not so

long ago, are now rare.

The answer to this condition is to be
found largely in the high cost of build-
ing, which seems to be out of line with
what individuals and commercial con-
cerns can afford to pay for rent. The
result is that building investments can-
not be made to pay a fair return.

The policy of the Administration
seems to be to keep up the high cost of
building with the hope that other
things can be brought into line. Un-
doubtedly a drop in the cost of build-
ing would bring on an immense amount
of work. Whether the pressure of in-
creasing demand, aided by _ cheap
money, will eventually break down the
cost resistance remains to be seen. The
white collar wage will have to be
materially increased if even the present
standards of housing are to be main-
tained.—H. FE. Hewitt, Hewitt, Emerson
& Gregg, Architects, Peoria, Il.

APPRECIATE very much your dis-

tress in that the perspective for the
St. Albans, Vermont, Post Office and
Custom House was not credited to me
in the August number of AMERICAN
ARCHITECT.

This project is a particular favorite
of mine, partly because it received the
Commendation for Design at the recent
Exhibition of Federal Architecture. I
wonder whether it is too much to ask
that you note in your next number that
this was an error and that it should
have been credited to me.—Lorimer
Rich, Architect, New York, N. Y.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

Bowe
Bank
quiet
stron
are

Riat
floor
libra
Bros
show
biliti
stron

Beu
burg
ques:
the
and
Arm

COIR

= a a BEAUTY pa in floors

ABpBove—In
Bowery Savings
Bank, New York,
quiet floors of Arm-
strong’s Cork Tile
are laid directly
over concrete.

Ricut— This cork
floor in the model
library of Barker
Bros., Los Angeles,
shows the possi-
bilities of Arm-
strong’s Cork Tile
in homes.

~ ~

Betow—In Pitts-

burgh’s smart Du-

quesne Crub bar,

the floors, walls,

and ceilings are

Armstrong's Cork
Tile.

FOR OCTOBER

1935

lL OA A ates,

all all

llth

IERE silence is golden...

in hospitals, libraries, banks,

and private homes . . . you can
insure quiet with floors of sound-
absorbing cork tile. Armstrong’s
Cork Tile is made of pure re-
silient cork containing millions
of dead-air cells to hush foot-
steps and muffle reverberation.
Yet for all its resilience, Arm-
strong’s Cork Tile is exceptionally
durable. Right now, it is demon-
strating its wear-resistance in
hundredsof busy public buildings.
Simple washing and waxing keep

— Sextet

hoot
état Ege
" at

it clean and beautiful for years.

Finally, Armstrong’s Cork
Tile lends itself to all manner of
delightful designs. Its three rich,
warm tones of “cork brown”
offer you a wide range of decora-
tive possibilities. See Sweet’s,
Section 15, Catalog 35, pages 15
and 2l—and write now for
samples and a file-sized copy of
“Armstrong’s Cork Tile Floors.”
Armstrong Cork Products Com-
pany, Building Mate-
rials Division, 1201 State
Street, Lancaster, Penna.

Armstrong’’s

CORK TILE FLOORS

WELSAS DNIYVIM DIBLIAIIA TWUINndd

*uU0D ‘WAodasplig ‘OD ILIQDa1q |BAeUay ‘CEGT O

ARCHITECTF.

side Oe ee Y ieee aoe hy OL IS Fev e

AMERI<¢

WHLSAS DNIHVIM SIANOH , NWOIMZIAY MGN,,

THE G-E RADIAL WIRING SYSTEM

To Satisfy The Electrical Requirements of Your Modern Homes

On drawing boards of architects the country over, modern
homes are being designed. Whether their architecture is
modern or traditional, they have one thing in common...
They are all-electric homes. Your clients demand electric
kitchens, laundries, air-conditioning, and other labor-saving
appliances. Perhaps they cannot install them all now, but
they want all-electric homes as soon as possible. To do
that economically and efficiently, the architect must care-
fully plan the wiring system, through which the electricity
flows, . . . consider the electrical requirements for present
and future needs.

To help you meet such broad specifications, General Elec-
tric Engineers have developed a revolutionary new wiring
system. It is being built into all the General Electric spon-
sored “New American’ Homes now under construction
throughout the country.

The New G-E Radial Wiring System

The G-E Radial Wiring System offers many advantages
to home owners. It is simple in design and construction.
It reduces voltage losses to the minimum, making the cur-
rent paid for do useful work without waste. It provides
new-type, efficient circuit breakers at convenient points
throughout the house. These circuit breakers act also as
switches and are so compact as to actually fit in standard
outlet boxes. And when additions or changes are necessary
in the future, they can be made easily and inexpensively.
The Radial Wiring System is based on the principle of
sub-circulating branch circuits arranged in radial runs
from circuit breakers. This decentralized distribution sys-
tem eliminates the obviously poor practice of placing a
large number of outlets on a branch circuit. It substitutes
back feeders to convenient points throughout the house
where it places controls for the radial circuits. It is ade-
quate in copper, using wire sizes suited to modern loads.
All details, of course, conform to National Electrical Code
requirements.

In the schematic drawing, you can see exactly how the
G-E Radial Wiring System functions. The specifications
call for an all-electric home with major fixed appliances
and a complete outlet and lighting system with modern
switching. The wires marked A designate the service
entrance cables going through the meter to the Totalizing
Unit in the cellar. For all-electric homes, these should
never be less than three No. 4’s. The circuit marked B
is a sub-feeder to the range and water heater made up of
not less than three No. 8 conductors properly fused at
the Totalizing Unit. A limiter device in this circuit cuts
off use of water heater while range is in operation. The

GENERAL

sub-feeder circuits C of No. 10 wires lead from Totalizing
Unit A to the Air-conditioning Panel from which the air-
conditioning equipment is run.

The risers, labeled D consist of No. 10 conductors. They
lead direct from the Totalizing Unit A to all Flush Branch
Circuit Breakers. These Circuit Breakers or control units
must be of suitable capacity to properly protect the wires
which fan out into the devious circuits over the house.
You thus see that we have 4 points of sub-control con-
veniently located around the house. These breakers are
no more obtrusive than is the standard switch in the cir-
cuits of today. The home owner does not object to them
because in their operation of protecting the circuit there
is no fuse blowing — they are operated the same as a
switch. The Circuit Breaker locations are centered to
minimize all circuit lengths.

These sub-circuits of No. 12 conductors, labeled E are
fanned out from the Circuit Breakers to the lighting or
convenience outlets. Wherever possible, convenience out-
lets are circuited separately from lighting outlets.

The kitchen circuiting is particularly noteworthy. Appli-
ance outlets are protected by a 20-amp. Circuit Breaker
served by one of risers D. From it, sub-circuits are fanned
out to individual appliance outlets. Thus each of the No.
12 wires are subjected to the load of only one outlet.
Such is the basic design of the G-E Radial Wiring System.
Additions and modifications can be made to meet all con-
ditions encountered in specific designs,

The Advantages

The sub-circulating of branch circuits and radial runs,
which are characteristic of the G-E Radial Wiring System,
is adequate from every standpoint. There are full pro-
visions for fixed electrical appliances for lighting and con-
venience outlets. There is copper adequacy which prevents
voltage losses in the system. Electricity is carried effi-
ciently to appliances and outlets with minimum loss of
current. Another important advantage is the ease of re-
modeling and extending the system in the future. The
problem of breaking into a limited sub-circuit and its re-
routing is simpler than where a long circuitous, concealed
run must be revamped to suit changes.

This G-E Radial Wiring System utilizes only General Elec-
tric Wiring Materials. A booklet has been prepared giving
detailed specifications of the new G-E Radial Wiring Sys-
tem as applied to one of the smaller “New American”
Homes. Send for a copy of this manual at once. Write
Section CDW-2410, Merchandise Department, General
Electric Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Company, Bridgeport, Conn.

\ ELECTRIC

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, MERCHANDISE DEPARTMENT, BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT

FOR OCTOBER 1935

Why Penberthy Pumps

wherever seepage water
must be removed

Model K Automatic Electric
Sump Pumps. Made in 5
sizes. Size No. 1K retail
price $65.00.

fe
8
ae

beta:
iin Stl ainda

—

Model 33 Automatic Electric

Sump Pump. Made in 1 size
only. Retail price $39.50,

All prices are f. o. b. Detroit

Manufacturers of Quality
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‘Model S Automatic Hydraulic

CellarDrainer. Madein1 size
only. Retail price $14.50.

PENBERTHY
INJECTOR COMPANY

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Made in 5 sizes. Size IR
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ENBERTHY PUMPS are so universally used
Pp... seepage water accumulates
because they have invariably demonstrated
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standing performance is grounded in their
simple and rugged design, their careful work-

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copper and bronze throughout.

Leading jobbers throughout the country stock
Penberthy Automatic Electric Sump Pumps and
Penberthy Water Operated Cellar Drainers.

DETROIT, MICHIGAN
WINDSOR, ONTARIO

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

AMERICAN
ARCHITECT

Trade-Mark Reg. U. S. Patent Office

VOLUME CXLVII NUMBER 2638

KENNETH KINGSLEY STOWELL, A.I.A.,
Editor

RoceR WADE SHERMAN,
Managing Editor

TyLer STEWART RoceERS,
Technical Editor

R. F. GarpNER, T. W. Tow er,

General Manager Advertising Manager

FOR OCTOBER 1535

Se >
/< \
jx ‘
fe
ou 1.2 1937
hy ,

\w siteall
ve

Cover Design by Ernest Born

Airviews of Chicago, Philadelphia and New York............ 12

ae FE OE Cy FN on othe ein caienenséne tasvnes 13

House of Grant Simmons, Fishers Island, New York.......... 21
Eric Kebbon, Architect

Bergpolder Apartment, Rotterdam. ..............cseeceeeees 29
By Talbot F. Hamlin

Ee ay SO ON FO sa ois oe kh keed otvcracesesaees 32

House of L. P. Simpson, Old Greenwich, Connecticut........ 35
Harrison Gill, Architect

Italian Lane (lice, New Voth, N. Y....0.2 eens ceseccasds 38
Reinhard & Hofmeister, Architects

St. Augustine’s Church, Bridgeport, Pennsylvania............. 43
Henry D. Dagit & Sons, Architects

East Broadway Branch, First National Bank, Louisville, Ky.... 46
Carl A. Ziegler, Architect

Ware to Toor —— Bart. nook sc nos co acncevceseccscncsn 48

ir Bene SHE FI TOs. oa ceancie cs caccdsssiss wean 49

Oe Rel Se GE AOCICNNGS ain sow casts ccccicecccsacee 57
By Clinton H. Blake

ee ee ee ee ery err 58

es Bek TOGO GE Te TOs 6 kissd ssnnsisrincccesccssce 60

Pen SN 5 kee ch ia Sa ee ke OSbee onan vewnn 63

eo Ay Seer Te er ere ey 82

I x. tg he oes seh Po es Met ata iaucg tb talipwonin tetas ele ew epee ie re 4

The Readers Have a Word to Say... 2.2... scccesecccveseses 6

SE EO cca ddin kee oe Ven nde wader havens eceneen 117

Re er er Te ree 119

AMERICAN ARCHITECT. Published monthly by International Publications, Inc., 572
Madison Avenue. New York. Other Offices, 919 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago; General
Motors Bldg., Detroit; 132 Newbury Street, Boston. William Randolph Hearst, President;
Richard E. Berlin, Vice President; John Randolph Hearst, Vice President; Arthur S.
Moore, Secretary. Copyright, 1935, by International Publications, Inc. Single copies, $1.00.
Subscription: United States and Possessions, $3.00 per year; Canada, $4.00; Foreign, $5.00.
Entered as second-class matter, April 5, 1926, at Post Office, New York, under Act of
March 3, 1879. American Architect is protected by copyright and nothing that appears in
it may be reproduced either wholly or in part without special permission.

ae
~

CHICA

“ng

e Art of City Building

TO ELIEL SAARINEN the city plan holds the key to the future of architec-

ture . . . Integrated regions, flexible growth-patterns for organic communi-

ties; these must come through architectural leadership . . . Why and how are

pointedly set forth in this interview recorded by Roger Wade Sherman

// OUR a drop of water on a table. Press it
with a fingertip and the borders move out-
ward in radial extensions. A quick pressure
breaks the drop, scattering the water around

in smaller spots, varying in size and in distance from

the original. The result is a miniature plan of the
decentralized city.”

With such compact phrases does Eliel Saarinen
express the essence of contemporary city planning
problems. Embodied in his metaphor are the actions
and reactions that influence the growth and pattern
of urban areas. The globule of water represents
the organic components of modern living. The
pressure of the fingertip indicates the force of com-
plicated social and economic growth. And the spat-
tering result of pressure illustrates the growing
trend toward decentralization—a development of
satellite towns about a parent center.

sut the metaphor is apt only in so far as it demon-
strates physical results of causes—causes which can
be measured to a degree consistent with a detailed
knowledge of their extent and arrangement. The
result itself is accidental. It is without organiza-
tion. And because of this, the decentralized pattern
is not necessarily a better solution to modern prob-
lems than is the crowded unity of a medieval walled
town or the sprawling, formalized gridiron of a
prairie settlement.

To Eliel Saarinen, organization is the seed, root,
branch and flower of the city-planning tree. Long
years of preoccupation with civic problems have
matured his conviction that cities develop primarily
from the cultural necessities of society.
satisfaction of
means—streets,

Adequate
necessities involves material
parks, transportation, buildings.
Only to the extent that these material means are
organized into a projected plan which will provide
for the mental progress of society can the city be
regarded as a successfully integrated instrument for
the complicated business of modern living.

these

PHOTOS: FAIRCHILD AERIAL SURVEYS, INC.

This concept recognizes the city as a dynamic
organism. The growth and development of human
society involves constant change. And in no period
of history has change been a factor of such im-
portance as it now is. During the last forty years
mechanical developments alone have almost com-
pletely revolutionized society’s daily habits of life.
They have also profoundly influenced the attitude
of the nation toward acceptance of new things and
new customs. Thus one cardinal principle of city
planning is the organization of material means not
only to fulfill present requirements, but also to make
certain that no dogmatic obstacles are placed in the
path of the city’s future progress.

From this point of view the city-planning process
appears to be the delineation of a dream. And to
this statement Eliel Saarinen would be among the
first to subscribe. He has plotted dreams for many
cities. In his lifetime few if any of them will be-
come realities. But already his method of dream-
ing has had a vital effect. His invited design in the
Chicago Tribune Tower Competition—though never
built—has had a marked influence in developing a
more organic form in tall building design. Helsing-
fors, capital of his native Finland, is slowly expand-
ing according to an orderly program developed in
principle by him in 1923, and which was presented in
some of its phases in the March, 1935, AMERICAN
ARCHITECT.

In this country Hartford, Connecticut, Madison,
Wisconsin, Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago have
heen subjects for planning studies by students at
Cranbrook Academy, under the direction of Mr.
Saarinen. In every instance his planning method is
the same. It involves, first, analysis of the city’s past,
present and probable future; second, synthesis of
the social, economic, political and cultural com-
ponents in terms of an organized pattern of civic
activities; and, third, projection of a physical pro-
gram of future development, based on this synthesis.

ANALYSIS—

It is easy to say that because of the automobile,
the radio and the airplane we live in a new age and
therefore have no such civic problems as produced
the walled cities of Europe. But, precisely the op-
posite is true. Humans lived in the medieval towns ;
humans with the same type of characteristics are
building cities today. We deal only with the change
and the expansion of their material means. From
the very beginning of history no conclusive proof
has been offered that would indicate a fundamental
change in human nature. Phases of that nature can
perhaps be sublimated by improving the conditions
of living. Other phases can be strengthened by the
same means. And to those ends the city planner
directs his analytical efforts.

Analysis, therefore, deals primarily with the in-
dividual. True it is that the city planner is con-
cerned with mass-problems. But the mass is only
a group of individuals. And, if civilization produces
mass-actions, cultural movements are the result of
individual mental growth. The object of city-plan-
ning is the mental progress of society. Thus, by
analyzing the ways by which the mental progress
of the individual may be secured, we establish a
practical approach to the objective.

Inevitably this progress is linked with material
means. It is also influenced by the intricacies of
commercial and industrial actions and reactions and
by both broad and detailed policies of a society’s

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administration. These last are inextricably tied to
land. It is no longer possible to consider either gov-
ernment or economics in the abstract sense. The
activities of both are a fundamental influence in the
culture of a nation, a community or an individual.
They will always be so. And no mental process that
disregards this fact can be termed truly analytical.

Because this is true the inter-dependence of in-
dividuals must be appreciated. Similarly the inter-
dependence of communities within a tactical region
must be recognized. So the concern of the city plan-
ner goes beyond the locality of the neighborhood,
over the political boundaries of a city and embraces
a region wherein commercial, industrial and social
characteristics are similar and where a definite inter-
relation between activities can logically be developed.

These are the broad factors involved. They con-
cern the localization of industrial, commercial and
residential areas, an organic system of communica-
tion between them—a schematic allocation of the
controlling elements which are the primary cause of
the city’s existence. From this broad pattern the
detail of individual communities will take form.

It is not possible to set down a series of rules
for planning a region, a city, a neighborhood or a
building. All that can be indicated regarding tech-
nique is an analytical approach to an orderly segre-
gation of function and an orderly means of relat-
ing functional units so that the individual can benefit
by a progressive culture.

- ee
i \PARKWA

PHOTOS

XUM

PHOTOS: DICK ASKEW, CRANBROOK ACADEMY STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

To the Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, near Detroit, Eliel Saarinen,
draws students of the Art of City Building. Here the master and student think

though specific problems together, the master conferring, quiding, suggesting,

. The plans below evince the study technique; at left, a pattern of Hart-
ford parks and parkways, both present and projected; and on this page, a regional

plan worked out on an accurate contour map of Hartford, Conn., by Bradford Tilney

Today this orderly arrangement is lacking. Most
of our cities have grown so fast that there has been
no chance to analyze, much less plan. In only a few
decades we have seen a growing congestion; a sub-
sequent extension of the city’s boundaries, the found-
ing of satellite communities. Side by side has gone
the rapid development of traffic means and the al-
most unbelievable extension of industrial techniques.
These last two are factors of the greatest signifi-
cance. They are making possible the realization of
the city planner’s dream. Yet, at the same time they
may sometimes prove his greatest obstacle in the
attainment of the objective, the mental progress of
society—something that can only come through
order.

Stages in studies of organization and
integration. Left: Areas in the Greater
Detroit Region are spotted as present
and future developments indicate. Speed-
ways streak the map with white in a
preliminary study.

On opposite page: the central area of
Detroit in plan and in models. The map
is a land-utilization study showing pos-
sible organization and correllation of
areas for their special functions; open
spaces commercial districts, residential,
cultural, industrial, recreational. The De-
troit river front is potentially devel-
oped in the models above the map.
Old structures and new are shown

so that the layman can visualize the
devei-

oped by Walter Hickey at Cranbrook

suggested project. They were

nth Retean’ elit 2 cine
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3 ik bat, than

t Davi a

In the case of the city, “order” has a dual mean-

ing. Practical order is a matter of reasoning;
esthetic order involves the artistic instinct. Both

must be virile factors of city planning in all its
Each affects the other. The esthetic has
such a vitally constructive effect upon the practical
that without its influence “practical considerations”
are bound gradually to bring forth disorder.

SYNTHESIS

Analysis of the various details involved in the
co-ordination of the esthetic and practical realities
leads to a number of conclusions. Each is important
as a fundamental upon which a city-planning pro-
gram must be organized.

phases.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

FOR

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It is obvious, for example, that as a town grows
in size, congestion increases in degree, land values
become unreasonable, living conditions unbearable.
The city, created because of modern industry and
commerce, makes inconvenient, often impossible, the
fullest use of industry’s finest products. Thus in
New York and in Washington, D. C., the parking
problem has become so acute due to congestion that
the automobile as a popular means of interurban
transportation has been largely abandoned. Yet to
a large number of people home life is insupportable
in such a city. Relaxation in suburban areas has
become general.

This presupposes the necessity for complete sat-

ellite communities. It calls for the perfection of

OCTOBER 1935

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swift transportation between communities. It 1m-
plies the desire for recreational and cultural facili-
ties near residential areas. And, as the congestion
of the city lessens due to suburban development the
re-making of the city itseli can be forecast with a
fair degree of accuracy.

Synthetically, therefore, can be formulated a so-
cial, economic and physical program. As the me-
chanics of mobility develop greater general useful-
ness, regions in which there is a variety of related
interests will expand. Yet individual interests will
tend gradually to form groups. Thus, a region must
be served by arterial highways so planned as to per-
mit high speed with safety and to eliminate inter-
ference with local community traffic.

trolling factors to the variable.

Traffic means of all sorts are an important char-
acteristic of modern living. And so is housing as
Eliel Saarinen understands the meaning of the term.
In it are categorically included houses in which to
| live, houses in which to work, houses in which to
gain recreation of various kinds. The distinction
between them is a matter of practicality tempered by
an esthetic attitude that regards the self-sufficient
building—however beautiful in the abstract sense—
as out of harmony with community organization.
Architectural beauty springs not from details, but
from fine proportions, materials and their relation
to the organism as a whole.
| Implied here is a definite social control of the
city compound, its neighboring communities and the
region in which all lie. But “control” is not visioned

according to any Soviet formula.
| Control of the future city—and all city planning
is done for the future—will be vested in govern-

ment, the city itself. It will cover all lines of trans-
| portation, including highways and a “green belt”
parkway system surrounding communities and link-
ing them with one another. It will extend to the
| allocation of areas for commerce, for industry and
for residential use and in time will develop a co-
ordination of building design and grouping through
| a system of zoning restrictions.
The practical method of obtaining such control is

The procedure under Eliel Saarinen is always from the general to the particular, from the con-

by William Kaeser, Architect, at Cranbrook), shows a complete regional traffic system.

a plan is made after an analysis of present conditions and a synthesis of current trends

This Master Plan for Madison, Wisconsin, (a project developed

Such

by the purchase and use of areas now marginal to
existing cities. As these are progressively developed
sales or land commitments will be made to individ-
uals under restrictions already mentioned. Thus,
Eliel Saarinen does not propose the elimination of
“reasonable speculation.”’ But none of his city-plan-
ning projects vision the possibility of the “laissez-
faire” land utilization that has generated in the past
the unconscionable living conditions and congestion
which are now characteristics of urban America.

PROJECTION—

Necessarily brief have been the foregoing para-
graphs on the analysis of civic problems and the syn-
thesis of a city-planning program. They suggest the
only method of city planning which will provide a
realistic basis for a graphic solution of the many
problems involved.
ending task.

For city planning is a never
In Eliel Saarinen’s estimation there is
no such thing as “a city plan” except as it may ‘rep-
resent a set of static conditions which constitute the
start from which improvement may be made.
Thus, the actual projection of a city-planning
program is a kind of visual memorandum of what
analysis and synthesis show to he desirable. De-
pending upon the method of attacking the problems,
maps and models can be made for a future of ten,
twenty-five, fifty or seventy-five years distant. Pro-

AMERICAN

ARCHITECT

XUM

gressively they show less and less concern with ex-
isting conditions and more and more preoccupation
with developments of broad significance.

For example, today’s plan of any city might show
a heavy downtown congestion and scattered houses
along a road at the city’s rim. In a twenty-five year
plan the congestion may have been opened by a park
cleared from the slums; the road may have become
an arterial highway; the group of houses a suburban
community. In fifty years railroad lines have been
relocated, commerce and industrial areas have re-
placed older residential districts. The highways have
been moved out of town; the city’s limits have ex-
panded to a region interspersed with parks and dot-
ted with communities, integrated as to size, func-
tion and design so as to insure all inhabitants the
chance for mental progress that results from an
esthetic approach to the solution of practical prob-
lems.

Most of Eliel Saarinen’s city planning studies—
maps and models—have been executed from this
broad view of future probabilities. But they have
been developed with a tolerant regard for the im-
possibilities of an immediate accomplishment. Saari-
nen’s professional philosophy includes the belief that
complete organization is an ideal. He preaches it
and argues for it in each of his projected city
schemes. But he sees the ideal in relation to the

FOR OCTOBER 1935

A point of land, shown on
the Master Plan opposite,
has been developed in model
form by the same architect.
It is a residential suburb,
"The Village of Lakewood
Bluff." Roads, houses, schools,
churches, shopping center,

P
T

and recreation facilities are
co-ordinated. Their relation
to local and through traffic

arteries is carefully studied

Sketches, ihumb-nail perspectives, are used in studying variations in
a solution or alternate schemes. Three dimensional studies on built-up
contour maps carry the solution still further, as in the preliminary
model by William Kittle. Buildings are studied in their relationships to
the city plan, as effective units in a great functioning organization

practical exigencies of the moment. He recognizes
that progress is slow even along a well-defined trend
and is not disturbed unduly when a building oc-
cupies a site that should be—and ultimately may
become—a park or the underpass of a high-speed
road.

Such conditions are in one measure obstacles to
progress. But insofar as they impress the observer
with this fact, they are at the same time forceful
arguments for a sweeping civic improvement and
the adoption of a city-planning program which will
ultimately involve their demolition.

The general recognition of the necessity for city
planning is a matter of public education. The actual
preparation of a program and the step-by-step execu-
tion of its details is a professional matter.

“We are facing the discouraging fact that unless
the whole architectural profession solidly supports
the principles of the art of building cities, the pres-
ent disorderly situation is doomed to remain. And
the more generally it understands its duty in this
respect and shows it by its actions, the stronger
will be the public’s confidence in the architectural
profession and the more power will architects gain
in city-building matters.

“When all architects work as a body toward this
end, they will become leaders in the development of
cities and in the control of an organic coherence.
With public confidence as an aid they will be able to
control even the activities of parasitical speculators
who, under the guise of architecture, spread bad
taste and confusion over the country.

