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To aid in visualizing the operations discussed in
this manual, the covers have been designed with flaps which
fold-out beyond the pages. The front cover fold-out contains
a picture of the front view of the machine. The back cover
fold-out contains a picture of the keyboard. The individual
parts are numbered and identified in the nomenclature
printed below each picture.

Throughout the text as a new part is introduced, or
when it is first mentioned in another section of the manual,
the number with which it is labeled (on the fold-outs)
follows it in parenthesis and both the part and number will
be set in the following type: Part Name (00).

Until operator is familiar with the locations of these
parts, it is suggested that the manual be read with the
fold-outs open so that easy reference may be made to the
parts as they are discussed.

INSTRUCTION AND
REFERENCE MANUAL FOR
DIFFERENTIAL SPACING
VARITYPER MACHINES

CORPORATION • 720 FRELINGHUYSEN AVENUE • NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A. 07114

VARITYPER CORPORATION

COMPOSED ON VARITYPER E QU I PM E N T - L I T H OG R A P H ED IN U.S.A.

PREFACE

Before starting down the road to becoming a VariTyper operator, the
beginner should have an understanding of what the VariTyper Machine is,
what it is used for, and how it differs from the typewriter.

The typewriter, of course, is basically an office writing instrument.
It was conceived as a mechanical substitute for handwriting for a variety
of office writing tasks such as correspondence, reports, etc. Its product
is usually an original and a few carbon copies.

The Differential Spacing (often referred to as DS) VariTyper Machine
looks and operates very much like the typewriter. Its keyboard is of
standard arrangement, but confines the keys to three banks instead of the
usual four. It ‘types’ directly on paper or on duplicating masters, and the
work can be seen in progress just as in the ordinary typewriter. But, that’s
where the resemblance ends.

The basic function of the VariTyper Machine is to compose original
or master copy which will be reproduced by some printing or duplicating
process. In that sense, the function of the VariTyper Machine is similar
to that of the Linotype and other conventional typesetting machines. The
professional appearance of copy composed on VariTyper equipment results
from such unique features as instantly changeable type faces in many
styles and sizes, variable spacing, controlled impression, and differential
letter spacing.

The training of the VariTyper operator concentrates on actual
machine operation, but also includes familiarization with the associated
skills which make it possible to produce professional looking typography
so easily. This manual covers both phases in detail.

The beginning operator is taken step-by-step through all phases of
VariTyper Machine operation, learning each function in relation to specific
types of composition. It is important that these operations be learned
exactly as they are described. While the creative or imaginative person
will often discover alternatives which may be as good or better than the
prescribed methods, the ones described are proven and have a specific
relationship to one another. On the other hand, when the operator has
passed the beginner stage, exploration of alternative operational methods
can be beneficial.

The operator will also be introduced to related techniques such as
copyfitting, type selection, etc. Mastery of these are essential for the
operator who wishes to make the most of the inherent advantages of the
VariTyper method.

your

guarantee
of quality
is in

the name .

VariJyper

• Your VariTyper Composing Machine
and VariTyper Certified Supplies are perfect
working companions. Each product is planned
for the best possible individual result, and
to aid in producing the maximum performance
from all other VariTyper materials used.
When VariTyper Certified Supplies are used
exclusively, you can be sure of the best
possible results.

• Your Certified VariTyper product is
subjected to laboratory tests conducted
by experts. This continuing program of
testing results in uniformity of quality
and performance.

• Your VariTyper Representative under¬
stands your needs. He represents one
manufacturer, one source of supplies, one
source of service. When VariTyper Certified
Supplies are used exclusively on your
VariTyper Composing Machine, sole re¬
sponsibility for satisfactory end results
can be established with one source.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Aligning Left Margin.14

Auto-Wind Roller Attachment.73

Cap and Fig Keys and Locks.13

Care of VariTyper Machines.84

Copyfitting.53

Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator.67

Horizontal Copyfitting Chart.68

Line Spacing Scale.69

Corrections.82

Forms

Plotting and Composing.25

Pre-Ruled — Plotting and Composing.34

Vertical Centering Between Rules.36

Impression Control.12

Inserting and Aligning Paper.10

Justification

Automatic . .. 44

Manual.43

Keyboard.12

Language Coders.72

Layout and Paste-Up.83

Letter and Line Spacing.9 & 20

Model 610F.74

Models To Meet Specific Needs.78

Proofreader’s Marks.81

Repeat Key. 13

Ribbon Changing

Model 610.77

Model 660.71

Ribbon Shields.80

Ruling Device

Leader Lines.39

Rules...27

Scales and Gauges.22 & 67

Supplies. 4

Tabular Copy — Plotting and Composing.40

Type Fonts

Capital Height Chart.33

Description. 6

Families. 7

Inserting in Machine. 8

Measurement.16

Segments.32

The “Heart” of the VariTyper Machine • • •

• changeable types •

The name of the changeable type plate for a
VariTyper Machine is “Type Font”. Most type
fonts contain 90 characters arranged in three
rows or levels on the font:

Top row-Lower Case (L.C.).

Middle row — Upper Case (CAPS).

Bottom row-Figures and Symbols (FIGS).

Figure 1

Type font showing face of type—Top row (A), Middle
row (B), Bottom row (C) and the Identification Number
(D) on the DS type font (660- 10B).

'VW

Figure 2

Type font with a ruling segment, which is used to
rule lines automatically. The identification number of
the type font and the number of the segment, is scribed
on the back of type fonts having ruling segments.

TYPE FONT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

660-1 OB

Style Point Horizontal

Number Size Spacing

Figure 3

Each VariTyper type font is identified by a
number located along the center line of the type
font (Figure 1), except fonts with ruling segments
(Figure 2) which have this number scribed on
the back of the font. The Identification Number
indicates three things:

1. The first 3 or 4 digits are the Style Number.

2. The number following the hyphen (-) is the
Point Size (minimum line spacing setting).

3. The letter denotes its Horizontal Spacing.

SPECIAL TYPE FONTS

Figure 4

Korean Type Font. Type fonts are available in approx¬
imately sixty different languages.

Figure 5

Mathematical Type Font. Special type fonts are
available for composing equations, fractions, tariff
symbols, engineering drawings, etc.

PARTS OF A VARITYPER TYPE FONT

Figure 6

Type font, standing end, showing: The Face (A); the
Web (C); and the Bushing (B).

Figure 7

Back of type font showing: The Web (A)—a thin metal
guide ; the Bushing (B); and the Nub (C) of the bushing,
(the protrusion below the bottom of the web).

TYPE FONT FAMILIES

The type font “run-offs” below show what is
meant by the term “type family”. The Garamond
Family has different sizes in the light face and
bold face series, as well as matching italics in
these weights. There are also two sizes available
with large caps and small caps on the same font.

The sans serif family has three weights (light,
medium and heavy) and matching italics. There
are three condensed types: two in the medium
weight and one in the bold weight.

— SERIF

All differential spacing type fonts are numbered
according to the basic style. Upright type styles
end in “0” — (620,680, 870, etc.); italic, or slant,
types end in “5” — (625, 685, 875, etc.). Two
Roman style families have large caps and small
caps on the same type font and their identification
numbers end in the numeral “1” —(681 and 601).
The 2000 series Copperplate types also contain
two sizes of capitals on each of twelve different
type fonts.

TYPES —

620 SERIES

Garamond Light — 620 - 12A
Garamond Light — 620-10B
Garamond Light—620-8C
Garamond Light — 620-7D

680 SERIES

Garamond Bold—680-12A
Garamond Bold—680-10B
Garamond Bold—680-8C
Garamond Bold—680-7D

625 SERIES

Garamond Light Italic — 625 - 10B
Garamond Light Italic — 625-SC
Garamond Light Italic -625-7D

685 SERIES

Garamond Bold Italic — 685 - 10B
Garamond Bold Italic — 685-8C
Garamond Bold Italic — 685-7D

681 SERIES

Garamond Bold Caps & Small Caps -681-10B
Garamond Bold Caps & Small Caps -6818C

— SANS SERIF TYPES —

870 SERIES

Sans Serif Light - 870-12A
Sans Serif Light - 870-10B
Sans Serif Light— 870-8C
Sans Serif Light—870-7D

660 SERIES

Sans Serif Medium -660-12A
Sans Serif Medium -660-10B
Sans Serif Medium — 660-8C
Sans Serif Medium —660-7D

875 SERIES

Sans Serif Light Italic -875- 10B

Sans Serif Light Italic-875-8C
Sans Serif Light Ital ic —875-7D

665 SERIES

Sans Serif Medium Ital ic — 665- 10B
Sans Serif Medium Italic — 665 -8C
Sans Serif Medium Italic — 665-7D

740 SERIES

Sans Serif Medium Condensed-740-IOC

Sans Serif Medium Condensed — 740-8D

670 SERIES

Sans Serif Bold-670-12A
Sans Serif Bold -670-10B
Sans Serif Bold — 670-8C
Sans Serif Bold—670-7D

675 SERIES

Sans Serif Bold Ital ic — 675 -10B
Sans Serif Bold Italic —675-8C
Sans Serif Bold Italic - 675-7D

900 SERIES

Sans Serif Bold Condensed-900-IOC

INSERTING TYPE FONTS IN MACHINE

Figure 8

The anvil (22) will hold two type fonts, one in
printing position (toward carriage) and the other
in reserve position (toward keyboard). Push the
type change lever (1) forward to raise anvil.
Place a type font (nub of bushing down) on top
of machine (Figure 8).

Figure 9

Slide type font forward so center line of type
font (a), which is aligned with the bushing, is in
line with a dot (b), which is the location of the
wide slot in the anvil (Figure 9).

Figure 10

Slide type font left until center line (a) of type
is exactly aligned with center line (b) of anvil
(Figure 10).

Figure 11

Lift anvil knob (a) and turn it as far as it will go
(to printing position) and release. Lower anvil by
pulling type change lever forward. The locating
pin (b) shows when anvil is lowered (Figure 11).

i » »

@a \ i

Figure 12

Insert second type in anvil and lower into the
machine. To swing from one type to the other,
use anvil knob (22a). Type change lever is used
only when inserting and removing type or to align
types with anvil center line (Figure 12).

Figure 13

The dots on either side of the anvil are colored.
Insert the most frequently used type in the side
marked with a “black” dot, the auxiliary type
(italic or sub-heading type) in the side with the
“red” dot. Thus, an operator will always know
which type is in printing position (Figure 13).

VARIABLE LETTER AND LINE SPACING

VERTICAL SPACING

LINE SPACING DOWN THE PAGE

The DS VariTyper Machine writes at different
spacings down the page, as well as across the
page. The line spacing (vertical spacing) mech¬
anism is called the Unomatic (23) (Figure 14).
It can be set instantly to suit the many sizes of
type and it permits flexibility in varying spacing
between lines. Further explanations of its use
are detailed on Page 20, as well as in other
sections of the manual.

Figure 14

SETTING THE UNOMATIC

The Linomatic (23) has four parts (Figure 14):

Its dial (23a) is calibrated in half-unit graduations
between 0 and 18.

The point indicator (23b) regulates the amount
of paper feed or line spacing. To set it, pull out
and align its groove with the desired graduation
on the dial.

The line feed lever (23c) is used to feed paper
up or down in the machine.

The line feed control lever (23d) regulates the
direction in which the line feed lever feeds paper.

1. Set it left to feed paper up.

2. Set it right to feed paper down into the

paper basket (26).

To return to a line above the present writing line
paper must always be fed down (into the paper
basket) one extra line, then back up to the

desired line. This is necessary to take up the
slack in the gears to assure that the base lines
of characters will line up.

The left feed roll knob (24) engages Linomatic
with feed rolls (25). Push knob in and turn
clockwise (top of it toward operator) to engage
and in opposite direction to disengage.

Caution: When Linomatic is engaged, feed rolls
may be turned only by using the line feed lever .
When Linomatic is disengaged, paper may be
“free rolled” (moved up and down freely) by
turning either feed roll knob.

HORIZONTAL SPACING

LETTER SPACING ACROSS THE PAGE

Each DS type font writes at one of the four
horizontal spacings (A, B, C or D). The correct
letter spacing is indicated on each font.

HORIZONTAL SPACING SETTINGS

The horizontal spacing lever (18) is easily lifted
and lowered into each of the four slots. The
selected spacing appears in indicator window
(17). Figures 15 and 16 show lever and window
for “A” and “D” horizontal spacings.

Figure 16

INSERTING WRITING MATERIALS IN THE MACHINE

The design of the carriage and paper basket of
the DS VariTyper Machine permits its use with
a wide variety of sizes of writing materials. It
accommodates narrow sheets, as well as those
exceeding the width of the carriage.

Most operators find it convenient to use com¬
position paper somewhat larger than the size of
the finished copy. This allows flexibility in
positioning copy and provides adequate margins
outside the printing area for making corrections.

One method is used for inserting short materials
and two methods (a personal option) are used for
inserting long materials. Both methods for long
sheets utilize a split wooden roller , around
which the material is wrapped to prevent its
creasing in the paper basket.

INSERTING SHORT MATERIALS

Regular typing materials, letter size sheets,
envelopes, index cards, etc., may be placed
directly into the paper basket (Figure 17).

Figure 17

1. Open feed rolls (25) by pushing back on
feed roll release lever (30).

2. Drop sheet between open feed rolls. Sheet
will stop at bottom of paper basket (26).

3. Center sheet in carriage, close feed rolls by
pulling the feed roll release lever (30) forward.

4. Move paper guides (33) to hold paper.

5. Disengage Linomatic, turn feed roll knob
(24) (top toward operator) to roll paper down
in basket to starting position for copy.

The gentle (non-creasing) folds that occur will
flatten out shortly after paper is removed from
the machine.

INSERTING LONG MATERIALS

METHOD I-Winding around split wooden roller
before inserting in machine.

Long sheets of paper, direct image masters,
stencils, tracings, etc., are wrapped around a
split wooden roller outside of the machine
(Figure 18).

Figure 18

1. Pull out hook clamps in split roller.

2. Open split roller and position bottom of
master in it.

3. Close roller and push in both clamps (see
insert, Figure 18).

4. Roll master around roller tightly and evenly
allowing 2 or 3 inches of it to extend at top.

5. Hold top of master in left hand and guide into
paper basket (26) between open feed rolls.

6. Center master in carriage, pull its top against
bottom of top metal rail of paper table (32a)
to straighten it. Close feed rolls.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSERTING STENCILS

For best results in composing stencils or me¬
chanical negatives a transparent overlay sheet
(available with these items) should be used.

1. Remove cardboard backing sheet at per¬
foration.

2. Place wax, fiber, or special VariTyper
backing sheet behind stencil.

3. Align bottoms of overlay sheet, stencil and
backing sheet. Lock in split roller.

4. Insert in machine and straighten.

Some operators use paper clips at the top outside
edges to hold the three layers together.

METHOD II-Inserting split roller in machine
before winding master around it.

1. Open feed rolls and insert split roller in
paper basket with open jaws of roller facing
upward (A of Figure 19).

2. Insert and center master in feed rolls allowing
its lower end to rest in open jaws, close
roller and lock clamps.

3. Hold top of master with left hand, winding
roller so working surface of master is rolled
inward.

4. Pull top of master against bottom edge of
top metal rail of paper table to straighten
it. Then close feed rolls.

Figure 19

ALIGNING AND STRAIGHTENING COPY

In front and at each side of the anvil (22) are
metal strips called alignment guides (38) (Figure
20). The base line of characters, being typed,
must lie on the top edge of these guides*. This
enables the guides to be used to align copy
vertically and to straighten copy horizontally in
the machine. For accuracy the same guide (usually
the left guide) should always be used.

Figure 20

*If base line of characters do not lie exactly on top
edge of alignment guide , it can be adjusted by an
authorized VariTyper Serviceman when making a
maintenance inspection.

TESTING ALIGNMENT OF GUIDE

1. Type a few “X’s”.

2. Move carriage so left guide is below char¬
acters just typed.

3. Place hand behind carriage and press paper
against alignment guide to determine relation¬
ship between top of guide and base line of
characters (above, below or dead on). If
base line of characters and guide are not
exactly aligned, try to approximate the proper
position until it can be adjusted.

RE-ALIGNING TEXT COPY

If the Linomatic has been disengaged and cannot
be used to accurately return to a line previously
typed, or if paper has been taken out and must
be re-inserted into the machine, the alignment
guide is used as follows:

1. Free roll paper and press it against alignment
guide to align with base line of letters in
line to be corrected.

2. Type the first character of that line in the
margin outside the printing area.

3. If test letter is too high or too low, adjust
vertical position accordingly and type
another test letter, etc.

4. When correct position is located engage feed
rolls and compose entry, correction, etc.

The results of this method of re-aligning copy
is illustrated in Figure 21. The first three words
of the top line were typed over (they will appear
darker).

T T The usual first step of the layout man in
planning a job of printing is to make small
or thumbnail sketches. He selects the
best of these and makes a rough layout.

Figure 21

Aligning Materials With Guide Lines or Rules

If material has short guide lines in its margins
(direct image masters, stencils, etc.) the carriage
is transported back and forth to check alignment
of matching guide lines in left and right margins
and the sheet adjusted until lines are positioned
just above or touching the alignment guide.

If material has horizontal rules (pre-printed grids
or graphs, pre-ruled forms, etc.) the alignment
guide is aligned with the left side of the rule
and the carriage transported across the page to
see if the rule follows the top of the guide. If
the sheet is not straight, it is adjusted and the
process repeated until it is aligned.

HOW A VARITYPER MACHINE WRITES

The process by which a VariTyper Machine images
writing materials (papers, masters, stencils,
etc.) is unique. The following self-demonstrations
will help an operator understand the mechanics
of the process and see its advantages for pro¬
ducing master copy for reproduction.

A PREVIEW OF THE IMAGING PROCESS

Without paper in the machine, perform the
following steps:

1. Insert a type font and turn it to the active
or printing position (towards the hammer).

2. Press any key all the way down several
times and watch the metal hammer come
forward and strike the type.

When paper is in the machine, the hammer
(Figure 22) presses the paper against the type
font which has a carbon ribbon positioned in
front of it, and thus images individual characters
on the paper.

Figure 22

STAGES OF KEYBOARDING PROCESS

POSITIONING THE TYPE FONT

The following steps will show how a key positions
the type font:

1. Press the “a” key (very slowly and lightly)
until the type stops moving. Make sure to
stop pressing before the hammer releases
and strikes the type. Repeat this several
times, watching the type move clockwise
and stop.

2. Press the “p” key in the same manner as
in Step 1. Watch the type move in the
opposite direction and stop.

Each time a key is pressed the type moves and
automatically stops when the selected character
is in position to print*

ACTIVATING THE HAMMER

The next steps will show how the hammer is
activated (released to come forward):

1. Press the “a” key (lightly and slowly) until
the type font stops.

2. Continue to press down on the key (lightly)
and repeat the entire procedure several times.

The hammer comes forward to strike the type
when a key is “bottomed” (pressed all the way
down). Notice that bottoming the key, to activate
the hammer, required only a very light pressure.

A REVIEW OF THE KEYBOARDING PROCESS

The last two demonstrations have illustrated the
relationship between a key and the type font, and
a key and the hammer. To summarize the mechanics
of the operation, the following action occurs
each time a letter is printed.

1. As a key is depressed, the type font begins
to move.

2. The type font stops when the selected
character (indicated on the key) is in
position to print.

3. A continued pressing of the key releases
the hammer, which strikes the individual
character on the face of the type.

Although the keyboarding (typing) process has
been broken down into steps, these actually occur
simultaneously. The operator is not conscious
of the three stages. The only thing necessary
to remember, and this soon becomes a habit, is
to bottom each key. The machine does the rest.

CONTROLLED IMPRESSION

UNIFORM COVERAGE OF CHARACTERS

The next demonstration will illustrate how a
VariTyper Machine images each character when
a key is bottomed.

1. Insert paper in the machine and use the
same type font (in active position).

2. Press the “n” key, slowly each time and
all the way down, as follows:

a. Press it 3 times very lightly.

b. Press it 3 times a little harder.

c. Press it 3 times very hard.

3. Take the paper from the machine and examine
each character for blackness.

Notice that the letter “n” printed with the same
blackness all nine times, although different
finger pressures were used to press the key.

This copy illustrates the results of a very
important (integral) feature of all keyboard
VariTyper Machines — the machine, and not the
individual, controls how characters will print.
This feature, called “controlled impression”
insures that characters will print with the same
blackness (have uniform coverage) regardless of
how lightly or how hard a key is pressed to
bottom it. It is important from the standpoint of
keyboarding (typing) because it relieves an
operator of the responsibility of having to try
to press each key with the same pressure each
time in order to obtain uniform coverage of
characters.

There are several reasons why controlled im¬
pression is a feature which is found only on
VariTyper Machines. One is that the metal
hammer will not vary in hardness as can happen
with a rubber platten on a typewriter. Another
is that the entire type font is solid. Individual
characters cannot be bent accidently, as can
happen with type bars. Therefore, metal-to-metal
contact between the hammer and the type font
eliminates the physical variations that can occur
from a metal-to-rubber contact (i.e., the same
character printing lighter when it hits a hard
part of the rubber, and darker when it hits a
soft part).

In addition to these built-in mechanical controls,
VariTyper Machines use a one-time carbon ribbon
so that a fresh area of ribbon is used for each
character. Moreover, the manufacture of VariTyper
ribbons is rigidly controlled to assure a uniform
release of carbon for each character.

The resultant effect of the machine’s controlled
impression and the use of the finest carbon
ribbons available is uniform coverage of every
character, every time a key is bottomed. And,
uniform coverage is essential when composing
copy for reproduction.

VARIABLE IMPRESSION LEVER

The variety of types that can be used on a DS
VariTyper Machine range in size from tiny to
relatively large types and in weight from light
to bold face. Consequently, different impressions
(the force with which the hammer presses the
paper against the type) are needed for the
variance in size and weight of types. Therefore,
the VariTyper Machine is equipped with a
variable impression lever (2) which can be set
for 10 different degrees of impression. Do not
confuse the amount of impression, which is set

by the impression lever, with controlled im¬
pressionu The impression lever is set according
to the size and boldness of types, whereas
controlled impression is the machine’s ability to
maintain the degree of impression which has
been set.

SUGGESTED IMPRESSION SETTINGS

The below suggested impression settings are
presented only to guide the operator in learning
to select the proper impressions for the particular
types with an individual machine.

1. Tiny light face types— Impression 1.

2. Small types, medium weight types —Im¬
pression 2 or 3.

3. Medium size types— Impression 4 or 5.

4. Large and bold types— Impression 6 to 10.

An operator quickly learns which impression to
use by adjusting the lever until the copy looks
sharp and black. To obtain uniform coverage of
every character, an operator needs only to set
the impression lever for the type being used, and
to bottom the keys — the machine will do the rest .

REPEAT KEY

VariTyper Machines are used to write on a variety
of materials, and these various surfaces will not
accept carbon in the same manner. Occasionally,
a large bold type may not give the desired
density (blackness of copy) on a particular
material, even when using 10 impression. There¬
fore, the repeat key (3), as its name implies,
holds the carriage so that each key can be
pressed, as many times as necessary, to deposit
a sufficient amount of carbon to give the desired
blackness. It is used as follows:

1. Hold down the repeat key while pressing
each key as many times as necessary to
obtain black copy.

2. Release the repeat key and the machine will
automatically space for the next character.

CAP SHIFT AND FIG SHIFT KEYS

The average type font has three rows of characters:
lower case row (small letters), cap row (capital
letters) and fig row (numbers, figures and symbols).
When the type is lowered in the anvil, the char¬
acters on the lower case row will be in position
to print.

Press cap key (8) to raise type to print a capital
letter, and press fig key (7) to raise type to
print a figure or symbol.

CAP LOCK AND FIG LOCK KEYS

To lock the type font in position to print all capital
letters or characters on the figure row, press cap
lock key (6) or fig lock key (5) respectively. To
unlock these keys press the cap key or fig key.

SETTING AND ALIGNING LEFT MARGINS
AND STARTING POINTS FOR COPY

Unlike the carriage of an ordinary typewriter,
which moves the same distance for each letter,
the carriage of the DS VariTyper Machine moves
a variety of distances for letters* (at each of the
horizontal spacings on the machine). Therefore,
rather than require an operator to “judge by
eye” when the left sides of letters on different
lines are even, the machine has an easy to use
mechanical device, the left margin dial (20) for
noting various starting points for copy — left
margins, paragraph indentions, columns of
figures, etc.

The pointer (20c) magnifies even the most minute
movement of the carriage.. It moves with the
carriage clockwise when keys and space bar are
pressed, counterclockwise when the carriage is
banked or back space keys are pressed.

Watch the pointer while doing the following:

1. Press several different keys.

2. Pull the carriage to the right 2 or 3 inches.

3. Press the back space keys (13 & 14).

ESTABLISHING “SETTING” A LEFT MARGIN

The DS Machine is equipped with a left margin
stop which is located on the margin scale (27).
Use of this stop is explained on the next page.
However, for the preliminary steps in setting the
machine, this stop is not to be used. Therefore,
use the carriage release lever (31) to move the
carriage to the left until the margin stop is
visible. Press the top of stop together and move
it to the far left of the margin scale.

The pointer is “set” t for the left margin starting
point (line or entry farthest to the left on the
paper) only once for each job. And, it must not
be changed manually until the job is completed.

* The spacing for letters is described in the section
titled “Differential Letter Spacing”, Pages 21 & 22.
t The terms “set or setting” when used in reference
to the margin pointer (20c) indicate the manual
adjustment (moving it by hand) to establish the
starting point for the left margin.

Setting the pointer is accomplished as follows:

1. Use right index finger to move pointer (20c)
clockwise until its right edge is even with
vertical line (20a) imprinted on face (20b)
of margin dial. This vertical line should
always be used as the starting point for the
left margin of copy being composed.

NOTE: If, when setting the pointer, it is
accidentally moved beyond the vertical line,
continue moving it clockwise until it is
correctly set. Never attempt to move pointer
backwards (counterclockwise) by hand.

2. Check setting of pointer by pressing increment
back space key (14) one time, then increment
space key (4) one time, to see if it is exactly
lined-up with vertical line. Repeat setting
procedure if necessary.

ALIGNING THE POINTER

After the pointer has been “set” for a left margin
and copy has been typed, the machine must be
brought back to the starting point. The procedure
is called “aligning”% the pointer. Complete the
following steps to learn the difference between
setting and aligning the pointer.

1. Set pointer to line up with vertical line of
margin dial.

2. Type a few letters to move pointer away
from vertical line.

3. Pull carriage slowly to the right and stop
when pointer is to the left of vertical line.

4. Press increment space key until pointer
lines up with vertical line.

The last step is called aligning the pointer
because it was accomplished mechanically on
the machine. This same procedure is used for
aligning the pointer with other starting points
which can be marked on the dial.

MARKING STARTING POINTS ON THE DIAL

An ordinary pencil can be used to mark lines on
the face of the dial for other starting points for
copy, such as indentions, columns of figures, etc.

Notice that the face of the dial has alternately
shaded and clear rings. This has been done to
facilitate coded marking systems (i.e., an operator
can place marks in the various rings to indicate
different sections on the paper). The coding
system can be extended further by using colored
pencils.

X The terms “align, aligned, aligning, etc,” when used
in reference to the margin pointer (20c) indicate the
mechanical process of lining it up with any position
or mark on the dial.

The dial can be marked as follows:

1. Set pointer for a left margin.

2. Move carriage to starting position for first
indention, column, etc. The method of locating
various starting positions on the paper and
for positioning the carriage is covered in
other sections of the manual.

3. Draw a line on dial face, through one or more
of the rings close to right edge of pointer.

An operator must exercise care in marking the
dial so as not to accidentally move the pointer,
which would alter the settings.

PARAGRAPH INDENTIONS

Indentions on DS VariTyper Machines are
expressed in terms of its carriage movements —
increments or the amount of space the carriage
moves when the increment space key is pressed.
The number of increments to be used for paragraph
indentions varies according to the format, column
width, personal preference, etc. This is usually
established by the originator of the copy.

Indentions are made from the left margin starting
point and the positions marked on the dial face.

LEFT MARGIN STOP

The DS Machine is equipped with a left margin
stop against which the carriage may be banked.
However, due to the carriage moving in such
small amounts of space (increments) it cannot
always be banked to the same exact position.
Therefore, the left margin stop is used to stop
the carriage near, and to the left of, the left
margin starting point. Final alignment for a left
margin is completed by using the increment
space key. Banking is done as follows:

1. Position left margin stop.

2. Bank carriage against the stop. This may
lock it in that position, especially if it is
banked firmly.

3. Space in a minimum of two (2) increments

with the increment space key. This must
always be done to free the carriage from its
initial bank against the left margin stop.

4. Set pointer for the left margin.

5. For each successive line, bank carriage and
press increment space key until pointer is
aligned with established starting point. The
number of increments that will be necessary
to align the pointer will depend upon how the
carriage was banked. In some instances it
may stop exactly on the mark.

NOTE: To free the carriage from its banked
position against the left margin stop, use only
the increment space key . Use of any other keys
or the space bar may damage the machine. Like¬
wise, the increment back space key should never
be used to align the pointer with the left margin
point when the left margin stop is used.

COMPOSING COPY ON THE MACHINE

The information presented thus far has covered
the basic settings of the machine. The operator
is now ready to compose copy. Before proceeding,
remember that the DS VariTyper Machine is a
“composing machine" to be used for preparing
copy for printing —not for taking speed tests.

As demonstrated within the section covering
Controlled Impression (Page 12), a rhythmic
pressing (bottoming) of the keys, rather than a
staccato slapping touch, will allow the machine
to do its job —that of producing professional
typography.

Begin now . . . strive first for accuracy . . . which
will help to develop the necessary skills to
become a creative, professional VariTyper
operator.

ASSIGNMENT

Complete exercises 1 thru 5, in the back of
the manual.

TYPE SIZE AND LINE SPACING

TERMS OF TYPE MEASUREMENT

In order to effectively use the many sizes of
type that are available for differential spacing
VariTyper Machines, an operator should have a
basic understanding of “how types are measured”
and of the relationship between “type size and
line spacing”.

A starting point is to become familiar with the
terms used to describe line spacing and size of
type. Although the reader may not recognize the
first graphic arts term used to describe measure¬
ment of space for print styles of type, it is a
measurement with which all typists are familiar.
It is equivalent to one line space of a unit
spacing typewriter. Standard typewriters write
at six lines to the inch, down the page. If six
typewritten lines occupy one inch of vertical
space, one occupies 1/6 of an inch (Figure 23).

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I

6 I

Lines \

t° 1

the i

Inch /

Standard typewriters- y\

whether pica or elite, yf

| type at "six" lines to yi ° fa "

| an inch vertically or, W " c
down the page. Each line>\ er
takes "l/6" of an inch, y | L,ne

Figure 23

THE PICA

This same unit of measurement for a typewriter
line space (1/6 of an inch) is called a “pica”
in the graphic arts industry. One pica equals
1/6 of an inch and six picas equal one inch.
Picas are used to measure space down the
page (vertically) as well as across the page
(horizontally) as is illustrated below (Figure 24).

mmmmm

1 2 3 4 5 6

‘ r i ii i ii

T 3

6 PICAS

ONE 5

TO THE INCH

p .CA g

—

Figure 24

THE POINT

The many styles of type also available for
differential spacing VariTyper Machines vary
greatly in size. Figure 25, below, shows only
four of the sizes, but these will illustrate the
purpose of this discussion. The copy was com¬
posed between rules spaced “one pica or 1/6 of
an inch” apart. Only the largest type, to the far
right, requires the full pica of line space.
Obviously the smaller types can be set at closer
line spacings. This is why the pica is further
divided into smaller units called “points” which
are used to measure both line spacing and type
size. And, whenever the term “points” is used
to describe line spacing or type size, the reference
is always to vertical space and never to horizontal
space .

type size- type size - type size - type size

Figure 25

The point is a relatively small measurement —
there are 12 points in a pica. To help the reader
to visualize what is meant by points, the graphic
illustration below (Figure 26) shows a pica
divided into points, both actual size and magnified
six times.

THE PICA DIVIDED INTO POINTS

CONVERTING INCHES INTO POINTS

A VariTyper operator will undoubtedly receive
instructions for composing copy where the
layout area is designated in inches. It will be
necessary to convert the inches into points in
order to compose the copy correctly. The numerical
relationship between points, picas and inches is
easy to learn. Keep in mind that points and
picas are merely units which are used to measure
distance, as are inches and feet. Points and
picas are for smaller measurements.

It is simple to convert inches into points. There
are 12 points in one pica, 6 picas in one inch,
thus, 72 points in one inch. The following charts
(Figure 27) will help in learning the relationship
between points, picas and inches.

12 inches in a foot

♦

12 points in a pica

72 inches in 6 feet

♦

72 points in 6 picas

12 Points = 1

l Pica

♦

12 Points = 1/6 of an Inch

6 Picas = 1

l Inch

♦

l Pica = 1/6 of an Inch

72 Points =

1 Inch

♦

l Point = 1/72 of an Inch

Figure 21

MEASURING TYPE
AND LINE SPACING

HOW TYPES ARE MEASURED

The point size for a type face is measured from
the top part of the tallest letters to the bottom
part of the letters which have tails extending
below the base line. For all practical purposes,
the size of a type face can be determined by
measuring from the top of the letter “d” to the
bottom of the letter “y” (Figure 28).

1. The stem of the letter “d” which extends
above the round part of the letter is called
an ascender .

2. The tail of the letter “y” which extends
below the “v” part of that letter is called
a descender.

POINT

SIZE

Figure 28

ASCENDERS AND DESCENDERS

The letters of “this type font” are shown in
Figure 29. Complete the following exercise for
learning which letters have ascenders or de¬
scenders. Then check to see if the answers agree
with those at the bottom of this column.

1. Place a “dot” C) above every letter that
has an ascender.

2. Place a “dash” (—) below every letter that
has a descender.

abcdefghijklm

o o

nopqrstuvwxyz

o a &

Figure 29

The relationship between the style of type and
the point size of type can be deceiving. The two
styles (Figure 30) appear to be different in size.
Actually, they are the same size for they require
the same amount of vertical space. The reason
for the deception is the “body” of the letters of
the type to the left (a book style type) is smaller
than the body of the letters of the type to the
right (a newspaper style type).

— POINT SIZE (Top of Ascender to Bottom of Descender)

■IMIM

Figure 30

The illustration (Figure 31, Page 18) is six times
larger than actual size. The graph represents
the vertical space of one pica (divided into
points), over which different sizes of type have
been printed. In the space provided below each
column write in the point size of the type. Check
the answers against those at the bottom of
the column.

Answers to Figure 29:

A ‘b ‘d ‘f ‘8 :SJ9pU3DS0p SJ9}}9“|

1 T iy [ ‘9 ‘J ‘P ‘9 :SJ9pU9DSC IjJjM SJ9^9“|

A PICA, DIVIDED INTO POINTS
(Enlarged 6 times)

Figure 31

If any answers were incorrect, the following
may be the reason. Notice that the descenders
of each letter “y” do not touch the line directly
below, which indicates the point size of the
type. It is important to understand that although
a type is given a point value , it will not measure
this exact number of points from ascender to
descender. If it did, and the same line spacing
were used, then the descenders of letters on
lines above would touch the ascenders of
lines below.

The stated point size of a type represents only
the approximate size of its face. Point size
represents specifically — the minimum (closest)
line spacing at which a type can be used when
composing regular text copy, that is copy
containing capital letters as well as lower case
letters. All DS type fonts are designed in ac¬
cordance with this principle, and allowance is
made for sufficient white space between lines
when the type font is used at its indicated
point size.

USING VARIOUS LINE SPACINGS

The following examples (Figure 32) illustrate
basic relationships between type size and line
spacing . Read the content within each block of
copy. Incidentally, the same type was used for
all three examples.

Answers to Figure 31:

Zl -fr 01 •£ 8 ’Z 9*1

Example I

This block of copy was set using a 10
point type at 9 point line spacing. The
lines are too close together. See how
the descenders of the “p's” in line two
touch the ascenders of tne “l’s” in line
three. Circle other letters that touch.

Example 2

This block of copy was set using a 10
point type at 10 point line spacing. There
is just enough 4 ‘white space’’ between
lines so that letters on different lines
do not touch. Writing copy at the closest
line spacing is called “set solid’’.

Example 3

This block of copy was set using a 10
point type at 12 point line spacing. See
how this extra “white space’’ increases
readability? Setting copy at a line spacing
greater than the point size of a type is
referred to as “leading’’.

Figure 32

LEADING

The practice of adding extra white space between
lines is called leading , because the printer (who
sets metal type) actually places thin strips of
“lead” (type metal) between the lines of metal
type to produce the white space. The same
result is achieved on the VariTyper Machine
by the paper feed.