“Thus, architects become the educators of the
public and the designers of the cities. And therein
exists the spirit of an adequate city-planning con-
trol.”

_ om

PHOTOS: SAMUEL H. GOTTSCHO

HOUSE OF GRANT SIMMONS

FISHERS ISLAND, NEW YORK

ERIC KEBBON, ARCHITECT

Above: View of living portion from the

east. Right: View of porch in the courtyard

eal) LE : oo

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HOUSE OF GRANT SIMMONS, FISHERS ISLAND, N. Y¥. ERIC KEBBON, ARCHITECT

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dining room;
living room
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ishers Island,

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Facing page: View of connecting passage between

living and dining rooms in the Grant Simmons house.

Above: Garage and servants’ living quarters, with

transformer vault at the left across entrance driveway

FOR OCTOBER 1935

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Plans and elevations of garage and servants’

living quarters

for

house of Grant Simmons,

Fishers Island,

AMERICAN

Eric

Kebbon,

ARCHITECT

architect

\ omnia oppor nye Se

BRINKMAN, VAN DER VLUGHT AND A. VAN TIJEN, ARCHITECTS

Rotterdam’s Machine for Housing

BY TALBOT FAULKNER HAMLIN

FOR

HE logical, clearcut approach to the problems
of plan and construction,—the daring search
for economy and lightness,—the absolute free-
dom from hampering style traditions,—the
thought-through space utilization—are admirable
characteristics of this work of architects Brinkman,

Van der Vlught and A. Van Tijen. Built for neat,
careful, thrifty Rotterdamers, the Bergpolder Apart-
ments amply fulfill their requirements for cheap

homes. For the equivalent of approximately $5 a
Dutch “lower-income bracket’ families enjoy
their central-heated four-room quarters in a thor-
oughly modern, sun-drenched, through-ventilated
dwelling. At this low figure they cannot expect all
the privacy, the fire-safety or the rapidity of vertical
transportation and communication demanded by
American government standards for new “low-cost”’
housing.

Two factors make possible the low rentals of the
Bergpolder Apartments, both are worthy of Ameri-

room,

OCTOBER 1935

can architects’ study. The first is the liberal Dutch
system of housing-loans; the second, the technical
studies of the architects which produced the econ-
omies of structure and plan.

Groups needing housing in Holland form a build-
ing association ; to this the government lends the en-
tire amount necessary at two per cent interest and
requires a correspondingly low amortization.
then, need this small carrying
(about five per cent) and running expenses. But,
even considering this favorable set-up, the building
shows remarkable economy, due to skillful study and
elimination alike of
weights.

The planning is simplicity itself,
in conformity with tenant-modes-of-living; nine
floors, eight apartments on each floor, each apart-
ment a rectangle 20’-4” wide by 27’-O” deep, each
rectangle providing a multi-use living room, two bed-
rooms, an efficient kitchen, a bath and toilet and a

Rents,

only cover charge

waste space and unnecessary

ingenious, and

outh end of building showing

ivina

side

Above: Detail of section through balcony, showing an ingenious form of panel
B

elow: Plan of floors, with 8 identical apartment units divided by double partition walls,

with a single lift at the north end. Right: Typical p

is a rectangular space, 20 feet, 4 inches wide by 27 feet dee

silver-gray metal, yellow brick and glass. Brinkman, Van der Viught and A. Van Tijen, Architects

in of individual apartments.

construction.

Each unit

The exterior of the building i

Sec

tion

AMERICAN

through

Balcony

ARCHITECT

large storage closet. Communicating “hall” balconies
front east, living balconies face west.

Such planning allows a light, simple, steel skeleton
of H columns, | beams and channels which support
the wood-joist floors and the precast, coffered, bal-
cony floor-ceiling units. Every third floor is of re-
inforced concrete as a fire stop, the whole thus ap-
proximating three 3-story buildings on top of each
other. All exterior walls are of an ingenious panel
construction—4” pumice concrete blocks, asphalted,
fronted by a wood panel which is easily built and
installed, and in which are placed the door and win-
dow units. Over the wall surfaces are sheets of zinc-
covered steel 2 mm. thick. The brick walls at the
ends and between apartments are double, supported
on paired channels, with a 2” air space between,
making a soundproof and fireproof separation. The
channels, exposed on the exterior, are painted alu-
minum color, like all other exposed steel, and form
a pleasant rhythmic note. Repainting of so much
metal may become a major maintenance charge after
five years.

The use of such a light and standardized scheme
for America is debatable. Light and airy as they
are, these apartments lack sufficient wall space for
usual types of furniture. The continuous living bal-
conies with only light wire screens between those of
adjoining apartments make privacy impossible.
Moreover, the fire risk from a 9-story building with
wood floors is considerable, especially with so much
uncovered structural steel. Even the fireproofing of
the central I beam girder with just one coat of plaster
seems inadequate. [Exposed access balconies would
be questionable in the rigorous climate of northern
United States. Bedrooms opening on this public bal-
cony are not desirable. (Continued on page 122

FOR OCTOBER 1935

PHOTOS: KAMMAN

combining bedroom and living room.

The Architects’ Ne

Will Ho City-

O commemorate Washington's inauguration

in New York 150 years ago, but with an eye

to the future city, New York launches the

world’s greatest fair. Brussels had its fair
this year and San Diego, too. Dallas, Texas, opens
a World’s Fair in 1936. Paris is preparing for
1937 and San Francisco plans ene for 738.
will follow in ’40.

Already the steering committee, headed by
George McAneny, is pushing plans; public and
political support is assured, and some 300 potent
names are listed for the general organization.
They will ‘make no little plans,” but as yet no
Burnham has been selected to direct the design
and plan, to be the executive head, to correlate
the efforts of the legion of architects, designers,
landscapers, draftsmen, contractors and conces-
sionaires. With other fairs in mind we may ex-
pect the direction of design and construction to
be concentrated in a small committee, perhaps of
three, headed by an executive architect, a site

WIDE WORLD

Te Ikio

planner and a design genius. Thus can the hun-

2 ne ; a Sy dreds of architects design the individual buildings

TS : Pat in conformity with the fair-as-a-whole, and unity
a. : : ay

= ; apes 3% with stimulating variety can be achieved in an

organized way. Perhaps a competition or many
competitions—local, national or even international
—may be held to give architectural opportunities.

In any event, the World’s Fair will mean work
for many, for designing must be done for ex-
hibitors and concessionaires as well as for the
principal buildings, permanent or temporary. And
that is not all; the whole city will dress or redress
itself architecturally for the occasion. Hundreds
of correlated and corollary projects for housing,
amusing, catering and selling the Fair visitors,
are already in the minds of promotors.

The profession welcomes the Fair, all Fairs,
and will do its utmost to make New York’s 739
Exposition the best as well as the biggest.

CHARLES P. CUSHING

Park Commissioner Robert ''Bob'' Moses and Mayor
LaGuardia survey the site for New York's In-
ternational Exposition, 1939. The 1,003 acres, per-
haps augmented by further acquisitions, extends
in a two-mile strip from Flushing Bay to Kew Gar-
dens. City-owned, it ,will become a park and

reation center after the Fair. Building sites and
limpid lagoons will rise from dank swamps and

dumps like this, when relief workers get their orders

e)
Hay

ation
n eye
Ss the
fair
opens
¢ for
lokio

‘City-Owned 1,003 Acre Site, a 40 Million Dollar Budget, and Advise Aplenty

1 by
and
otent
tion.
t no
sign
elate
ners,
nces-
@X-
n to
s of
site
hun-
lings
nity
1 an
nany
onal
ities.
vork
eXx-
the
And
ress
reds

ing,
ors,

lirs,

(ew York's WORLD'S FAIR, 1939

PHOTOS: ROBERT FRIDENBERG

Crystal Palace, built for the Famous Fair of '53,
New York's previous exposition. Now reland-
scaped Bryant Park at 42nd Street. Glass and
iron, like its predecessor in London, it was the
acme of the Modern to George Carstensen
its architect. More Modern still are the “un-

accepted" designs, the also-rans we also show

Ore.

Au |e

‘ont
Below: 1853's counterpart of Chicago's "breath-
ing-dome.'' A tower 300 feet high supports a

hanging roof of sheet iron suspended by rods

Unbuilt "colossal dome of wood and canvas" with
in a catenary curve, over a circular amphitheater. supporting columns of iron, “Thin ribs secured with

Prefabricated too! "Entire structure a multiple

angle-iron, notched with circular ties made of
of three or four principal parts ... any one firmly-bolted plank"... "The strength and lightness

could afterwards be used for constructing ware-

of the eggshell,’ proposed by A. J. Downing 1853
houses.'’ Design by Messrs. Bogardus and Hoppin

NanRaaNauNaats fvaan

: eae
an ai mil HATA A Range ni me iN

a Ulli

ne i LB ULE HR AA Mh bona

Saeae Sissies as! BY Miura NT

FASHIONS OF
FORMER FAIRS

PHOTO: BROWN BROS.

Looking down on A
Century of Progress Ex-

position, Chicago, 1934

Reflections of the Pan-
ama Pacific Exposition,
San Francisco, 1915. The
Palace of Education,

Bliss & Favilla, architect

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

PHOTOS: GEORGE H, VAN ANDA

HOUSE OF L. P. SIMPSON
OLD GREENWICH, CONNECTICUT

HARRISON GtItt, ARCHITECT

‘
FOR OCTOBER 1935

rrr

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aa ea Fe |

= STR

Sry

Direct in design, livable in plan and straightforward in its simple detail, this house of

L. P. Simpson contains 20,000 cubic feet and was erected at a cost of $6,750, in 1934

including architectural fees; an example of practical planning to meet a limited appr
priation. Exterior walls are common brick veneer, whitewashed; roof, red cedar shingles

in natural color; trim, white pine painted cream; heating, hot air duct system with

winter air conditioning. The usual basement was eliminated. Harrison Gill, architect

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

oft: Rear view showi extension,
of dining r and all storage
spa at left of entrance.
ee
ony ee
*

- Calife rnia

of interesting design with cove

Living room

ceiling, plas-
ter in light knatty pine

stained dark and the doors and trim are

paintea cream; floors throughout are red oak

FOR OCTOBER 1935

and
arch

2 filo a

ON FIFTH AVENUE AT ROCKEFELLER CENTER, NEW YORK,
IN KEEPING WITH THE MODERN DESIGN OF ITS FLOAT-

ING PALACES . . . REINHARD & HOFMEISTER, ARCHITECTS

TRIKING in the simplicity of its architectural details, the

design of the Italian Line Office, depends almost wholly

upon the use of materials and harmonious color blending

for its character and interest. It is thoroughly modern
and forceful in its advertising appeal. Due to the fact that the
architects had complete control over, and were privileged to
design, all the decorative elements, from the smallest ash tray
to the most sumptious piece of furniture, they have created a
setting of luxury without ostentation, in keeping with the pur-
pose 1t serves.

The plan shows a practical solution to an interesting problem.
A paramount consideration was the provision for an intimate
contact with the public, at the same time, a considerable amount
of working space had to be provided for carrying on the many
and varied operating details in connection with a large steam-
ship office. Without jeopardizing that most essential element—
an intimate relation with the public—the architects solved the
problem by planning the small corner ground floor space, facing

Fifth Avenue, as a high-ceilinged reception room or information
lobby, as illustrated on the facing page. The walls of this room
are finished in an Alpine burl veneer of a rich golden brown.
The panel directly back of the information desk is leather, carry-
ing out the color scheme of the Italian flag; dark green at left,
creamy white in center, dark red on the right; the center crest
is done in the same colors, and “Italian Line”’ letters in a blue
plastic material. The information desk is brazilian rose-wood.
The floors are black terrazzo
devices.

with bronze inserts of nautical
The ceiling is in light green.

From the information lobby, a short flight of steps leads to
the second floor, where another attractive reception room or
lounge has been provided for use of customers while waiting
to be served. Adjoining this lounge on each side of a corridor
are the First Class and Cruise, and the Tourist Class compart-
ments where the business between the company and customer is
transacted—a practical business-like arrangement in a clean-cut
and comfortable setting.

General

plan of the

coef Tip aapon he
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Sie cenmmanannanieaanl

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showing — furn

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PHOTOS: SAMUEL H. GOTTSCHO

OFFICE OF THE ITALIAN LINE| RI
NEW YORK} A

CASHIER

floor Information and Re-

Detail above of ground
ception Room from stair balcony looking toward en-
trance on Fifth Avenue. Left: Corridor on second
floor dividing working space. Plaster walls; black

terrazzo fioors, inserts of nautical devices in bronze

*PPRBRDSEEESSREREES

REINHARDT & HOFMEISTER
ARCHITECTS

Second Floor, Reception Lounc above. Walls plas
ter in special green after those of Princess Gallery,
S. S. Conte de Savoia. Floors, black terrazzo with
bronze nautical design inserts. Right: Desk space,

Tourist Class Passenger Department on secord floor

OFFICE OF THE ITALIAN LINE, NEW YORK

REINHARD & HOFMEISTER. ARCHITECTS

A : Office of the G al Mana

floor. Walls, plaster with leather wainscot:

specially designed he archi
Office of the Director of Publicity

ST. AUGUSTINE'S CHURCH

BRIDGEPORT,

PENNSYLVANIA

HENRY D. DAGIT & SONS, ARCHITECTS

Simplicity of design, a candid and economical use of materiais,

and the typical cruciform plan,

characterize this small parish

church. Exterior walls, golden range face brick with limestone

trim; red shingle tile roof; copper

ters; doors, oak. Entrance steps

rain conductors and qut-

and platform are bluestone

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ST. AUGUSTINE'S CHURCH
BRIDGEPORT, PENN.

Facing page: Chapel nave. Brick wainscot; textured
sand finish plaster walls; marble communion railing;
terrazzo floors; pews, doors and millwork, oak; ceiling
and roof trusses, fir, decorated in red, blue, yellow and
gold; lighting fixtures, wrought iron. Stations of the
Cross, oil on canvas; railing gates, hand wrought iron
and brass; side altars, onyx. Above: detail of High
Altar, Risers, Benou Jaune marble; treads, Petit gran-
ite; facing of altar, red Morocco marble with Botticino
insert: Belgian Black marble monogarm; corner
Post, ivory vein marble; Tabernacle, bronze; reredos,
oak with solid ebony cross, border of solid ebony
inlaid with ivory; Crucifixion group and symbols,
hand carved, polychromed in red, blue and yellow,
silver and gold leaf. Right: detail of main entrance

doorways. Henry D. Dagit & Sons, architects

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STRUCTURAL

DETAIL

garage before modernization

FROM SERVICE GARAGE TO BANKING SERVICE

EAST BROADWAY BRANCH, FIRST NATIONAL BANK, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY

CARL A. ZIEGLER

ARCHITECT

Public Space from main
entrance. The cage windows

are of bullet-proof glass

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| Ft Her
Bare

Homelike atmosphere of the
Public Space, looking toward
main entrance. Walls, knotty

white pine in Deal finish; cen-

ing, plaster in soft gray wiin
palmed surface. The cost ot
modernization was $15,000, in-

cluding air conditioning system

‘ST BROADWAY BRANCH, FIRST NATIONAL BANK, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. CARL A. ZIEGLER, ARCHITECT

WAVE TO HOUSING

OUSING is stranded on the rocks. Wave to Housing a fond farewell!
Housing is coming like the tide. The wave to Housing surges on under FHA,

© © Can both statements be true? It all depends on what is meant by Housing.
Consciously or unconsciously, the confusion was caused by naming the mortgage-insuring,
debt-protecting, credit-stimulating branch of the government the “Federal Housing Admin-
istration.”’ Until then Housing had a definite meaning, and it still has, to the lay public,

to the architects, the sociologists, the city planners and the city fathers most directly inter-

‘te

ested in providing decent dwellings for the low-wage population. This was the meaning
when Housing was hailed as the answer to the problem of putting men to work, of starting
needed construction as the primer for the capital-industries pump. PWA accepted this
meaning. The profession responded. Projects were planned and promoted. Fear that
promoters or landowners might profit, bureaucratic puttering, land acquisition difficulties,
absence of adequate equity, local objections and obstructions—all conspired to thwart actual

Housing construction.

® The necessity of choosing high-labor-cost projects to speed up spending has drained off -
PWA funds into WAP so that now only thirty-seven housing projects are definite, some
$100,000,000 worth, out of the four billion dollar Work Relief Fund. PWA’s Housing pro-
gram is thus reduced to a few “demonstration” projects. Housing in the President’s Sum-
mary of Budgetary Calculations is allotted nothing in the “Estimated Fiscal Year 1936 in

1936 Budget.” This signifies the Administration’s attitude toward Housing.

® The efforts of the PWA Housing Division and local Housing Authorities toward a
Housing Program have not been all in vain, for much has been learned of the practical, tech-
nical, financial and political problems involved. The technique of site and building plan-
ning has made progress toward scientific solutions. Housing experts are better prepared,
but the opportunity for action is vanishing. Only the political pressure of a demand
for low-cost Housing on the part of those who will benefit can bring back the opportu-
nities that seemed to open up when PWA began.

® The emphasis has changed from a public works program to one of stimulating private

construction and modernization by insuring lenders against loss, first up to $2,000, now
loans up to $50,000. The wave of FHA mortgage-insuring business has reached a total ,
of over 350 million dollars. FHA also insures loans up to $10,000,000 each for private
limited-dividend Housing corporations. Twelve such housing projects have been approved.
But many low-cost Housing projects break down under the FHA’s risk-rating, as only
those that are economically sound obtain approval. And so, with the wave to low-cost
Housing ebbing away the building industry turns with renewed effort to Modernizing
Main Street and to riding the wave of new residential building made possible by a renew-

ing of confidence in this class of real estate investment.

48 AMERICAN ARCHITECT

BREATHING SPACES FOR NEW YORK

Expressed crisply in black and white, sunlight and shadow, atmosphere and distance, ideas take on real
meaning. The value of the perspective sketch, always so heart-warming to the architect, is appreciated
by New York's hard-headed, quick-acting Department of Parks. It not only uses countless renderings
to visualize and compare alternate schemes of planning or planting, but publishes renderings of ap-
proved projects in the daily press to create widespread interest and to promote public acceptance. For

such purposes, Theodore Kautzky's facile pencil has produced these sparkling studies in varying techniques

Above: Proposed changes in Olmstead Brothers’ time-honored
monumental staircase and arcade are planned to make it a
rendezvous for refreshment-seekers. Without changing the Vic-
torian architecture, this northerly terminus of Central Park's
Mall-of-summer gayety may once again become a_ popular
center through its open air café dotted with bright um-
brellas. Left: The splashing water of the Jacob Schiff Memor-
ial Fountain adds life to the cooling shade in Seward Park

Above: Bridges over through-traffic arteries serve both utilitarian and esthetic purposes. The
simple suavity of this proposed bridge on Park Road, New York, for the Hendrik Hudson Park
Authority, is ably shown in this sunny delineation. Below: A rapid-fire sketch which freely expresses
the interpretation of the artist looking north on West Street, New York, from the Battery. With

economy of line, a few quick tones and the necessary accents of shadows, a true impression is created

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PROPOSED YACHT BASIN

PELHAM BAY, BRONX, NEW YORK

With ihe growing leisure, New York's surrounded-by-water
population should be provided with facilities for boating and
aquatic sports. The Park Department therefore has been

planning yacht basins to popularize these forrns of recreation

PROPOSED YACHT BASIN

MARINE PARK, STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK

Imaginary airplane views snow best the form of the basins
and their relations to the parks. In these two sunlit sketches,
Theodore Kautzky shows the contrasting treatments of the

same type of problem, both of which are equally effective

SKETCHES OF PROPOSED CHANGES
WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK

Washington Square has been the subject of a series of several
proposed changes in which Stanford White's Washington Arch is
the center of interest. The atmosphere of the famous old square
was caught in the charcoal sketches made on the spot which were

later used to advantage in the renderings of proposed chanaes

Two schemes for enlarging the Arch by the addi-
tion of colonnade wings are shown. The one on
the opposite page is the less elaborate design
looking north up Fifth Avenue. The above interest-
ing perspective, full of sunlight and reflected
shadows, is a more pretentious variation as it

would appear to one looking south into the Park

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Direct plans of possible changes in Madison Square might be dry, or even unintelligible, to the lay

mind. An air view, however, shows clearly the effect a contemplated replanning would have and

demonstrates to the man in the street (and the man above) the desirability of the re-designed area

XUM

FOR

The Legal Side

BY CLINTON H.

Blake and Voorhees,

Architects Can Recover If
Omissions Are Not Substantive
Part of Contract

E have discussed recently a number of

decisions dealing with the general doc-

trine of substantial performance. These

have involved both performance on the
part of the contractor and performance on the part
of the architect. We have seen that the general rule
is that failure to perform in unimportant details
will not preclude a right of recovery, but that the
recovery will be limited to the full amount, less the
cost of making good the defects. We have seen, also,
that the defects and the cost of curing them must be
established so that the court will be able to arrive
at the net amount due.

A recent decision by the Supreme Court of Okla-
homa (Raitman v. McCune, 30 Pacific Reporter
(2d) 878) is interesting in this connection. In a
sense it deals with a case of specific performance,
but it is based apparently on a somewhat different
ground than that upon which the ordinary specific
performance issue is decided.

ACTION AGAINST BONDED LIEN
SAME AS STRAIGHT MONEY SUIT

N the case in question an architect entered into

an oral agreement with the client to survey certain
property at Tulsa and to draw plans and specifica-
tions for and to superintend the construction of a
residence thereon for a total compensation of five
per cent of the cost of the work. The architect
claimed that he had fully performed his services.
The client admitted the contract, but denied that the
architect had complied with its terms, and offered
proof to show that he had not fully performed the
agreed services. He claimed that the architect had
undertaken to design and supervise the construc-
tion of a building which should be similar to the
one in which the client was then living, and that the
building as erected was different in several particu-
lars. The case was tried before a jury which gave
a verdict for the architect for the amount which he
demanded. It appeared that the client discharged or
attempted to discharge the architect before the last

OCTOBER 1935

of Architecture

BLAKE

Counsellors-at-Law

details of work on the building had been com-
pleted. The case came up as the result of an action
by the architect to foreclose a mechanic’s lien which
he had filed covering his claim. The defendant had
honded the lien and the case had the effect, there-
fore, of a straight suit for a money judgment by
the architect. The client, as an additional defense,
claimed that in an action to foreclose a mechanic’s
lien a judgment for damages could not properly be
awarded, where the contract was not fully per-
formed.

RECOVERY DEPENDS ON PROOF
OF CONTRACT PERFORMANCE

HE Supreme Court of Oklahoma, in reviewing

the judgment secured by the architect said :—
“Defendant cites a number of authorities which in
effect hold that one employed to superintend the
construction of a building not completed because of
the owner’s financial inability has an action for
damages in which he can recover profits he would
have made had the contract been fully performed,
but that he cannot recover damages in an action to
foreclose a mechanic’s lien.

“The authorities cited have no application here. In
the first place, plaintiff contended that he had fully
complied with his contract and commenced the action
to foreclose his lien. Defendant did not in his plead-
ings deny the contract, but contended for a differ-
ent amount of compensation, and alleged that plain-
tiff had breached the contract. Furthermore, no lien
was adjudged in favor of plaintiff. At the trial it
was stipulated that defendant had made the deposit
and given the bond provided for in section 7465,
C. ©. S. 1921.

“Defendant pleaded that he had procured the dis-
charge of the lien by depositing the money and giv-
ing the bond, and the court found that such deposit
had been made, and the judgment does not give a
lien for the amount of the claim or any other amount.
After the deposit was made, the lien was discharged
by operation of law. Thereafter it became a ques-
tion of how much, if anything, plaintiff was en-
titled to recover. This issue was tried to the jury
on conflicting evidence as to the terms of the con-
tract as well as the alleged breach of the contract
by plaintiff. True, the evidence does show that a
very small amount of work remained to be done on
the building at the time the (Continued on page 113)

GIVING YOURSELF AWAY?

LAWYER acting as head of a building com-
A mittee was recently asked by an architect what
he would do when approached by a man who, seek-
ing his thoughtful professional-opinion in solving
a legal problem, told him he intended to ask four
or five other lawyers for corresponding opinions:
he would then consider these opinions and decide
which jurist to retain. He replied: “I should kick
him down stairs.””. The Committee on Ethics, Bos-
ton Society of Architects, thinks architects should
follow the same line of procedure regarding
prospective clients who seek free sketches and other
free professional service. But architects, unfor-
tunately still persist in re-establishing in the public
mind a definite impression that under certain cir-
cumstances professional services for which a sub-
stantial fee is legitimate, may be secured without any
compensation whatsoever. In all relationships the
public is prepared to accept exactly the valuation an
architect puts upon himself and his services. The
Boston Committee reiterates that in its opinion
much could be accomplished to acquaint the public
with the true value of architectural service through
an educational campaign. A campaign to architects
along the same line might be helpful.

PROMOTE THE IDEA

UBLIC opinion, although it may change as does

the wind, still remains the only gage by which
any endeavor can be judged with any degree of
satisfaction, whether it be social, political or even
architectural. The promoter of a recent architec-
tural competition in England, who happened to be
one of London's leading merchants, evidently recog-
nized this truism when he insisted that the awarding
jury be composed of the general public and the win-
ning design be selected by popular vote. Here is a
suggestion which American architects might promote
to advantage in creating public interest in architec-
ture and the value of architectural service.

DEPLORABLE!

VIDENCE of any conscious thought directed to

the designing and planning of homes in local
communities, throughout the country, without regard
for the sentiment, tradition and life of the people is
deplorable, in the opinion of Miles L. Colean, Tech-
nical Director, Federal Housing Administration. He
feels that this condition is due largely through fail-
ure to consult architects. “It is vital to the future
of our civic development, as it is possible of devel-

t Look s

opment, as a source of remunerative endeavor, that
architects strive to co-ordinate and extend that type
or style of domestic architecture in their communi-
ties which is especially fitted to the life of the peo-
ple.” The extent to which architects can capitalize
on such a development depends upon what influence
they are able to exert as citizens and professional
men in their communities.