Directions for “leading copy” can be stated
in various ways. If two points of white space is
desired for copy set in a 10 point type it can be
stated: “Set 10 on 12”, “Set 10/12”, “Set 10
pt., 2 pt. leaded”, or the word “set” in each
example could be eliminated without changing
the meaning.

An apparent reason for adding extra white
space between lines was illustrated in the third
example (Figure 32). It increases the readability
of the copy. In fact, the copy within this manual
is set “10 on 12” or leaded two points, for this
very purpose.

Another reason for using leading is one every
typist has experienced — the need to take up more
space on the page to create a more pleasing
appearance. This may also be necessary for
certain kinds of VariTyper composition.

A third reason for “leading” is shown below
(Figure 33). The five lines of copy, to the left,
begin and end at the same vertical positions as
the six lines of copy to the right. This technique
is frequently used in publications to have the
columns end evenly at the bottom of a page.
Leading is also used to achieve the same result
for tabular and statistical copy.

Five lines of copy
Five lines of copy
Five lines of copy
Five lines of copy
Five lines of copy

Six lines of copy
Six lines of copy
Six lines of copy
Six lines of copy
Six lines of copy
Six lines of copy

Figure 33

The first lines of each block of copy are located
on the same base line. In order to make them end
on the same base line, line spacing for the
remaining lines must be figured. The block of
six lines is set at 10 point line spacing. Its
remaining five lines will occupy 50 points of
space. The remaining four lines of the five line
block of copy must be leaded to equal 50 points.
Therefore, 50 points divided by 4 lines equals
IZV 2 points per line.

MEASURING LINE SPACINGS

On occasion an operator may be requested to
match the type size and line spacing of a published
article which may or may not have been composed
on a VariTyper Machine. Usually the size of the
type can be determined by comparing the sample
to the “run-offs” in the DS Type Font Book
(which is available at all VariTyper Sales Offices).

Many types of scales or gauges are available
for measuring line spacings, including the one
manufactured especially for VariTyper copy —the
VariTyper Line Spacing Scale (described on
Pages 69 and 70). The method for measuring line
spacing is universal for all types of copy. Line
spacing is measured from “base line to base
line” — from the base line of one line (above) to
the base line of the next line (below) as shown
in the following sample (Figure 34).

Line spacing of copy is al-

ways measured from base

line to base line. Several

lines should be measured to

obtain a proper reading. The

SAME HOLDS TRUE FOR

ALL CAP COPY AS WELL.

Figure 34

LINE SPACING IN POINTS

The basic operation of the DS VariTyper Machine’s
line spacing device, the Linomatic (23) is pre¬
sented on page 9. However, this information
purposely did not include the fact that the
Linomatic spaces in points until the relationship
between points, type size, and line spacing had
been covered.

The reader can now appreciate the versatility
of the Linomatic (Figure 35) in meeting the
exacting line spacing requirements for virtually
any kind of printing job.

Figure 35

The dial (23a) of the Linomatic is calibrated in
half point graduations, between 0 and 18. The
point indicator (23b) can be set to feed paper
from Vi to 18 points of space (Figure 36) with a
single movement of the line spacing lever (23c):

Minimum and Maximum Amount of Line Spacing
for Each Movement of the Line Spacing Lever

I -k

— j- 1/2 Point-to — 18 Points

' T

Actual Amount of Paper Feed
Figure 36

The VariTyper system for line spacing is simple
to use. The point size of a type is listed on the
type font. To set solid the point indicator is
placed at this setting. To add leading between
lines; add the size of the type to the desired
amount of leading and set the point indicator
on the linomatic dial accordingly.

AUXILIARY LINE SPACING

The DS VariTyper Machine has an auxiliary line
spacing device that uses a variety of changeable
gears, each of which is specially notched to
produce a “set” line spacing. A VariLine gear
(28) is slipped over the shaft of the right end of
the feed roll and is secured on the shaft by the
right feed roll knob (24) (Figure 37).

Figure 31

MOTE: The Linomatic and a VariLine gear must
never be engaged at the same time!

USING A VARILINE GEAR

1. Press detent lever (behind gear) down, so it
swings freely. This allows the tension spring
to press and settle in the gear notches.

2. Turn right feed roll knob correct number of
clicks for desired line spacing. For example,
the 4 point gear feeds paper 4 points per
click. Therefore, it takes 2 clicks for 8 points
and 3 clicks for 12 points, etc.

CHANGING VARILINE GEARS

1. Remove right feed roll knob, turning it clock¬
wise, while holding the large feed roll or
left feed roll knob with the left hand.

2. Change gears and replace right feed roll knob
making sure to tighten it to prevent slipping.

ADDITIONAL VARILINE GEARS

The DS Machine comes equipped with a “4” point
gear. VariLine gears are available for the
following “set” line spacings: 2 pt., 4 pt., 5% pt.,
6 pt., 7-14 pt., 7^2 pt., 8 V 2 pt., 9 pt., 9 V 2 pt., 10 pt.,
11 pt., and 13 pt.

DIFFERENTIAL LETTER SPACING

The term differential spacing (often abbreviated
“DS”) refers to the kind of letter spacing on DS
VariTyper Machines, Alphabet characters vary
in width and the DS machine automatically spaces
out each character to its proper design width. A
wide character like the xx m" occupies more space
than a narrow character like the ''i" (Figure 38).
DS types follow closely the alphabet’s original
design, resulting in a pleasing professional
appearance of typography which compares
favorably to printing (hot) type.

DIFFERENTIAL SPACING

Figure 38

The examples below (Figure 39) show unit and
differential letter spacing.

UNIT SPACING

DIFFERENTIAL SPACING

mmmmmmmmmm

aaaaaaaaaa

niii'iiiii

liiiiiiin

maim

unit spacing

differential spacing

■

Figure 39

INCREMENTS

The width of each character is listed in small
divisions called “increments”. Each character
on DS type fonts takes either two, three, or four
increments depending upon its design.*

The DS VariTyper Machine automatically spaces
each character to its proper width as the keys
are pressed. However, it is advantageous to
know increment values of characters to compose
certain types of copy. The reasons will be
explained in other sections of the manual.

* The exception to this is the 5000 Series type fonts
which are used in a special non-justifying VariTyper
Machine (Model 519). This machine and its types
space characters at 1, 2, 3 and 4 increments.

INCREMENT VALUES OF CHARACTERS

The increment values of most of the characters
of the DS keyboard can be memorized almost
instantly just by reading the following rules.

RULES FOR LEARNING INCREMENT VALUES

Lower Case Row (lower case letters)-

• Most lower case letters take 3 increments.

• The m and w take 4 increments.

• The f, i, j, I, r and t take 2 increments.

Make the exceptions easy to learn by arranging
them to form a man’s name: "wm lift jr".

Cap Row (upper case letters or capitals)-

• Most capitals take 4 increments.

• The J and S take 3 increments.

• The I takes 2 increments.

Make the exceptions easy to learn by substituting
the slang term XX JIS" for the word “JUST”.

Fig Row (numerals and symbols)-

• All numerals take 3 increments.

• Most symbols that are used with numerals,
#, $, 0, @ and / also take 3 increments.

• Except l / 4 , %, %, % and &; which take 4
increments.

Punctuation Keys-

• Punctuation , . ; : x 7 ( ) - ! take 2 increments.

• The * ? £ take 3 increments.

• The — (em dash) takes 4 increments.

Forward Space and Back Space Keys-

• Inc. space key takes 1 increment forward.

• Inc. back space key takes 1 increment back.

• Back space key takes 3 increments back.

Machine at STD Setting for “Unit Spacing”-

• Most keys and space bar take 3 increments.

• Inc. space key takes 1 increment forward.

• Inc. back space key takes 1 increment back.

The increment value of characters of the DS
Machine’s keyboard are also presented in the
form of a chart (Figure 40).

INCREMENT CHART

ROW

2 Increment

3 Increment

4 Increment

L.C,

1 i f t j r

abcdeghkn

opqsuvxyz

m w

Cap

• 1

/ ■• • •

J s

(All capitals
execpt I-J-S)

Fig

1234567890

%-& y*% 3 a

Figure 40

ASSIGNMENT - Complete Exercise 6 “Learning
Increment Values” in back of manual.

UNIT SPACING TYPE FONTS

In addition to the differential spacing machines,
VariTyper Corporation manufactures “unit
spacing” models which allot equal space for each
character across the page. Many users have both
classes of machines. If desired, “unit spacing”
type fonts may be used in a DS machine. Simply
switch the diff — std lever (12) to its “STD”
position. This changes the DS machine’s character
spacing to units and gives the following approxi¬
mate number of characters (per inch) for these
horizontal spacings: “13 at A, 14 at B, 16 at C
and 18 at D”. The lever must be returned to
its “DIFF” position when using DS fonts.

All VariTyper type fonts are identified by style
number. Unit spacing fonts have numbers below
600. DS fonts have style numbers 600 and above.

THE DS SCALE AND ITS USE

A very useful operator aid is the DS Scale
(Figure 41) provided with each DS VariTyper
Machine. It can be used for the following purposes:

1. To measure the width of illustrations and copy
area for “run-arounds” or indentions.

2. To measure the number of increments in a
word or phrase composed on a DS Machine.

3. To determine which horizontal spacing was
used to compose VariTyper copy.

4. To obtain an exact justified column width.

5. To find the increment count of characters
on the DS keyboard (type fonts).

The DS Scale is made up of four sections:

1. Its top edge is an ordinary 6 inch ruler,
marked off in sixteenths of an inch.

2. Its bottom edge is a pica rule (36 picas long)
with half pica graduations.

3. Its right end contains an increment chart for
the increment values of the DS keyboard.

4. Its middle section consists of four increment
scales , one for each of the machine’s four
horizontal spacings. Each small division of
these scales equals two (2) increments. Every
tenth increment is numbered and indicated
by a longer graduation line.

Figure 41

DETERMINING INCREMENT COUNTS
FOR A SPECIFIED COLUMN WIDTH

Increment counts for columns can be quickly
determined by using these steps:

1. Align long edge of “3 x 5” card with ruler or
pica rule (according to measurement given).

2. Slide card, aligning its right edge with number
for column width. This forms a vertical line
through the scales and shows number of

increments for each horizontal spacing.

For example, a “3 x 5” card is aligned with the
three inch mark of the ruler (Figure 42). Its right
edge shows the increment values for the four
horizontal spacings —117 at A, 128 at B, 142 at
C and 158 at D.

Try several practice readings for all four scales
at 4, 3Vi and 2 inches; 20, 17 and 22Vi picas.

T| i H

TfT

l|l

i|l

njp

1JT

TIT

ITT

SIXTEENTHS -

! 11!11ili|! t!i1111111!111111 111! il[T

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

111 111111! 1111111! 11II 1] 11111 !! 1111 i 1111111 i i! H 11 rTT]7TTl

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

! 11 i j II l fJTl ! 1111II [11 FT]TTTT| 111 rjTTTTT

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8(

1 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

1111111111 T'lTTfri 1 f MITTTTnTTTTrriTm^^

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 £

10 100 lio 120 130 140 150 160 l)o 100 190 200 210 220

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 16

~ PICA

1 51

0 i

I 1

15 I

6 POINTS

i l

| 1

no 220

Figure 42

DETERMINING WHAT HORIZONTAL
SPACING WAS USED TO COMPOSE COPY

To find the horizontal spacing that was used to
compose VariTyper copy, use these steps:

1. Choose a short word which totals an even
number of increments (i.e., 10, 12, etc.).

2. Place the DS Scale on copy so the “zero”
line of a scale (A, B, C or D scale) touches
the left side of the first letter of the word.
When the scale for the correct horizontal
spacing is found, the right side of the last
letter in the word will just touch the line
indicating the word’s total increment count.

If the word does not fit any of the scales, the
copy was probably photographically reduced
or enlarged.

A word within the block of copy, above examples
“A and B” of Figure 43, is to be selected and
measured to determine the horizontal spacing at
which the copy was composed. After reading
the following steps use a DS Scale and repeat
the procedure.

1. The word “may” takes 10 increments —4 for
the “m”, 3 for the “a” and 3 for the “y”.

2. Example A shows that “may” measures less
than 9 increments on the “C” scale.

3. Example B shows that “may” measures
exactly 10 increments on the “D” scale, so
the copy was set at “D” spacing.

Because of the size of

this type a

new

operator may.

think

it was set

at a

largei/spacingMljan

was used.

A /

N. B

of th

« s,

m of

thgssize of

ratcC

ate

® Nils ; 2* '■ a

ger spacii

ng than

*er

spacing than

Figure 43

DETERMINING WHICH HORIZONTAL
SPACING TO USE TO COMPOSE COPY

The DS Scale can also be used to determine
what horizontal spacings can be used for a job
when the copy and the copy area are known.
For example, the rough draft of the form below
(Figure 44) is to be composed as shown. Upon
examining the form, an operator will immediately
see that the type for the headings must be chosen
so that the word “QUANTITY” will fit in its
allotted space. The other headings will fit
regardless of which spacing is used.

The following steps were used to determine
what horizontal spacing(s) could be used for
composing the copy.

1. Count the number of increments in the word

“QUANTITY” set in all caps. It contains
30 increments.

2. Place the scale on the copy so the “zero”
line of the four increment scales are even
with the left rule of the column.

3. Read the number of increments indicated by
the right column rule. The scales read: 29 at
A spacing, 32 at B spacing, 35 (plus) at C
spacing and 40 at D spacing.

The word would not fit in the column using an
A spacing type. B spacing is also too wide, for
a minimum of 2 increments should be placed
between a vertical rule and the edge of a character.
Therefore, the column must measure at least 34
increments for a type to fit. Either C or D spacing
types will work.

REQUisrnoN

fjgglJ

Figure 44

FORMS PLOTTING AND COMPOSING

A form is a printed or typed document with blank
spaces for insertion of information. It is made up
of type and rules.

The scope of forms preparation is divided into
four categories:

1 .Forms Analysis —resolves what information
goes on the form.

2. Forms Design — continues the analysis until
it resolves how to best arrange and present
the information.

3. Forms Plotting — translates the form’s design
into machine functions.

4. Compos ing - mechanical operation of the
machine to produce the master copy.

The first two are procedures usually performed by
specially trained personnel or by the originator
of the form. The third area may become the duty
of the VariTyper operator, and the fourth is the
operator’s responsibility.

When plotting a form, it is important to follow the
originator’s design. Any questions concerning the

4 r

flC*

rough draft should be answered before completing
the plot. However, when it is apparent that the
originator is not familiar with the machine’s
operation or its type selection, it maybe necessary
for the operator to suggest methods to simplify
the form’s composition.

A form should be plotted to conform with the
most prevalent horizontal spacing of type used
on the form. Fill-in type forms, for instance,
utilize small types in order to provide adequate
writing space. Consequently, most of these kinds
of forms are plotted for “C” or “D” spacing.

The simple form shown below (Figure 45) was
designed to accommodate either handwritten or
typewritten entries. Typewriter line spacing was
maintained to enable a typist to align the form
for the first fill-in line without further adjust¬
ment to complete it.

This section will describe the basic steps for
“plotting and composing” forms and will include
a few fundamentals concerning forms design.

PARTS

\tp „

NUMBER

ITEM

21 PESCRJPTION

PRICE

Figure 45

HORIZONTAL PLOTTING

Plotting horizontal positions for margins, copy,
column rules, etc., of forms is accomplished by
using the horizontal plotting scale (34). It is a
“ruler type” scale which has graduations called
“plotting units” printed on its four edges. Each
plotting unit is equivalent to 3 increments of space,
and those on each edge (scale) are calibrated
to correspond with one of the horizontal spacings
on the machine “A and B” scales on one side,
“C and D” on the other.

The system uses the plotting scale for plotting
and composing. It is removed from the machine,
placed on the rough draft and marked to indicate
the positions of margins, rules, etc. When replaced
in the machine it serves as a guide for properly
positioning the copy on the paper. The following
steps were used to plot the form shown in
Figure 45.

1. Loosen thumb screw and remove horizontal
plotting scale (34) from machine.

2. Place it on rough draft so its “C” edge is
toward top of form and align 50 mark with
left margin of form (Figure 46). Form is 110
“C” units wide (160-50=110).

3. Mark scale to indicate following:

a. Left margin (starting point) — 50.

b. Vertical rules — 64, 78, 140, 154.

c. Right margin (stopping point) — 160.

d. Center of form is at unit 105 —(50+160 =
210; 210-^2 = 105).

4. The title “SPARE PARTS” is to be set in
670-12A type. Since the form will be composed
at “C” spacing, rather than change to “A”
spacing to compose the title, write it at
“C” spacing,and manually insert 2 increments
between letters (called letter spacing) and
put 6 increments between words.

VERTICAL PLOTTING

Vertical spacing will be accomplished by using
the Linomatic (23). The following steps illustrate
how the vertical spacing was plotted.

1. Top rule is to be 12 points below the form’s
title “SPARE PARTS”.

2. Medium weight rules above and below boxed
headings are 2 picas (24 points) apart.

3. Boxed headings are to be centered vertically
between the rules.

a. The boxed headings are all caps. To find
amount of vertical space they take, refer
to Capital Height Chart (Page 33) which
shows 660-8C’s cap height is 6 points.

b. Type takes 6 of the 24 points of available
space leaving 18 points “white space” to
be distributed above and below headings.
Allow 9 points above and below headings.

(1) Headings will be composed 15 points
below top rule (6 + 9=15).

(2) Bottom boxed heading rule will be
constructed 9 points below headings.

4. Remaining 10 rules (for writing lines) will be
light weight (hairline or V 2 point rules)
spaced 24 points apart.

SELECTING RULING SEGMENTS

To compose rules automatically on a VariTyper
Machine equipped with a ruling mechanism, a type
font containing a ruling segment must be used.
The different segments which are available and
instructions for their use are on Page 32.

The boxed heading rules are to be medium in
weight. Segments III, VI and VII have medium
weight rules. Raise font to cap position for
segment III or VI, and to fig position for segment
VII. The remaining rules below are light weight.
All three segments are used in the lower case
position for these rules.

■■■■■■■■

wsm

/os

SPARE PARTS

IS4 IbO

NUMBER

ITEM

PESCRjpTiON

PRICE

1111 m 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 m 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 mi in mi

60 70 80 90 100 1 110 120 130 1 140 1 ' 150 160

013 . 003 , 061 , 081 , 021 , 091 , 0SI , ON , 0EI , 0ZI , Oil 001 , 06

llllllllllllllllilllllllllllll l lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllll

i i l i

Figure 46

MACHINE OPERATION

There are three stages in composing forms; setting
the machine, horizontal composition and vertical
composition.

BASIC MACHINE SETTINGS

It is best to make as many machine settings as
possible, including any “testing” that may be
required, before starting to compose a job.

1. Insert a sheet of composition paper which is
at least 11 inches wide.

2. Insert 670-12A type, set the impression lever
for bold types, and set horizontal lever to
“C” spacing.

3. Slide transparent centering scale (36) over
plotting scale, matching their “C” scales.

4. Replace plotting scale in machine so its left
end is even with the edge of the hanger.

5. Lift gunsight (35) against plotting scale. Its
vertical hairline aligns with graduations of
both scales to aid in translating the “plot”
to the composition paper.

Locating Position for Cut-Off Stop for Rules

6. Use carriage release lever (31) and pull the
carriage to its far right.

7. Find 160 on plotting scale and note which
calibration on the paper table scale (37) is
even with it.

8. Locate this same calibration on margin scale
(37) below. Note that scales are identical.

Pre-Setting Cut-Off Stop for Horizontal Rules

9. Place a cut-off Stop on the margin scale as
shown in Figure 47, at position located in
Step 8 (it will not be the same position as
shown in the picture).

Figure 47

10. Move carriage so gunsight is near 150 mark.

11. Push non-print lever (16) to “NP” position
to prevent machine from imaging paper.

12. Press and hold left side of ruling switch (9)
until “cut-off stop” stops carriage motion.

Aligning Plotting Scale with Rule Cut-Off Point

13. Slide plotting scale and align its 160 mark
with gunsight and tighten thumbscrew on
left paper table hanger.

14. To check accuracy of setting:

a. Pull carriage so gunsight is to left of 150.

b. Press increment space key to align the
gunsight with 150.

c. Press and hold left side of ruling switch
until carriage motion stops—the gunsight
should be aligned with 160 on the scale.
If they are not aligned reset plotting scale
or use adjusting knob (35a) at base
of gunsight assembly and recheck setting.

NOTE: Once the gunsight and plotting scale are
aligned, do not alter their settings until the job
is completed. All alignment of the gunsight with
graduations or marks on the scales will be done
by using the increment space key.

CONSTRUCTING RULES AND LEADER LINES

The ruling switch (9) is used to construct rules
or leaders when type fonts that contain ruling
segments are used. It is a “rocker” switch.

1. Press left side for continuous strokes.

2. Press right side for individual strokes.

The carriage moves 3 increments (1 unit of
plotting scale) for each ruling stroke. To have
rules stop at exactly the same place (on a plotting
unit) gunsight must always be aligned with a
plotting unit when starting the rule.

Cut-off stops will stop carriage only when using
left side of switch for continuous ruling. A rule
may be extended beyond a cut-off point by pressing
right side of switch 3 times then using the left
side for continuous ruling.

To position a cut-off stop to align with a unit on
the plotting scale, when the scale and gunsight
are already aligned, use the following steps:

1. Find graduation on paper table scale which
aligns with plotting unit where rules stop.

2. Place cut-off stop on margin scale at same
position as noted on paper table scale.

3. Align gunsight with a plotting unit 5 or 10
units to the left of stopping point for rules.

4. Press left side of ruling switch until carriage
stops and note if the gunsight stopped to the
left or right of the correct plotting unit.

5. Move cut-off stop accordingly and retest
until it is properly located.

HORIZONTAL COMPOSITION

VariTyper Machines which are equipped with a
ruling device offer a decided advantage in
composing forms, because copy and rules can
be composed in the same operation.

CENTERING AND COMPOSING THE TITLE

Centering titles or headings is a simple process
on a DS VariTyper Machine. Centering can be
done automatically by using the centering scale
(36), the gunsight (35) and the non-print lever (16).
The procedure is as follows:

1. Slide centering scale and align its “0” mark
with 105 on plotting scale (center of form).

2. Move carriage and align gunsight with “0”
of centering scale (Figure 48). Use either
increment space or back space key to align.

Figure 48

3. Engage non-print lever (push it to “NP”).
Typing when lever is so engaged is called
“blind typing” because machine spaces for
each character but does not image paper.

4. Blind type title “SPARE PARTS’’ in caps,
inserting 2 increments between letters, 6
increments between words. Carriage will
move amount of space heading takes and its
measurement will be indicated on centering
scale. Gunsight stops at 15 (Figure 49).

5. Move carriage and align gunsight with 15 to
left of “0” on centering scale (Figure 50).
Graduations to left of “0” are half measure¬
ments of those to right of “0”. Therefore,
the scale divides the space required for the
copy in half so it will be centered over the
“0” or center point. No mental calculations
are involved, it is simply blind typing copy,
reading the scale and matching numbers. It
is important that the copy be blind typed
exactly as it will be composed or it will
not be centered correctly.

Figure 50

6. Disengage non-print lever (pull to “P”
position) and type title (Figure 51). Heading
is centered over “0” of centering scale
which is aligned with 105 of plotting scale
(the center point of the form) hence, it is
centered on the form.

Figure 49

Figure 51

BOXED HEADINGS

Vertical spacing is accomplished by using the
Linomatic (23). Basic instructions for setting it
were covered on Page 9.

7. Tighten left feed roll knob (24) to engage
Linomatic with feed rolls.

8. Set point indicator (23b) at “12” on dial
(23c) as plot calls for top rule of form to be
constructed 12 points below the title.

Top Rule

9. Move carriage and align gunsight with 50.

10. Construct medium weight rule from 50 to 160,
holding down left side of ruling switch (9)
for continuous ruling. Cut-off stop will stop
rule at 160. All other horizontal rules will
begin and end at these points, respectively.

Vertical Centering

Step “3, b, (1)” under Vertical Plotting (Page 26)
indicates boxed headings (set in 660-8C type)
will be composed 15 points below top rule.

11. Insert 660-8C type, set point indicator at
15 and feed paper.

Horizontal Centering

Since the first two columns and the last column
are narrow, it is best to use the following method
for centering the headings in these columns. This
method utilizes the plotting scale, gunsight and
non-print lever.

12. Align gunsight with 50. Engage non-print
lever and blind type word “NUMBER”. Use
“m’s” and increment space key to fill-out
space to bring gunsight to 64, position of
right column rule. Space left over is 4 “m’s”
and 2 increments.

13. Re-align to 50, space in half of extra space
(2 “m’s”, 1 increment), disengage non-print
lever and type “NUMBER”. It will be
centered within the column.

14. Align gunsight at 64, engage non-print lever
and blind type heading “ITEM”. Fill out
space to bring gunsight to 78, the next column
rule. It takes 5 “m’s”, 2 increments.

15. Return carriage to 64. Move in half of space
left over (2 “m’s”, 3 increments), disengage
non-print lever and compose “ITEM”.

16. Move across page to position 140 and use
same procedure to center heading “PRICE”
within its column.

17. The centering scale should be used to center
“DESCRIPTION” since it is a short heading
in relation to its column width. The column’s

center is 109 (78+140 = 218; 218-2=109).
Center this heading accordingly.

Bottom Rule

Step “3, b, (2)” of Vertical Plotting (Page 26)
shows that the bottom boxed heading rule will be
composed 9 points below the headings.

18. Set Linomatic for 9 points and feed paper.

Remaining Horizontal Rules

Vertical plotting calls for remaining rules to be
“light weight” rules, constructed 24 points apart.
Under “Selecting Ruling Segments” (Page 26)
the second paragraph notes that the lower case
position of Segments III, VI and VII contain
light weight rules.

19. Set point indicator at 12 and feed paper
twice (24 points) for each entry line.

20. Construct 10 rules from 50 to 160.

Alternate Method for
Centering Headings Horizontally

The method of centering copy using the centering
scale has been covered. However, this versatile
scale can also be used to quickly determine the
center point between column rules. For instance
a column measures from 83 to 99 on the plotting
scale. Its center is found as follows:

1. Slide centering scale and align its “0” with
83 of the plotting scale.

2. Locate plotting unit 99 and determine which
graduation of the centering scale aligns
with it. It is 12.

3. Slide centering scale right and align its 12th
graduation, to the left of “0”, with plotting
unit 83. Its “0” will be in the center between
the two points for column rules (unit 91).
Try it out for several column widths.

VERTICAL COMPOSITION

Copy or rules which extend down a page (vertically)
will actually be composed horizontally on the
VariTyper Machine. The following steps describe
procedures for locating positions on the copy for
vertical rules, aligning the form in the machine
and composing the rules.

MARKING POSITIONS FOR VERTICAL RULES

1. Remove copy and plotting scale from machine.

2. Place plotting scale on copy and match 50
with beginning point for boxed heading rules.

3. Use a blue (non-reproducing) pencil to mark
a thin, short line at each of these positions:
64, 78, 140 and 154 (Figure 52, Page 30).

SPARE PARTS

I o

NUMBER

ITEM

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

11111111111 1 11 1 11111111111 riTTT TIT II ITT 111 11 111 111 1111111 111 ITTI11111111111111111111111171711111111111111111 \JT\T\

50 1 60 70 1 . 80 T 90 1 100 1 110 120 1 130 1 140 1 150 1 160

013 , 003 . 061 , 081 . OZl . 091 . OSl OH . OCl . 031 Oil , 001 . 06 .

11 11111111111 ill 11111 III 1 111111II11II111111111II ll 111111111111111111111 1111II1111111111111II11111111111111 Ml 111 M 111II1II111 H I ill

Figure 52

ALIGNING COPY IN MACHINE

4. Place copy back in machine, turning one
quarter turn so top of form is toward left side
of carriage (Figure 53). Horizontal rules on
form now become vertical rules.

Figure 53

5. Close feed rolls and disengage Linomatic to
allow “free rolling” of feed rolls.

6. Align point of ribbon shield with any rule
(Figure 54). Roll feed rolls up and down
about 4 inches, watching relationship of line
to point of shield while rolling. If line moves
diagonally (appears to wave) adjust paper
and re-test until line follows point of shield.
Use other hand to take-up play in paper by
winding wooden roller in opposite direction
of feed rolls. This prevents creasing the paper.

CHECKING ALIGNMENT GUIDE AND RULE

7. Move carriage so shield is in margin area of
paper. Press forms switch several times on
right side to make a short rule.

8. Move carriage so left alignment guide (38) is
below this rule.

9. Hold paper against alignment guide by
placing hand behind paper table and pressing
paper against guide, to see where rule prints
in relation to guide; above, below or even
with top edge (Figure 55).

Figure 55

ALIGNING FOR COLUMN RULES

10. Free roll paper and move carriage positioning
left alignment guide under blue pencil mark
for rule at 154. Hold paper against guide
rolling feed rolls (paper) until approximating
same position as noted for test rule and lock
feed rolls (Figure 56).

Figure 54

Figure 56

BUTTING RULES

11. Move carriage and align point of shield with
bottom boxed heading rule (Figure 57). If
ruling switch was pressed, rules would over¬
lap because characters on DS type fonts print
approximately 2 increments to the left of the
shield point. To butt horizontal rules with
vertical rule, align point of shield with vertical
rule, space in 2 increments and begin.

Figure 57

12. Use light weight rule (lower case position
for any of three segments listed) and rule
most of line, changing to single strokes of
ruling switch near ending point.

13. Before final stroke check to determine if rule
will butt, be short, or go over. If it will not
butt exactly, use increment back space key
(1 or 2 increments, whichever is necessary)
to accomplish butting. Within minutes an
operator can learn to butt rules perfectly.

14. Use same procedures for other rules at 140,
78 and 64. Use medium weight rules and butt
them with top boxed heading rule. Since
these rules all have a common starting point,
this position may be marked on plotting
scale or on margin dial.

SUMMARY

This exercise has covered the fundamental steps
in using various “operator aids” for plotting
forms, as well as the use of those aids (parts of
the machine) in composing forms. Although this
exercise dealt with a very simple form, the same
basic procedures can be applied to plotting and
composing more complex forms.

The versatility of the DS VariTyper Machine
allows its operator to plot and compose forms
more quickly and easily than can be done by
any other machine or method.

TYPE FONTS WITH SEGMENTS

A VariTyper “segment type font” (Figure 58) is
one that contains extra characters on a metal
strip which has been fused to the center of the
type font.

Figure 58

The segment produces rules (lines that connect)
or leaders (dots or hyphens)-depending on which
characters are on the segment —for forms, tabular
or statistical copy, etc. Figure 59 illustrates the
various segments and the types of rules or leaders
each produces. At the end of each specimen is
the name or point size of the rule or leader.
Orders for segment type must include the style
and size of type and the segment’s Roman
numeral identification.

NOTE: Segment VI contains the authorized rules
for U.S. Army and Air Force forms. Segment VII
contains the authorized rules for Navy forms.

CHARACTER POSITIONS ON SEGMENTS

The characters on a segment are located in the
same positions as the characters on a type font.
They are respectively: top character, lower case
row; middle character, cap row; and bottom
character, fig row. Characters on segments also
align on the same baseline with characters on
the type, with the exception of Segment XIII which
has hyphen high leaders in all three positions.

RULING MECHANISM

To use segment types a VariTyper Machine must
be equipped with a ruling mechanism (built into
the machine at time of manufacture). The ruling
switch (9) activates the hammer to produce an
image. The switch has a “rocker” action; press
left side for consecutive strokes, press right side
for individual strokes. Each stroke of the ruling
mechanism moves the carriage 3 increments, or
one unit on the horizontal plotting scale.

SELECTING SEGMENTS

The selection of ruling segments is a matter of
personal preference. It should be pointed out,
however, that when ordering segments for leader
line copy the single dot leader has two advantages
over the double dot leader. First, it can be used
at all four horizontal spacings. Second, single
dot leader line copy will be less likely to fill-in
(appear to connect)when photographically reduced.

SEGMENTS FOR DS TYPE FONTS

Dot Leaders
Hairline
Parallel Rule

Hyphen Leaders
Hairline
Parallel Rule

V 2 Point Rule

1 Point Rule

2 Point Rule

Hairline
■ Scotch Rule
i Scotch Rule

Dot Leaders
Hairline
Blank (tabbing)

Hairline
% Point Rule
U /2 Point Rule

VII

Hairline
V 2 Point Rule
1 Point Rule

Dot Leader
Dot Leader
Dot Leader

Dot Leader
Hairline
Parallel Rule

Dot Leaders
Dot Leaders
Dot Leaders

. Dot Leader

. Dot Leaders

-Hairline

Figure 59

Hyphen Leader
Hyphen Leader
Hyphen Leader

CAPITAL HEIGHT CHART

TYPE

CAP HT
PTS DEC

TYPE

CAP HT
PTS DEC

TYP

600-12A

....8

.110

665-10B

....7

.100

600-10B

....7

.098

665- 8C

. .. .6

.081

600- 8C

.. ..6

.081

665- 7D

. . . .5

.073

600- 7D

....5

.071

601-10B

cap 7

.099

670-12A

.... m

.117

cap 5

.069

670-10B

....7

.100

605-10B

. . . .7

.099

670- 8C

... .6

.081

605- 8C

....6

.083

670- 7D

.. . .5

.072

605- 7D

. . . .5

.071

675-10B

... .7

.100

675- 8C

....6

.081

610- 9B

....6

.085

675- 7D

.. ..5

.072

610-7K2C

.... 5 h

.076

615- 9B

....6

.083

680-12A

....7

.095

6IS-7K2C

.... 5/6

.076

680-10B

....6

.086

680- 8C

.... 5Y 2

.076

620-12A

... .7

.098

680- 7D

....5

.067

620-10B

....6

.087

681-10B

cap 6

.086

620- 8C

.... 5)6

.077

cap 4V 2

.065

620- 7D

... .5

.069

681- 8C

cap 5V 2

.075

625-10B

... .6

.087

cap 4

.057

625- 8C

.... 516

.076

685-10B

....6

.083

625- 7D

.. ..5

.071

685- 8C

.... 5V 2

.076

685- 7D

.. ..5

.067

630-12A

....8

.108

630-10B

.... 6 V 2

.090

690-13A

.... 9 y 2

.134

630- 8C

....5

.072

690-12B

.... QY 2

.119

630- 6D

.... 416

.060

690-11C

....8

.110

635-10B

.... 6 V 2

.089

690-10D

... .7

.100

635- 8C

....5

.073

690- 8D

.. ..6

.081

635- 6D

.... 4/6

.060

700-10B

....7

.097

640- 9B

....6

.085

64&7J6C

.... 5V 2

.077

710-10B

....7

.098

650-10B

... .7

.095

720-10B

. . . .7

.100

650- 8C

....5

.072

650- 6D

.... 4)6

.062

730-10B

... .7

.102

655-10B

....7

.095

655- 8C

....5

.073

740-10C

....7

.099

740- 8D

....6

.081

660-12A

.... 8)6

.116

660-10B

.. ..7

.100

770-10A

....7

.100

660- 8C

....6

.081

770- 8B

.. ...6

.081

660- 7D

....5

.072

770- 6C

.... 4^2

.062

775-10A
775- 8B
775- 6C

780-12A
780-1 OB
780- 8C

790-12A
790-1 OB
790- 8C
795-12A
795-10B
795- 8C

800-13A
800-12A
800-11A
800-1 OB
800- 9B
800- 8B
800- 7C
800- 6C
800- 5C
800- 4D
800- 3D
800- 2D

810-12A
810- 8B

820-10A

830-1 OB
835-10B

840-12B

850-IOC
850- 8D
855-10C

860-1OC

* DENOTES HFL TYPE

CAP

PTS

DEC

. .7

.100

..6

.082

.. 4/2

.062

,.8

.108

. .7

.098

..6

.083

.. 8Y2

.114

, .7

.095

, . 5 Y 2

.078

.. 8Y2

.115

. .7

.097

,. 5)6

.078

.. 6Y2

.090

. .6

.085

. .5

.080

, . 5 Y 2

.080

.. 5)6

.075

..5

.070

, .5

.070

.. 4 y 2

.065

.. 4)6

.060

.. 4 y 2

.060

. .4

.055

. . 3/2

.050

.. 6

.086

..5

.070

. .7

.098

..7

.097

..7

.098

.. 7)6

.103

.. 6)6

.089

..5

.072

.. 6)6

.091

..7

.095

TYPE

CAP HT
PTS DEC

TYPE

CAP

PTS

DEC

870-12A . ,

.. 8)6

.117

1010-12 A ..