FIVE YEARS FROM NOW

URING the past five years many architects and
[.) and draftsinen have been forced to abandon
their profession. They have found other fields—
more lucrative financially perhaps, if not more in-
teresting and will likely remain outside the strictly
professional limits of architectural practice. Archi-
tects have complained to us about their present diff-
culty in finding good draftsmen. Professor Leo-
pold Arnaud, Acting Dean, Columbia University
School of Architecture, says: “Even now there may
be a dearth of skilled architects, and students who
are now entering our professional schools will begin
practice under the most favorable conditions.” This is
significant in view of a prediction by Roy Wenzlick,
St. Louis Realty Analyst, that a building boom such
as we have never experienced will reach its peak in
1940. The question is: How well will these future
architects be able to cope with the new structural!
and mechanical problems which will be inevitable ;
the result of science in the development of new ma-
terials, structural and mechanical changes which will
greatly influence the type of buildings demanded by
the public in 1940?

FIND THE SOLUTION

ITH the large number of public and semi
VV pubtic buildings already projected through-
out the country for erection in the near future; it
seems timely that some method should be immedi
ately established by every municipality that would
eliminate personal and political favoritism from en-
tering into the selection of architects to plan and
design these structures. Mayor LaGuardia of New
York has adopted at least one method of approach
to the problem. Eight of the leading architectural
and civic organizations, at his suggestion, have
selected a jury of three who will select fifty archi-
tects to handle all municipal work during the com-
ing year. A questionnaire has been sent to every
registered architect in the metropolitan area asking
tor an outline of their experience and special qualifi-
cations for handling the proposed work. From the

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

FOR

O t e

data obtained the jury will determine the fifty archi-
tests best qualified to participate in New York’s
building program. VPerhaps a similar plan might
work to the advantage of architects in other cities.
It’s up to you as architects to find a solution.

A WARNING

OUSING Administrator, Stewart McDonald,
= says: “We are trying to encourage that type
of operative builder who looks upon the production
of homes as a manufacturing and merchandising
process of high social significance, and who, prefer-
ably, assumes the responsibility for the product, from
the plotting and development of the land to the
disposal of completed dwelling units. Likewise, the
creation of dwellings. the stability of which will be
assured by the protection offered against inharmo-
nious land uses, by thoughtful group planning, and
sound, attractive, economical building by organized
construction suitable to calculate demands of planned
neighborhoods.” If such a plan is to be successfully
carried out it simply means one of two things
either architects must co-operate with organized hous-
ing corporations thus increasing their opportunity
for more work, or else we must expect bootleg
architecture at the hands of trained designers work
ing in offices of these corporations.

IN THE FUTURE
per NG institutions are becoming vitally inter-
ested in the quality of building construction, for
which their money is being used, according to Ken-
neth B. Norton, architect for the Manufacturers
Trust Company of New York. The security of the
mortgagee is based on the character of the design,
plan and construction, as well as on the character of
the mortgagor. The record of real estate adventures,
and the consequent loss, due to poor construction
in recent years, points to the need of architectural
service—perhaps lending institutions will look with
more favor upon architects in the future.

MEETING COMPETITION
T! [Ik answer made by Goldwin Goldsmith to archi-
tects who complain about the retail lumber
dealers who furnish house plans in competition with
local architects is: “Why not start a lumber company
owned by architects and permit only contractors who
buy lumber from this company to bid on plans and
specifications for homes.” If the profession's code
of ethics permitted ventures of this kind, it could at
least meet competition on the same level.

OCTOBER 1935

1 for s

THERE 1S NO LIMIT

DISTINGUISHED English architect, with an
international reputation for his clear vision

and keen analysis of architects’ problems, recently
remarked: “I feel convinced that architects stand on
the threshold of a great adventure ; circumstances are
playing into their hands.” In the present opportunity
he visions planning as the great need of the moment
and the soft-pedalling of the artistic qualifications of
the architect as desirable in winning the confidence
of the practical-minded public. In this
AMERICAN ARCHITECT is presented an article by
Kliel Saaranin on “City

issue of
Planning” which brings
again to the architectural profession the vast possi
bilities for service inherent in the current dilemma.
I-very large city in America finds itself in a quandry
with its slums, blighted areas and uncontrollable
traffic congestion. If architects, generally, are to
enjoy the confidence of the public they must look be
yond the narrow limits of artistic expression in
buildings and must endeavor to plan, so far as pos-
sible, for the future of these cities.

MONEY! MONEY!
NCOURAGEMENT for the

new

construction of
Reconstruction Finance Cor-
poration has announced it will now buy and sell
A $10,000,000 revolving fund
has been made available to the RFC Mortgage Com-
pany for this purpose. It is understood that the new
plan was adopted due to inability of the FHA to
get national mortgage loan associations started by

homes, the

insured mortgages.

private capital. This new source of mortgage money
should have a healthy effect upon new construction
financing and a consequent benefit to architects.

FAKE ARCHITECTS
//| AM<a prospective home builder, and, in search-
ing for ideas have visited a number of model
homes open for inspection. Recently a stranger in-
troduced himself as an architect, showing me some
specimens of his drawings and gave some good
references; with the request that I allow him to plan
my new home. I looked up his references, which

worthless and also discovered he
duly registered architect.

persons of this

were was not a
I would like to know why
permitted to

type are solicit

business ?”’

This terse comment appeared in the Detroit News,
under the caption “Voice of the People.” It involves
a matter which strikes at the very vitals of the legiti-
mate architect.

over door to
Center, New York. Right: Lee Lawrie, the sculptor,
inspects his work. Below: ''Grafito"’ paintings now

adorn exterior walls on the new German buildings

PHOTO: GLOBE

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Above: Depicting man's history in the stone grille

Rockefeller

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waa

PHOTO: ELLA BARNET?

Above: Back from a tour of the Conti-

in route to their home at Cranbrook

PHOTO’ WENDELL MCRAE

Trends and

NO MORE APARTMENTS FOR RENT . . . More
than two thousand four hundred families have rented
and occupy apartments or houses in the seven limited-
dividend corporation housing projects sponsored by
the PWA, according to A. R. Clas, Director of the
Housing Division. The overwhelming response in the
form of tenants demonstrates that this phase of the
Government low-cost housing program is establish-
ing a new standard of housing in the United States.

All of the 960 units of the Boulevard Gardens
project in the Borough of Queens, New York, were
rented two months before completion. Hillside
Housing, Bronx, New York, has 1,019 living units
in its incompleted total of 1,416 rented. Philadel-

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

nent come Mr. and Mrs. Eliel Saarinen

Above: New House of Labor, Cologne-on-the-
Rhine, Clemens Klotz, architect. Right: Mod-
ern incinerator plant, Shreveport, La., erected

by PWA. Below: Electrical Industries Building
for Texas Centennial Central Exposition opening
in Dallas in June 1936. George L. Dahl, architect

FOR

Topics of the Times...

phia’s Carl Mackley Houses have 27 living units still
unrented of a total of 284. The Boylan Housing
development in Raleigh, North Carolina, was 100
per cent rented before completion. Neighborhood
Gardens, St. Louis, now has 60 of its 253 living units
open for inspection and leases are being taken daily.
In Alta Vista, Virginia, 50 single family dwellings
have been constructed and are all now rented.
Soulevard Gardens and Hillside Housing units are
renting for $11 per room per month. Boylan‘s 54
units rent for $10.99 a room monthly ; Carl Mackley
Houses are charging $9.50 and Neighborhood Gar-
dens, $10.24 per room per month. The Alta Vista
houses are renting at the rate of $3 and $4 per week.

OCTOBER i935

OUTMODED BUILDING CODES ... A study,
looking toward unification of building codes and
redrafting of outmoded regulations in many cities
throughout the country to conform to modern con-
struction standards is being sponsored by the Ameri-
can Standards Association. Conflicting regulations
in different parts of the country, and even in some
neighboring communities have served to confuse and
upset manufacturers of building materials, architects
and builders and make estimating of construction
cost almost an impossibility. The American Stand-
ards Association estimate that some 642 of the 1,630
codes now in existence need drastic changes to make
possible a more economical use of new materials.

Just above, at the right, are the jurors of the
**\odernize- Main-Street”” Competition in action. In
the foreground is Melvin T. Copeland, Professor of
Marketing, Harvard University; Albert Kahn, De-
troit architect with the ruler. In the background, left
to right, are: John W. Root, Chicago architect; J.
Andre Fouilhoux, New York architect; F. R.
Walker, Cleveland architect; Kenneth C. Welsh,
architect and vice president, Grand Rapids Store
Fixture Company ; Kenneth Kk. Stowell, professional
advisor for the competition, and William Lescaze,
New York architect. Entries in the competition
totaled 3,042. Drawings were divided as follows:
Drug Store, 22 per cent; Apparel Shop, 31 per cent :
Food Store, 19 per cent and Automotive Sales-and-
Service, 28 per cent. The competition was sponsored
by Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company, Toledo,

JUDGES AND...
JURY IN ACTION

on Ro

FHA; Langdon
3 Authority; and
ctri Company

©., and conducted by the Architectural Record.

Prize Winners: Drug Store: Ist M. Righton
Swicegood; 2nd G. Foster Harrell, Jr.; 3rd Nicho-
las B. Vassilieve. Apparel Shop: 1st Suren Pila-
fan and Maurice Lubin; 2nd Lester Cohn; 3rd
Raoul L. duBrul and Harry J. Trivisonno. Food
Store: Ist G. Foster Harrell, Jr.; 2nd A. Waldorf
and S. L. Katz; 3rd J. R. Sproule. Automotive
Sales-and-Service Station: 1st Alfred Clauss; 2nd
Suren Pilafian and Maurice Lubin; 3rd Isadore
Shank. There were also forty Honorable Mentions.

® The Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills,
Michigan, announces that the first year of its Post-
eraduate Architectural Department, under direction
of Eliel Saarinen, will begin with the current session.
Instruction is available to both men and women

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

BASEMENT PLANNING

AMERICAN ARCHITECT
REFERENCE DATA
Number 19 October 1935

Without excuse today is the dank, cave-like cellar of yesterday's house.
Advances in modern building practices have rendered it taboo. And
to a rapidly expanding public the basement of a residence represents

an investment in enclosed space that should be made to pay rich divi-

dends in comfort, convenience and utility. To the architectural profes-

sion the public rightly looks for basic progress in residential develop-
ments. And in the following pages architects will discover a practical

guide to technical and esthetic means for planning better basements

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BY ROGER WADE SHERMAN and TYLER STEWART ROGERS

DANK, cave-like space under a house was
a necessary evil only a few years ago. In
the majority of homes “basement” meant
“down cellar”—a place for a dusty heating
plant and a catch-all for discarded things, broken
chairs, an old baby crib, the pottery that was Aunt
Hetty’s anniversary offering. In one gloomy corner
was a cupboard to hold the products of summer
canning seasons. There were bins for apples and
potatoes, possibly a sand pile for winter-keeping car-
rots and parsnips. And under a small, dirty window
stood a tinkering bench and a few rusty tools.

Overdrawn? Perhaps; but the picture emphasizes
the fact that advances in building practices have
rendered dampness, dirt and darkness inexcusable
today in any basement. Revulsion of the public mind
to the subsurface squalor of yesterday’s house has
produced—from among thousands—the — useful,
cheerful rooms illustrated herewith.

Today the basement represents an investment in
enclosed space, which—in new or old houses—can
be made to pay as rich dividends in comfort, con-
venience and utility as any other room. True it is
that not all houses are built with basements. Con-
ditions of climate, topography, sub-soil conditions,
size and coverage of lot, type of heating system and
the relative costs of sub-surface and above-surface
construction—all these influence the desirability of
planning for basement areas. And all houses do
not require basements—hard-shell enthusiasts to the
contrary. But if conditions and the owner’s attitude
indicate the space as desirable, certain factors of
planning and equipment require special study in
developing the technical possibilities of well-planned
residential basements.

In an existing house a basement can usually be
regarded as surplus space capable of utilization as
a kind of luxury beyond the bare necessities of liv-
ing. In a new house, conditions of site and costs
may demand a development of all basement areas to
produce the fullest possible measure of value for
expenditure of an owner’s funds. Both involve the
greatest care in planning details of space utilization.

LAYOUT

ENERALLY speaking, any basement plan
can be divided into, (1) space for utility and
mechanical equipment, (2) service areas and storage

Basement Planning

spaces, (3) spaces for toilet facilities, (4) circula-
tion space, including stairs, and (5) special living
and recreational areas of various sorts. Within
these classifications may occur a multitude of differ-
ent space uses. Laundries, garages, shooting gal-
leries, bowling alleys, swimming pools, bar rooms—
all these and others represent a possible use of sub-
surface floor space. Obviously, limitations or un-
usual space possibilities are natural functions of each
problem. The accompanying check list outlines a
broad scope of potentialities, useful or not as they
prove economically justifiable under any set of def-
inite conditions.

The relation of various spaces to one another and
to the floors above is a fundamental that determines
the convenience of individual areas and hence the
efficiency of the basement plan as a whole. Ob-
viously no definite rules can be laid down in regard
to this, since individual conditions govern results.
3ut in every case the location of columns and beams
should be studied so that no interference with space
utility will exist. Stairs should be placed for con-
venient access without breaking up desirable units
of area. Windows should be placed adequately to
serve specific rooms. And the ceiling height should
be such that headroom can be maintained under all
pipes, ducts and beams. These factors require more
thought than is usually accorded them. It is hardly
worth while to spend the effort and maney upon de-
velopment of basement areas which may be rendered
inconvenient or even useless by inadequate headroom
due, for example, to a duct crossover which might
have been eliminated by advance planning.

UTILITY ROOM
OF aactmeimegen installations loom large in any

adequate solution to the Basement planning
problem. These should be grouped, their specific
location planned well in advance of installation and
a Utility Room developed in which all mechanical
units, including heating plant, tanks, pumps, meters,
etc. can be segregated by dust-proof walls from other
basement areas.

Since it contains the heating plant, the utility room
should be located as centrally as possible for econ-
omy in piping and duct layouts. It should also em-
brace a chimney serving the heater and incinerator
and should be in contact with the wall through which

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Good organization of traffic and essential
conveniences is revealed by the plan of the
basement facilities in the home of |. J.
Witmer of Walker & Weeks. At right,
recreation room. Below, detail of hall
]
| water and gas mains and the sewer connection enter.
All meters, including the electric meter if the latter
is not of the newer outdoor type, should be included
within this space. The room should have direct
access to the grade entrance. Adjusting these various
requirements calls for no mean skill, for obviously
some of them conflict with each other and may inter-
) fere with the effective use of the remaining base-
| ment space.
In so far as possible, the room should be patterned
after the engine room of a boat or the mechanical

area of a modern office building. The enclosure
should be reasonably dust-tight and _ preferably
soundproofed to some extent. Hollow tile, glazed
brick, gypsum or cinder blocks, wood studs—any
of these can be used for wall construction. If wood
is used, cement plaster on metal lath will conform
with requirements of most fire codes. When painted
it provides an excellent surface which requires vir-

tually no maintenance. The ceiling should be sur- ee
faced thus or covered with sheets of pressed steel
or asbestos board regardless of the wall material un- Otherwise, can be used, say, as a work shop.
less the floor shove is a reinforced concrete or brick A list of mechanical equipment appears on page

slab. As a further structural protection against fire, 68 containing some items which may not be the sub-
spaces between studs and ceiling beams can be filled Jeet of an immediate specification, yet which deserve
with cock wee. consideration in allotting space. With exceptions
So important a basement factor is the utility room that obviously refer to special conditions, most of
that it, together with the type and extent of the the units will be found necessary to the well-
equipment it contains very largely controls the entire ©4'™'DP! ed residence basement.
basement layout. The room itself should be planned
and permanently constructed to care for its ultimate LAUNDRY
equipment capacity. An owner may not at first in- ONTINUING for the moment with the ser-
stall complete air-conditioning equipment for ex- C vice areas usually or logically placed in the
ample. But space for it should be provided within basement, the laundry introduces planning problems
the utility room which, until pressed into service similar to those encountered in locating the utility

FOR OCTOBER 1935 65

XUM

CHECK LIST OF BASEMEN SPACE POSSIBILITIES
|
| : emcee Sl
| Unit | Location and Sizes | Equipment Notes Unit Location and Sizes Equipment Notes
| | - ee
|
| Laundry | Near service stairs: Laundry chute, tubs, | Sanitary walls and | Garden Near grade entrance | Racks and floor apace | No special require.
| access to laundry ashing machine, | ceiling Floor, con-|| Tools or garage | for cultivators, garden | ments
} yard; directly below Be clothes dryer, ironing | crete or tile, drained. || Storage tools, lawn mowers, |
| | laundry chute board or machine,| Ample ventilation and |} hose, etc.
| mangle, work top for | all natural light pos-]| |
} sorting, boiler or stove | sibie. Cove base on
| | for starch, etc. floor Badminton Singles: Net size | Marked floor, elevat- | Preferred flooring,
| || Court of court, 17'0’ x| ed net, adequate indi- | hardwood © or cork;
| | | | 440’. Overall size, | rect lighting | other non- slippery
| Garage Access to main] Floor drain with re- | Ceiling, present in- including « “ag ag0ro"” | Roors acceptatle
stairway and hall | movable sand collect- | sulated if below heat- | Teuiies: Net size |
ing box to storm] ed rooms. Floors, con- of eourt 0" x |
| drain or dry well; | crete, pitched to drain. 140’. Overall size
with trap, if to sewer. | Window jor light and }} inc luding clez irances
| Revolving overhead | ventilation | 26'0”" x 60'0’
| | washer, 34” conmnec- |
| | tion or tap with hose | |} |
| coupling, Sink or | || Billiards Full-sized table, | Table. racks for cues
wash tray with 34” 120% x 6'-1%".! and balls. shaded di
| hot and cold wate | Playing area, 22’0” | rect overhead lighting
|} connections. Dry | x 16'0”" Smaller
| | sprinkler system. tables are also
| | Battery trickle | available
| | charger with _ tin |
| switch. Means oi |
| | heating. Work bench | || Ping Pong Table size, stand-| Table. net ‘ foi
| | and tool cabinets. || or Table : 5’ x 9’. Mini- | bats and balls. shad
| Tennis x 8’. Pro-| ed direct overhead
\| ’ to 6’ clear- | lighting
Toilets For chauffeur and| Showers, toilets and | Sanitary floors, walls|| ance each end; 2
| Shower and | out-servants, near | lavatories. Benches | and ceilings. Provide or more each side
locker rooms garage or outside] as indicated by pur- pve ag ventilation,
trance; for in- ose natural light. Sounc
| paemie near serv- — proof piping and ate] Deck Net size of court, Marked floor, Preie rred flooring
ice entrance: for it near recreation || Tennis 18°0 - 400 ed net. a hardwood eS 2
| family and guests, | space |] Overall size includ direct lighting other non-slippe
near recreation | ing clearances, 24'0” floors acceptable
room x 56 iy’ et. 5s)
high at posts, H0""
| at center
| }
Wine and Preferably in corner Metal grid or solid Insulated walls and!|
Liquor or recess of base-| metal light vault, o1 ceiling adjacent to}; Four-Wall Standard courts,| Marked floor, ade Preierred floor
Storage ment, using two 0: | burglar - proof door, | heated space. Sani-|| Handball with 4 walls and a| quate indirect lighting | hardwood or cor
more uninsulated | R: icks for wine bot-| tary floors, walls and} ceiling, 22’ x 46’ x | and ventilation othe non-slippery
walls below grade} tles laid on sides; ceiling. Constant but|| oe floors acceptable
for temperature | shelves or racks for | Slight ventilation. Do|
equalization, Acces- | liquor bottles; racks not permit heating | ,
sible to stairs | for kegs and barrels | Pipes through wine || Gymnasium Size according to | Exercise ipparatus | Flooring, wood, cork,
cellar 1 quipment desired. and machines, includ-| linoleum, rubber,
| ing bars. trapeze Provide ventilation
strides ladders ind = adequate _ light
lg ' ‘ i ee Coal bine i man rd r ‘ ro l
| Fue Near boiler room Solid fuels; bin, coal uns should have tumb g
Storage chute, coal door, sloping floor and dust- puncl
stoker equipment. Li ths ght walls and ceil and
| quid fuels; tank (ii | ™S5 chines.
not buried outside). boxing
| tank gauge, shut-off —
valves
| Shooting 50. 60 or 75. ft. | Lighted target an Sound absorbing ma-
| Fruit is: Lceintenbanie” eae Sienna LA ender: stuns: open | Provide constant -ven-| Gallery long 8’ ceiling ber. ricochet va ffles erial on walls and
} and of basement wall be- | shelves or racks tilation. Protect} Ww idth, 2 targets. | steel butts and sand ceiling Lights shad-
| Vegetable lias Bade oe 4ea-| Spaee for bartels against freezing hat | 8’ + targets, 14’ pit and firing = shelf ed from firing end
Storage perature — equaliza- | avoid steam pipes. If target trolleys
tion. Accessible to necessary, insulate|
service stairs walls adjacent to||
| | heated space || Shuffle Size of board Mark floor ade-| Smooth wood of
Board 45/0" x 6’0”. Over- pace indirect light- | grainless floor
all size including | ing and ventilation
, HI entnr
Screen Access to bulkhead | Racks, preferably sus- Walls and floor pro- || pe ne ance, IV ”
and or outside door pended from ceiling tected against conden-
| Blind for easy cleaning o: | S@tion to avoid mil- ||
| Storage floor beneath. For all | ¢¢W on awnings Squash Size of court, 32’0”| Marked foo: and | Preferred flooring,
} “emovable window Rackets x 186”. Height of | walls. adequate indi hardwood
j screens, screen doors | front wall, 16’0” rect lighting and ven-
eee Saenen,. « aliast- | rear wall, 9/0’ tilation
{ ers, awnings || |
1
| : | . Bowling One alley: 6’3%4” x | Special acoustic
| Baggage Near trunk lift. | Fixed or adjustable Walls and floor insul- | Alleys 82’2’ two alleys ment, special lighti
| Storage dumbwaiter or ele- racks and shelves for | #ted — condensa- | 11°6” x 82’2”. Allow | consult manutacturers
vator, if any. Other trunks, suit cases and tion and dampness }’ clearance at | | data
| wise near stairs bags raised above | | playing end }
} floor 1}
| Children’s Special wiring. Ac Games and equip- | Provide for charades
Clothing In corner or recess | Refrigerating machine | Fireproof construc ] _ cessible independent- "es sr seca toad pave : ce put
and Fur of basement wall for| outside of vault,| tlon; sanitary finishes |! Theater 'y trom frst hoor 6 ne emaaratecan (PIE eee projector
Storage temperature equaliza- | evaporator coils with- | all around ; moth- pay Fs ye fee 88 miGhioe pictures
tion in. Dust-tight and | proof, verminproof ee ao i pest :
vermin-tight vault. | and = dustproof vent |} board, quoits, ta le
Racks for hanging | equipped with glass setulae ke ys RIBS >
| clothing free of walls | fibre filters | — stage equip
| men
|
|| Adult's | Easilv accessible | Billiards. bookcases.| Bar may adjoit
Treasure Preferably con-| Vault door, burglar-| Burglarproof_ con- |) Recreation | from first floor and | card tables, darts Room may open t
Vault cealed proof construction; | struction—usualiy re- \| Room grade deck tennis, horse | terrace. or have
| shelves, boxes or | inforced concrete with || shoes, ping pong, | special lighting ¢
| racks for silverware,| heavy mesh grids or]! quoits. shuffle 1x ard, simulate daylight
records, ete. bars table games, dancing,
ete.
Storage Near garage or out- Racks for bats, balls,| Walls protecte J
for Athletic side entrance, or | golf bags, skiis, sleds, | against condensation. || Hobby Access to grade and | According to purpose | Types include: wo
Equipment near game rooms toboggans, fishing | Avoid dampness | Shops main floor art, music, photo stt
tackle, shelves for | excessive heat. | dios. dark rooms, tro
small equipment phy. gun rooms, ete

Typical utilization of ba f 3ppr
priate to many use | : nd proper
7 regation of ser f ns from hobby
e shops and recreation area are evidenced in
e the Crawford Goldthwa Jence, Winchester
Mass., designed by Royal Barry W architect
~
ry
room, of which, however, it should not be a part. plete equipment the elements should be organized
It should be accessible to the grade entrance; it approximately as follows: At the clothes chute or
should be beneath the laundry chute; it should be entrance provide a sorting table or work top of ade-
ng related to the sewer lines; and it should receive as quate size for separating articles by colors and fab-
ery much natural light as possible. rics and for spot cleaning. Adjacent to this provide
In plan the household laundry should be arranged — the cleaning center consisting of a washing machine
for logical sequence of operations. Assuming com- or laundry trays, a hot plate for boiling clothes to

be sterilized and for preparing starch, and a wringer
or centrifugal extractor. Near the extractor provide

a work top or stand for clothes basket or hampers.
The former is used if a basement dryer (gas or elec-
trically heated) is part of the equipment. The latter
is required if clothes are carried outside for drying
An indoor dryer is highly desirable and should be
situated near the cleaning center.

Aiter drying, clothes are moved to a sorting table

or work top, sprinkled and rolled, and then ironed

by machine or by hand. Hence the work top for
— this purpose should be adjacent to the flat ironer or
anc ° “° ° ° °
had- mangle or the hand-ironing board. After ironing

the clothes should be hung on racks placed within
or

GOTTSCHO
ee

ring,
reat
Hing
irers

area-way that doubles as )
{joit ‘ervatory an ingenious detail in the
n t rO0 . ;
ave 20m above designed by Carina Eagles

t So .

80 Mortimer, architect. At right: In
me residence of Walter B. Crittendon
Mass., Dwight James Baur

" és has frankly left exposed the
) stu
10° Ve ee ; poate. ,
. pe uctural walls and air conditioning ducts
.
hout ene —
= Out loss of distinction and interest

GOTTSCE

UTILITY COMES FIRST IN ALLOTTING BASEMENT SPACE

The use of a basement garage as a major entrance to?

dwelling is shown in the plan of the residence of Dr. A,

Stephenson, West Hartford, Conn.: Adams & Prentice

a
)

tects. The octagonal hobby shop is from the same proie:}

At left is the exceptionally "ship-shape" utility room vi
HEDRICH-BLESSING

CHECK LIST OF BASEMENT MECHONICAL EQUIPMENT

Unit | Location Type, Size, etc. Notes Unit Location Type, Size, etc. Notes
Boiler, | Utility room —near| Depends on house. | Heating plant requires || Drainage In garage, laundry,| Standard bell-traps| If sewer is
Furnace, | chimney, grade en-| Pipes and ducts in- | air vent equal to area|} Outlets utility room, work-|except in utility | drainage from "
Air- | trance, fuel storage | fluence basement ceil- | of chimney flues. In room, shower and | room, garage and | pit and automati
Conditioner jing height take also necessary toilet rooms laundry which require | pump located in ut

| sumps with grease | ity room will |
Incinerator Utility room — part} Built-in type. Size | Allow space in front |} traps necessary
of or adjacent to|depends on size of | (about 4 feet) for ||
| chimney | house | cleaning Drainage In utility room Automatic electric or | Needed wherever sat
Pumps hydraulic sump pump | itary sewer or natu
Ash Cans Utility room Corrugated galvanized | 2 cans are usually |} to remove seepage or ! al drainage cannot |
iron with covers. | sufficient for a_ six- |lower ground water | used to remove wate
| Apt. House size holds | room house with semi | level, as required |
approximately 100 Ibs | weekly ash removal ; , :
| ; fie ’ | | Disposal If necessary, in| High sanitary sewer | Raising fixtures abov
Automatic | Front of heating | Depends on type of | Special connection |} Pumps utility room levels require use of | normal floor _ levels
Stokers | plant near fuel stor- | fuel and heating plant | With fuel storage ac- | sewage ejectors for |may_ give _ sufficient
j age | cording to manufac i| basement toilets. Size | pitch depending uw
} turers’ data lepends upon number, | sanitary line at
pe i : ; ; || | fixtures and level lift. | depth of basement
Oil Burner | Front or back of Depends upon heating | Connection with inside | Should be automatic
| heater or enclosed plant or outside tank de- | in all cases
jin furnace casing pending on size |
| | Electrical Meters, etc., in| Outlets for tools in
Ash Hoist | Locate near heating | Standard _ city-side- | Necessary only for || Equipment utility room or out workroom; for Jamps,
plant walk elevator type large residences un- door type motion picture equip- |
der special conditions || ment, radios, etc., in |
j | recreation room |
' Meters Utility room near | Standard Place near — shut-off |}
| and easily accessible | valves or switches, || Fire Preferably through- | Dry alarm system,
| from grade entrance | protected against || Protection out basement. Par- | sprinkler system, |
| or bulkhead for out- | | freezing and sound- | | ticularly in shops, | chemical system, port- |
| side servicing | | proofed with respect || recreation and utility | able hose lines, Choice
| | | to piping rooms and garage depends upon needs
Water Intake in utility | Varies with house and ; Soundproof pump | Cen. Radio, j In utility room; | Each requires free- | Should be well venti:
Supply |} room, also pump, | characteristics of lo- | foundations. Check Private, easily serviceable standing panel board | ated, free from dust
hot water tank, |cal water supply pipe sizes to avoid|| Automatic or cabinet 5 ft. high; | and dampness
filters, water soften- air hammering or rush Telephone floor space approxi- |
ers, etc. | noises | Exchange | mately 1’-6’" x 2’ |
| as «as —_ = cea —— ee = a = - leat - - ——————
AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OTTSCE:

HEDRICH-BLESSING

AME contains all mechanical equipment and meters in the C. P.
me Dubbs residence of which other features are illustrated on
PrOie sages 71 to 74. Philip B. Maher, architect. Two views of the well
M Wil equipped laundry in this same residence and a "model" dem-
onstr ation laundry by Westinghouse are shown on this page
. | easy reach of the ironing device. They are then re-
moved from the racks, sorted again on the work top,
if necessary, and returned upstairs.
i For space economy in small laundries the same
high work top used for sorting may be employed later
B.-. for sprinkling and final sorting 1f the ironing equip-
ie os ment and drying racks can be arranged near at hand.
This is made possible by the fact that laundering
dae operations fall into two cycles, cleaning and iron-
= ing, and these cycles are seldom concurrent in small
wate laundries.

iffici
g upor
ie an
nent

1 venti
ym dust

FOR OCTOBER

BASEMENT TOILETS
S INCE toilets, shower rooms and dressing rooms

involve plumbing lines and sewer connections,
their location should be studied at the start in rela-
tion to pipe lines. When used by owners and guests
in connection with sport areas they require careful
placement in relation to grade entrance (for outdoor
games) and to the indoor areas they serve. Toilets
used by “outservants” (gardeners, chauffeurs, etc.)
must be near the grade entrance; those used by
house servants should be readily accessible to the
service stairs.

STORAGE SPACE

INE cellars and cold rooms for storing bulk
and preserved foods are distinctly basement

1935

COURTESY:

units, because they can be placed against uninsulated
masonry walls to take advantage of the relatively

uniform earth temperature. Both types of rooms
should be enclosed by solid walls insulated from
heated basement space and free of heating pipes.
30th should be ventilated, preferably to out of doors,
to keep the air sweet.

Many other storage spaces are normally required
in the well equipped residence, as indicated on the
check list on page 66. Of particular importance are
storage racks for screens and winter windows, trunks
and heavy luggage, bicycles and outdoor sporting
equipment used only in certain seasons, and garden
implements that are not accommodated elsewhere

Data on the storage of solid and liquid fuels is
presented in Time-Saver Standards—*
Planninge—Fuel Storage Data.”
GARAGES

LOPING sites often make it feasible to place
S the garage in the basement. The chief advan-
tages are accessibility, ease of heating and utilization
of space.

Jasement

In some cases architects have recognized
the modern dependence on motor transportation by
making the garage a recognized entrance to the house
itself, giving it a dignified treatment and providing
a special doorway and stair hall to accord with its
new importance.

WESTINGHOUSE

Certain obvious disadvantages may be offset by
proper planning. Construction must be fireproof or
fire-resistant, according to local codes ; materials sug-
gested for finishing the utility room are usually
adequate. The garage ceiling should be heavily in-
sulated to protect heated space above when garage
doors are open. Effective ventilation is essential ;
heating lines must be protected against freezing; if
warm air heating is employed no recirculation should
be permitted.

RECREATION ROOMS

AVING thus disposed of the essential or logical
utilitarian elements that may be incorporated
in the basement plan, the remaining space becomes
available for manifold special uses. The check list
on page 66 indicates a great many uses to which
such areas have already been put; it is by no means
complete, for architects and owners are constantly
finding new hobbies to serve or new facilities for
the entertainment of the family and guests.
Obviously the amount of space left for such pur-
poses is governed not only by the size of the house
but also by the skill with which the entire plan is
organized. Planning of the basement may well in-
fluence the arrangement of upper floors in order that
suitable stairways and traffic arteries on each floor
may be co-ordinated satisfactorily. All these matters,
however, are the commonplace problems of archi-
tectural planning, differing in nowise from the or-
ganization of other parts of the plan.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

PECIAL problems involved in assuring a dry
interior, a proper selection of floor and wall
finishing materials and adequate clearances under
heating and plumbing pipes and ducts are analyzed

Remodeling hitherto
wasted basement space
in existing dwellings into

pleasant areas reflecting

in the Time-Saver Standards accompanying this
article on pages 84 through 95.

Waterproofing methods are summarized in con-
venient form in Time-Saver Standards sheet, “Res-
idence Basements—Waterproofing.” A thorough
study of this subject may also be found in AMERI-
cAN Arcuitect Reference article No. 17, April
1935, “Waterproofing and Dampproofing.”

Floor Surfacing materials appropriate for use over
concrete below grade are limited to hard masonry
products, such as stone, terrazzo and tile, and to
semi-resilient asphalt tile unless extraordinary pre-
cautions are taken to assure freedom from damp-
ness. All of the true resilient floorings including
wood, cork, linoleum and rubber must have per-
manently dry sub-floors and even then manufac-
turers of the latter products will not assume re-
sponsibility for the performance of their products
on floors below grade.

The best practices now apparent for installing
finished floorings over concrete below grade are
presented in Time-Saver Standards, “Residence
Basements—Floor Surfacing.”

Wall Surfacing methods are summarized in Time-
Saver Standards, “Residence Basements—Wall Sur-
facing.” Aside from decorative value, the insula-
tion of basement walls with an inner surfacing is
highly desirable to minimize or prevent condensa-
tion and to conserve fuel.

Ceiling Heights in basements are influenced in many
cases by the space occupied by heating pipes and
ducts. Furthermore the disposition of doors in
basement partitions and the layout of return lines
is directly influenced by the type of heating plant
installed. These matters are reduced to fundamental
principles and simplified planning data in two Time-
Saver Standards, ‘Basement Ceiling Heights—Pip-
ing” and “Basement Ceiling Heights—Duct Work.”

PETERS

the owner's
interests is

inexpensive

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

of architectural

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Ay

HEDRICH-BLESSING

Basement Design in Practice

Five results of applying imagination and

technical skill to planning better basements

Philip B. Maher, Architect. The hc

of C. P. Dubbs, Wilmette, | bui
n f » € 3 1OOKk
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nine and one-h f

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HEDRICH-BLESSING

PHOTOS

Above and on the opposite page are two more views of the Recres
tion Room in the basement of the C. P. Dubbs house at Wilmette
IIlinois. Floor is cream-colored terrazzo, bordered with black. Walk
are painted white. Furnishings for all the basement rooms were d&
signed and executed in the office of the architect, Philip B. Maher
under direction of Robert Breckenridge, decorator. The stair at the

left leads to the first floor from the main hall in the basement

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

1935

OCTOBER

Other basement rooms in the C. P. Dubbs house for which Ph; ip B. Maher

was architect. Top of page, the Beach Room, walls of which are painted

with stripes of white and vermilion. The Map Room

1Seve nas 4
white background for colorful posters, maps, and yellow rugs. Fix-
tures, including globe stand, are chromium. Right: view from corridor

RICHARD J. NEUTRA, ARCHITECT

| we
= cu) nee
s
cen eiaiateaaaea aman . ah

Another case where contours of site : : : =|
determine the use of basement space.
The pool illustrated becomes an open OOL
terrace, though actually it is an ex ster
tension of the basement level. Pian
and its development are worth noting | [ar : ; =

= = = °

a a practical idea which could be

admirably adapted in many instances

EDGAR

Basement in House of Mrs. C. R. Holmes,
Sands Point, Long Island, New York. Mura
wood and plaster carvings by Gardner Hale:
furniture and fabrics by Roy Belm

GOTTSCHO PHOTOS

WILLIAMS.

ARCHITECT

GOTTSCHO PHOTOS

Basement rooms in the house of Mrs. C. R. Holmes, Edgar
1. Williams, architect, are noteworthy for the consistency
of their development, decorative and otherwise. Above:

the Swimming Pool, entered directly from a central hall

and adjacent to dressing rooms and a squash court. (See

plan, page 76.) Right: one of the dressing rooms

BARNES PHOTOS

WALTER T. KARCHER and

LIVINGSTON SMITH, ARCHITECTS

f H. M. Hessenbruch

yivania

HEDRICH-BLESSING PHOTOS

standards

a desk manual of architectural practice D :

s—_4—__ —_—_—_

BIC AM ARC Hite cy FE
ee ttt

SarTeMeeR 1995

BATHRO -
— ! OM PLANNING — ACCESSORit

AMERICAN
ARCHITECT

MATERIALS

224507

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1 ee wt oes

N THIS ISSUE...
GNE

tando

merican Architect Time-Saver Standards On Residence Basements

wil WATERPROOFING

or mo

te FLOOR SURFACING

i WALL SURFACING

oh CEILING HEIGHTS—PIPING
| CEILING HEIGHTS—DUCTS

oF mar FUEL STORAGE DATA

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935) Sericino. 1) Residence Basements—WATERPROOFING

PROCEDURE

When basements are to be used for recreation, living, storage or
other purposes beyond the mere housing of essential utilities,
dampness, as well as actual water seepage, must be eliminated
from walls and floor. The following precautions should be re-
viewed and methods adopted which best suit each job condition.

ON SLOPING SITES

Wherever the site offers a drainage outfall below the level of
the base of foundation footings, place 6” open drain tile at the
footing level completely around foundation and connect to one
or more open gravity outfalls. Use no tile smaller than 6” to avoid
silting and filling. In damp or wet soils, or where springs are en-
countered, also place network of drains beneath basement floor
in gravel filled trenches. Back-fill outside drain trenches with
gravel or crushed stone (not cinders) and if water is still likely
to come in contact with basement walls of unit masonry construc-
tion, consider sub-grade dampproofing of outside surfaces with
two or more heavy coats of asphaltic or pitch compounds. Where
site conditions permit their use, these are minimum precautions
and represent the least costly method of assuring dry basements.

NON-DRAINABLE SITES

Where a free-flowing outfall below footing level cannot be ob-
tained for drains, observations should be made of subsoil condi-
tions and maximum ground water level by means of test pits or
by study of nearby basements of equal depth. Choice of method
is then governed by the absence or prevalence of hydrostatic
pressures above lowest floor grade.

NO HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Self-draining soils which have a water-table below footing level
require no special precautions beyond sound masonry construc-
tion and positive drainage of roof leaders away from foundation
walls. However, severe storms, deep frost or slow-draining, heavy
soils may occasionally produce damp conditions warranting the
use of one or more of these five precautions:

(1) Sub-grade dampproofing on exterior of walls (before back-
filling) with suitable bituminous compounds.

(2) Use of monolithic concrete formed as specified by the Port-
land Cement Association for water-tight concrete, using a water-
cement ratio not exceeding 1:6. Concrete, if properly placed with-
out segregation of materials and without formation of laitance,
and if properly cured, will be inherently water-tight.

(3) Use of a cement plaster coat on exterior of unit masonry

foundation walls, using a mixture of 1 part cement to 2 parts sand
(usually with a stearate or other integral waterproofing com-
pound) applied in at least two *.” coats and properly cured.

(4) Use of an interior cement-plaster or cement-iron-oxide coat
on gither unit masonry or monolithic walls. This method may be
applied after completion as a remedial measure. Follow instruc-
tions of reputable manufacturers of iron-oxide compounds.

(5) Use drain tile as for sloping sites, including under-floor
drains, and bring complete network to a sump-pit in cellar floor.
Install an automatic electric or hydraulic sump pump to remove
water and eject it to sewer or elevated outside drain.

WITH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

If ground water level at any time stands above lowest floor
grade, hydrostatic pressure will exist amounting to 62.5 lbs. per
square foot for each foot of height to the water table. Since mass
concrete weighs about 150 lbs. per cubic foot, it will require 5” of
concrete to offset the upward thrust of each foot of water head.
Side thrust on walls is considered to be half upward thrust on
floor. Hence both walls and floor must be designed to withstand
these pressures. Floor and side walls must be bonded by key con-
struction or reinforcement, or both. Acceptable waterproofing
methods include:

(1) Membrane method, employing a continuous membrane be-
neath reinforced concrete floor slab, extending over footings and
up exterior of side walls without break. Requires alternate layers
(2 to 4 or more) of hot pitch or asphalt and impregnated felt or
fabric. Forms a positive seal superior to other methods, but some-
what more costly.

(2) Monolithic concrete walls and floors as described above.

(3) Interior cement plaster or cement-iron-oxide as described
above.

(4) The sump pump method described in paragraph 5 above
may be employed when hydrostatic pressures occur only periodi-
cally or when it is cheaper to pump out ground water than to in-
stall effective waterproofing.

FLOOR DRAINAGE

Where footing drains or self-draining soils permit, slope floors
toward walls and leave open joint, filled with gravel or crushed
stone, as indicated in detail of “draining floor.” This provides for
removal of both wall and floor condensation, yet may be concealed
beneath furred walls with raised baseboards. Otherwise make
joint watertight.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

Always grade a3 NON-BEARING [4 Bric
yes house iil tea PARTITION o
5| ve re prevent hydrostatic pressure (Optiona/) Bituminous Mastic to
E|* SO prevent capillary action_
Sie) Straw pees ¥ | Finish Jt pease seasoned
atin eT - i 4'Slab_ * '
. i { 2 3 b Tamped Cinders J
So Capillary ston & < 88 “+1 Wood wedge x
st = “! Bituminous =o = ES ‘! replaced with ri
ee “| Mastic-Trowel Sr s- ‘0 “| gravel
nod fs
3\e ; ; ES
er AO S Ninna wanes eens Cinders Bituminous Mastic to
b Tile preferred. place at bottom 1-4 Dralriage opening prevent capillary action. optional)
of footing, Min pitch Ye to l-O
EXTERIOR WALL UNDER FLOOR DRAINING FLOOR BEARING PARTITION
sand :
ee Recommended Delails for Non-waterproofed Basement Walls and Floors
.

coat | i
ay be Always grade i. | { Waterprooting may stop ~ Lally column [i Coat Anchors T
truc- from house — 1-0'fo2-0' above water line shown dotted Hi with Mastic. i-
P } i Cement plaster coat NOTE Use this same ; : or }
remscd Ela Straw ree or Iron-cement coat deiail for pier |] Grahing or [es23::
floor. Olio rH , ss 3/4 thick t or chimney. “4 Wire Basket | |
move <a} orndy as BS &
! Lo Height depends
| = ie
ry iy 2 on Head ___
=> 3 ;
5 DS : eg 4 ieee
} = +5 Cement plaster coat Thickness & Reinforc-
floor 5 .S= oriron-cement coat ing dependent on |
vo |— wv 4
3. per 5|= Ss I thich__ ; —hydrostatic head. —
mas S)8 6 eediaad ae Eh |
5” of 9g a BR IES EES bokeh — 2
head. gle a Gravel or If time allows, place_42.333:-
- ! . Scene § +120 ::f Broken Stone waterproofing under SERRE
eal b Tile preferred, place at bottom_/ = [77-47] With heavy hydrostatic pressure
pers of footing. Min. pitch, 8 to |-O NON-BEARING BEARING W.P. area walls and provide drain
ofing EXTERIOR WALL FLOOR PARTITION PARTITION AREA
a Recommended Details for Basement Walls and Floors. Internally Waterproofed
s and
ayers
elt or = q NOTE Use this same
some- 8s derail for Pier
a or Chimney
= 6
ve. £252
ribed £ cal) = 4) Grating or
rae Pag . <4 Wire Basket
COS" For heavy loads “
nhove Bese reinforce with
viodi- com copper here
to in- |
fE= ee rope SRE EEE :
— — — 2'Slab to take |
Slab or Bed to take Membrane ~ Waterproofing
floors Reinforce exterior wall as re- oo Protective coat
tyre AN 7 eo raroctatic hoad
ial quired by the hydrostatic head NON- BEARING BEARING
es for EXTERIOR WALL PARTITION PIT PARTITION AREA
ealed ,
make Recommended Details for Basement Walls and Floors. Membrane Waterproofed
4Ul details drawn bo é / )
Copyright 1935, American Architect

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935 sericino..2 Residence Basements—FLOOR SURFACING

Any type Flooring__ peso
Membrane Waterprig_sv835 i
Insulation

Membrane Waterprfg

Concrete Slabs

FLOORS. OVER CONCRETE ON EARTH

Moisture is a factor of importance in the choice of any sub-
surface floor finish. Under varying conditions it may occur by
infiltration as a result of insufficient waterproofing or through
condensation because of improper insulation or inadequate means
of ventilation. Thus if materials are to be used as floor finishes
that are susceptible to damage by moisture, a rough concrete
floor must be thoroughly waterproofed before the materials are
laid and structural or mechanical means employed to eliminate
effects of condensation.

SUB-FLOORS WITHOUT MEMBRANE

Only such floor surfacing materials as are not inherently dam-
aged by dampness should be used. Those tolerating dampness are:
cement, terrazzo, tile, brick, stone of all sorts.

SUB-FLOORS WITH MEMBRANE

Under ordinary dry conditions and when no hydrostatic head
requires special construction of a concrete sub-floor over earth,
asphalt tile, wood blocks and the usual type of hard wood strips
or planks may safely be used according to the details shown. But
these should not be laid until the concrete is absolutely dry. The
permanence of such installations depends largely upon the care
with which the concrete has been waterproofed and upon ade-
quate ventilation of the basement area to avoid surface condensa-
tion. Details of satisfactory construction for the permanent pro-
tection of wood or asphalt tile floors are shown at the bottom of
the detail page.

Linoleum, cork tile, rubber tile or surfaces of any similar nature
are not recommended for use on basement floors of concrete over
earth. Many such floors have been installed. Some of them have
apparently stood up well. But the nature of the materials, the
difficulty of eliminating moisture from basement areas and the
expense of construction to assure permanently dry conditions
cause manufacturers to disclaim satisfactory performance of
such materials as floor surfaces in most basement spaces.

CONDENSATION AND HEAT LOSSES

Condensation will occur on basement floors under conditions
described in “Residence Basements—Wall Surfacing” (Serial No.
13) even though waterproofing (see “Residence Basements-
Waterproofing,” Serial No. 11) methods have been employed. In
addition there will occur appreciable heat losses through such
floors. Heat losses can be prevented and effects of condensation
minimized by the use of an insulating surface material or the in-
corporation of some form of insulation within the floor construc-
tion itself.

In Table I is shown the heat loss through typical masonry
floors in contact with earth, both untreated and with various
types of surface or interlarded insulations. The overall coefficient
of heat transmission U gives the heat movement in Btu per hour
per square foot per degree F difference in temperature between
the air above and the earth beneath. For ordinary purposes the
minimum earth temperature is assumed to be 32F and the air
temperature may be taken as 5F lower than the breathing zone
temperature normally maintained (70 — 5 — 65F). The normal
difference is therefore 65 — 32 or 33F. Multiplying the coefficient
U by 33 and by the area of the floor will give the loss of heat in

Btu per hour through the floor—a loss that must be balanced by
artificial heating.

Bold face figures show the per cent of heat transfer stopped by
insulation or finished floorings of limited types, as compared to
the loss through an ordinary concrete floor. These data are

adapted from computations published in the A.S.H.V.E. Guide
1935 Tabie 10 page 109.

TABLE |. HEAT LOSSES
THROUGH BASEMENT FLOORS

(Coefficients are expressed in Btu per hour per square foot per
degree in temperature between the ground and the air over the floor
and are based on still air [no wind] condition. Percentages—in bold

insulation as compared to plain concrete floor.)

4" Concrete

face—show reduction in heat loss by use of surface or intervening

8" Concrete

No Intervening Insulation

(a) No Flooring (con-
crete bare)

(b) Yellow Pine Floor-
ing on Wood
Sleepers Resting
on Concrete ..........

{d) Tile or Terrazzo on
Concrete

(e) '/," Battleship Lino-
leum Directly on
Concrete

1" Rigid Insulation Within Con-

crete Slab at Point A, Fig. |

(a) No Flooring (con-
crete bare)

(b) Yellow Pine Floor-
ing on Wood
Sleepers Resting
on Concrete

(d) Tile or Terrazzo on
Concrete

(e) 14," Battleship Lino-
leum Directly on
Concrete

2" Corkboard Within Concrete

Slab at Point A, Fig. |

(a) No Flooring (con-
crete bare)

(b) Yellow Pine Floor-
ing on Wood
Sleepers Resting
on Concrete

(d) Tile or Terrazzo on
Concrete

(e) '/4" Battleship Lino-
leum Directly on
Concrete

4" Concrete Over 3" Over 3"
Directly on Cinder Cinder

Earth Concrete Concrete

U %o U %o U %
1.07 Base 0.66 Base 0.54 Base
0.35 67 0.29 56 0.27 50
0.28 74 0.24 64 0.23 57
0.98 8 0.63 5 0.52 o
0.60 44 0.44 33 0.39 28

0.22 67 0.21 él

0.16 76 0.15 72

0.14 79 0.13 76

0.22 67 0.20 63

0.19 7\ 0.18 67

0.12 82 0.12 78

0.099 85 0.096 83

0.093 86 0.090 83

0.12 82 0.12 78

0.11 83 0.11 80

ag TTY

il ee

= Se FT

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935

sciciNo. 12 Residence Basements—FLOOR SURFACING

FLOOR FINISHES DEMANDING DRY CONDITIONS

Sub-Base phyogs
set i Aspt alt
= sti
‘et Concrete Slab
—jr77-) Membrane W.P essentia

any hydrostatic head ~— WOOD STRIP or PLANK

Sub: Base

_Rubber or Linoleum
_}' Cement
Concrete Slab
Membrane W.P
absolutely essential

(ove Base RUBBER TILE &
LINOLEUM *

* No/ recnmmpr ted dy Manu 5 permaner ai Iris wiih y

CCU UCC A ULTCTS UlNES.