. .7/2

.106

870-10B .,

.. 7

.100

1010-10B . .

.. 6/2

.093

870- 8C . ,

.. 6

.081

1010- 8C ..

.. 5)6

.078

870- 7D .,

.. 5

.072

1010- 7D ..

. .5

.070

875-10B .,

.. 7

.100

1015-10B . .

.. 6)6

.093

875- 8C . ,

.. 6

.081

1015- 8C ..

.. 5)6

.077

875- 7D .,

. . 5

.072

1020-12A . .

.. IY 2

.105

1020-10B . .

.. 6/2

.088

880-12A ..

. . 8

.109

1020- 8C ..

.. 5)6

.077

880-10B ..

.. 6)6

.094

1030-12A . .

. .8

.11.2

880- 8C . ,

.. 5

.071

1030-10B ..

.. 6)6

.092

880- 6D .,

.. 4)6

.060

1030- 8C . .

. . 5/2

.075

885-10B .,

.. 6)6

.094

1035-10 B . .

. . 6/2

.094

885- 8C .,

:. 5

.073

1035- 8C ..

.. 5)6

.077

1040-12A ..

. .8

.112

890-12A .

.. 8)6

.116

1040-10B ..

.. 6)6

.092

890-10B .

.. 7

.097

1040- 8C ..

.. 5)6

.076

890- 8C . .

, . 5)6

.078

2000- 13A cap 6/2

.090

sm cap 6

.085

900-10C .,

. . 7

.100

2000-12A cap 6

.085

sm cap 5)6

.080

910-12B .

.. 9

.122

2000-11 A cap 5)6

.080

sm cap 5)6

.075

920-10B .

. . 7

.095

2000-10B cap 5)6

.080

920- 8C ..

.. 6

.086

sm cap 5)6

.075

925-10B

.. 7

.096

2000- 9B cap 5)6

.075

sm cap 5

.070

930-10D .

. . 7

.101

2000- 8B cap 5

.070

sm cap 4)6

.065

940-12A .

.. 7

.096

2000- 7C cap 5

.070

940-10A .

.. 5

.074

sm cap 4)6

.065

2000- 6C cap 4)6

.065

950-10B .

.. 7

.099

sm cap 4)6

.060

2000- 5C cap 4)6

.060

*970-12B .

. . 8

.114

sm cap 4

.055

970-10B .

.. 7

.100

2000- 4D cap 4)6

.060

sm cap 4

.055

980-10B .

.. 7)6

.104

2000- 3D cap 4

.055

sm cap 3)6

.050

1000-12A .

. . 8

.110

2000- 2D cap 3)6

.050

1000-10B .

.. 7

.098

sm cap 3

.045

1000- 8C .

.. 5)6

.078

1005-10B .

.. 7

.098

2010-11A cap 6

.086

1005- 8C .

.. 5)6

.078

sm cap 5

.067

Figure 60

COMPARISON OF CAP AND POINT SIZE OF TYPES

Boxed or column heads are usually set in caps. To
center these vertically between rules, the height
of capital letters must be known. Cap height has
no relationship to point size of types. Note that
the capital letters of the two 10 point types

(Figure 61) are not the same height. In order to
simplify vertical centering of headings (set in all
caps) the capital face heights of all DS type fonts
have been measured and are listed in numerical
order in the Capital Height Chart above.

POINT

SIZE

TYPE
10 PTS

GARAMOND BOLD 680-10B BELL GOTHIC 730-10B

Figure 61

PLOTTING AND COMPOSING PRE-RULED FORMS

There are various reasons for a company to use
pre-ruled forms on which the fill-in copy will be
composed at a later time. Many of the previously
explained techniques for composing forms can
be applied to composing pre-ruled forms.

The copy to be composed on pre-ruled forms will
fall into two classifications; that outside the
ruled areas —exterior addenda , and copy within
the rules or boxes —boxed entries , whether it is
headings or data. The instructions for plotting
and composing these two types of copy will be
treated separately.

PLOTTING EXTERIOR ADDENDA

The VariTyper operator should use a light blue
(non-reproducing) pencil to mark the center points
of headings, sub-headings or other data requiring
centering. These entries can then be composed
using the centering scale. If vertical positions
of these entries have not been indicated (i.e., so
many points from the top of the paper or below a
rule, etc.) it will also be desirable to mark the
base lines for copy as guides for aligning when
composing.

PLOTTING BOXED ENTRIES

Plotting procedures for boxed entries will depend,
in part, upon the operator’s use of the gunsight
and plotting scale, or the point of the ribbon shield.

HORIZONTAL PLOTTING

The most frequently used method for centering
copy horizontally between vertical rules is the
combination of the point of the shield and blind
typing. This composition method does not require
horizontal plotting and will be explained under
the composing steps.

Use of the Horizontal Plotting Scale

If a job is frequently repetitive it maybe desirable
to use the horizontal plotting scale and record
the plotting information for future use. The
horizontal plotting scale is used in the same
manner as described in the section on Plotting
and Composing Forms. It is laid on the pre-ruled
form and the positions for vertical rules marked.
If the form contains sections which have vertical
rules at different positions, colored pencils can

be used to mark the plotting scale as a “code”
to the sections.

VERTICAL PLOTTING

Vertical plotting for centering headings or data
between rules requires measuring and recording
the space between horizontal rules. Although
the depth between rules may be indicated in the
rough draft, it is best to check a few of the boxes
to insure the correctness of the calculations. The
VariTyper Line Spacing Scale (Part No. 10-1605-0)
shown on Page 69, or any other scale suitable
for measuring points, can be used to determine
the point depth between rules.

To center boxed headings on pre-ruled forms use
the methods described in the preceding section,
“Centering Headings Vertically Between Rules”.

ALIGNING THE FORM

The pre-ruled form can be aligned in the machine
by using an alignment guide and a horizontal
rule, or the shield point and a vertical rule.

HORIZONTAL CENTERING

The following are suggested methods for centering
copy horizontally, listed in order of operator
preference.

Horizontal Centering - Using the Shield Point

1. Move carriage until point of ribbon shield
rests exactly on starting point of column.

2. Engage non-print lever and blind type heading.

3. Then use “m’s” and increment space key
to bring point of shield exactly on right
vertical rule of column.

4. Count the number of “m’s” and increments
used to fill out remaining space of column.

5. Return carriage so point of shield aligns
with starting position.

6. Blind type half the number of “m’s” and
increments it took to fill out the column.

7. Space in two (2) more increments. Remember,
DS types print approximately 2 increments
to the left of the position indicated by the
point of the shield.

8. Pull non-print lever to “P” position and
type heading. It will be centered.

These same steps will be used for centering
each heading within its column.

HORIZONTAL CENTERING - Using the Plot¬
ting Scale

This is accomplished as follows:

1. Move carriage until point of ribbon shield
rests exactly on first vertical line or left
margin of form.

2. Space in 2 increments (DS types print
approximately 2 increments to left of point of
ribbon shield) to bring carriage to proper
position for aligning plotting scale.

3. Align plotting scale with gunsight at this
position and tighten securely.

4. Center entry using plotting scale, gunsight
and non-print lever (explained. Page 28).

NOTE: Moving in the two increments from left
margin or any line and aligning plotting scale
eliminates having to space in two increments
to center each heading.

VERTICAL CENTERING

The plotting and composing methods for centering
headings vertically between rules are described
in detail on Pages 36 & 37. These methods will
be used for centering headings on pre-ruled forms.

Since the rules have already been composed or
pre-printed, the VariTyper operator must find the
proper vertical position to compose the headings
or other data. This procedure has also been
covered previously in the section on Plotting
and Composing Forms (Page 30) and describes
the use of an alignment guide in finding the
correct vertical position on a page.

USE OF ALIGNMENT GUIDE

The method of using alignment guides to determine
where base line of characters will print has been
covered previously (Page 30). To review, since
the base line for rules and letters are the same
an operator who has a VariTyper Machine without
a ruling device can find the relationship of the
alignment guide to base lines of letters instead

of rules by the following method:

1. In margin area of form (outside area which
will print) type 10 capital letter “X’s”.

2. Move carriage until left alignment guide is
directly below these letters.

3. Place left hand behind paper table, pressing
paper against alignment guide and noting if
base line (bottom) of “X’s” lies exactly on
top edge of alignment guide, slightly above,
or below it.

4. Free roll paper and approximate this same
position with alignment guide to base line
of top heading rule desired and engage
Linomatic.

5. Compose according to plotting steps.

NOTE: If top of left alignment guide does not lie
exactly on base line of characters this can be
properly adjusted by an authorized VariTyper
Service Technician.

VERTICAL PAPER FEED

When plotting the vertical spacing for copy on
the pre-ruled form, the operator should have
checked to determine if the rules were accurately
constructed and measured the proper distance
apart. If the measurements were accurate the
Linomatic can be engaged and used for the
vertical spacing without having to align the
paper guide with the base line of each rule.

PRE-RULED TABULAR FORMS

When composing fill-in copy for pre-ruled tabular
forms, the beginning points for the horizontal
entries can be marked on the plotting scale or
on the left margin dial.

ASSIGNMENT

Horizontally center headings in pre-ruled boxes
(Exercise 7 in back of manual). At this time
vertical centering within the boxes need not be
perfect.

CENTERING HEADINGS VERTICALLY BETWEEN RULES

Forms composition usually requires that certain
copy be centered vertically between rules that
extend horizontally above and below the copy.
Regardless of the type of copy to be centered
between rules, the steps are basically the same:

1. To determine the amount of space between
the rules (usually indicated on rough copy).

2. To determine the amount of space required
for the copy (the point size of the type, if
copy is set in caps and lower case; or the
cap height if all caps are used).

3. To distribute the space left over (above and
below the copy) between the tops and bottoms
of letters and their respective rules.

centering. However, when calculations indicate
that an extra half point of white space is available,
this extra space should always be added below
the heading. In fact, some forms designers
specify that a half point or full point more space
always be placed below headings than above to
optically center headings between rules.

CENTERING SINGLE LINE HEADINGS
BETWEEN LIGHT WEIGHT RULES

After determining the amount of space between
rules and the cap height of the heading type, the
operator can use the following formula.

The kind of copy which most frequently requires
vertical centering between rules is headings.
Therefore, this section of the manual will describe
the steps for centering boxed headings. After
this process is learned, an operator will find it
simple to use the same basic steps for centering
any other type of copy between rules.

EXAMPLE I

FORMULA - Centering Single Line Headings

1. Total points between rules

MINUS

2. Cap height of type (in points)

GIVES

3. White space left over for centering heading.

BOXED HEADINGS

Boxed headings may consist of one or more words
on one line, or one or more words on several
lines. Since they are usually set in all caps the
operator can refer to the Capital Height Chart
(Page 33) to determine the amount of space a
heading will take (Figure 62).

ITEM

NET COST
PER UNIT

SUGGESTED

RETAIL

PRICE

Figure 62

The choice of rules to enclose the headings may
vary from light weight to heavy weight, or may
be parallel rules. The amount of space occupied
by rules which are less than one point need not
be considered when centering headings. The
treatment of rules occupying one point or more
of vertical space will be covered after the method
of centering headings between light weight rules
has been explained.

4. Distribute white space equally above and
below heading.

PLOTTING STEPS (Applying Formula)

1. Total points between rules, 18 points

MINUS

2. Cap height of 660-8C type, 6 points

GIVES

3. White space for centering headings, 12 points.

4. Mathematical distribution of white space; 6
points above and 6 points below heading.

COMPOSING STEPS

1. Construct top heading rule (use any rule that
occupies less than 1 point of vertical spa#e).

2. Add together: cap height (6 points) and white
space above heading (6 points) —then feed
paper this amount (12 points).

3. Compose heading.

4. Feed paper distance for white space below
heading (6 points).

5. Construct bottom heading rule.

FINISHED COPY

Generally, the easiest method of distributing the
white space above and below the headings is to
divide it equally. This is called mathematical

HEADING MATHEMATICALLY CENTERED

HHI

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 3

Whenever calculations show that an extra half
point of white space is available, it should be
placed below the heading.

PLOTTING STEPS (Applying Formula)

1. Total points between rules, 18 points

MINUS

2. Cap height of 1000-8C type, 5% points

GIVES

3. White space for centering heading, 12% points.

4. Distribution of white space comes out, 6
points above and 6% points below heading.

The composing steps will follow the same
procedure as those listed in example one.

FINISHED COPY

PLACE EXTRA WHITE SPACE BELOW HEADING

CENTERING MULTIPLE LINE HEADINGS

The methods for centering multiple line headings
vertically between rules are basically the same
as those for centering single line headings. The
additional steps to determine the amount of space
needed for a multiple line heading are:

1. Number of entry lines in the heading.

2. Cap height of each entry line.

3. White space (leading) between entries.

PLOTTING STEPS (Applying Formula)

1. Total points between rules, 24 points

MINUS

2. Space required for heading, 15 points;

a. Two line heading using 810-12A type (cap
height, 6 points) will occupy 12 points
of space.

— plus —

b. 3 points leading between entries
GIVES

3. White space left over for centering the two
line heading: 9 points (24 points minus 15
points).

4. Distribution of white space, 4% points above
and 4% points below heading.

COMPOSING STEPS

1. Construct top heading rule (use any rule that
occupies less than 1 point of vertical space).

2. Add: cap height of first entry line (6 points)
to white space above multiple line heading
(4% points) and feed paper this amount
(10% points).

3. Compose first entry of multiple line heading.

4. Add: cap height of second entry (6 points)
and leading between entries (3 points) and
feed paper this amount (9 points).

5. Compose second entry of heading.

6. Feed paper distance for white space below
heading (4% points).

7. Construct bottom heading rule.

If the white space between entries within the
heading is not specified, the operator will
determine what leading to use. A minimum of 2
points of leading must be allowed between entry
lines regardless of how small a heading type is
used. It is also desirable to allow even more than
2 points of leading for headings set in bold
types, or for types having cap heights 6 points
or higher.

FORMULA - Centering Multiple Line Headings

1. Total points between rules

MINUS

2. Space required for heading;

a. cap heights of each entry
— plus —

b. leading between entries
GIVES

3. White space left over for centering heading.

4. Distribution of white space, divided evenly
above and below heading.

FINISHED COPY

VERTICAL CENTERING OF
MULTIPLE LINE HEADINGS

The 12 points of white space for the above
heading could have been distributed:

1. 4 points above the first entry.

2. 4 points between 1st and 2nd entry lines.

3. 4 points between 2nd entry line and bottom
rule. Shown below:

VERTICAL CENTERING OF
MULTIPLE LINE HEADINGS

ASSIGNMENT

Horizontally and vertically center headings in
boxes (Exercise 7 in back of manual).

USING DIFFERENT WEIGHTS OF RULES
FOR BOXED HEADINGS

When centering boxed headings between rules
one point or heavier allowance must be. made
for the amount of vertical space (thickness or
weight) the rule below the heading occupies. The
illustration (Figure 63) shows the same heading
composed between three weights of rules which
are spaced 12 points apart (from base line to
base line). The first heading is centered between
one half point rules. One point and two point
rules,respectively, were used for the second and
third headings. They are not centered headings
because allowance was not made for the weights
of their bottom rules.

3 PTS LEADING - - ————

7 pts cap height HEADS HEADS HEADS

3 PTS LEADING - - —■

Figure 63

The bottom or lowest part of all rules is on the
same level, or on the same base line. The vertical
space (weight) taken up by a rule extends above
its base line (Figure 64). Notice in this illustration
that the base line of the rules is the same as
that for other characters on the font.

When allowing for the vertical space taken-up by
rules heavier than one point, calculations must
include only the weight of the rule below the
heading. This is necessary because line spacing
for VariTyper copy is measured from the base
line of the line above, to the base line of the
next line below. Therefore, the measurement of
space between rules begins at the bottom of the
top rule and its weight does not affect the amount
of space between rules. However, since the
weight of a rule extends above its base line, the
vertical space occupied by the bottom rule will
reduce the amount of space between the two
rules and must be allowed for to correctly
center headings.

Figure 64

POINT HEIGHTS OF RULES

To assist the operator in allowing the correct
amount of vertical space for rules, the following
chart (Figure 65) lists the space allotment for
rules available on DS type fonts.

VERTICAL SPACE ALLOTMENT FOR RULES

POINTS

NAME AND SAMPLE OF RULE

hairline . . V 2 point , 3^ point

1 point

l'/2

3>/2

Figure 65

ALLOWANCE FOR WEIGHT OF RULES

When the rule below boxed headings occupies
one or more points of vertical space, these
additional steps should be followed:

1. Number of points between heading rules
(measured from base line to base line).

MINUS

2. Space (in points) occupied by bottom rule

GIVES

3. Total available space between the rules for
heading and white space (from base line of
top rule to top edge of bottom rule).

EXAMPLE 4

PLOTTING STEPS (Applying Formula)

1. Number of points between rules (base line
to base line), 24 points

MINUS

2. Space occupied by bottom rule, 2 points

GIVES

3. Total available space between rules for
heading and its white space, 22 points

MINUS

4. Cap height of 810-12A type, 6 points

GIVES

5. White space for centering heading, 16 points.

6. Distribution of white space (evenly), 8 points
above and 8 points below heading. ✓

COMPOSING STEPS:

1. Construct top heading rule (2 point rule).

2. Add together: cap height of type (6 points)
and white space above heading (8 points) —
then feed paper this amount (14 points).

3. Compose heading.

4. Add together: white space below heading (8
points) and weight of bottom rule (2 points)
so rules will be correct distance apart —then
feed paper this amount (10 points).

5. Construct rule below heading.

FINISHED COPY

HEADINGS BETWEEN HEAVY RULES

CONSTRUCTING LEADER LINES

The purpose of leader lines is to aid the eye in
traveling across the page from column to column.
This creates an optical illusion of bringing copy
in columns closer together.

PARTS USED

1. Horizontal plotting scale (34)

2. Gunsight (35)

3. Ruling switch (9)

4. Cut-off stops (optional)

5. Increment space key (4)

6. Increment back space key (14)

PROCEDURE WITH RULING DEVICE

Choose “segment” for desired leader line effect
(Segments, Page 32) according to designer’s
specifications. Plotting has been completed.

1. After typing text copy of each line note
position of gunsight on plotting scale. If it
is not exactly aligned with a graduation
press increment key to align with nearest
plotting unit. Leader lines must always
begin on a graduation of the plotting scale
to end at an exact point.