NO HYDROSTATIC HEAD HYDROSTATIC HEAD

FLOOR FINISHES TOLERATING DAMPNESS
Parting |

l Cement
Concrete Slab

r/ib or V4 7] Variable Sub-Base Leos :
i || Asphalt Tile Finish _—_
; oo wt | set in Asphalt Setting Bed_
| } ;
es yf Concrete Slab Concrete Slab__F
weer —_ pescado Membrane W.P. desirable
Rad ‘but not mandatory
love base Straigtil ASPHALT TILE ”
c D Ay. i Din-l 1 v +
; = jub-Base Wood B ocks also S 344
, ee vel] S Wah
Base any Mal: _Nailing strips, 1:O'oc ; ES °
erial & Height 6 Bituminous Coat sel ae
aN I Cement Concrete ‘0) oe
SINR 27 Rew a Saran “Concrete Slab = | kc
HET clear ee Membrane W.P essential ; 8 Rad
woop BLOCKS TILE TILE (Quarry flush Projecting
(END GRA neria!) Chandar
a } Finich 7 a oe
THEE a2 ay te ieee Brick laid flat
= Lx ae y
Any lypé base o = iz ees I’ Cement Setting Bed__¢ Any type base
may be used ne 3 _Walerprooting (optional. Concrete Slab__f may be used
1b piestiss z— Concrete Slab (
Waterproofing here for~ “Sh *tteeees"t Membrane W.P. essential

BRICK

Slate__ =
Setting Bed $1

Concrete Slab

Overall ian of Suitable Floor Finishes on anneal in paren with Earth

NO HYDROSTATIC HEAD

lron- Cement coat

Scale W/2"=]0"

Protection of Wood Strip or Plank Flooring for

ae ‘. 1 + }
S ~ S S Grilles af top §
re - S a
— _ — r+ a Oo
= a S i) ~ E
wo bas] | hs we | wo ams : mit
= S > Sf ES S Zz S & _ Finished wall q
c 3 = »
c= =v = Ve a= = = L oO Furri
Ee} a <= 00 ae, = | <= 0° = = rurring Z
=o “—s ee as a3 bs o£ re S E
cx Lv SE BLwve . L2e§ 2 minimum
S4r Ls PEDoenSETS eSsSe_ecév r
SeEaoSfksS ovYs_fF=Qe See MS ves Air circulation
oOo = e & © QkazrFVUAGCO Ss = aAaAk=]rF oD io) i CHC I l
== & re oc oO al voc ba Oe
Sua vrSx VS =>S$=0aq oOHVGE ecrv 1 rprment ras
uv YX wv ror ss & 5 = fF cemen at or ;
Pes re oe Fx. ELSODCAGV c<aAr.ELvoers Ml COU77EFH C i Ol
=. 2 — ao = a £iSS oO VGGBEE OC ron cement a
SMUT BEL —~ovoe OS zeuUuoCSoa SLE ITO) t Coat
i a oO T a Se =) a ESARMBi
=o .~*f£UD x Sn eVr2sad oS xo ~ = WP run on inside
tiaeqmows NOUS i. SO a LcCMOSFMnne Sse WE TU ITNSIG@E
“aes l 1 | | |
| | | | | | a
| in | Jr corse me oan Be eorae one rs ere, emer k § | 0 a -
} | | ns owne owes See see Se oe SSSI 4
ri a bette + Nes tale +) 4 iz shoonuess4
Tort = 1)
tt 1! be
i, |
jo +!
(."= Tz
oe mee - aaa Tt ood
Reinforced slab ! Waterproof
| Reinforced sla If Membrane Waterproofing, 7 @*:<."+
fo
P ; ,, nF a Pe
__Ccement coat or run here with J min. cemeni ae

protective coat on outside wall | apes

Basements, Squash or Handball feats, Etc.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

pume - Saver

Standards

OCTOBER 1935

EARTH TEMPERATURES

In winter earth temperature to frost line may be taken as 32F
except in severe climates where it may go well below this point
near the surface. Below frost line, for average depth basements
earth temperature may be considered as 32F, though actually it
will be slightly warmer. At average basement levels earth tem-
perature is usually cooler in spring and summer than prevailing
mean air temperature and slightly warmer than prevailing mean
air temperature in fall and winter. Basement walls and floors of
masonry, unless artificially heated, develop an inside surface
temperature equal to that prevailing in surrounding earth.

CONDENSATION

When such surfaces (and exposed cold water or drain pipes)
are cooler than the dew-point temperature of entering air, con-
densation forms and may accumulate. This dampness may be
drained away, or allowed to dry out by providing adequate cir-
culation. To minimize damaging effects of condensation two
methods are available:

(1) Direct insulation of masonry walls (and floors) by apply-
ing materials of low heat transmission to interior surfaces.

(2) Separation of masonry in contact with earth from interior
finished surface by an intervening air space. The latter may be
formed within wall, as in the case of hollow wall construction; or,
more commonly, by use of furring. In either case, condensation
may still form on the cold masonry itself, even behind furred
walls; hence a condensation gutter and drain at junction of floor
and walls is usually desirable.

HEAT LOSSES

In addition to furring or insulation to prevent condensation it
may be advantageous to use insulation to minimize heat losses
from basement areas that require warmth in winter. Types of
insulation that may be used with representative finished wall con-
structions are indicated in accompanying details.

Loss of heat through typical basement walls, with and without
surface finishes and insulation materials, is indicated in Table I
for a limited selection of combinations. The table will suffice to
show importance of insulation where space is to be heated and
relative effectiveness of various methods.

The coefficient U of heat transmission gives heat movement in
Btu per hour, per square foot of interior surface of assembled
construction, per degree F difference in temperature between in-
side air and the outside, or earth face. This figure, multiplied by
temperature difference (normally 70 — 32 — 38F) and by area
of wall surface in square feet will give loss of heat in Btu per
hour from basement through side walls. Data are based on cal-
culations published in the A.S.H.V.E. Guide, 1935 (Table 4, p. 102)
and are not corrected for error due to exterior contact with earth
instead of air. They are sufficiently accurate for comparative pur-
poses, however.

WATERPROOF WALLS

When basement walls have an interior surface waterproofing
of the cement coat or iron-oxide type, it is imperative that no
nails, plugs or other attachment devices be driven into or through
waterproofing material. Furring strips, in such cases, must be
held in place by attachment to floor beams above or held in posi-
tion by their weight or by bracing or wedging as circumstances
permit.

sviclNo 3 Residence Basements—WALL SURFACING

TABLE |. INSULATION OF BASEMENT WALLS

(Showing approximate overall coefficient of

heat transmission U and

per cent of heat transfer stopped by several insulated wall finishes)
12
12" lo" Hollow
Solid 16" Solid Concrete
Brick Stone Concrete B
U 9 U ; U " U
Plain walls —no interior
finish 36 49 62 49
Decorated building
board (!/2") no plas-
ter —furred 19 47 ae §5 25 60 23 54
Plaster (34'') on metal
ath, furred 25: at ae 37 2) @ 22
Plaster (!/.'') on plaster
board (3¥"')—furred a 32 320 FF 34 @& 2X @
Plaster ('/2"') on rigid in-
sulation ('/.'"')—furred .19 47 .22 55 24 =O 22 &
Ditto—insulation |" thick .14 6l 16 62 18 7 16 62
Plaster ('/2") on cork-
board (I!/") set in
cement mortar—not
furred Lins ok ae 14 72 15 76 14 72
Plaster (34"') on metal
lath on furring strips—
furred space over 34"
wide faced one side
with bright aluminum
foil 9 47 az 55 25 60 a3 54
Plaster (34"') on metal
lath on furring strips
(2'') with mineral fibre
fill (15'') protected
by waterproof mem-
brane a we 2 ~ 33 6.2) Co
Plaster (34'') on metal
lath on furring strips
(2'') — flexible blanket
type fibre insulation
('/2'"') between furring
strips forming | air
space only awe & 20 8 2 6 2 FB

AMERICAN ARCHITECT
VLC NAVC/L

OCTOBER 1935 sercino.3 Residence Basements—WALL SURFACING

43S-2+8—
@3- ,
OOx O23) (No other insulation possible ) ( Slt Insulated
Nailing blocks__f oh Nailing blocks or | Fiz;4 ° Plaster | 3/4’plaster. te say 3/4 plaster tmp
or strips 24°0c. ji bag comen nails_" 3’masonry block 4 2°masonry block] | bsiad 12-2 cork board
Leveling strips 5 /2"air space id 23/4’ overall___ H i
13/4" studs Ib’o.c + oe : - 3 AWoveral_| % 7 ii 3
3/4" lath and pe pe 7 3 Not ‘Sf
plaster | Ee S S dead ; Advisable i]
3 minimum —__—y |e: —| 3A LV (No air space) 4:
| ide deities: ¢:
Hae 3) 19/4°minimum _ i % (lt
SECTION ee PLAN | BEA SECTION Ed secTiION VARA = secrion VE:
ON WOOD STUDS METAL FURRIN MASONRY FURRING CORK FURRING

PLASTER FINISH Walls having no internal waterproofing

Studs lb'o.c
3/4" boarding}

"minimum

13/4"

SECTION a
BOARDS (Horizontal )

482-8)
D42-3-6

t Tl]

Walerproofing

Strips not secured _ ae
to wall 343

334’ studs Ib oc

3/4’ plaster

5" minimum __}j

secTiION {LIE
ON WOOD STUDS

Nailing blocks
or strips 24°o.c

ST ee eee
ee beh eacce
eo

3°minimum

SECTION HJEEE

BOARDS ( Vertical )

Waterproofing

3/4" plaster
2 minimum

PLAN
METAL FURRIN

Studs |b’o.c.___
Wall board___.]

23/4 minimum_— | Fs.

Vchannel, 12’oc : |

HES

SECTION (Sew
WALL BOARD

WOOD and WALL BOARD FINISHES No internal waterproofing

OO— KEY TO INSULATION METHODS
445-8 4+5+7-8) 45-08 @ Rigid fibreboard added at point shown
O-2-3-O | (2) Rigid fibreboard in place of pl. base or finish shown

Nailing blocks_f [4 3/4 boarding__f |} Nailing blocks @) Flexible. blanket type added at point shown
oF iris aoe. Ee Studs 1b'oc. : i oy ae @) Flexible blanket type midway in air space

plaster base )

OS0-O—
ODB-O-> | |

Waterproofing _ Tes

to wall e

5’minimum

7
Strips not secured_}i ee

334° studs Ib 0.c__ 4

3/4" boards *‘__.1

SECTION {L__IIIES
BOARDS ( Horizontal

TYPICAL FINISHES Over walls waterproofed internally by the cement-coat or iron- cement method

(S) Fill type,( mineral, rock or glass wool,or powdered

ote gs cork or gypsum,) insulation in all space retained

Been’ where needed by waterproof paper.

piss © Bright metal curtain, single,face towards air space
& inserted at point shown. ( Where plaster is used

may be bright metal-backed plaster board or

@ Bright metal curtain, two-faced, dividing air
space,inserted at point shown

All details are drawn fo
scale of Y4 "equals 1-0”

( Self insulaled )
Waterproofing
1/2-2 cork board _1&

3/4" plaster__.]

SECTION Si
CORK FURRIN

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935

PURPOSE

Height of basement ceilings is often governed by the space re-
quired for piping or ducts over doorways or points requiring a
fixed headroom. More rarely it is governed by the size and type
of heating plant alone, as when ceiling heights must be kept at
a minimum, regardless of headroom.

FACTORS AFFECTING DIRECT RADIATION SYSTEMS

The following affect all types of steam, vapor and water (piped)
systems:

1. Slope or pitch of piping. Recommended practice 1” in 10’;
where space is limited a slope of 1” in 15’ is permissible; absolute
minimum is 1” in 20’.

2. Length of runs of piping. Total space required to allow pipes
to slope for drainage is governed by both the pitch and the length
of continuous runs. Divide the length in feet along pipe from
high point to low point by 10, 15 or 20 to find total drop in inches.
Example: Total length of run 80’; pitch 1” in 10’. Space required
for slope of pipe is then 80/10 or 8”.

3. Clearance under piping. When piping must pass over door-
ways or be concealed by hung ceilings of fixed height, or when
headroom is required under exposed piping at certain places, the
minimum heights thus established, together with the pitch and
length of pipe lines from those points, govern the amount of
additional space needed under structural beams, joists or slabs
to make room for the remaining piping. Arrangement of rise and
drip at Y will overcome excess height from door overpass.

4. Clearance around piping. All dimensions are given to center
line of piping. Allowances must be made for diameter of pipes
plus thickness of pipe insulation. It is also advisable to allow an
air space between piping and structural members for painting or

repairs and for wrenches or welding torches used during in-
stallation.

The following factors affect only the indicated types of heating
systems:

5. Steam mains in all steam and vapor systems of the up-feed
type slope continuously from a high point over boiler downward
to the ends, which are then “dripped” to a dry or a wet return.
The main should terminate at least 24” above boiler water line.

6. Dry returns require a drip of 24” below the end of steam mains
and should never slope to less than 6” above boiler water line
before dropping to a wet return. Hence, boiler water line plus
30” (24” + 6”) plus rise of dry return due to length and slope
fixes the lowest point at which steam main may end. Slope of
main added to this fixes minimum height of high point in main at
boiler. Example: Assume a boiler water line 42” above floor; a
steam main having a total length of 75’ and a dry return of
15’. All pipes to slope 1” in 10’. What is minimum height of
main at boiler? From par. 2, rise of dry return is 15/10 = 1.5”;
rise of steam main is 75/10 — 7.5”. Total rise in piping is 9”. Dry
return must end 6” over boiler water level and drip from main
must be 24”. Adding these dimensions to the boiler water level
we have 42” (water level) + 24” + 9” +4 6” — 81” or 69” minimum
height of main at the boiler. For 3” main covered with 1%” of

insulation, ceiling height over boiler should not be less than
81” 4 3” — 84”.

7. Wet returns should slope uniformly to boiler intake or to
vacuum pump or receiver. It is possible, though often costly and
troublesome, to bring wet returns below floor grade. For best
practice keep them above boiler intake. Note that wet returns so
arranged are obstacles to traffic unless brought along blank
walls or partitions until they reach the boiler space.

8. Gravity hot water mains used in up-feed systems slope up
from above boiler toward the last riser. High point at last riser is
then determined as follows: From manufacturers’ data find
height of supply nipple above floor. To this add the rise due to

sin. Basement CEILING HEIGHTS—PIPING

slope and length (par. 2), the height added by elbow or tee con-
nection at supply nipple and the clearances around pipe (par. 4),
This height is rarely great enough to affect ceiling heights; it is
usually necessary in small plants to elevate the mains at the
boiler to provide normal headroom.

9. Gravity hot water returns are governed by the same considera-
tions as wet returns (par. 7).

10. Forced circulation hot water mains and returns can be placed
without regard to gravity requirements as circulation is wholly
dependent upon the circulating pump. Slopes are required only
for draining system.

BASEMENT RADIATION

11. One-pipe steam or vapor systems require basement radiation
to be above mains. Add to height of main at least 8” for trap and
riser to radiator for steam and 2” for vapor systems, plus height
of radiator plus about 6” above radiator to assist air circulation.
The high ceiling required by this method can be avoided by pro-
viding basement radiation of the vacuum or vapor type with its
own dry or wet returns, thus converting this part of the installa-
tion to a 2-pipe system.

12. Two-pipe steam systems permit radiation to be placed below
steam main as in any down-feed system, providing the radiator
return outlet is 24” or more above boiler water line. Connect to
dry or wet return in normal way.

13. Two-pipe vapor and vacuum systems have special require-
ments. (a) In vapor systems, vent and return traps are required,
as indicated. Radiators can be placed 2” above dry return. Height
from boiler water level to low point of dry return where it enters
vent trap depends upon EDR (See Legend, Value J). (b) If low
ceiling must be held, a vacuum receiver and pump are used,
placed on boiler room floor. The water level in receiver becomes
the false water level. Cost of operating the pump must be con-
sidered. (c) If sub-level radiation is required, receiver and pump
can be placed in a pit.

14. Gravity hot water systems permit basement radiation to be
located below a down-feed main at any height that will keep the
return outlet of lowest radiator 6” above grate level of boiler.
If this grate level is not given in manufacturers’ data allow a
minimum of 18” from floor to radiator return outlet.

PROCEDURE

Make a tentative layout of basement partitions with their
required doors. Indicate ceiling areas where all pipes must be
concealed. Locate required columns and beams. Assume tenta-
tive heights from floor to door heads, underside of beams and
surface of finished ceilings.

Superimpose upon this plan a tentative layout of supply and
return mains, using arrows to indicate direction of slope down-
ward from high point to low point. Study the two layouts together
and seek adjustments which will keep wet and dry returns along
walls or partitions which have no doorways to cross, and rear-
range doorways so far as possible, to come near the high end of
supply mains.

Find points in layouts where a fixed clearance under piping is
necessary. Measure length of mains and returns from these points
back to boiler. If conflicting pipe is a supply main, calculate the
rise to high point (see par. 2) and add to fixed clearance height.
Also add clearances required around piping (par. 4). The sum
will be required ceiling height at high point in the main. By
similar methods check height of main where it passes under
structural beams or girders to determine height above floor
required at these points.

If conflicting pipe is a dry return, calculate the rise in both dry
return and supply main it serves and include an allowance for
drip as in pars. 6 or 13. Also check downward slope toward boiler
to see that dry return drips to a wet return from a point at least
6” above boiler water line.

The highest point required in any supply main should be taken
as the structural ceiling height for entire basement, unless the
plan is such that different ceiling levels can be arranged accord-
ing to piping requirements. If height is excessive, restudy layout
and consider pit installation for boiler.

| QO a>

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

io
fi
OCTOBER 1935 seins Basement CEILING HEIGHTS—PIPING
n-
4). | | | | Allow clearance for pipe size and coverage | Girder
1s ‘ 1 ’
he X L } , 2 Supply Main pq J Li . X
a ee a ; ae gam ; a |
| bs t } hy Rise SUDDIV Main o ~ | = * =
on — ; Rad |
D ae, See é| . EAS Ce Ee D
G ; | , Cc
ed ' | A f 4 Optional |
lly r ! DryRetun E | i E § Dry Return
ily By \ | | Pe { i ’
| | : Water Line | B
: {toa tf tt | CAs : : —{-+4H- et - jit n
Dry Return ond
STEAM ; Opposite Or
nd Loop
; furl
“ ; Return inlets. | Wet Relurn Ld G
“a | J 1 | i Rall 7 | Ma é i
4 ; 3 fer return
its Hartford Loop We
la- TWO-PIPE Drain Pit Not recommended
ONE-PIPE STEAM SYSTEMS STEAM SYSTEMS : below boiler intake
id LEGEND lind 7 ' met
or Ceiling 6 min > |
. pied, aes Rad ‘ e
to A = High point in piping. Steam Vent 2'min D S |
X = Fixed clearance point below which no pipe passing this point Trap Dry return i
re- may drop. X' —a fixed point in ceiling, such as a beam, above 2)
ed, which no pipe may rise. Water line 5 |
ht P E era —- SSS =—
ars B, B' = Height of fixed clearance points. Height A is then governed
: i ‘ . Steam as |
ow by length L from point X along piping to high point and the Boiler Dry return = |
ed, slope or pitch of piping, usually |" in 10 ft. Special condition ; aS
nye f , False water line = |
les fl shown at "Y". ne ae ener eee ee oe
n- ; H Floor ‘ Oo < |
mp C = Low end of steam main should not be less than 24" above T * is 77 E>|
boiler water line. See condition D. | Pump Receiver Rad oy |
D — Drip from low end of supply main to high end of dry ret ood -_—— 8 |
} = Drip from low end of supply main to high end of dry return ( Optional) - = aise water lin S
a should be not less than 24". ai 7+ H — Tne S iS |
a oor
er. E = Low end of dry return should drip to wet return from a level :
es F not less than 6" above boiler water line. TWO-PIPE VAPOR OR VACUUM SYSTEMS
F — Wet return should slope to return inlet. See manufacturers’ ;
j data for height. Also see special condition G. To top floor for Pitch up for u High
i IU l for up- t
eir | G = Wet return under floor (or below boiler return inlet) is per- - down feed system : feed systems. Ji point. }
be missible, but not recommended. Drainage pit and accessible > |
ta- cleanout must be provided at low point to flush out scale and LAs required Supply Pitch down for
ind sediment periodically. for head rm Basement radiation
| tor
ind H = Basement radiator outlet should not be less than 24"' above oe
wn- boiler water line. Add height of radiator and allow 6" mini- pp
her mum drop from main to radiator inlet. Hot Water A
yng , : Heater Radiator
ar J = Height from boiler water level, to low point dry return con-
of nection at vent trap. J = 20" for 1500 sq. ft. EDR, 23" for ,.
2500, 25" for 4000 sq. ft. EDR. jGratelevely| = om +-—— ]
s is Return d ! r.
nts ; ee min ry
the ' _— . - 7 ~
ht. Width of Boiler plus 6 for 01 Burner, Automatic Stoker
ht wath of Boer BG lor Sr oace fr manual ig GRAVITY HOT WATER RADIATION SYSTEMS
F or 2:0 minimum passage usudlly requires no increase
bad oo pik __in these dimensions ree
oor 4_ 2:6 min for a hes Lengthordiameter | / Length +6’ for tubular
breeching andround Boilers Ss level W R
dry : ’ ee Hot Water fever Win rérurn Radiator
sod BOILER Heater Circulating pump Pr
ler : L : a sb min.ordepthof £
ast : Width or diameter firebox for sectional Boilers uw |
. '
ken 4 Mp ENO eneny eer P| Pump may be prc armies
the ee ee Pi below Boiler Radiator
yrd- ! aie ie =
out 3 roe
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL CLEARANCES AT BOILER FORCED CIRCULATION HOT WATER SYSTEM
Copyright 1935, American Arcnitect

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935

PURPOSE

When dwellings are equipped with central warm air heating
or air conditioning systems, basement ceiling heights are largely
governed by the depth and disposition of the supply and return
ducts and the required headroom or clearance beneath them.
Methods of determining these factors are presented here.

DUCT SIZES—FORCED CIRCULATION

In all types of forced circulation air distribution systems the
diameter or depth of the largest duct is the chief factor deter-
mining ceiling heights or headroom clearances in basements.

Rule 1. To estimate size of individual supply and return ducts:
(a) Determine amount of air to be circulated through the duct
in cubic feet per minute (cfm) as follows: Compute the volume
of the rooms served in cubic feet and multiply by the desired
number of air circulations per hour (see Table 1). Divide this
product by 60 to convert to cubic feet per minute.

(b) Assume a velocity in basement ducts ranging from 600 to
1000 feet per minute (fpm) unless the desired velocity is known.
For estimating purposes 800 fpm may be used.

(c) Divide the volume of air moved (cfm from paragraph a) by
the velocity (fpm from paragraph b) and multiply the quotient by
144 to reduce to square inches of duct area. In case round ducts
are to be used determine the nearest diameter in even inches
from tables of areas of circles. If rectangular ducts are to be
used divide the area in square inches by a minimum desired
depth; if the width thus found is not over 4 times the depth
selected, the dimensions thus established may be used.

Rule 2. To estimate the size of main supply and return ducts:
(a) Compute the area of all branch ducts served by the main as in
Rule 1.

(b) Starting at the extreme end of the main and working back
toward the furnace or conditioner, add the areas in square inches
of the two or more branches which leave the end of the trunk
and deduct 10% to find the area of the duct at this junction.

(c) Repeat at each junction of each branch, adding the area
of the branch and deducting 10% from the sum, but in no case
let the trunk area fall below 70% of the area of all branches.

(d) Convert the area in square inches at the furnace to a rec-
tangular shape as in Rule 1, c.

GRAVITY WARM AIR SYSTEMS

Individual Supply Ducts (called leaders) are required for each
register or riser. They should rise not less than 1 inch per foot
of length from the furnace bonnet and should not exceed 12 feet
in horizontal length for satisfactory performance. Connections
at the “boot” forming the base of each riser should be made with
bends having a radius on the inside face equal to the leader depth.

Rule 3. To find the ceiling height required by leaders serving a
gravity warm air system: Add to height from floor to top of
leader take-off at bonnet of furnace (A) the rise of the longest
leader (B) due to its required slope, which is the same in inches
as the length of the leader (E) in feet. To this total add the
diameter of the leader (F) to allow for the elbow entering the
riser boot (C). This will give the minimum ceiling height D
which is permissible in good practice.

Note that this has no relation to headroom under the leaders.
If the octopus-like arrangement of leaders interferes with the
use of basement space for other purposes it is advisable to install
a furnace fan in the return duct and convert the installation to
a “fan heater system.” In such cases duct layouts may be
arranged and ceiling heights fixed as for air conditioning sys-
tems (Rule 4).

Return and Fresh Air ducts in gravity warm air systems are nor-
mally combined and brought to the bottom of the furnace casing.
Best practice is indicated by arrangement (1) in the gravity
system diagram. When headroom is required under the duct,
arrangements (2) or (3) may be adopted with only slight loss in
operating efficiency.

sricinois Basement CEILING HEIGHTS—DUCT WORK

TABLE |. AIR CIRCULATION PER HOUR
RECOMMENDED FOR TYPICAL AREAS

Residences 3 to 4
Offices, Stores 4tob
Assemblies 5 to7
Dining Rooms 6to 8
Kitchens 30 to 60

FORCED AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

Any warm air heating or air conditioning system having a
fan or blower to force air movement through the ducts may
employ horizontal ducts at the ceiling level. Two principal types
are designated in the diagrams thus: (1) fan heater systems in
which individual leaders feed each register or riser (as in gravity
systems) and (2) air conditioning systems in which one or more
main trunk ducts with branches serve a group of registers and
risers. The distinction is more convenient than precise. In all
cases, however, ceiling heights are influenced by the same factors.

Rule 4. To determine ceiling heights when horizontal forced cir-
culation air ducts must clear any given headroom: (a) Determine
depth (F) of largest main duct by Rule 2.

(b) Add to this depth (F) any clearance (G) required between
the duct and the ceiling members to allow for the addition of
duct insulation or to comply with local fire-safety regulations.
A clearance of 2” is considered good practice.