2. To construct short leaders for narrow column
widths use right side of ruling switch for
single strokes.

3. To construct long leaders for wide columns
use left side of ruling switch for continuous
action until nearing ending point. Then use
single strokes to complete — OR — use a
“cut-off stop” (described on Page 27) to stop
leaders automatically at desired position.
Cut-off stops will stop carriage only when
left side of ruling switch is used. When it is
necessary to extend a leader beyond the
cut-off stop, press right side of ruling switch
(3 or 4 strokes) to by-pass it and continue
with automatic leaders, if desired.

EXAMPLE -Manuscript

CONTENTS PAGE

Oklahoma Labor Market

at a Glance. 1

Recent Developments. 4

Current Developments in Major Areas

Oklahoma City Area. 8

Tulsa Area. 9

Ardmore Area. 10

Current Developments. 16

Figure 66

FINISHED COPY - Using ruling mechanism

CONTENTS page

Oklahoma Labor Market

at a Glance. 1

Recent Developments. 4

Current Developments in Major Areas

Oklahoma City Area. 8

Tulsa Area. 9

Ardmore Area. 10

Current Developments. 16

Figure 67

PROCEDURE WITHOUT RULING DEVICE

As stated previously, the ruling mechanism is
optional.

To obtain leaders on a DS VariTyper Machine
which is not equipped with ruling mechanism:

1. Before typing leader line move Diff/Std
lever to “Std” position (in this position all
characters receive 3 increments each). To
insure correct increment spacing return Diff/
Std lever to “Diff” position before typing
words.

2. Before typing leader, glance at position of
gunsight on horizontal plotting scale. If
gunsight is not exactly on a graduation of
the scale, press increment space key until it
does line up with graduation. Leader line
must always start on a graduation of the
plotting scale to insure leaders ending
exactly at the same position each time.

3. Press period key if a dot leader is desired.
Press hyphen key if a dash leader is desired.

FINISHED COPY - Using same manuscript as
used for ruling mechanism

CONTENTS page

Oklahoma Labor Market

at a Glance. 1

Recent Developments. 4

OR —

Tulsa Area- 9

Ardmore Area- 10

Current Developments- 16

~ HI T?’=^j2l er m i V’ * . -I

Figure 68

ASSIGNMENT

Compose at least one part of Exercise 8, located
in back of manual.

PLOTTING AND COMPOSING TABULAR COPY

Tabular copy is any copy that consists of columns
of names and/or figures. It may also contain
rules and leader lines. Price lists, time schedules,
catalog pages, rate sheets and financial state¬
ments are some examples of tabular copy.

A table is set up on the DS VariTyper Machine
in much the same manner as on a typewriter.
Adequate space must be allowed for each column
and for space between columns. However, instead
of being limited to one spacing, as on a typewriter,
the VariTyper Machine provides a choice of
spacings that can be adapted to the table. In
this way, a table can be condensed to fit on a
smaller page, making it easier to handle and file,
without sacrificing any degree of clarity. The
use of contrasting types and white space, too,
creates a table that is easier to read even when
smaller types are employed.

PARTS AND OPERATOR AIDS USED

1. Horizontal plotting scale (34)

2. Centering scale (36)

3. Gunsight (35)

4. Paper table scale (37)

5. Margin scale (27)

6. Ruling switch (9)

7. Non-print lever (16)

8. Differential-Standard lever (12)

9. Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator, Page 67
or Horizontal Copyfitting Chart, Page 68.

10. Ruling cut-off stops (Page 27)

HORIZONTAL PLOTTING

The format for tabular copy will most likely have
been established, therefore, the VariTyper
operator’s task begins with horizontal plotting
of the copy. The copy and the area must be
measured in increments to determine the correct
horizontal spacing and type size. Since the basic
operator aid for plotting is the horizontal plotting
scale (34), both the copy and over-all column
width should be translated into “plotting units”
which correspond to the graduations of the
plotting scale.

As each plotting unit equals 3 increments, the
number of increments divided by 3 equals the
number of plotting units rounded off. For example:
If copy in a column was 31 increments, 31-^3 =
10 plotting units, plus 1 increment, or “rounded
off’ 10 plotting units. If copy measured 32

increments, 32-^3=10 plotting units, plus 2

increments; or “rounded off” 11 plotting units.

GENERAL PLOTTING PROCEDURE

Measuring the Copy

1. Count number of increments in longest entry
of each column, taking both headings and
listings into consideration (see Increment
Chart, Figure 40).

2. Convert increment count of each column
head or listing to nearest plotting unit.

3. Add totals of columns together to determine
space needed (in plotting units) for copy.

Measuring the Horizontal Copy Area

1. Determine number of increments in allocated
copy area for the four horizontal spacings
(use Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator or
Chart, Page 67 or 68).

2. Convert increment count for total width (for
each horizontal spacing) into plotting units,
plus extra increment(s) if exact width is
required.

Determining the Correct Horizontal Spacing and

Positioning of Copy

1. Subtract plotting units needed for copy from
plotting units in total width to find white
space left over.

2. Divide difference by the number of gutters

(space between columns) for each horizontal
spacing —to find the number of plotting units
for each gutter. ^

3. Preferably, a minimum of 2 plotting units
should be allowed for gutters, so select a
horizontal spacing accordingly.

4. Make notes on rough draft or mark plotting
scale according to calculations.

Formula-Horizontal Plotting of Tabular Copy

1. Total number plotting units in allocated width

MINUS

2. Number plotting units needed for actual copy

EQUALS

3. White space (in plotting units) to be distributed
among column gutters.

4. Number of plotting units for white space

DIVIDED BY

5. Number of gutters (gutters will always be 1
less than number of columns)

EQUALS

6. Number of plotting units between columns.

EXAMPLE I

Problem: Fit following typewritten table (Figure
69) into 3 inch width.

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

PRICE LIST

BONDS

MANIFEST BOM)

Unit

Crtn

Crtns

16 lb.

43.85

28.85

25.55

20 lb.

42.80

27.80

24. 65

ATLANTIC BOND

16 lb.

46.75

31. 75

28.15

20 lb.

45. 65

30. 65

27.15

Linen-Ripple

50.40

35.40

31. 35

Antique Laid

47.25

32.25

28.55

TROJAN BOND

16 lb.

59.90

44.90

39. 90

20 lb.

58. 35

43.35

38.50

Figure 69

Applying Formula —

1. Use Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator or
Chart, Page 67 or 68 to determine number
of increments in 3 inches (18 picas).

a. A —117 increments (39 plotting units)

B —128 increments (42 plotting units, plus
2 additional increments)

C —141 increments (47 plotting units)
D-158 increments (52 plotting units, plus
2 additional increments)

2. Count number of increments in longest entry
of each column. (First column, Atlantic Bond
is longest. The other columns are the same;

v 4 numbers and a decimal point (period).

a. Column 1 — 48 increments + 3 increments
per plotting unit = 16 plotting units.

Column 2 — 14 increments + 3 increments
per plotting unit = 5 plotting units (nearest).

Column 3 — 14 increments + 3 increments
per plotting unit = 5 plotting units (nearest).

Column 4—15 increments -f 3 increments
per plotting unit = 5 plotting units (allow¬
ing for type font 2000-8B small caps for
heading).

Total of all 4 columns = 31 plotting units
needed for actual copy.

b. Check Step 1, a.

NOTE: 6 ‘ A ’ 9 spacing would leave 8 plotting units
to be divided among gutters. “B” spacing would
leave 11 plotting units, plus 2 additional incre¬

ments to be divided among gutters. For eye appeal
the “B” spacing for copy is best.

c. Using calculations at “B” spacing and
“B” horizontal plotting scale, copy begins
as follows:

100

120

129

137+2

Imanifest bond

00.00

bo.oo

|CRTNS

"DO "DO TD TJ CD

C C O e

Z Z

H H 2 H

in in m in

z
H
in

Completed VariTyper Copy-

&*£ * „ r £ C

. ■ i _ * -

HAIM

PRICE LIST

BONDS

UNIT

CRTN

CRTNS

MANIFEST BOND

16 lb.

43.85

28.85

25.55

20 lb.

42.80

27.80

24.65

ATLANTIC BOND

16 lb.

46.75

31.75

28.15

20 lb.

45.65

30.65

27.15

Linen-Ripple

50.40

35.40

31.35

Antique Laid

47.25

32.25

28.55

TROJAN BOND

16 lb.

59.90

44.90

39.90

20 lb.

58.35

43.35

38.50

Figure 70

COMPOSING TABULAR COPY
AT UNIT SPACING

Some operators prefer to compose the numerical
portion of tabular copy using the DS VariTyper
Machine at “unit spacing”.

At unit spacing, all characters receive 3 incre¬
ments. Each plotting unit on the horizontal plotting
scale is equivalent to 3 increments. Thus,
calculations can be determined in characters
rather than in increments.

This spacing also improves legibility for numbers
because the period and comma receive an extra
increment of white space, creating a definite
separation between tenths, hundredths, thou¬
sandths, etc.

132

EXAMPLE 2

Problem: Fit typewritten table (Figure 71) into
3 inch width.

irmn

STATIONERY PRICE LIST

PER PER PER

No. 500 1,000 3,000

PER

5,000

PER

6,000

PER

7,000

1-150

9.60

12.75

10.65

9. 65

8. 55

7.00

2-150

10.30

13. 75

11.10

11.00

10.24

9.25

3-150

10. 60

14.15

11.95

11.25

10.50

9.45

1-160

8. 35

11.10

9.25

8.40

7.85

6. 40

2-160

8. 95

11.95

9. 65

9.55

8. 55

7.55

3-160

9.20

12.30

10.40

9.80

9.15

8.80

1-170

9.60

14.50

12.00

11.50

11.10

10.50

2-170

8. 40

10.45

8. 50

7.60

7.05

6.60

3-170

11.55

14.25

12.10

10.80

9.95

8.80

HHH

Figure 71

NOTE: The typewritten sample (Figure 71) was
photographically reduced to 82% of original size.

Applying the Formula-

1. Use Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator or
Chart, Page 67 or 68 to determine number
of increments in 3 inches (18 picas).

a. A —117 increments (39 plotting units)
B-128 increments (42 plotting units, plus
2 additional increments)

C —141 increments (47 plotting units)
D-158 increments (52 plotting units, plus
2 additional increments)

2. Numerals of example 2 will be composed with
DS machine set for unit spacing (Diff-Std
lever on “Std”). Count number of characters
in longest entry of each column.

a. All columns contain 5 characters each.
Total of all 7 columns equals 35 characters
(equivalent to 35 plotting units).

b. Check step 1, a.

NOTE: “A” spacing leaves 4 plotting units to be
divided among 6 gutters - not enough.

“B” spacing leaves approximately 8 plotting
units to be divided among 6 gutters - not sufficient.

“C” spacing leaves 12 plotting units to be divided
among 6 gutters - couId be used; but, “D” may
be better.

“D” spacing leaves 17 plotting units, plus 2
increments. For eye appeal, “D” spacing is best.

c. Using above calculations at “D” spacing
and “D” horizontal plotting scale copy
begins at:

100 108
1-150 |00.00

116 124

| 00.00 | 00.00

140

|00.00 loo. 00

147+2

T) o

r- c
o H

H H

tj <r>
r- c
O H
H H
h m
2 73
U )

-o <n
r-c
Oh

-o -o <n
r- r- c
c o h

(/> H H

h m

Completed VariTyper Copy -10 point condensed
type (690-10D) was used for listing and 2000-4D
small caps for headings. Heading composed with
Diff-Std lever at “Diff ’ and listings composed
with Diff-Std lever at “Std”. Main head was
letter spaced.

STATIONERY PRICE LIST

NO.

PER

500

PER

1,000

PER

3, 000

PER

5, 000

PER

6, 000

PER

7, 000

1-150

9.60

12.75

10.65

9.65

8.55

7.00

2-150

10.30

13.75

11.10

11.00

10.24

9.25

3-150

10.60

14.15

11.95

11.25

10.50

9.45

1-160

8.35

11.10

9.25

8.40

7.85

6.40

2-160

8.95

11.95

9.65

9.55

8.55

7.55

3-160

9.20

12.30

10.40

9.80

9.15

8.80

1-170

9.60

14.50

12.00

11.50

11.10

10.50

2-170

8.40

10.45

8.50

7.60

7.05

6.60

3-170

11.55

14.25

12.10

10.80

9.95

8.80

Figure 12

USE OF CUT-OFF STOPS

If tabular columns are far enough apart, cut-off
stops may be helpful to speed up composition
time. Stops are placed on margin scale (Page 2*7,
Figure 47). Calibrations on margin scale and
paper table scale are synchronized. Position
gunsight on plotting scale calibration where
cut-off is required. Observe inch calibration on
paper table scale (37) and place cut-off stop at
this position on margin scale. Accuracy can only
be obtained by testing and moving the stop until
carriage stops exactly where it should.

Testing Cut-Off Stop Position

1. Place non-print lever in “NP” position.

2. Press left side of ruling switch (9) until
cut-off stop automatically stops carriage.

3. If machine does not stop at proper position,
reset cut-off stop and re-test until accurate.

4. When needed, several stops may be placed on
margin scale. Check each one for accuracy
the same as above.

ASSIGNMENT

Plot and compose at least one part of Exercise 9
in back of manual.

MANUAL JUSTIFICATION

Most book type publications utilize a columnar
format. Many other types of printed materials
also contain blocks of copy requiring that the
information be set with an evened right margin.
The mechanical process of evening the right
margin is called 4 ‘justification”.

When an operator mentally calculates and physi¬
cally adds or subtracts the proper amount of space
within each line to space it to the desired
length, it is called “manual justification”.

Copy can be manually justified on any DS Vari-
Typer Machine. Some VariTyper Machines have
a mechanism which automatically justifies, and
most of the time this automatic method will be
used. Whatever model is used, however, it is well
to have an understanding of the principle of
justification.

PREPARING THE ROUGH COPY

The following procedure lists the necessary
steps to prepare the “rough” copy for manual
justification and is illustrated in Figure 73.

1. Determine column width if this has not been
established (in this case use a 2Vi inch or
15 pica column).

2. Select proper type and make basic machine
settings. (B spacing type to be used.)

3. Determine number of increments in column
width for horizontal spacing being used. At
“B” spacing there are 106 increments in a
column 2Vi inches (15 picas) wide.

4. Convert increments into “m’s” plus an “n”
or “i”. An “m” takes 4 increments; 106
increments -r 4 = 26 “m’s” plus 2 increments
left over. An “i” takes 2 increments. This
column width is equivalent to 26 “m’s” plus
one “i”.

5. Set left margin stop (Fig.77) and bank carriage.

6. Space in 2 increments and set pointer (20c)
even with vertical line (20a) for left margin
starting point for copy.

7. Type 26 “m’s” (using a capital “M” for
every tenth one) and type one “i”.

8. The margin dial pointer now indicates ending
position of right margin. Move outer rim (20d)
so it aligns with edge of dial pointer and
mark this position on dial face (20b).

9. Type rough copy on paper. At end of each
line count number of increments over or under
the correct column width. Use increment

space key or increment back space key to
determine this. Space several times and
type number of increments. If over, use a
hyphen for a minus sign to indicate that
increments must be removed.

10. Remove copy from machine and mark for
justification. Place a slant line in each space
that an increment is to be added; if more than
one increment is to be added, so designate.
Place a concave mark under each space that
an increment is to be removed (Figure 73).

ROUGH COPY

mmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmi

(26ms plus li = 106 inc.)

Modern\man\must learn to break the ten- 2
sions of daily living or the tensions will 0
bre ak\hi m .\He\mu s t\le arn\to\bend\with 7

the stresses and^trainsjike a tree ii\jhe -3
wind Aand\ spring erect Vgai^after\the 8

storm^as\passed.\He\first\relaxe^ his 6

mind byjhinking^thoughts ofLpeace^quiet- -4
ness and tranquillity^He strives to carry -1
anNinnerVerenity with\him\so that even 4

amid a\whirl of activity he will not\lose 2
his poise.

Figure 13

FINISHED COPY

Modern man must learn to break the ten¬
sions of daily living or the tensions will
break him. He must learn to bend with
the stresses and strains like a tree in the
wind, and spring erect again after the
storm has passed. He first relaxes his
mind by thinking thoughts of peace, quiet¬
ness and tranquillity. He strives to carry
an inner serenity with him so that even
amid a whirl of activity he will not lose
his poise.

Figure 74

ASSIGNMENT

Using the same text as in Example 1 (Figure 73)
prepare a rough draft (3 inches wide —128
increments at “B” spacing) and manually justify
it within this 3 inch column before proceeding
to automatic justification.

AUTOMATIC JUSTIFICATION

As mentioned, the process of composing copy with
an even right hand margin is called justification.
A DS VariTyper Machine that has a “justifier
mechanism” can be used to produce justified
copy automatically.

The process is very simple and is accomplished
by typing the rough and finished copy, line-for-
line. As a line is typed on the rough side (left
side of the paper) the machine automatically
registers its shortage. The tabulator key is then
used to move the carriage a few spaces across
the page to the starting point for the finished
copy. As the finished line is typed, the machine
automatically inserts the correct amount of space
between words to lengthen the line to the pre¬
determined column width. The finished copy will
have the desired right hand margin. It is then
separated from the rough copy and pasted-up
for reproduction.

PARTS USED IN JUSTIFICATION

ACTUATING BAR LOCK

The actuating bar lock (29) located at the right
end of the carriage is a “slide lock” that pulls
to the right to release the actuating bar when
justifying automatically (Figure 75). To lock the
actuating bar, bank the carriage, space in a few
increments and push the lock to the left.

Figure 75

TABULATOR STOPS

Tabulator stops (Figure 76) are placed on the
tabular scale, which is located at the rear of
the carriage. A tabulator stop determines the
starting position of justified copy. It should be
placed at “7V6” on the tabulator scale to allow
the minimum amount of carriage movement between
the rough and justified copy.

Figure lb

To remove a tabulator stop, place index finger
under stop and pull it straight out from scale. To
insert stop, position right prong (looking from
back of machine) on desired number. Hook its
closed end over top of scale, then squeezing its
open prongs together push stop into position.

MARGIN STOPS

When automatically justifying copy the left and
right margin stops (Figure 77), respectively,
determine the beginning and end positions of the
“rough copy”, hence, the width of the column to
be justified. The right margin stop is removable
and is usually placed at “7” on the margin
scale. To set right margin stop: ✓

1. Squeeze top prongs together, hook lower end
under margin scale and then hook top end
over margin scale.

2. Press top prongs together and slide along
margin scale aligning its pointer with “7”
on the scale.

The left margin stop is then set for the desired
column width by subtracting the number from“7”
and setting it at this figure. For instance, it is
set at “4” for a 3 inch column (7-3 = 4).