(c) To the sum of these dimensions (F and G) add the desired
headroom H at any critical point in the plan. The total will give
the required ceiling height (D) unless further allowances are
required as below. Headroom H should be not less than 6’-3”
where ducts are exposed; if the ducts are to be concealed, dimen-
sion H becomes the desired finished ceiling height plus the thick-
ness of the false ceiling construction plus clearance for duct in-
sulation as required.

(d) All branches should turn from the horizontal to vertical
risers through an elbow having a minimum inside radius equal
to the depth of the branch. If elbows do not come between floor
joists increase clearance G by the depth of the branch.

(e) Similarly main ducts rising out of the furnace or air con-
ditioner should have long radius bends. Therefore check ceiling
height by adding to the bonnet height (A) twice the depth of
the largest duct (F) and the required clearances (G). If this total
exceeds the ceiling height determined in paragraph c, increase
the height D accordingly.

Return Air Ducts in forced circulation systems are designed in
the same manner as supply ducts. They may enter the heater
casing by any of the arrangements shown in the diagram (1, 2
or 3) as required by the unit. If return ducts must cross supply
ducts, they should be located beneath the latter, and headrooms
figured accordingly.

CLEARANCES AROUND UNITS

Furnaces and air conditioners should be located in the base-
ment plan in such manner as to allow the following horizontal
clearances: At stack connection side allow at least 2’-6” for flue
pipe. Make connection as at (5) in fan heater diagram whenever
possible; method (6) is less desirable unless headroom is re-
quired. At sides allow minimum clearances shown on plans
A and B but check with manufacturers’ data to provide ample
room for removing filters, water coils, boiler tubes or sections
and for access to fans or blowers, motors and controls. At front
allow space (M) for burner or stoker plus the indicated allow-
ance for servicing the unit. In the case of manually fired heaters
dimension M should be at least 3’-0”.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935 sercinc.is Basement CEILING HEIGHTS—-DUCT WORK

—s 5 =e Return Ait i _ Ay
eS ~~ ap—emmaeaieess ~ tages his Ceiling Line 7 Ci i
Outside Air F Z- (2) ‘ = ‘
——_ > j—_aemeaaaaae , 3 — ser Puen | \o\0 Boo
— ' \ : + Bonne ae
| fig ma = 7
= ; = & a em |
; a , 3 & t
| i | 8 ("neater -}—____ / Dp
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1 | L | @ bee A
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| _ oO aaa
| a emer : Floor Line |
GRAVITY WARM AIR SYSTEM
LEGEND ACE] =< i i@
A—Height, floor to top of leader take-off at bonnet. ain \ ( ]
B—Leader rise, one inch per foot of length = E/12. rs hc ‘ DH
C—Clearance for bend to boot at foot of riser — duct depth F. % a ; s

D—Ceiling height. See text. In gravity systems D = A + B H
+ C. In forced circulation systems D = H + F + G or

sometimes H + 2F + G. | a
E—Length of Leader in feet. Not over 12'-0" for gravity warm 2-6 min
air system. eoeed
: |
F—Depth or diameter of duct. Should not be less than '/4 duct , ! H 1 al
width.

FAN HEATER SYSTEM
G—Desired clearance between duct and structural ceiling for

fire safety or for duct insulation; usually 2”.

H—Required headroom under lowest part of duct. Include |
of 1-6 2:0 L+2- -b
thickness of duct insulation, if any. Desirable minimum to t Late J ~ ee J a
bare duct 6'-3". min ren , oo
| | euiiiaee
J—Width or diameter of Heater or Conditioner. ~ | 1
| ‘
K—Length of Heater or Conditioner. |
L—Space to withdraw filters, coils, tubes or sections and for J K tL CONDITIONER
access to blowers, motors, etc. See manufacturers’ clear- | ‘
ance diagrams. 7 i f t
M-—Space required by burner or stoker. In manually fired units M of Burner Or M t + Burner or
M = 3'-0" minimum. eS: ST 3 Stoker | OLE: ake 3 Stoker
N—Girder, beam or other ceiling construction. Ducts may be \-bmin PLAN A -bmin PLAN B
bent beneath such obstructions with long radius bends if | |
essentia.; straight ducts better. 4 - ———_—__—_—— - a
\ —s = Ceiling, Line. G
But = = a
Gt EN a wy Ss
7 ’ u |
it) f a] F

‘ss... CONDITIONER

——_“ ah *

_J
K

ae eee

| |
H H D

| |

Floor Lines} _

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

pune Saver

Slandarwds

OCTOBER 1935

PURPOSE

The accompanying charts and table enable the architect to
determine fuel storage requirements of houses up to approxi-
mately thirty rooms in size.

Steam, hot water and warm air heating with coke, bituminous
and anthracite coals and fuel oil are considered.

Data have been developed from records and practices of nation-
ally responsible fuel distributors. They recommend that the quan-
tity of fuel to be stored in the average residence shall be approxi-
mately 20% of the total amount of fuel required during the entire
heating season. The total heating season is assumed as 210 days
in computing the accompanying charts. The average load through-
out the season is assumed to be one-third the maximum season
load.

These recommendations are based on the further assumption
that fuel deliveries can be made throughout the season with rea-
sonable promptness after an order is placed. If the residence is
so isolated that deliveries cannot be relied upon, greater fuel
storage capacity than is indicated by this chart is advisable.

DATA REQUIRED

Determine type of fuel, type of heating, the trim line height
in the case of solid fuel storage (as indicated on the accompany-
ing diagram) and the Equivalent Direct Radiation, as indicated
below.

HOW TO DETERMINE EQUIVALENT DIRECT
RADIATION (EDR)

In new buildings the total heat loss in Btu or in EDR (steam)
should be calculated in the usual manner, adding the correct
allowances for piping and pick-up losses or duct losses, as the
case may be. To convert the total heating load in Btu (including
all losses) to EDR, divide by 240 for steam or 150 for water. In
the case of warm air heating or air conditioning, convert to
equivalent direct steam radiation and use the steam lines on
the accompanying chart.

In existing buildings the total output of the installed boiler
or furnace can usually be obtained by reference to manufacturer’s
data. Otherwise calculate as if for new buildings, or measure the
total square feet of free standing radiation and add the normal
allowances for piping and pick-up losses.

The EDR shown on the accompanying chart represents the
total capacity of the boiler or furnace at its outlet.

HOW TO DETERMINE SOLID FUEL STORAGE

Find EDR at upper left margin of chart. Read right to diag-
onal Type of Fuel line. Read down to intermediate margin and
note cubic feet of recommended storage. Continue down to Height
of Trim line diagonal. Read right to Directrix. At Directrix read
either right across to obtain square feet as floor area, or read
down to find side of square bin equal to square foot area. Plan bin
as square as possible.

Example: Anthracite fuel, steam heating. Trim line 5’-0” (assumed).
800 EDR. Enter chart at left on 800 EDR. Read right to anthra-
cite-steam diagonal. Reading down indicates 216 cu. ft. as
recommended minimum storage. Continue through 5’-0” trim line
and Directrix to margin giving an area of 43 sq. ft. Side of

serial No.6 Residence Basements—FUEL STORAGE DATA

square bin equal to this area is shown as 6’-7” reading down from
Directrix. No bin should be less than 3’-0” in either direction. On
chart the Anthracite-Steam and Coke-Hot Water diagonals coin-
cide mathematically. No definite relation between them exists.

HOW TO DETERMINE LIQUID FUEL STORAGE

Liquid fuel is here considered to be fuel oil for domestic burner
purposes. Since tank sizes are standardized, a considerable range
of heating loads may be served by one size of tank. Find in the
first or second column of the accompanying table the EDR for
steam or hot water nearest to the total load in the given project.
Read to the right for the standard size of tank in gallons and in
the remaining columns for its approximate size and proper loca-
tion. If the total project load in EDR is between the EDR loads
shown in Columns 1 and 2, it is generally advisable to install the
larger tank thus indicated unless the dwelling is in a suburban
locality where prompt fuel deliveries are assured at all times.

Example: Assume the project has a load of 800 sq. ft. EDR, steam
heating. Upon examination of the table this load appears to fall
between 700 and 1400 EDR steam. A tank with a capacity of
550 gallons may be used in locations with adequate delivery ser-
vices, but better practice would indicate the use of the next larger
size tank having a capacity of 1080 gallons.

The 275-gallon tanks are generally obround; i.e. flat top and
bottom and rounded sides; and are usually placed inside. Larger
tanks are cylindrical. Standard tanks larger than those listed in
the table are available. There are two 2000-gallon tanks good for
2700 steam or 4320 hot water recommended minimum storage, one
being 5’-4” diameter and 12’-0” long and the other 5’-0” x 14’-0”, and
two 3000-gallon tanks good for 4000 steam and 6400 hot water, one
6’-0” x 14’-0” and the other 5’-4” x 18-0”. In addition, 5000- and
10,000-gallon tanks are available, but sizes vary.

FUEL TONNAGE IN RECOMMENDED STORAGE

To find the weight of fuel in tons which can be accommodated
in storage bins of the recommended size, multiply cubic feet re-
quired by 0.015 for coke, 0.0235 for bituminous, and 0.0265 for

anthracite coal. Fuel oil is already determined in gallons from
table.

Example: 220 cu. ft. recommended minimum storage. 220 x 0.0265
= 5.83 tons anthracite.

FUEL STORAGE FOR TOTAL SEASON

Recommended minimum storage is for urban districts with
normal fuel delivery service. In outlying or isolated districts it
may become necessary to provide additional storage for part or
all the total heating season requirement.

To find the cubic feet of space required to store the solid fuel
needed throughout an entire heating season, multiply the recom-
mended storage capacity in cubic feet by 5. Divide this by the
trim line height to obtain the area of the bin in square feet.

Example: 220 cu. ft. recommended minimum storage (assumed).
220 x 5 = 1100 cu. ft. required for total season.

To find the size of fuel oil storage tank required to hold an
entire season’s requirements, multiply the steam heating load
(EDR) by 5, before selecting tank size in gallons.

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AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 1935 Serial

vo. 16 Residence Basements—FUEL STORAGE DATA

Yala) ta

STANDARD FUEL OIL TANKS RECOMMENDED
FOR GIVEN EQUIVALENT DIRECT RADIATION
RECT RAD.| CAPACITY

OT WATER GALS

EQUIVALENT CL

STEAM - SECTION LENGTH LOCATION

370 590 299 27x42 ase nside
370 590 “m9 24'x 37 6-0 Inside
700 1120 550 4-C 5° Outside
1400 2300 1080 4-0" ¢ 11-9”

2000 3200 1500 4-0 16-O

2000 3200 1500 4-8" ¢ 11-1

2000 3200 1500 5-4" 9 70

NOTE 275 Galion Tanks, Obrourd Wirers ROUNA SCCHIOL

——

E
oO Window
‘ rim Line

t Z PARE nd a7] -
=|[ SOLID’ S
Fy FUEL 29)

: S
' Floor ’ '
STORAGE BIN

1000_|

900

Z a ~| | | ‘ Ti
Copyright 1935, American Architect

+ = ae
. —_— =

|
“os

AREA - STORAGE BIN - SQ. FT.

TN,

100

90
|
80
70
b0
50

ENGTH OF SIDE OF STORAGE BIN ( Fee) «

ARCHITECTS
ENGINEERS
DESIGNERS
SPECIFICATION WRITERS

in active practice may have copies of all

Time-Saver Standards reprinted in sheet

form for convenient desk use... without cost!

SIMPLY FILL OUT AND MAIL

THE COUPON ON PAGE 114

96 AMERICAN ARCHITECT

———E

“steam-air-conditioner’

combining

XPERTS in heating and air conditioning have long agreed that

in residential work both radiation heating and conditioned warm
air heating should be combined for ideal results. They also seek
automatic all-year domestic hot water and some simple method of
securing summer comfort.

. . . because warm air heating of living rooms and bedrooms per-
mits effective air conditioning at minimum cost.

. . . because radiation heating in kitchens, bathrooms, garage and
sometimes servants’ quarters prevents the recirculation of odors or
noxious fumes through the air conditioning system, or saves long
extensions of duct work.

. .. because domestic hot water is needed at all times and can be
cheaply provided by coils submerged in a steam boiler.

. .. because the same blower and filters needed for winter condi-
tioning can maintain cleaned air circulation all year, to the great
improvement of summer comfort.

OR the first time these ideals are met in a single unit—the Quiet

MAY ‘steam-air-conditioner.” It heats by both steam radiation
and conditioned warm air, it automatically provides domestic hot
water all year around by a tankless heater of unique type; it cleans
and circulates the air in winter as part of its air conditioning func-
tion and in summer to produce the cooling effect of a gentle breeze.
Mechanical cooling and dehumidifying equipment may be added at
any time by making simple provisions in the duct work.

. . . conditioned warm air heating
. . . steam radiation heating
... all-year tankless domestic hot water

. . - controlled summer air circulation

All equipment is contained within a compact cabinet of furniture
steel beautifully finished in grey and black with chromium trim.

The foundation of this new Quiet MAY ‘‘steam-air-conditioner” is
the successful Quiet MAY Oil Furnace featuring the sapphire
atomizer and Gerotor pump, the patented Ther-MAY-lator, com-
bustion chamber, and the year ‘round tankless domestic hot water
heater submerged in the boiler water.

Incorporated in the engineering design are—a large capacity slow-
speed centrifugal blower; oversize Air-mat replaceable filters for
air cleaning; a fully automatic evaporating type humidifier of adjust-
able capacity and a simple ‘‘dry-back’’ heat economizer which forces
the flue gases to part with all waste heat before entering the stack.

Carefully balanced and integrated through newly devised controls,
this scientifically designed “steam-air-conditioner” is easily installed
in old houses utilizing the existing warm air duct distribution system;
or in any house, new or old, in which both ducts and radiators can
be introduced for ideal results.

The following pages give complete design and layout data cover-
ing all eight models (four different sizes) in which the Quiet MAY
“steam-air-conditioner” is available.

MAY OIL BURNER CORPORATION

Factory and Executive Offices: Baltimore, Md., U.S.A.

MAY OIL BURNER OF CANADA,LTD., Toronto, Can.

Consult Telephone Directory for Nearest Quiet MAY (
Branch Office or Authorized Dealer

A PRODUCT OF MAY OIL BURNER CORPORATION, BALTIMORE, MD.

1935

FOR OCTOBER

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OF ADVERTISED PRODUCTS

OCTOBER 1935, Serial No. A3.!

FRONT VIEW

PURPOSE

The Quiet MAY “steam-air-conditioner” is designed for so-called
“split” or, more properly, “combined” systems of radiation heat-
ing and winter air conditioning, including an all-year around
tankless domestic hot water supply. This type of system supplies
conditioned warm air through ducts to certain rooms while per-
mitting other areas (such as bathrooms, kitchens, garage, from
which recirculating ducts are not desirable) to be heated by steam
radiators or convectors. The unit is made in sizes suitable for
residences and similar buildings, and may be used in existing
structures having a duct distribution system as well as in new
buildings. Cooling and dehumidifying equipment may be added
at any time.

DESCRIPTION

(1) Heat is supplied by a Quiet MAY Oil Furnace of the im-
proved design successfully introduced over two years ago. Steam
is delivered in part to mains supplying direct radiators or con-
vectors and in part to extended fin-type heat transfer coils in
the air conditioning chamber within the unit. In addition, a “dry-
back” heat exchanger in which flue gases release their heat units
to circulating air acts as an economizer.

(2) Air circulation is provided by a quiet, low-speed centrifugal
blower of large volume capacity.

(3) Air cleaning by oversized Air-mat replaceable filters is pro-
vided in either or both return air intakes, as required.

(4) Humidification is provided automatically by an evaporating
tray mounted directly upon the boiler shell in the path of the
air stream, with an adjustable float-controlled supply. Humidistat
control can be provided, if desired.

(5) Domestic hot water is provided by a submerged tankless
heater of sufficient size to utilize practically the full output of
the boiler.

(6) Summer comfort is aided by use of fan and filters to pro-
vide controlled circulation of cleaned, unheated air. A damper
makes this possible without interfering with summer domestic
hot water heating.

CONTROLS

Domestic hot water is maintained at proper temperature, sum-
mer and winter, by an aquastat uniquely positioned within the
heater tubes, that has precedence over all other operating con-
trols. Room temperatures are governed by a room thermostat
which, upon call for heat, first starts the oil-burner and prepares
the fan. The fan, however, does not operate until there is heat
in the steam-to-air heat exchanger.

HOW TO SELECT PROPER SIZE

The total heat loss from the building to be served should be
calculated by usual methods, room by room, and expressed in
Btu’s per hour.

QUIET

A REFERENCE ADVERTISEMENT

QUIET MAY “STEAM-AIR-CONDITIONER"”

UNCOVERED LEFT END VIEW

UNCOVERED REAR VIEW

Determine which rooms are to be heated by radiators or con-
vectors, and which are to be air-conditioned through a circulat-
ing duct system. In general, use radiation in rooms from which
objectionable odors or noxious gases may be recirculated, such
as garages, kitchens, bathrooms; also in servants’ quarters, attic
space or wherever conditioned air is not needed.

Add to the total direct radiation load (in Btu) the allow-
ance for the calculated piping and pick-up losses. It is recom-
mended that the combined piping and pick-up loads be taken as
about 70% of the standing radiation. The gross direct radiation,
including piping and pick-up loads in Btu should not exceed the
capacity indicated for the selected unit in Col. IV of the accom-
panying selection table.

Similarly, compute the total heating load supplied by warm air
through ducts and add a normal allowance (usually 25%) for duct
losses. The gross warm air load including duct losses (in Btu)
should not exceed the capacity indicated for the selected unit in
Col. II, nor should it be less than the minimum Btu to air indi-
cated in Col. III of the selection table.

The total load, consisting of standing direct radiation, piping
and pick-up loads, warm air heating load and duct losses, should
not exceed the total Btu output of the selected unit shown in
Col. I of the selection table.

DOMESTIC HOT WATER LOADS

Note that no allowance for domestic hot water supply need be
made in determining loads on boiler. This is due to the fact that
the automatic control of the tankless heater does not permit the
boiler to be taxed simultaneously by the heating load and the
domestic hot water load. Check the domestic hot water require-
ments in gallons per hour for 90 F rise; if it does not exceed the
capacity indicated for the selected boiler in Col. V an ample
supply is assured. If abnormal domestic hot water loads must
be served a submerged heater and tank may be used, but in this
event the advantages of the Quiet MAY tankless heater are lost
and the domestic hot water load, in Btu, must be added to the
heating loads when determining the total required boiler output.

DESIGN OF DUCT SYSTEM

The duct system, consisting of supply and return ducts, should
be designed in the normal manner, with a total resistance pres-
sure not exceeding %” of water on units number 17 and 18 and
%” on units number 15 and 16. Because of the oversize blower, the
manufacturer can modify fan speeds and air volume to provide
the desired cubic feet per minute air delivery at grille outlet tem-
peratures down to 120F. Fan speed is adjusted on the job by
changes in pulley ratios and the system is properly balanced as
part of the installation contract.

ENGINEERING SERVICE

Architects are invited to submit drawings of new or existing
projects for complete engineering service. Communicate direct
with factory or nearest Branch Office or Authorized Dealer.

MAY OIL BURNER CORPORATION

Factory and Executive Offices: BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, U. S. A.
MAY OIL BURNER OF CANADA, LTD., Toronto, Canada

= —_ ——ow
eo

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OF ADVERTISED PRODUCTS

OCTOBER 1935, Serial No. A3.!

QUIET MAY “STEAM-AIR-CONDITIONER”

A REFERENCE ADVERTISEMENT

PLAN

Alice

Access door

Aquastat —1

te Water
Ig gauge

housing i
Flame —_] Return
observation Rial air intake
port 3 |

Ja,
OBSERVATION END
SELECTION TABLE

Supply duct
may leave in
any direction

FRONT ELEVATION

Stack connection ae
Clearance for , a iat Outlet oir duct f
ended | ro. removal of ; eo . sal 1 bapa gp "
Recomm roy | 4 filters : 3 Usual location steam rat 1 See F ry "
minimum aq , 4 a ae die = : 1
clearance 1 oon ene e=-: - d
i \e i’ ++ ,- i
to wall ' | | Units 15&16=2'0" FT} | mth lef |
= . me e Domestic hot water risers ah 3
ce Units 17 & 18=2'6 lig 7 ree
OS r ~ Tho Le 1 Ga Naive Water
; Outlet air duct ee valve line
Return air duct, Return air duct ‘apt ina
either or both on floor, either a rained +
sides side or both sides fr" 4 Filter Filter ‘a Cc
of cabinet t+— + 1-- -+-~
muta 4 ae |
Recommended Hood BD Observation port G !
) clearance to wall and access door 1 | ! San eons door
+—3 ae so—| ted
cents | Recommended “1 Pr ‘a Y
oil burner i" | clearance to wall K .
«< A | (to remove tankless heater) area REAR ELEVATION
retur

—————4 —_ | -
0 | D
Access to Cc
oil burner
and |
Return humidifier
air intake
. = |
y
l. B a

OIL BURNER END

DIMENSIONS

ad ‘ l hl a ‘ a " us " m *
a 1.07 120,000 Snaee anaee enene 133 | heige| S0%4|3'7%4|4°6%|5:9%) 20% | 96% | ge) om | a0
16-A 170,000 85,000 85,000 18" de . . 20°x | 36"x | ». ”
| 16-R 1.51 170,000 85,000 55,000 115,000 200 11g"} 50%] 3 74) 4 6%"| 59%" 20" | 15" |2 6%} 2" | 10
17-A 260,000 130,000 130,000 20" sls 09371 ogg] 20% | 48% | apie] 937°] aoe
7R | 232 | 260,000 | 439000 65,000 | 195,000 300 | zon] TT | F64| S48) CTH) op | ary] S04] 24) 12
18-A 340,000 170,000 170,000 2'2" «| ous ett sy 20x | 48% | 2 re .

Notes: All ratings based on 2 pounds steam pressure. Volume and velocity of air, and grille temperatures
are adjusted on job by installer by varying fan speed to suit conditions. "water for units 15
and 16, or % water for units 17 and 18 is allowed the designer for resistance pressure of duct system.

QUIET MAY

joins t

iler

Ga
het
oO
&
Zz
g
S
pee
O

products in the complete line of

AMERICAN
HEATING SYSTEMS

e In the new No. 11, the small home now has a small, cast

iron, oil burning boiler that is not a makeshift, but was
designed specifically to meet the requirements of auto-

matic oil heating.

Lesigned especially to meet the
ee ee ee e The No. 11 is a companion to the famous No. 12. It
7 .
a Uh includes all the features of the No. 12, plus new features
mg m gmat homes

developed through field work and research. The design of

the sections for example is such that the boiler can lose
a considerable amount of water before the line will drop
appreciably. This overcomes a common cause of trouble in
automatic heating where the boiler is rarely looked after.

’ e Likewise, the solution of other practical problems dictat-
Winter and summer hot 2
x and «¢ x hot water

ed the design of the high arched combustion chamber; the
supply and other necessary ac-

novel arrangement of flue passages; and many of the other

cessories are built in features that make the No. 11 virtually a new kind of boiler.

e Like all other heating products in the complete line of
American Radiator Heating Systems, the No. 11 Oil Burning
Boiler is backed by the resources of the world’s largest
manufacturer of heating equipment. Its performance is

assured by the best known name in heating.

Available with requla a)
neqular ox ex
tended Vo comft letely enclosing *n AMERICAN RADIATOR COMPANY

se New York, N.Y.
bansen and alt tmtimeds 40 West 40th Street, New York,

f AMERICAN RADIATOR & STANDARD SANITARY CORPORATION

Wis you lay out plans for a basement, give careful

thought to the piping. Choose a plumbing pipe that is
modern and attractive, easy to install and not in the way, rust-
proof and trouble-proof for years to come.

Revere Copper Water Tube meets these requirements. It is
trim and neat, thanks to Streamline soldered Fittings. It is
easy to install, because it comes in long lengths. And since it
can be bent around obstructions, it fits in tight places and hugs
the wall or ceiling. In addition, Revere Copper Water Tube is
rust-proof and leak-proof for the life of the building . . . future
repairs and replacement are reduced to a minimum. For these
reasons, more architects every day specify Revere Copper
Water Tube.

In specifying this tube, note that it is available in three types
... K, Land M...to meet the corrosive conditions and price
considerations of the particular installation. It comes in two
tempers: Hard, for new and exposed work . . . Soft, for con-

HOW ABOUT THE

PIPE

IN THE BASEMENT?

cealed replacement work and those places where flexibility is
desired. Revere Copper Tube is 99.9°(, pure copper . . . and
100°, useful metal, because no threading is required.

Copper tube is just one of Revere’s many copper, brass and
bronze products. Architects have long known and recom-
mended Revere Sheet Copper for roofs, flashings, skylights,
cornices, and other sheet metal work . .. Revere Leadtex (lead-
coated sheet copper) for special decorative sheet metal effects
. .. Revere Architectural Bronze Panel Sheets and Extruded
Shapes for entrances, fronts, and grilles .. . Revere Brass Pipe
and Red-Brass Pipe . . . Herculoy, Revere’s patented high-
strength non-corrosive alloy, for hot water storage tanks . . .
and now, the new Revere Thru-Wall Flashing or Cheney
Flashing.

For further details about Revere Copper Water Tube or any
other Revere products, address our Executive Offices, 230 Park
Avenue, New York City.

CVCIC Copper and Brass

ae” te
REVERE
* 19

* o,

Executive Orrices: 230 Park Avenue, New York City
Romg, N. Y. -

New Beprorp, Mass. -

INCORPORATED

Mitts: Barttimore, Mp. Taunton, Mass.

Detroit, Micn. - Cuicaco, Itt. + Sares Orrices in Principat CITIES

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

OIL-EIGHTY

ew ACii1:1e),

AUTOMATIC

basement

planner's
best friend .. .

FOR

The MODERN BASEMENT is the offspring of automatic

oil heating ... and the starting point of basement planning
is the heating unit.

The greatest aid to basement planning is a heating unit that
provides the maximum of compactness and attractiveness, of
course, in combination with efficient heating performance.

And that is precisely what the FITZGIBBONS OIL-EIGHTY
AUTOMATIC offers. Modernly beautiful outside, and a
masterpiece of scientific boiler design and construction
inside, this enduring, corrosion-resistant COPPER-STEEL
boiler is the best friend any basement planner ever had.

Two advantages of this boiler in particular, add greatly to
its space-saving and appearance-enhancing advantages: The
burner can be entirely concealed within the confines of the
boiler jacket; INSTANTANEOUS HOT WATER can be
provided without a storage tank.

Whether it’s for a new home or for one you are modernizing,
start your basement planning with the FITZGIBBONS OIL-
EIGHTY AUTOMATIC. It is adapted to steam, hot water
or vapor systems, and comes in 13 different sizes to fit any
residence from the small home to the large estate. And it
can be bought on the FITZGIBBONS FHA THREE YEAR
PURCHASE PLAN.

Works: OSWEGO, N. Y.

OCTOSER 1935

The FITZGIBBONS

OIL-EIGHTY AUTOMATIC

has another advantage—
it leaves free the selection
of the oil burner, for it
will team up with any one
to form a modern unit of
outstanding efficiency —a
unit that will assure the
contentment of adequate,
dependable, low-cost oil
heat, plus the added com-
fort of copious clean hot
water.

Fitzgibbons Boiler Company, Inc.

THT GENERAL OFFICES: 570 SEVENTH AVE., NEW YORK, N. Y. (UNTETIUDDEEEEE

BRANCHES AND REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES

CBA
eee CL.

RIGHT: Are you working on a
basement playroom? Perhaps
this sketch built around a floor
of Sloane-Blabon Linoleum may
——) give some ideas. The ground
ke || color is Ocean Green. Border
) and inset, Azure Blue. Walls
may be Yellow. Wooden animal
cutouts, Ocean Green and Azure
Blue. Seat cushion and chair,
Vermilion. Furniture, Green with
Azure Blue Linoleum desk top.

ITH the new pastel shades in
W.... gauges now available
in Sloane-Blabon Linoleum there liter-
ally is no end to the distinctive floor
designs you can work out. The sky's
the limit . .. even in basement rooms.
Why not let us send you samples so
that you can visualize their possibili-
ties? W. & J. Sloane Selling Agents,
Inc., 577 Fifth Ave., New York.

SLOANE-BLABON
LINOLEUM

LEFT: Here is a combined tool room and garden
room that owes much of its attractiveness and
practicality (it’s easy to clean and keep clean) to
Sloane-Blabon Linoleum. Equal size blocks of Flame
Orange and Burgundy Red are used with the
insets in the contrasting color. If desired, cabinet
shelves also may be covered with linoleum.

47 a L a.
ALAS T > WV
(b rx TNL
f AL
& GOR
AMERICAN ARCHITECT

— a

fil

- —

———Ews

—_—_ —_— ee TE

How one Designer

Planned a Basement
WITH

General Electric Air Conditioning

HE man who designed this basement game room
for a “New American” home tells us he had a lot
of pleasure in doing it. Inspired by the compactness and
beauty of the G-E Oil Furnace and the straight, clean
lines of the G-E Air Conditioning unit, he formed a fit-
ting paneled alcove by an ingenious closet arrangement.
In cne closet is housed the household water tank. In
the other the condensing unit for cooling.
The flexibility, long life and lower operating costs of
G-E Air Conditioning equipment appeal to every archi-
tect. It is adaptable to new homes or old. One room, one

floor or an entire house may be adequately conditioned.

FOR OCTOBER 1935

GENERAL €@ ELECTRIC AIR CONDITIONING

There may be a split system which permits of radiators
where wanted and conditioned air through grilles in the
other rooms. You have wide latitude in planning.

Your local G-E dealer with trained air conditioning
specialists will supply you with all the engineering aid
required, take full responsibility for installation, per-
formance and service.

For quick specification data see your Sweet’s Catalog.
For surveys, estimates or more detailed information
call either on the G-E dealer or write direct to General
Electric Company, Air Conditioning Department, Divi-
sion 32034, Bloomfield, New Jersey.

105

KEWANEE Type ‘’R’’

KEWANEE

ec". Steel BOILERS |

for HEATING HOMES with OIL!

For those wishing maximum utility at least cost—the Round Kewanee
with its attractive Round insulating jacket . . for those preferring stream-
line appearance — Square and Regal Jackets to completely enclose the

Kewanee Round “R” with any type burner.

But with all this well groomed appearance, let's not forget that for per-
formance: “It’s what's under the jacket that counts.” Hence the great
importance of this “Heart of Steel” with all those features of design,
engineering and construction which have made the Kewanee Round “R”

Boiler so economical for heating homes and smaller buildings.

KEWANEE BSILER CORPORATION

with ROUND Jacket KEWANEE, ILLINOIS (Branches in Sixty-one Principal Cities)

106

Eastern District Office: 37 West 39th Street, New York City

KEWANEE Type ‘’R’’
with SQUARE Jacket

KEWANEE Type “’R”’
with REGAL Jacket

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

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Reduced Space Taking
Boilers and Radiators

SN’T it so, that the less space the boiler and radiators
take up, the better you like it? If, then, you can secure

the same heating results, for the same approximate cost,
and take up less space in the rooms for radiators, and less
space in the basement for the boiler, you are interested.
That’s exactly what a Burnham Cozy Comfort System does.

Space Saving Slenderized Radiators

When you learn that even a five-column Slenderized Radiator
is only 5-11/16 inches wide, in comparison to the tube-type
one that is 10 inches, you begin to see how true is the state-
ment of their taking up 40% less room. The four-column one
is no wider than the length of your forefinger. They are not
only narrower and. shorter, but also lower.

Their design is simple and chaste. The castings are unusually
smooth. Surprising as it may seem, the thickness of the cast-
ings is the same as the old type radiators.

Another surprising thing is that they cost the same as the
others for same square feet of radiation. They heat much
quicker because there is 40% less air to be freed and less
volume of water to be moved or steam to be circulated. Glad
to send you freely illustrated detailed information.

Space Saving Oil Boiler

The Burnham Built-In Oil Burning Boiler takes up less floor
space than other boilers of equal capacity, because of its ver-
tical flue construction. Those 19 inches of vertical flues, with
their rows of heat-absorbing teeth, accomplish the same results
as much larger boilers having much longer flues that are
horizontal.

In spite of the less floor space this Burnham Boiler takes up,
it still has appreciably less height than the average oil boiler.
For basements that are to be used for Recreation Rooms and
the like, this Burnham Oil Burning Boiler has distinct space-
saving advantages. Furthermore, it is economical. You get
an idea of this from the fact that in the 19 inches of vertical
flues 1800 to 2000 degrees of heat are extracted.

Burnham Built-in Oil Burn-

Everything being built into the boiler, the jacket is clean and

eli : : ing Boiler...
free from any extending parts. Its good looks is another thing ns g - :
you will appreciate. Glad to send you catalog giving facts Takes up less room. Everything,

r letail x even to the hot water supply coil.

in detail.

is all out of sight inside the jacket.

° a Burnham Slenderized Radi-
ators Take Up 40% Less

Room (see above)...

IRVINGTON, NEW YORK Heat quicker. Can be recessed be-

tween studs. Grille front furnished i
Representatives in all Principal Cities of the can coer toe a ne sr
United States and Canada : Pe : ’

108

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

Presenting

A New Standard of

Boiler-Burner Unit

Value...

...for your closely feured estimates

N OPERATIONS where the allowance for
house heating must be held within a narrow
margin, this new junior size of the famous Arco-
Petro unit will be found an ideal specification.
Figured on any basis, Arco-Petro Junior is
surprisingly low in cost. It is a complete oil heat-
ing furnace. Yet it costs no more than either a
comparable boiler or a burner alone cost formerly.

Consisting of a special boiler made by the

American Radiator Company and a burner of

the modern pressure atomizing type perfected by
the Petroleum Heat & Power Company, both
correctly engineered and coordinated into a self-
contained automatic oil furnace, Arco-Petro Junior

sets a new standard for small home heating and
domestic hot water supply. An unusually low
water line makes basement radiation no problem.

Built and backed by the two oldest and largest
manufacturers of automatic oil

heating equipment, Arco- Petro FOR SMALL HOMES

Junior contributes to the
marketvalueofany home
in which it 1s installed.
For details, technical
data, and dimensions,
writefor Bulletin No. 158
PETROLEUM HEAT & POWER COMPANY
STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT

ARCO-PETRO jumior

AUTOMATIC

OIL FURNACE

FOR OCTOBER 1935

109

Now,
home

ing ©

The architect

Approved.
And pichardso® & Be

for action,

Ready

too.

as evers the sturdy

owne

ys for

quipment al

rs will

their

.e just

3, stan

imp

tion!

yynton + * in its

Richardso®

reliability: are

entering the !

dards of quality ‘
start

The

plants + °° its offices °°

& Boynton p

ix plannins for today and the future- New
all kinds are ov paper and of order:
pricklayer _ all the

contractor

myriad components of the puildins t
for ac

at your service:

the draftins

yomes, new sche yols,
_ , the

plumber _. «ee

rades are in gear. The
. its draftins ro

yoducts, known to generation

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AMERICAN

ARCHITECT

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MEDUSA PORTLAND CEMENT PAINT. All new
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FOR OCTOBER 1935

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AMERICAN ARCHITECT

FOR

The Legal Side of Architecture

defendant discharged, or attempted to discharge,
plaintiff. But the building was substantially com-
pleted. It is not shown that the contractor in doing
whatever was necessary to complete the building was
not guided by the instructions given by plaintiff
before he was discharged. So far as the record
shows, no one was employed to superintendent the
work necessary to complete the building.
“Omissions or imperfections so slight that they
cannot be regarded as an integral or substantive
part of the original contract do not deprive the con-
tractor of his right to compensation. Whether a
contract has been complied with is a question of
fact for the trial court or jury, as the case may
be. In this case the jury by its verdict must have
found that plaintiff had complied with his contract.

COST OF OMISSIONS NOT SHOWN
FULL CONTACT PRICE ALLOWED

44)N Gould v. McCormick, 75 Wash. 61, 134 P.
676, 679, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 765, Ann. Cas.
1915A, 710, a case in many respects like the one
here under consideration, the Supreme Court of
Washington quoted with approval from Sedgwick
on Damages (9th Ed.) vol. 2, $614, the following:
‘Where a contract price is fixed in the contract, this
becomes the standard of value of the contract; the
profit being the difference between the contract price
and the cost or value of performance. The applica-
tion of this rule may be examined in cases of sev-
eral sorts. In the first class of cases the plaintiff
on his side undertakes to perform some act for the
defendant, and in return the defendant agrees to
pay money for the plaintiff's act. In such a case
the profit of the contract is represented by the con-
tract price, less the cost of performing the act to
be done by the plaintiff.’
“The rule stated was there made applicable in an
action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien for services of
the same character as here involved. It is true that

°® Long the partner of William Orr Ludlow in the
firm of Ludlow & Peabody, Architects, Charles S.
Peabody died at his Summer home at Lake George,
N. Y., on September 10th, after an extended illness.
He attended the Hill School and studied arch-
itecture at Harvard, graduating in 1903. A year
later he enrolled at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in
Paris. He is said to have entered there with the
highest academic distinction of all foreigners who
matriculated that year. He was graduated in 1908
and stood second highest in a class of three hundred.
Mr. Peabody was decorated by the Greek Govern-
ment for distinguished service in connection with

OCTOBER 1935

CHARLES S. PEABODY 1880-1935

(Continued from page 57)

the evidence shows that defendant discharged plain-
tiff before the work was completed to the last detail.
But, if he wrongfully discharged plaintiff, then
under the rule above stated plaintiff was entitled to
recover the contract price, less the cost of perform-
ing the act to be done by plaintiff. The cost of
superintending the trivial amount of work yet to
be done not having been shown, the jury was justi-
fied in allowing plaintiff the full contract price.”

DECISION CONTRARY TO SPECIFIC
PERFORMANCE RULE

HE court stated that the principal issue was not
Tae the architect’s contract had been fully
completed, but rather what was the amount of his
agreed compensation. Nevertheless, the case seems
clearly to have involved the issue of whether he had
in effect fully completed his services. The court
placed the decision in part at least squarely on the
ground that any omissions or imperfections in the
architect's work were so slight that they should not
be regarded as an integral or substantial part of
the contract, and that it should not, therefore, dis-
turb the jury’s verdict.

There seems to me to be some inconsistency in
the court’s position. If the imperfections on the part
of the architect were such that they were not a part
of the contract, they did not represent any failure
in performance on his part and were therefore not
really imperfections in his work. On the other hand,
if there were any imperfections or omissions in his
work under the general rule, the client should have
been entitled to a credit for the cost of making them
good. The court obviously believed that the architect
was entitled to his money and did not want to dis-
turb the jury’s award. I think, however, that the
case can not safely be considered as changing the
general rule of specific performance or as opening
the door generally to a recovery which does not give
credit to the defendant for the cost of defects.

the design of the “Temple of Youth” at Athens, in
1931.

Ludlow & Peabody designed many notable struc-
tures throughout the country, including office
buildings, schools, and churches. During the World
War they were commissioned to design two hun-
dred model homes for shipyard workers at New-
burgh, N. Y. and the plans were used as models
for similar projects in all parts of the country. The
architectural profession has lost a most distinguished
member in the death of Charles S. Peabody. The
work of Ludlow & Peabody will be continued by
William Orr Ludlow.

how to attain. J WIN ;

AMERICAN ARCHITECT
Time-Saver Standards Service

STOP WASTING TIME AND ENERGY

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Simplify your daily office work by filing today an application for
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the sheets in the binder as a handy manual for use at your own desk
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including blank pages for your own office memoranda.

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or engineering organization in the ca-
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ANNOUNCEMENT

wens

‘Mooernize MAIN STREET

@ On August 26, there met at Lake Champlain a Jury
of Award composed of the following seven men repre-
sentative of leading contemporary thought in archi-
tecture, design and merchandising: Professor Melvin
Thomas Copeland, Harvard University; J. Andre
Fouilhoux, New York City; Albert Kahn, Detroit;
William Lescaze, New York City; John W. Root,
Chicago; F. R. Walker, Cleveland and Kenneth C.
Welch, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

After a two day session in which were considered
hundreds of designs submitted by the more than 3,000
entrants in the Competition, the following awards
were made:

FIRST PRIZES

To M. Righton Swicegood, New York City, $1,000 for the
best design for modernizing a drug store.

To Suren Pilafian and Maurice Lubin, New York City, $1,000
for the best design for modernizing an apparel shop.

To G. Foster Harrell, Junior, New York City, $1,000 for the
best design for modernizing a food store.

ToAlfred Clauss, Knoxville, Tennessee,$ 1,000 forthe bestdesign
for modernizing an automotive sales and service station.

SECOND AND THIRD PRIZES

To G. Foster Harrell, Junior, New York City, $750 and to
Nicholas B.Vassilieve, New York City, $500, for the second
and third best designs, respectively, for modernizing a
drug store.

To Lester Cohn, Chicago, $750, and to Raoul L. Dubrul and
Harry J. Trivisonne, New York City, $500, for the same
awards for modernizing an apparel shop.

To A. Waldorf and S. T. Katz, Brooklyn, $750, and to J. R.
Sproule, Seattle, Washington, $500, for the same awards
for modernizing a food store.

ToSuren Pilafianand Maurice Lubin, NewY ork City,$750,andto
Isadore Shank, St. Louis, Missouri, $500,for the same awards
for modernizing an automotive sales and service station.

HONORABLE MENTIONS
each award including a cash prize of $50

For Drug Store designs: Harry Lon Ross, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania; Michael Auer, New York City; Isadore Shank,
St. Louis, Missouri; Morrison Brounn, New York City;
Montgomery Ferar, Detroit, Michigan; Melvin L.Wolfson,
Oak Park, Illinois; Verner Walter Johnson, New York City
and Phil Birnbaum, Far Rockaway, New York; Robert F.
McClelland and Victor N. Jones, Seattle, Washington;
William Tuntke, Hollywood, California.

For Apparel Shop designs: J. R. Sproule, Seattle, Washington;
Irwin A. Sugarman, Chicago, Illinois; Anthony S. Ciresi,
Cleveland, Ohio; Herbert L. Rodde,Chicago, Illinois; Lewis
Eugene Wilson, Edwin Ellison Merrill and Robert Evans
Alexander, Los Angeles, California; Joseph M. Hirshman,
New York City; Orlo Heller, New York City; John
Hironimus, New York City; Max Feldman, Ralph E. Leff
and Harry Gottesman, New York City; J. Gordon Carr,
Brooklyn, New York; George E. Recher, Chicago, Illinois;
Donald M. Douglass, Georgetown, Connecticut.

For Food Store designs: Sigismund J. Von Rosen, New Y ork City;
Nowland Van Powell, St. Louis, Missouri; Maurice Lubin
and Suren Pilafian, New York City; Royal Barry Wills and
Hugh A. Stubbins, Boston, Massachusetts; Charles DuBose,
New York City; Maitland C. Harper, W oodside, Long Island,
New York; J. Gordon Carr, Brooklyn, New York; H. K.
Brig, Chicago, Illinois; Edward Hedberg, Homewood,
Illinois; Carl Maas, New York City; Theo. B. Voyvodick
and Jos. J. Pankuch, New York City.

For Automotive Sales and Service designs: Thomas D. Taro,
East Orange, New Jersey; G. McLaughlin, S. C. Reese and
L. Berg, Knoxville, Tennessee; Henry T. Aspinwall and
Paul F. Simpson, Great Neck, Long Island, New York;
Charles DuBose, New York City; J. R. Sproule, Seattle,
Washington; A. Albert Cooling, Los Angeles, California;
Horace Hartman and George Wright, Detroit, Michigan;
Victor Spector, Chicago, Illinois.

The uniformly high quality of the designs submitted was most
gratifying to the sponsors, to the jury, and to the Architectural
Record, which conducted the competition with Kenneth K.
Stowell, A.LA., as professional advisor. The widespread interest
shown was considered particularly significant, for it presages
new and profitable architectural activity in the several repre-
sentative fields covered by the competition’s program. We
extend our sincere congratulations to the winners and our
equally sincere appreciation of the effort expended by all com-
petitors. The winning designs are reproduced in the October
Architectural Record and will be released for general publica-
tion shortly thereafter. Checks have been mailed to all winners.

LIBBEY; OWENS:FORD GLASS COMPANY, TOLEDO, OHIO

FOR OCTOBER 1935

115

A UNIT VENTILATOR
OF NEW DISTINCTION |

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or Sturtevant —

UNIT ventilator of unsurpassed beauty and distinction ... combining the finest
in modern cabinet design with the good workmanship and sound engineering for
which the name Sturtevant has stood for over 70 years. @ On request, we will gladly
send you Catalog 377-1 containing full information about this new Sturtevant Product.

gq B. F. Sturtevant Co., Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. - Branches in 30 principal cities.

A RESULT OF 70 YEARS OF AIR ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE

116

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

mtw CATALOGS ..

Readers of AMERICAN ARCHITECT may secure without cost any or all of the manu-
facturers' catalogs described on this and the following page by mailing the prepaid

post card printed below after writing the numbers of the catalogs wanted. Dis-

tribution of catalogs to draftsmen and students is optional with the manufacturers

MICARTA

770... Westinghouse Electric & Mfg.
Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., has published
a 40-page illustrated booklet covering the
application of Decorative Micarta for
interior and exterior finishes. The book
contains color reproductions of 32 designs
and patterns of Decorative Micarta and
is divided into five sections covering the
use of this material in (1) restaurants,
grills, etc.; (2) stores, hotels, hospitals,
theaters, public buildings; (3) trans-
portation industry; (4) residences; (5)
exterior finishing of commercial estab-
lishments. Each section contains installa-
tion pictures and application data.

STEEL BEARING PILES
771...General and technical data on
the use, performance, design and installa-
tion of CBP Section Steel Bearing Piles
are contained in a comprehensive 78-page
manual issued jointly by Carnegie Steel
Company, Pittsburgh, and Lllinois Steel
Company, Chicago. The booklet is pro-
fusely illustrated and contains data never
before published by these companies.

PorRcELAIN STEEL Business UNITS

772... The wide range of adaptability
of porcelain steel modern business units
is suggested by a number of typical ar-
rangements, shown in color, in a 24-page
booklet issued by Porcelain Steel Build-
ings Company, Columbus, Ohio. These
buildings which can be moved from one
place to another, or modified to meet
changing needs, use porcelain on enameled
steel as an exterior finish and steel struc-
tural shapes. Construction methods are
described and a typical construction de-
tail shown.

RESILIENT FLOORINGS

773...A complete architectural cata-
log on Sealex Resilient Floors has been
issued by Congoleum-Nairn, Inc., Kearny,
N. J. The book opens with a photo-
graph album of typical Sealex Floors
installed in various types of buildings.
This is followed by sections on Sealex
Veltone Linoleum, Battleship and Plain
Linoleum, Jaspé Linoleum, Inlaid Lino-
leum, Treadlite Linoleum Tile, structural
details, representative list of users, in-
stallation methods, maintenance methods.
Color illustrations of available patterns
and typical installations are scattered
throughout the book. Filing size; A. I.
A. File 23-J.

FOR OCTOBER 1935

INSULATION GUIDEBOOK

774... The Insulite Company, Minne-
apolis, Minn. has published a 24-page in-
sulation guidebook which presents a dis-
cussion of insulation and its uses. Be-
ginning with a simple definition of ther-
mal insulation as applied to buildings, the
book treats of the various uses of insula-
tion for decoration, sound control and re-
sistance to the passage of heat. It is
well illustrated and gives application data
for various Insulite products.

NATIONAL Ort BuRNING BOoILers

775...Data on performance, dimen-
sions, construction details, etc. of National
Jacketed Oil-Burning Boilers for gun or
rotary type burners, are given in a new
six-page broadside (Form No. 168A) is-
sued by National Radiator Corporation,
Johnstown, Pa.

WEATHERBEST STAINED SHINGLES

776... Weatherbest Corporation, North
Tonawanda, N. Y., has made up a pack-
age of samples of Weatherbest stained
shingles for roofs and side walls which
show the standard colors in which these
shingles are available.

CarRIER AIR CONDITIONING

777 ... Representative installations of
Carrier Air Conditioning equipment in
industrial, commercial, residential, trans-
portation and other types of projects are
listed and pictorially presented in a new
24-page brochure issued by Carrier En-
gineering Corporation, Newark, N. J. A
discussion of the fundamentals of true
air conditioning is also included.

SounpD CONTROL OF
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

778... Deadening or reducing noise pro-
duced by mechanical equipment through
the use of sound dampening or sound
absorbing materials and by isolating
vibrating mechanisms is the subject of a
brochure recently published by Johns-
Manville. New York. It contains a dis-
cussion of the problem of sound control
in air conditioning systems, mechanical
refrigerators, oil burners, metal furniture
and other equipment, as well as a de-
scription of the various materials used
in typical installations. Special treat-
ment is given to the subject of vibration
isolation platforms for motors, fans, etc.

BENNETT FIREPLACE UNITS
779... Discussion of the advantages,
characteristics and application of Ben-
nett Fireplaces is contained in a new 12-
page catalog issued by Bennett Fireplace
Corp., Norwich, New York. Ratings,
dimensions and construction details are
given, together with data and illustra-
tions on Bennett Grilles for fireplaces.
Filing size; A. I. A. File 14-E-2,

“Wuen You BuILp”

Have you secured your copy of “When
You Build’—a booklet prepared by
AMERICAN ARCHITECT to help architects
secure new clients? If not, just check
the return post card on this page when
requesting other catalogs reviewed in
this issue, and this fascinating booklet
will be sent to you at once without cost.

NO POSTAGE REQUIRED ON THIS CARD

AMERICAN ARCHITECT, New York

Please have the following catalogs reviewed in this issue sent to me.
MNS e500 ¥idesanes

IE ign ches shhdeede kena

EROS

®@ | also desire further information about the new products described in this month's
“New Materials and Equipment.” (See pages immediately following this insert.)

@ | would like to have catalogs and information concerning the following products adver
tised in this issue. (Write page number or name.)

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee reese eeeeeeee

October, 1935

These NEW Catalogs may be obtained through
AMERICAN ARCHITECT

DuracaL WASHABLE CALCIMINE

780... United States Gypsum Company,
Chicago, has issued two small folders
which give the pertinent facts about
Duracal self-sizing washable calcimine.
A color chart is included showing the
eight standard colors other than white
in which this product is made. Applica-
tion data is also given.

DrEssER COUPLINGS

781...A new booklet (Form 355) on
pipe joints for water lines has just been
published by the S. R. Dresser Mfg.
Company, Bradford, Pa. It contains
sixteen pages, and includes a number of
installation pictures as well as detailed
description of various pipe line products
useful in building water lines.

DUMBWAITERS AND ELEVATORS

782...The leading types of Sedgwick
dumbwaiters and elevators are illustrated
and described in a new 32-page catalog
published by Sedgwick Machine Works,
New York. These types include freight,
residence, sidewalk, mortuary and hos-
pital elevators, several kinds of dumb-
waiters, and other miscellaneous vertical
transportation equipment. Standard sizes
and specification data are also given.
Filing size; A. I. A. File 33.