Figure 77

MARGIN DIAL

The main function of the margin dial (20) is to
maintain an even left margin . When automatically
justifying copy it is used to mark “two” starting
points — one for the rough copy, another for the
justified (finished) copy.

The starting point of the rough copy is established
as for any copy, by manually setting the pointer
(20c) even with the vertical line (20a) of the
dial (Figure 78).

Figure 78

After the starting point for justified copy has
been determined (by using the tabulator key and
spacing 2 increments), this position is marked by
moving the outer rim (20d) of the dial until its
notch (“v” groove in edge of rim) is even with
the edge of the pointer (Figure 79).

Figure 79

JUSTIFIER DIAL

The justifier dial (21) serves two purposes; it
shows when the machine has reached the justifying
range, and indicates how much typing space is
left. Its face (21a) has four scales (A, B, C and
D) which correspond with the horizontal spacings
on the machine.

When typing the rough copy a bell rings as the
carriage nears the end of the line. Shortly there¬
after the justifier light (20c) lights up.* As
typing continues the justifier dial pointer (20b)

moves up on the dial (Figure 80). The rough copy
line must end with the pointer in the justifying
range (not beyond “0” of dial) for the line to justify
when it is repeated on the right side of paper.

Figure 80

JUSTIFIER DIAL ADJUSTER KNOB

At the left end of the margin scale is the justifier
dial adjuster knob (27a). It is used to adjust the
justifier dial pointer so that it aligns exactly on’
“0” of the scale (Figure 81). The adjustment is
made prior to typing the first rough copy line. If
the pointer does not stop exactly on the “0” (last
mark on justifier dial) move adjuster knob slightly
until pointer aligns with this mark. Always check
this adjustment when changing from one horizontal
spacing to another.

Figure 81

SPACE BAR

The space bar (11) controls justification because
the necessary “spread” for justification takes
place between words. Consequently, the following
procedures must be observed.

1. Always bottom the space bar the same as a
key of the keyboard.

2. Always press near the center of the space
bar, rather than at either end.

3. Do not use space bar to indent paragraphs
when justifying automatically.

4. Do not space after the last word typed on
the rough copy line.

* DS VariTyper Machines manufactured after late summer 1964 have a change in the timing of the justifier light.
On these machines it lights up after the pointer moves half-way up the dial and serves as a final warning for the
ending of a line.

SETTING THE JUSTIFIER

The detailed steps for setting the justifier are
listed below. Learn to follow these steps in the
proper order. They soon will become automatic.

1. Pull out actuating bar lock.

2. Place a tabulator stop on the tabulator scale
(back of the carriage) at IV 2 ". The position
of this stop determines the left hand margin
of the justified copy.

3. Insert type and set proper horizontal spacing,
vertical spacing, and impression.

4. Place margin stops the desired width apart,
the right hand (removable) stop at 7, the left
hand (fixed) stop as many inches to the left
of 7 as needed for the desired column width.
Example: For a 2" column set left stop at 5;
right stop at 7.

5. Move carriage to the right. DO NOT USE
THE CARRIAGE RELEASE LEVER. Simply
pull carriage to right with a firm even pull.
This will bank carriage against the left stop.

6. Insert paper; be sure that all copy will fall
on paper. (Copy need not be centered as
rough copy will be cut off and discarded).

7. Press increment space key twice. This is
necessary to give carriage some “play”
against left stop and to start carriage in
forward direction.

8. Move margin pointer in clockwise direction
until pointer lines up with mark at top of dial.

9. Type a line of copy until justifier pointer
moves up on justifier dial. Just before it begins
to move, a bell will ring and approximately
10 increments later the light will light up. The
bell is a warning to watch the dial and the
light informs that the justifying area has been
reached (refer to footnote, page 45).

10. DO NOT SPACE AFTER LAST WORD
TYPED or extend any lines beyond zero
(last mark) on justifier dial.

11. Press tabulator key and space 2 increments.

12. Move outer rim of margin dial until its notched
“V” marker aligns with margin pointer.

13. Retype same line of copy as just completed.

The justifier is now set. On each succeeding line
bank carriage firmly; align margin pointer (using
increment space key and not space bar) with
outer rim marker before typing justified copy. Do
not disturb pointer or outer rim once they are set.

JUSTIFYING RULES

The following rules cover the most frequently
practiced methods for justified copy.

PARAGRAPH INDENTIONS

Paragraph indentions are figured from the left
margin starting points of both the rough and
justified copy. There are two ways to indent
for paragraphs:

1. On rough side type “mV* for space desired
for indention. On finished (justified) side
engage non-print lever and “blind type”
same number of “m’s”.

2. Space out number of increments to be indented
using increment space key for both sides
of the copy.

PARAGRAPH ENDINGS

To prevent the machine from inserting extra
space between words of short lines which do not
extend into the justifying area (such as paragraph
endings) the operator will do the following:

1. Hold left side of carriage with left hand (to
prevent it from slamming when tabulating).

2. Use right index finger to move pointer of
justifier dial to “0” position on its scale
and hold it there.

3. Use right thumb to press tabulator key to
move to finished copy side of paper.

ASSIGNMENT

Set automatic justifying mechanism and compose
Exercise 10 in back of manual.

EXACT COLUMN WIDTHS

The DS Scale (Pages 22 thru 24), the Horizontal
Copyfitting Calculator (Page 67) or the Horizontal
Copyfitting Chart (Page 68) may be used to
determine the exact number of increments in a
column width.

This count is important for making corrections
when several persons are working on the same
job, and when space allowed for copy is limited.
Merely setting the stops at the same position and
resetting a machine will not necessarily produce
the same column width. The explanation for this
is that the carriage is not always banked with the
same amount of force and column widths may vary
several increments depending upon how hard it
was banked for the first line. Therefore, a simple
procedure can be used to set the machine for a
precise column width.

Justifier Steps for Exact Column Width

1. Set justifier for approximate column width.

2. Type a “test line” of “m’s” plus an “n” or
“i” if necessary, to see how many increments
it takes to bring the justifier pointer to its
“0” mark on the scale.

3. Compare “test line” with correct number of
increments (previously determined). Test
line may be:

a. Exactly right.

b. Too long —in which case;

(1) Return to starting point.

(2) Press increment space key once for
each increment over correct number.

(3) Reset pointer for “new” left margin.

c. Too short — (if line is several increments

short, move left margin stop one notch to

the left before using following procedure).

(1) Return to starting point.

(2) Press increment back space key once
for each increment test line is short of
correct width.

(3) Reset pointer for “new” left margin.

(4) Retype adjusted test line to check.

TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS

Strive to type accurate, as well as correct justified
copy. Cultivate the habit of checking rough copy
lines before tabbing. If errors do occur in rough
or finished copy, correct them as follows:

1. Transposed letters can be corrected on
justified side without retyping rough copy
line.

2. If incorrect letter has been typed, compare
its increment value with that of correct letter.
If they are the same, simply correct copy on
justified side. If correct letter has a higher
increment value, add the additional increments
with increment space key before tabbing. If
correct letter has a lower increment value,
subtract the necessary number of increments
with increment back space key before tabbing.

3. If error is not noticed until after tabbing, copy
can be corrected by adding or subtracting
increments between words, or carriage can
be banked and rough copy retyped.

4. If space bar is pressed twice near beginning
of rough copy, simply eliminate space stroke
between next two words.

5. If space bar is pressed after last word on
rough copy line, bank carriage and retype
rough copy line. Do not move paper up in
machine. Type over previously typed copy.

6. If space bar is pressed twice between words
on justified copy —rebank carriage, retype
rough line, engage non-print key and blind
type copy until correct position on justified
copy is reached and compose rest of line.

SQUEEZING EXTRA CHARACTERS
WITHIN A GIVEN LINE LENGTH

Occasionally it is necessary to “squeeze in” a
line of copy so that it will accommodate more
characters (increments) than the increment count
for the column width.

This may be due to several reasons: the last
word of the line may be one that cannot be hyphen¬
ated; or, hyphenating the word would violate
standard practices of good typography. (Avoid
whenever possible ending successive lines with
periods, commas, hyphens, etc.). It may also be
impractical to move the last word to the next
line because the sentence would fall short of the
justifying range. Although letterspacing a word
within the sentence would bring it within the
justifying range, it is not desirable to letterspace.
Under these circumstances, it may be possible
to get more increments on a line.

While composing the line in question, type only
those characters of the last word that will not
move the justifier pointer beyond the “zero” mark.

Next make these calculations; (1) count the
number of increments in the remaining characters)
of the word, and (2) count the number of spaces
between words in the line. Then determine the
following:

1. If the total number of increments remaining
exceeds the number of spaces in the line the
word cannot be squeezed in. In this case it
may be necessary to hyphenate the word,
use letterspacing within the sentence, or
have the editor change the wording.

2. If the total number of increments remaining
do not exceed the number of spaces within
the line:

a. Subtract increments of character(s) not
typed from number of spaces in sentence.

b. Space back the difference, using increment
back space key.

c. Tab to finished copy starting point.

d. Use space bar to space after each word
and then the increment back space key to
go back one increment each time before
typing the next word.

COMPOSING COPY

FLUSH LEFT-CENTERED-FLUSH RIGHT

HEADINGS- SUBHEADINGS

1. Beginning at left margin of rough copy, type
heading.

2. Count number of “m’s” (plus an “n” or an
“i” if necessary) to bring justifier pointer
to “0” on dial. This step is used to obtain
a numerical value of space left over.

3. Tab and align to justifying starting point.

a. If heading is to be flush left in column,
compose at this point.

b. If heading is to be centered in column,
engage non-print lever and type half the
number of 4 ‘m’s”, etc., for space left over.

c. If heading is to be located flush right in
column, engage non-print lever and type
same number of “m’s”, etc., as on rough
copy side.

d. Compose heading.

RUN-AROUNDS — IN TEXT COPY

It is frequently necessary to change from a wider
to a narrower column width to fit copy around a
picture or illustration, to compose in outline form
for a step-by-step procedure, or just to change the
appearance of copy. These are commonly called
“run-arounds”.

To accomplish this:

1. Determine the total indention desired in
terms of “m’s”.

2. From beginning of rough copy, type number
of “m’s” to be indented (mark this position
on margin dial). From this point, type line
of copy.

NOTE: It is not necessary to type “m’s” after
the first line, as the position is marked on dial —
merely bank carriage, move carriage (using
carriage release lever) to “mark” and type rough
copy line.

3. Tab and align at finished copy starting point.

a. If “white space” is to be located to right
of column — type at this point.

b. If “white space” is to be evenly divided
on both sides of copy; engage non-print
lever and indent one-half of “m’s” (mark
this position on margin dial*) —type
finished copy at this point.

c. If “white space” is to be located to left
of column, engage non-print lever and
indent ALL of “m’s” (mark this position
on margin dial*)—type copy at this point.

*It is not necessary to count the “m’s” after the first
line of finished copy, as the position is marked on
the dial. After tabbing, move carriage using either
carriage release lever or increment space key to
align pointer with mark on dial for indention.

ROUGH AND FINISHED EXAMPLES OF HEADINGS AND RUN-AROUNDS

POSSIBILITIES UNLIMITEDmmmmmmmmmmmmm

by VariTyper Corporationmmmmmmmmmmmmmmml

Nothing on a printed page can stir the imagina¬
tion or prove a point as quickly, as easily or
mmmmmmmmmMmmore convincingly than a good
photograph. If you need dona¬
tions for a new wing on the
church —take a picture of the architect’s drawing
— reproduce it — show the people what you are
trying to accomplish. Here is
what the garden looked like
before we landscaped it, here’s
what it looks like today... two photos tell the
tale. This ... (photograph)... is the kind of in¬
ventory that we maintain to give
you better service. So your
product is compact, easy to
operate and especially treated to prevent rust.

POSSIBILITIES UNLIMITED

by VariTyper Corporation

Nothing on a printed page can stir the imagina¬
tion or prove a point as quickly, as easily or
more convincingly than a good
photograph. If you need dona¬
tions for a new wing on the
church —take a picture of the architect’s drawing
— reproduce it —show the people what you are
trying to accomplish. Here is
what the garden looked like
before we landscaped it, here’s
what it looks like today... two photos tell the
tale. This . .. (photograph)... is the kind of in¬
ventory that we maintain to give
you better service. So your
product is compact, easy to
operate and especially treated to prevent rust.

Figure 82

JUSTIFYING VARIATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

After the justifier is set and the rough copy line
has been typed, a justified line can start at any
position to the right of the rough copy. Justified
copy can even be placed on a separate sheet of

paper, a direct image master, a stencil or other
type of master. Because of the flexibility of the
justifier, copy with a variety of shapes can be
easily produced. Some are shown below.

JUSTIFYING SLANTING MARGINS

LEFT AND RIGHT SLANTS

1. Set justifier. at this point; but, on succeeding lines of finished

2. Type rough copy line. copy indent a predetermined number of increments

3. Tab to start of finished copy, type first line before typing (Figure 83).

This is a sample of copy slanting on both the This is a sample of copy slanting on both the
left and right hand side of the column. The left and right hand side of the column. The

rough copy is typed in the usual manner, but rough copy is typed in the usual manner, but

each justified line is indented a pre-determined each justified line is indented a pre-determined

number of increments. This produces an unusual number of increments. This produces an unusual

1 ; — ' ' - - r - — ^ ~

Figure 83

SLANTS OF EITHER LEFT OR RIGHT MARGINS

1. Set justifier.

2. Type rough copy line, decreasing pre-deter¬
mined number of increments at start of each
succeeding line (using “m’s” or other letters).

NOTE: In this type of “slant” the column width
is actually decreasing with each line; and these
pre-determined increments must be eliminated in
the rough copy (same principle as for run-arounds
and indentions).

3. Tab to start of finished copy, type first line
and on all succeeding lines:

a. If slant is to be at left margin, using non¬
print lever, indent same number of incre¬
ments on both rough and finished copy
(Figure 84).

b. If slant is to be at right margin of column
type all lines at start of finished copy
(Figure 85).

This is a sample of copy slanting on only the
mlleft hand side of the column. Each line of the
mlmlrough copy is indented an additional number
mlmlmluntil the desired slant; then indention
mlmlcan start returning to the maximum column
mlwidth again. Very simple to do; merely be
careful and remember what was done on the rough

This is a sample of copy slanting on only the
left hand side of the column. Each line of the
rough copy is indented an additional number
until the desired slant; then indention
can start returning to the maximum column
width again. Very simple to do; merely be
careful and remember what was done on the rough

- | 8 Jr , gjjl ||j| ja_- |3 1

Figure 84

Or, maybe it would be desirable for the slant
mlto be on the right hand side of the column.
mlmlEach line of the rough copy is indented an
mlmlmladditional number of increments until the
mlmlmlmldesired slant is obtained; but, all
mlmlmlmlmlfinished lines start at the same point.

Or, maybe it would be desirable for the slant
to be on the right hand side of the column.
Each line of the rough copy is indented an
additional number of increments until the
desired slant is obtained; but, all
finished lines start at the same point.

Figure 85

JUSTIFYING NARROW COLUMNS

s° <& V»

' V,

1 N v>

The position of margin stops normally controls
the width of columns that can be justified. The
closest that margin stops can be placed is W 2 "
apart. However, columns narrower than V/ 2 " can be
justified, providing there are at least two words
in each line. Narrow column widths are indented
in the same way as right margin indentations,
using the following steps:

1. Determine number of increments in desired
column width.

2. Set justifier, placing margin stops as close
together as possible.

3. Bank carriage and set margin pointer.

4. Type test line of “mV’ and “n” or “i” to
determine number of increments in line.

5. Subtract number of increments in desired
column width from number in test line.

6. Return carriage to original starting point of
rough copy and indent number of increments
in excess of those desired. Mark new starting
position on face of dial.

7. Type line of copy, tabulate, align margin
pointer with “justified” starting point and
compose line of copy.

8. Bank carriage for each subsequent line and
use carriage release lever to bring margin
pointer to new starting point for rough copy.
See example below (Figure 86).

HHHHHHHI

mmmmmmmmmMmmmmm

(15 m’s — 60 incr.)

* mmmmmmmmmMm

(11 m’s — 33 incr.) —
desired column width

This is a sample

of a narrow col¬

umn of copy. To

accomplish this

merely indent the

increments not

wanted and type.

Figure

JUSTIFYING WIDE

COLUMNS

Previous instructions indicated that the widest
column for which the justifier could be set was
7" (margin stops at “0” and “7”). Normally, this
is the widest column used for ordinary composition,

for as column widths become wider, copy becomes
more difficult to read. Narrow columns, from 2 1 /£"
to 3", used in most magazines and newspapers
are easiest to read.

Wide columns maybe required for contracts, legal
briefs, insurance policies, as well as copy that
is to be photographically reduced. To benefit
readability of wide columns, a minimum of 2 points
of leading should be used, preferably more.

SETTING THE JUSTIFIER FOR T/i" COLUMNS
As a VariTyper Machine with a 16" carriage has
a maximum writing line of 1514", it is possible
to use the regular automatic justifying method for
columns up to IV 2 " wide (W on rough side, 7 W
on finished side, and 14" gutter between). This
is accomplished by changing the positions of the
margin stops and the tabulator stop.

1. Set left margin stop at zero*. Set right stop
one notch to right of IVi for full increment
value of IV2" width.

2. Set tabulator stop three notches past IV 2 on
tabulator scale for 14" gutter between the
rough and justified copy.

3. Tabulate (after typing rough copy) and press
increment back space key twice before
setting outer rim of margin dial for finished
copy starting position. This allows maximum
copy width on justified side.

JUSTIFYING EXTRA WIDE COLUMNS
(Columns Wider Than T/i Inches)

Columns wider than 7W' can be justified by any
of three. methods: (1) manual justification as
described on Page 43, (2) automatic justification
by blind typing, or (3) automatic justification by
the line butting method.

Blind Typing Method for Justifying Wide Columns

1. Set margin stops desired width apart, placing
left (fixed) stop at 1" and right (removable)
stop at selected width apart. For example: If
column is to be 11", place left stop at 1"
mark and right stop at 12" mark.