CONVECTOFIN HEATER

783 ...The Convectofin built-in heater
for two-pipe vapor, vacuum or steam
systems and the Simplex Convectofin
system of single pipe steam heating are
described in a 12-page catalog (Bulletin
8) issued by Commodore Heaters Corp.,
New York. Convector manufacturers’
certified capacity ratings are listed for
numerous combinations of heights and
lengths for different heater sizes. Filing
size; A. I. A. File 30-C-4.

KAWNEER SEALAIR WINDOW
784...The light Sealair aluminum or

bronze double-hung window is illustrated

and described in a new 8-page filing-

sized catalog issued by The Kawneer
Company, Niles, Mich. Installation pro-
cedure, applications and typical details
are given.

STANWACO WATERPROOFING 7

785...Illustrations of representative
buildings which have been waterproofed
in accordance with the Standard Water-
proofing Method, and letters attesting to
the results achieved, are presented in a
new 32-page brochure issued by Standard
Waterproofing Corp., New York. Also
included is a single sheet which describes
the various Stanwaco waterproofing
products.

LINOLEUM INSTALLATION
SPECIFICATIONS

786... The linoleum manufacturers of
the United States have adopted desirable
specifications for installation of linoleum
over suspended concrete subfloors and
over suspended wood subfloors. These
specifications have recently been issued
in printed form by Linoleum and Felt
Base Manufacturers Association, N. Y.

DILECTO

787...The properties, manufacturing
processes and uses of Dilecto, a laminated
phenolic material, are illustrated and
described in a 48-page, filing-sized cata-
log issued by Continental-Diamond Fibre
Co., Newark, Delaware. Among the ar-
chitectural uses of this material are: dec-
orative designs on theater and store
fronts, wall and ceiling paneling, parti-
tions, cabinet and counter tops, wain-
scoting, etc.

CHARAK FURNITURE

788...An interesting consumer bro-
chure entitled “The Saga of Furniture”
has been issued by Charak Furniture Co.,
Inc., New York. It tells how Charak
furniture is manufactured, the types of
woods used, and gives helpful hints on
the care of furniture. Many pieces are
illustrated. Short biographies of Chip-
pendale, Hepplewhite and Sheraton are
also included.

FIRST CLASS
PERMIT NO. 5
(Sec. 510 PL & R)
NEW YORK, N. Y.

BUSINESS REPLY

NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES

CARD

RECREATION EQUIPMENT

789... The line of play equipment for
outdoor playgrounds, beaches and swim-
ming pools manufactured by Recreation
Equipment Company, Anderson, Indiana,
is illustrated and described in a new 28-
page filing-sized catalog just issued.
Some of the devices include gymnastic
ladders, swings, slides, see-saws, swim-
ming pool ladders, diving boards, water
slides, etc.

ARMSTRONG’S ACCOTILE

790... ‘Gay Floors for Basement Play-
rooms,” a small-sized 12-page folder, has
been issued by Armstrong Cork Products
Company, Lancaster, Pa., which describes
the advantages of Armstrong’s Accotile
for basement floors. Data on installation
methods and illustrations of various pat-
terns obtainable are included.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

791...Complete specifications for the
electric light and appliance wiring in the
average-sized residence feature the new
16-page catalog (Bulletin 55) issued by
Frank Adam Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Also included are illustrations and com-
plete data on FA service equipment, en-
closed cutouts, panelboards, circuit break-
ers, and auxiliary heaters. Filing size;
A. I. A. File 31-d-3.

Arco-PETRO Ort FuRNACE

792... Petroleum Heat & Power Com-
pany, Stamford, Conn., has issued an
8-page filing-sized broadside which de-
scribes the features and advantages of the
Arco-Petro Junior automatic oil furnace.
Complete design, structural and operating
data are given.

BorLER PLANT EQUIPMENT

793...A four-page bulletin has been
issued by Combustion Engineering Co.,
Inc., New York, which describes, in con-
densed form, all the types of boilers,
steam generating units, stokers, pulver-
ized fuel systems and heat recovery
equipment available from this company.
Line drawings of such equipment are in-
cluded.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

794...The Portland Cement Associa-
tion, Chicago, has issued a 28-page cement
and concrete reference book which con-
tains current statistics and general data
about the Portland cement industry.

WALSEAL Pipe FITTING

795... Walworth Company, New York,
has issued an 8-page booklet which de-
scribes and illustrates its Walseal Thread-
less Bronze fittings for standard pipe size
outside diameter brass or copper pipe.
Complete specifications are included.

BRI

ITE

vel
col
ot

col
for
the

liv
chi
ail
tic
co

th
in
ja
an

2c. POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY

AMERICAN ARCHITECT
572 Madison Avenue

New York, N. Y,

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

BRIEF REVIEWS OF MANUFACTURERS’
ANNOUNCEMENTS TO KEEP THE ARCH-
ITECT

G-E Warm Air Conditioner
510M General Electric Company,

Bloomfield, N. J., has de-
veloped a new direct-fired warm air
the functions
of heating and air conditioning in one
compact
for the small house of about six rooms,
the new unit rating of
133,000 Btu and will
liver and circulate approximately 1680
cim of cleaned, humidified, tempered
air.

conditioner, combining
oil-burning unit. Designed

heat
hour,

has a

per de-

The impact expansion atomiza-
tion principle of oil burning is in-
corporated in this warm air condition-
er. The flame burns downward and
the flue is at the bottom. It is housed
attractive rolled sheet steel
jacket in two-tone gray, with black
and chromium trimmings.

in an

H & H Type C Tumbler Switch
5BIIM The Arrow-Hart & Hege-
man Electric Co., Hartford,

Conn., announces a new line of fully
enclosed 10-ampere Type C
Switches designed specifically for high
intensity lighting in commercial, in-
dustrial and institutional buildings,
and to take any Type C lamp load of
1250 watts. One of the features
claimed is the full floating contacts
which are self-aligning and automati-
cally adjust themselves to correct po-
sition and tension. The units are made
for single and double pole, three-and
four-way connections in regular and

TOR OCTOBER 1935

INFORMED OF NEW PRODUCTS

Tumbler

New

Left: G-E Warm Air Conditioner

lock style. The mechanism is enclosed
in a Bakelite base.

Arco Air Conditioner
512M A new air conditioning unit
which can be hooked in at

any point on the supply line of a radia-
tor heating system and which will con-
dition a house from that
point, has been developed by Ameri-
Radiator Company New York.
In its simplest form, this Arco Air
Conditioner, Model 101, is installed on
a basement outlet
through the floor above and a register

six-room

can

ceiling with an
in the floor at a distant point to pro-
vide a return of air to the basement.
Only a steam or hot water connection
from the supply line and
water supply and drain connection are
required. The unit provides air cir-
culation, filtering,
midification.

radiator

and hu-
made for
the installation of refrigerating coils
for summer cooling and dehumidifica-
tion.

washing
Provision is

ee
—_—, _—,
, Lied
Se =,
Aiea hh,
{ Sel ee
t Th |

Materials

and Equipment

Sunbeam
Air Conditioning
Unit

Sunbeam Air Conditioning Unit

513M _ the Fox Furnace Company,

Elyria, Ohio, has introduced
the Sunbeam Air Conditioning Unit,
a warm air furnace which heats, cir-
culates and filters the air.
the unit for the in-
corporation of humidifying equipment
and controls when complete winter
air conditioning is desired. The new
for oil burning ex-
In one model the oil burner
connects to the front of the heating
element; in the second, the oil burner
connects to the the heating
element. The finish is glossy green
enamel

Provision
is also made in

unit is designed
clusively.

rear of

cabinet of cold-
rolled furniture stock, with chromium-
All corners
are rounded; bolts and screws are con-
cealed.

baked on a

lated trimming: strips.
§ ]

Franklin

Triple Life Surface Coating
514M The Research
Company, Philadelphia, has

added to its line of maintenance mate-
rials a new product named Triple Life.
It is a scientifically compounded liquid
which, when applied to a surface such
as paint, varnish, lacquer, metal, etc.
leaves a transparent film of micro-
scopic thickness said to be highly re-
sistant to the elements, and to stop
oxidation, to prevent colors fading and
to slow down weathering processes.
Triple Life may be applied by spray
gun, cloth or lamb’s wool applicator.

G-E Air Circulator
515M An improved air circulator,

Type HV-1B, consisting of
a motor mounted on a resilient base
and a directly connected aphonic
pressure-type propeller fan with or-
ifice, has been announced by the Air
Conditioning Department of General
Electric Co., Bloomfield, N. J. This
unit may be set in front of an attic
window and plugged into the nearest
electric outlet, or it may be permanent-
ly installed with duct connection to the
outside and with suitable electric wir-
ing, time switch and other accessories.
It is assembled in a gray cabinet with
nickel trim, and when connected to a
110-volt, 60-cycle circuit, will deliver
from 2200 to 2900 cubic feet of air
per minute, depending on back pres-
sure.

Flash-type Cove and Base
516M

A new Flash-type Cove and
Base has been announced by
the Armstrong Cork Products Com-
pany, Lancaster, Pa. It consists of a
5g inch wax fillet strip, a metal bind-
ing strip, and metal inside and out-
side corners. The metal corners and
binding strip are nailed in position;
the fillet strip is cemented at the base
of the wall; and the linoleum is coved

120

from the floor, slipped under the bind-
ing strip, and cemented into place,
eliminating a seam. It can be installed
to form a border of any width and
color in heavy, medium or standard
gauge linoleum. No metal backing is
used.

Adhesive Sealex Linoleum
517M A new type of inlaid lino-

leum, called Adhesive Seal-
ex Linoleum, has been developed and
patented by Congoleum-Nairn, Inc. of
Kearny, N. J. Its special feature is
an adhesive preparation that is applied
at the factory to the linoleum which
eliminates the need for laying the
material over a felt lining. It is
claimed for this new product that it
is more economical to install, assures
a stronger floor due to the fact that
every square inch of linoleum is held
tightly to the underfloor, and requires
less time to lay.

Arco Oil Burning Boiler

518M A new kind of low-cost o']-
burning boiler especially de-
signed for the small home has been
introduced by American Radiator Co.,
New York. Made in six sizes for gun
or rotary type burners, the No. 11
Arco Oil Burning Boiler has fin sur-
face construction, a boiler protection
feature in the form of a low water
cut-out, a built-in Taco hot water
heater to provide year ’round supply
of hot water, low water line and com-
pletely insulated jacket. Long flue pas-
sages with scientifically designed fins
increase the heating surface and heat
transfer. The fins are an integral part
of the boiler itself, so located as to
provide easy travel of the hot gases.
The boiler is enclosed in a green
enameled jacket, which completely en-
closes the oil burner, smoke hood,
water heater and ail the controls.

Air-Acoustic Sheets
519M Air-Acoustic Sheets, a new
product designed to reduce

or eliminate the transmitted
through ducts in air conditioning and
ventilating have been an-
nounced by Johns-Manville, New
York. These sheets consist of a sound-
absorbing material in rigid block form
made of wool and a_ suitable
binder and are primarily used as duct
lining. They are attached to duct
surfaces either by spot cementing with
acoustical cement or by mechanical
fastenings. It is claimed that they will
not smoulder or support combustion,
that they are highly moisture resistant,
and that they have very low thermal
conductivity.

noise

systems,

rock

Globe Dri-Lap Roofing

520M A new galvanized 5V crimp

sheet metal roofing, known
as Globe Dri-Lap, has been introduced
jointly by Globe Iron Roofing & Cor-
rugating Co., and the Newport Roll-
ing Mill Co., Newport, Ky. This roof-
ing has an air lock bead rolled horizon-
tally across the sheet 1” up from the
lower edge. This bead is said to over-
come the force of capillary attraction
by placing an air lock in the path of
the water as it seeps upward. Rolled
into the center of the panel as an in-
tegral part of the air lock bead is a
nail seat which provides for additional
nailing. In the process of rolling the
air lock bead, the lower edge of the
sheet is bent down 1/16”, making a
snug-fit edge. A continuation of the
air lock bead is rolled into the outer
crimps, forming a self-aligning ridge.
The new roofing matches with any
standard 5V crimp roofing.

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

E
I

Thes

visec
natic
reser
has |

Bu
archi
porte

Th
tion |
wind
with

It give
emphasis to the
he architect }

seotemect
2 eee

importance of t
in house planning

HOMF Panrnam

EVERAL hundred G-E ‘“‘New American” Demonstration

Homes are now open for exhibition all over the country.
These homes, built and financed by a local builder and super-
vised by a local architect, are an outgrowth of the G-E
nation-wide architectural competition last spring. They rep-
resent one of the greatest organized boosts that building
has had since the war.

But the really vital thing about these homes from an
architect’s standpoint is the way they emphasize the im-
portance of the architect in planning a house.

They start people thinking about such things as the rela-

windows to give more wall area and better light; doing away
with unnecessary hallways that waste space; the need for

What the New Ameen Home means
to the Architectural Holession

Nike?

s new and greater [Wien 5

‘NEW AMERICAN’ on
ow

tion of one room to another; saving steps; proper placing of

GENERAL&o6 ELECTRIC

SULT BY
REID CONSTRUCTION

OL FURNACE & AIR CONDITIONING

ELECTRIC KITCHEN

a ~—

outdoor living in good weather; making the garage part of
the house; putting in lighting that is scientific rather than
haphazard; dual use of space, such as combination living
and dining room; providing a place for everything, including
Junior’s rubbers and bicycle.

They emphasize, too, that the really modern and eco-
nomical servants are the electric ones that are planned for
when the house is planned. For instance, a complete electric
kitchen and laundry; air conditioning; automatic heat; elec-
tric clocks and radios in several rooms; a modern wiring
system; modern lighting that is part of the room structure.

Watch for news of General Electric’s 1936 plan for pro-
moting the ‘““New American” Home idea. !t is even more
far-reaching than the 1935 plan.

New American’ House Taking Shape at pare

TERE PLANNED BY ener ee ELECTRIC
CW AMERICAN HOMES HERE American Fe] ED BY GENERAL ELECTR |

Popular for display use
or wherever view into
the cold storage is de-
sirable.

All recent Jamison-cre-
ated improvements are
incorporated in it. Send
for bulletin describing it
and other Jamison prod-
ucts.

JAMISON
Cold Storage Door Co.

Jamison, Stevenson, and
Victor Doors

Hagerstown, Md., U. S. A.

Branch Offices in Principal Cities

BUILT AS”
6000 AS
THEY LOOK

U. S. Pat.
1,970,105

At Last
A UNIT
HEATER

WITH HANDSOME CABINET DESIGN

forget the old idea that unit heaters can only be
Fedders’ handsome, sturdy cabinets and quieter oper-
ation make them at home in commercial surroundings.
illustrated catalog No. 527.

FEDDERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Architects can now
installed in factories.

Mail coupon for

: 57 Tonawanda St., Buffalo, N. Y. AA1035 4
a Please send me Vame 4
3 Unit Heater i

Catalog 527 Street City -_

MACHINE FOR HOUSING
(Continued from page 31)

Esthetically, the problem is one of standardiza-
tion versus individuality and variety. The struc-
ture expresses downrightly the ideal of a standard-
ized and mechanized life. If that is the ideal, then
this type of building is logically inevitable. The
building has undeniable “form’’; its pattern is clear,
geometric, novel. It says what it has to say with
terse vigor; and its silver-gray metal, yellow brick,
and glittering glass surfaces—behind which the stairs
climb and the elevator goes up and down before
one’s eyes—are interestingly “modern.” Yet, though
one such building is interesting and vital, a whole
district of them might be only deadeningly monot-
onous. The question is a deeper one than mere taste,
for it implies a consideration of ultimate sociological
—and hence human—ideals. Surely there are quali-
ties of human scale, of “livableness,”’ which are def-
inite factors of any true housing program, as the
Dutch have themselves shown so well elsewhere.

Many of its details are suggestive for possible
American adaptation. The panel system of wall con-
struction, but with substitution of rolled sections for
the wooden frame work, might profitably be devel-
oped. In a work of large size like this, which re-
quired 144 panels of only two patterns, mass pro-
duction and complete prefabrication of units—each
not too large to handle easily—might become feasi-
ble. The use of wardrobes instead of solid parti-
tions, and the development of double-use space, like
the south bedroom, are both adaptable to American
usage. In the Bergpolder Apartments we see actual-
ly built (and completely rented within two months
of its completion) a large, modern apartment build-
ing,—airy, sunny, surrounded hy wide open space,
at a cost which has been kept down by careful, tech-
nical study to a figure remarkably low in Holland—
about 26 cents a cubic foot, not counting the bal-
conies—a forward-looking, practical housing study.

® The Government has set up an appropriation of
$100,000 for the establishment of a national monu-

ment at Appomattox Court House in Virginia under
the administration of the National Park Service.

The site was the scene of the surrender of Lee to
General Grant on April 9, 1865.

PHOTO: PAUL THOMPSON :
A striking example of low-cost housing in Ethiopia

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

@ If yc
to Ame
effect,

will not
is prov
expense

ele
arrive
lectur
ship «
ing O
visit

influe
will 1
Ame!
work

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1934
Plan
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ment

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PERSONALS |

@ If you change your address, please report the change direct aa ae . os
to American Architect five weeks before the change is to take
effect, sending both old and new addresses. The Post Office
will not forward copies to your new address unless extra postage
is provided by you. Our request is made to save you this
expense and to assure the receipt of your American Architect

¢ Le Corbusier, famous French-Swiss architect, will
arrive in New York in October to give a series of
lectures throughout the country under the sponsor-

ship of the Museum of Modern Art, where a show- |
ing of his work will be held. This will be his first |
visit to the United States, although, his fame and
influence have long preceded him. Le Corbusier,

will lecture in French and have as his interpreter an
American architect, Mr. Robert Jacobs, who has
worked with him in Paris for some time.

¢ Allen J. Strang and Hamilton Beatty, announce
the opening of an office for the practice of archi- ese
tecture and city planning at 610 State Street, Madi- Bettie ti
son, Wisconsin, under the name of Planning As- ae
sociates. Mr. Strang was formerly in the office of

Harry Sternfeld, Philadelphia and Mr. Beatty Latest on
studied under Le Corbusier in Paris and is a gradu-
ate of University College, London.
* ages ®
® Charles A. Favrot, architect, New Orleans, has Al r f ond ition | ng
been awarded the Times-Picayune Loving Cup for
1934, for his activities as Chairman of the City
Planning and Zoning Commission, and as Chairman

of the Board of Directors of the Bureau of Govern- SIXTEEN PAGES on Air Conditioning for theatres,
mental Research of New Orleans. hotels, restaurants, bars, offices, funeral homes, resi-

: : ; Zar dences and industrial plants ...
® Joseph W. Hart and J. Cari Russell, architects, y I

announce the formation of a partnership for the dozens of photographs . . . data
practice of architecture under the firm name of Hart
& Russell, with offices in the Hitchcock Building,
Nashville, Tennessee.

on the four kinds of refrigera-
tion applicable ... you will want
this comprehensive new book
® Gorden Bunshaft, Buffalo, New York has been
awarded the Rotch Traveling Scholarship. Mr.
Bunshaft is the holder of a Degree of Master in |
Architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technc lc Sy.

... ask for your copy today.

Air Conditioning with Frick

Refrigeration is the answer to

your needs for economy with

e@ |- oan ©) rar re wate architec - ‘ec The Cluster Theatre
Jame S Edward Agenbroad, architect, announces aS Dither, lc & eit Cideets of te,
the opening of an office for the practice of architec- -. of the a ns of
e " ° ° teatres ir ond ste ati 7 ‘ y ‘
ture in Oakwood-at-Far-Hills, Dayton, Ohio. tioned with Frick, Stallations (many made long be-

Refrigeration.

ee fore the term “air condi-
tioning” was’ invented)
give Frick the background
of experience upon which

you can depend. Get full

facts and figures now.

Jack Dempsey’s Restaurant, Branches and _. Distribu-
in New York City, its Air
Conditioned throughout with

-— awe _
Frick Refrigeration. tors evel yw here.

The Mackley low-cost housing project, Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR OCTOBER 1935 123

XUM

You phone

WE DELIVER
ANYWHERE IN THE U.S.

When you wish to ship anything, all that is necessary to
summon Railway Express is a telephone call. That simple
operation snaps into instant action the nation-wide organi-
zation of swift trains, trucks and experienced men, whether
you wish to ship one little package or a hundred big ones. A
Railway Express truck will pick up your shipment, speed it to
fast passenger trains to be rushed to destination. A receipt will
betaken from consignee to prove safe delivery. Pick-upand delivery
service in all principal cities and towns, at no extra charge. @ For
information or service phone nearest Railway Express agent.

ON THE AIR @ TUNE IN on the RAILWAY EXPRESS
NEWS PARADE @_ Every Week in the following Cities:

Boston . . .« NewYork , . . Cleveland ,. . . Chicago

o « « Bets 5 « « mew Cee « « « Mallet « 64

Atlanta . ,. . San Francisco , . . Los Angeles . . . Seattle
« « « Minneapolis-St. Paul

See local announcements for stations and times.

RAILWAY EXPRESS

AGENCY INC.
NATION-WIDE RAIL-AIR SERVICE

124

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

This index is an editorial feature, maintained for the convenience
of readers. It is not a part of the Advertisers’ contract and

American Architect assumes no responsibility for its correctness.

Aluminum Co. of America.................. 3
Pemerscem Tadietet Co... . 5... 5 cscs iccsess 100-101
Armstrong Cork Products Co............... 7
memos Thotier Corp... .... 2-0 sscscacsaeiss 108
NIG enc hind shia tk ides Cehieaeawd eco es 2
Eagte-Picher Lead Co., The... .....5.. 0.080 125
Ey ee ee eee 122
Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc.................. 103
eee Sr SI, Bis os vo vk edie da xoden 107
TS OY SIRI eS Sore ecg ao ee RP 123
General Electric Co. (Air Conditioning)...... 105

General Electric Co. (“New American” Home) 121

General Electric Co. (Wiring System)........ 8-9
Jamison Cold Storage Door Co............... 122
eg Sn re 106
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co................ 115
Lande Air Products Co., The...............5 1
Peay SAE Br GOR. os ccc ccc aciecces 97-98-99
. WI Sls 6 sks nce seetkc ae Uses 111
a ind cu eehtees. cnmeeaoens 126
Wetsom Corp., The Herman... .........60.05. $
Norge Division, Borg-Warner Corp........... 112
Pembertiny Tajector Co... 2.5.66 c cc ccescccess 10
Petroleum Heat & Power Co................. 109
Railway Express Agency, Inc............... 124
Revere Copper & Brass, Inc................. 102
Richardson & Boynton Co................... 110
eS a eee ree Tr 104
A re ee 116
Union Carbide & Carbon Corp... ........... 1

AMERICAN

ARCHITECT

lat
no

F¢

architects how

to avoid

premature

paint failures

@ Architects can heave a big
sigh of relief and forget about
paint troubles. A remarkable
paint test made on a whole
community settles the ques-
tion once and for all. It proves
what house paint will stand
up best under all conditions.

The test was made in a
northern Indiana mill town.
The too homes in the com-
munity were divided into 3
sections. Each section was
painted with a leading kind
of paint. In a short time,
two of the paints used had
cracked, peeled or discolored badly. They had to
be touched up within two years. During the same
period, the third paint —100% Eagle Pure White
Lead—showed little sign of wear. The houses in this
section did not need repainting until 5 years later!

The initial cost of Eagle Pure White Lead was
approximately the same as the other paints, but its
final cost was much less. It went on giving good ser-
vice 3, years after the other two paints had failed.

e One of Indiana community homes painted with Eagle Pure White Lead. Two years
later, when other paints had cracked and peeled badly, Eagle White Lead showed almost
no signs of wear.

Remarkable paint test was made here

e There are 100 homes in this northern Indiana
community. Bothered with costly paint failures,
the real estate management determined to find out

once and for all what paint was most durable, There is a definite swing to quality paints every-
most economical. Of the 3 paints tested, Eagle where. Save yourself the embarrassment of prema-
Pure White Lead was the only one that gave sat- ture paint failures by specifying Eagle Pure White
isfactory service. Mail coupon for complete story. Lead for exterior work on all your houses.

MAIL THIS COUPON @ The Eagle-Picher Lead Company, Dept. AA10,Cincinnati,
Ohio. Please send me a copy of the folder that tells the complete story of the Indiana
Community Paint Test.

EAGLE jure WHITE LEAD

Boos? the Better
Housing Program in your community

FOR OCTOBER 1935 125

Name
Address

acascnsened

City, State

KUM

PET)

UUVUULURUER TREE RUD ERCR EDEL ERCEUEREUUREQEURGUE ROL UORRE
AUULUUURERUEEREERERER TURAL ORRERAURUDULDOUEELERRL GORE
AULUUUUUEUUERE EAR ER LEAD EURO ERROR AUER ERRER LENA
PASTA ALATA TAS ASAD TAAAATASAAD SATA STAS TSE ARE
UP

Kuehn's Specialmesh

Metal Lath

= a 1 Spanish Tile
Cleanout Door Basement Window

/ et i Work for You
J ILCOR- and Your Client
THE USE OF Milcor steel building materials is the greatest assurance that the interior
beauty of a home or any structure will be preserved. The reinforcement of steel provided
by Milcor metal lath, Expansion Corner Bead and Metal Trim prevents the development
of cracks and other plaster blemishes. Permanence and fire-safety are built in. Complete

information is given in the Milcor Manual in Sweet's Architectural Catalogs, Section 14-4.

Package Receiver

Kuehn's Specialmesh Metal Lath represents the most
advanced development in an expanded metal plaster
base. It has great rigidity and strength due to re-
inforcement with longitudinal ribs and its mesh pat-
tern provides maximum protection against plaster
cracks.

MILCOR STEEL COMPANY

MILWAUKEE, WIS., 4010 W. BURNHAM ST. CANTON, OHIO
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI LA CROSSE, WISCONSIN
126

AMERICAN ARCHITECT

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AKC HELE ¢

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FOUNDED 1876

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