2. Set tab stop W beyond right margin stop.

3. Insert paper so left edge is to left of “0” on
paper table scale.

4. Bank carriage against left margin stop and
press increment space key twice to free
carriage.

5. Align margin pointer for starting point.

6. Type test line and adjust to correct width.

NOTE: The chart (Figure 87) can be used to
determine the increment count for column widths
wider than those shown on the DS Scale, Copy¬
fitting Chart or Calculator.

A Spacing = 39 increments per inch (6 picas)

B Spacing = 43 increments per inch (6 picas)

C Spacing = 47.5 increments per inch (6 picas)
D Spacing = 53 increments per inch (6 picas)

Figure 87

7. Blind type copy until justifier pointer moves
up on justifier dial.

NOTE: It is advisable to mark (on manuscript)
the last word typed in each line.

8. Press tabulator key to activate justifying
mechanism.

9. Use carriage release lever to return carriage
to “0” on paper table scale. At this point,
align outer rim of margin dial with dial
pointer (beginning of finished copy).

When using this blind typing method to justify

wide columns the operator will note that the
finished copy will start approximately one inch
to the left of the starting point for rough copy.

Composing Steps — Blind Typing Method

The automatic justifier is now set properly to
accommodate wide columns. On each succeeding
line follow these steps:

1. Bank carriage firmly against left margin stop.

2. Align margin pointer for rough copy (using
increment space key).

3. Blind type rough line, marking last word
typed on manuscript copy. Strive for accuracy
during blind typing as it is impossible to
see errors.

4. Press tabulator key.

5. Use carriage release lever to return carriage
to approximately “0” mark on paper table
scale. Finished copy begins approximately
one inch in front of left stop so that line is
completed before the carriage reaches the
removable stop (Figure 88).

6. Align pointer (using increment space key or
increment back space key) with notch in outer
rim of margin dial for finished (justified) copy.

7. Compose line just blind typed.

EXAMPLE USING BLIND TYPING METHOD

K4"

mmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmn

56 m’s, 1 n

Rough Copy
Blind Typed

This sample column is being automatically justified by following the preceding in¬
structions. This 5W'. width is within the justifying range of the machine, but due to the
page size a wider column was not used. However, the example will illustrate the **
procedure for justifying extra wide columns using the blind typing method. In actual
practice the rough copy and justified copy are typed line for line.

This sample column is being automatically justified by following the preceding in¬
structions. This 5*4 " width is within the justifying range of the machine, but due to the Finished

page size a wider column was not used. However, the example will illustrate the Copy

procedure for justifying extra wide columns using the blind typing method. In actual
practice the rough copy and justified copy are typed line for line.

Figure 88

composing the finished copy the machine will
pass over this stop without any problem.

Although this example is less than IV 2 " in width
and could be justified by ordinary methods, the
technique for composing columns wider than
IVi is exactly the same as listed in the steps.
By using this method, it is possible to justify
columns 14" wide.

The example using the blind typing method
(Figure 88) shows the rough copy which was
blind typed in one block of copy, whereas, in
actual practice the rough and finished copy
would be composed line for line.

Note that the finished copy starts approximately
one inch to the left of the rough copy starting
point (where the left margin stop is placed). When

Line Butting Method for Justifying Wide Columns

The line butting method utilizes the automatic
justifier and can be employed to produce finished
columns up to 994" wide. The additional space
for the finished column is obtained by reducing
the width of the rough column to one-half that of
the finished column. Each line is composed in
two sections on both rough and justified sides
of the paper. The joining or butting of the last
half of each line to its first half (on the justified
side) accounts for the descriptive name of the
method -line butting. The steps are as follows:

Machine Settings:

1. Set margin stops for one-half desired width.

2. Adjust line to correct increment count using
‘Vs”, etc.

3. Set Linomatic for one-half desired line spac¬
ing for finished copy, as two rough copy
lines will make one justified line.

Composing Steps:

1. Type rough copy line (first half of line may
end in the middle of a word, with a space
following a completed word, or with a com¬
pleted word) and advance line feed lever once.

2. Tabulate and type justified copy.

3. After typing last character (or last space),
mark margin dial to match the position of
the pointer.

4. Set a second tabulator stop just ahead of
this position.

5. Without feeding paper, bank carriage and
type rough copy for second half of line.
Although letters of rough copy lines will

overlap, they will still be readable.

a. If first half of line ends in the middle of
a word, begin with next letter.

b. If first half of line ends with a space
following a completed word, begin with
next word.

c. If first half of line ends with a completed
word, type next word, strike space bar
twice. Never start a rough copy line with
a space bar stroke. The space can be
placed in its proper position when justified
copy is composed.

NOTE: Second half of a line must end with a
completed or properly hyphenated word.

6. Tabulate past both tab stops and align
margin pointer with mark on dial (ending
point of first half of finished line).

7. Compose second half of justified line.

8. Bank carriage and advance line feed lever
once. Repeat same steps for each finished
line of copy to be composed.

To keep the space between words nearly the
same on both parts of the line, allow justifier
dial pointer to stop in nearly the same place on
dial for both the first and second half of the line.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

Exercise 11 in back of manual provides practice
in setting the VariTyper Machine and composing
copy requiring both justification and “run¬
arounds”.

Exercise 12 in back of manual deals with both
exceptionally narrow and extra wide columns.

EXAMPLE USING LINE BUTTING METHOD

This example is less than a 7W column, but the procedure is applicable for columns wider than IVd'
and up to 994" wide. Note that both the column width and line spacing of the rough copy are one-half
that of the finished copy.

^iliS

mmmmmmmmmMmmmmmmmmmMm

Whenever the first half of a line ends in the middle of a word,
divide it on the rough side, but complete it on the justified side
along with the first half of the line. When composing the second
half of the justified line, blind type over that portion which is
already composed and complete the rest of the line. This elimi¬
nates butting within a word.

Figure 89

COPYFITTING

Theory and Techniques

One of the DS VariTyper Machine’s major
features (its ability to use different sizes
of type) is dramatically illustrated below
(Figure 90).

On occasion, every VariTyper Machine
operator will have to recompose a job
or a section of copy because it will not
fit properly in the finished layout. This
repetitive effort is costly and time con¬
suming and points out the need to know
how to choose the proper size type and
line spacing for the job before beginning
the composition. It is the purpose of
this section to instruct VariTyper Machine
operators in the techniques of this process
of “Copyfitting”.

Copy fitting is most often thought of as the
process of determining how to compose
finished copy to fit in a given printing
area. However, this is only one copy¬
fitting problem and is classified as
“Fitting Copy to Space”.

The reverse of this, is the problem of
determining how much space is needed

for copy when it is composed according
to certain specifications. For instance,
how much vertical space will be needed
for an article composed in a 3" (18 pica)
column using a 10 point type set solid?
This copyfitting problem is classified
as “Fitting Space to Copy”.

Copy falls into two general categories:
(1) text matter, and (2) non-text matter.
Since the procedures for copyfitting
the two vary, they shall be explained
separately.

The following terms are used frequently
in this section — “line, line of copy,
etc.” (referring to text matter), “entry,
item, etc.” (referring to non-text matter).
Keep in mind that whether a line or entry
consists of copy which fills the entire
horizontal width of the copy area, or
is a single word or figure it will still
occupy the same amount of vertical
space. Hence, these terms are identical
in meaning when describing vertical
space occupied by copy.

Different sizes of type

are essential when com¬
posing information to fit
into selected layouts or
printing areas.

Different sizes of type|||
are essential when com-p|;
posing information to fittgg
into selected layouts or&g;
printing areas. jgg

different sizes of typegKSpg

are essential when com-^fl
posing information to fit||j|||j:|
into selected layouts or*:$:§:g:§:|
printing areas. gg&jM

Different sizes of type Kgwiggig
are essential when com-
posing information to fit
into selected layouts or
printing areas.

630-I 2A Type
Copy Area:

10 picas wide
5 picas deep

630-I0B Type
Copy Area:

9 picas wide
4 picas deep

630-8C Type
Copy Area:

8 picas wide
3/2 picas deep

630-6D Type
Copy Area:

7/2 picas wide
2/2 picas deep

m m M | •; | ■ f m m e i .

Figure 90

COPYFITTING NON-TEXT MATTER

Columns of figures, rosters, tables of contents are
examples of non-text matter . Positioning this kind
of copy on a page requires two types of planning:
(1) Horizontal plotting — calculations for position¬
ing copy across the page (described under the
sections covering composition of Forms and
Tabular Copy-Pages 26 and 40), and (2) vertical
copy fitting - calculations for positioning copy
down the page to fill-out the printing depth.

VERTICAL COPYFITTING

The preliminary steps for vertical copyfitting are:

(1) to count the number of lines or entries, and

(2) to convert the vertical copy area into points.

CONVERTING THE VERTICAL COPY AREA
INTO POINTS

The vertical copy area (also referred to as copy
depth) is usually given in picas or inches.

1. To convert picas to points; multiply the
number of picas by 12 points per pica.

2. To convert inches to points; multiply the
number of inches by 72 points per inch.

FORMULA FOR VERTICAL COPYFITTING

After converting the depth of the copy area into
points and counting the number of entries, the
following formula can be used:

1. Depth of printing area (in points)

DIVIDED BY

2. Total number of lines

GIVES

3. The line spacing (in points).

The following examples illustrate the use of the
formula for vertical copyfitting.

VERTICAL COPYFITTING - PROBLEM I

Problem: Fit 12 lines of copy into an area 10
picas deep.

Converting Copy Depth into Points:

10 picas x 12 points per pica = 120 points

1. Depth of printing area (120 points)

DIVIDED BY

2. Total number of lines (12 lines)

GIVES

3. Line spacing (10 points per line).

Comments: Although the size of type was not
indicated, the operator knows (according to the

calculations) the largest type that can be used
is a 10 point type.

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM I

10 Picas 5

8
9

Fifth Avenue
Lincoln Park
Times Square
Bois de Boulogne
Piazza delle Terme
Drake Hotel
Picadilly Circus
Palais Royal
Shedd Aquarium
Spassky Gate
Golden Gate Bridge
Puente de Segovia

Figure 91

VERTICAL COPYFITTING - PROBLEM 2

Problem: Fit 12 lines of copy into a printing
area IIV 2 picas deep.

Converting Copy Depth into Points:

IT /2 picas x 12 points per pica = 138 points

1. Depth of printing area (138 points)

DIVIDED BY

2. Total number of lines (12 lines)

GIVES

3. Line spacing, 11 points per line, plus 6
additional points.

Comments: What happens to the extra 6 points?
Since there are 12 lines of copy, the 6 points can
be broken down into 12 half spaces to be added
to the line spacing of each entry. Step three
would then read:

3. Line spacing (IIV 2 points per line).

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM 2

\V/ 2 Picas

n Thirty Years’ War

Civil War (United States)
Battle of Gettysburg
War of 1812
Shay’s Rebellion
Napoleonic Wars
Fall of Rome
War of the Roses
Franco/Prussian War
Louisiana Purchase
World War I
X .World War II

Figure 92

VERTICAL COPYFITTING - PROBLEM 3

VERTICAL COPYFITTING - PROBLEM 4

Problem: Fit 20 lines of copy into a printing
area 2 Va inches deep.

Converting Copy Depth into Points:

2 X A inches x 72 points per inch = 162 points

1. Depth of printing area (162 points)

DIVIDED BY

2. Total number of lines (20 lines)

GLVES

3. Line spacing, 8 points per line, plus 2
additional points.

Comments: What happens to the extra 2 points
of space?

1. If the copy is a single column, forget about
the 2 points. This small amount of extra
space will not be noticeable.

2. However, if the column is part of a page
which contains two or more columns, and
the last entry of each column must end at
the same vertical position, the 2 points of
space can be distributed somewhere between
the lines:

a. If there are breaks within the column
(sub-headings, illustrations, etc.) dis¬
tribute the space above and below those
items.

b. If there are no breaks within the column,
always distribute the extra space (V 2 point
per line) beginning with the second line
(between the first and second lines) and
each line thereafter, until it is used.

NOTE: This technique eliminates having to
decide where to distribute the space and trying
to remember if it was distributed.

Problem: Fit 24 lines of copy into a printing
area 2 V 2 inches deep, and determine which size
of type in the Bookman (630) Series to use.

Converting Copy Depth into Points:

2 V 2 inches x 72 points per inch = 180 points

1. Depth of printing area (180 points)

DIVIDED BY

2. Total number of lines (24 lines)

GIVES

3. Line spacing (W 2 points per line).

Comments: The 6 point Bookman type (630-6D)
must be used since the next size in this family
is an 8 point type which should not be set at T /2
point line spacing.

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM 4

^ ^ Abbreviations

Acknowledgement

Adjectives

Administration

Adverbs

Advertising

Agencies

Airplanes

Almanacs

Alphabetizing

Alterations

- , Announcement

Z/2 Inches Apocrypha

Apostrophe
Appendix
Apposition
Article
Associations
Astrophysics
Bibliography
Capitalization
Captions

, f Chemistry

Collate

Figure 94

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM.3

214 Inches

h .hour(s)

H.hardness

ha.hectare(s)

Hab.Habakkuk

Hag.Haggai

Heb.Hebrew(s)

Her.Heraldry

HG.High German

Hind.Hindustani

hist.historian

Hist. ...... .Historical, History

hi.hectol iter(s)

HM.His (or Her) Majesty(’s)

Horol.Horology

Hort.Horticulture

Hos.Hosea

hp .horsepower

hr.hour(s)

Hung.Hungarian

Hydraul.Hydraulic(s)

Figure 93

See pages 69 and 70 for instructions on using
Line Spacing Scale for vertical copyfitting and
measuring layouts.

ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 13 in back of manual provides practice
in mastering Vertical Copyfitting techniques.

Using Exercise 9 in back of manual change
instructions to read:

PART A -Choosing the correct size type, set in
a column width approximately 4 inches wide and
2 inches deep.

PART B - Choose a type size that will fit in a
copy area 21 picas wide and 18 picas deep.

COPYFITTING TEXT MATTER

Copyfitting of text matter also employs vertical
copyfitting techniques already learned. However,
in order to use these techniques text matter
(usually presented in typewritten manuscript form)
must first be broken down into lines of copy.

THE CHARACTER COUNT METHOD

The system of reducing text matter to lines of
copy is called the “Character Count Method” of
estimating or measuring copy. Fundamentally, this
consists of breaking down the manuscript into
individual letters, punctuation marks and spaces,
and then making due allowance for each character
when composing the job. This method is based
upon the fact that each time a key or the space
bar on a typewriter is depressed, and the carriage
moves one notch to the left, a corresponding key
must be pressed when setting the manuscript on
a Differential Spacing VariTyper Machine.

Since typewritten manuscripts (Figure 95) are an
integral part of this system, the procedures for
manuscript preparation will be presented first,
followed by the suggested method for measuring
them. Both types of copyfitting problems, “Fitting
Space to Copy”, and “Fitting Copy to Space”
will be covered.

PREPARING MANUSCRIPT COPY

Manuscript preparation is very important to the
copyfitting system. The following are general
rules covering its preparation.

1. The manuscript should be typewritten and
double spaced on one side of an 8 V 2 x 11
sheet, with at least a one inch margin on
all sides.

2. The original, and an extra copy if it is
lengthy, should be submitted for composition
to enable more than one operator to work on
it. Another copy should be retained by the
author.

3. Editing should be done before preparation of
the final manuscript so it will be as free as
possible of handwritten corrections and
changes. Slight corrections and changes may
be tolerated, if they are typed or clearly
written in ink between lines, with a clear
indication of their locations in the copy.

4. Pages should be consecutively numbered,
fastened together with a paper clip, but
never stapled.

Figure 95

MEASURING TYPEWRITTEN
MANUSCRIPTS

The character count method of estimating copy
begins with determining the number of characters
in a typewritten manuscript. Each page, and when
necessary, each paragraph should be measured
separately for accuracy. The following steps are
to be used for measuring ordinary typewritten
manuscripts (Figure 96).

1. Determine the average length line on the
page and draw a rule down through the copy
at this point.

2. Count the number of characters in an average
line, including spaces between words and
spaces indented.

3. Count the number of average length lines
on the page.

a. Lines approximately one-half in length
may be combined and figured as one line.

b. Count the characters of very short lines
separately.

4. Multiply the number of characters in the
determined average length line by the number
of lines. Add the number of characters in
lines counted separately to this total.
This will give the approximate number of
characters on the page.

EXAMPLE - Measuring a Typewritten Manuscript
The following steps were used to determine the
total number of characters in the sample manuscript
(Figure 96).

1. A rule was drawn for the average length line
at 62 characters.

2. Number of average length lines— 8 lines.

3. Characters per line x number of lines (62 x
8) = 496 characters.

4. Two lines of approximately 50 characters
each - 100 additional characters.

5. Add together, 496 + 100 = 596 characters, or
rounded off—600 total characters.

For convenience, this manuscript (Figure 96) will
be used for the copyfitting problems presented
in this section.

FITTING SPACE TO COPY

FORMULA FOR FITTING SPACE TO COPY

1. Total number of typewritten characters

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters that can be
composed in a finished line of copy

GIVES

3. The number of VariTyper lines.

SAMPLE TYPEWRITTEN MANUSCRIPT
1 2 3 4 5 6

123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121345

It is true that swords are often beaten into plowshares, and
many developments and inventions inspired by wartime necessity
are immediately adaptable to peacetime pursuits*

Today, the VariTyper Machine is an accepted tool in thousands
of offices the world over* Forms, newspapers, catalogues, man¬
uals ...there is not a composition task that is not being done and
done well, on VariTyper Composing Machines. The old Hammond type¬
writer has come a long way. The descendent of the machine tha|t
President Wilson called his "pen" has become the world's type
composer -- the VariTyper Composing Machine.

Figure 96

MEASURING TYPEWRITTEN MANUSCRIPT

As shown, the sample typewritten manuscript in
Figure 96 was found to contain 600 characters.

FITTING SPACE TO COPY -PROBLEM I

Problem: Determine the vertical space required
for a manuscript when composed as follows:

1. The finished column width is 3 inches (3
inches x 6 picas per inch = 18 picas).

2. Copy is to be set using a 10 point “B”
spacing type.

3. Lines are to be spaced 12 points apart.

FINDING THE NUMBER OF VARITYPER
CHARACTERS PER LINE OF FINISHED COPY

After determining the total number of characters
in the manuscript, the next step is to find the
number of VariTyper characters that can be
composed in a finished line of copy.

To do this, it is essential to know: (1) the column
width for the finished copy, and (2) the horizontal
spacing of the type to be used.

After these are known, use the Horizontal Copy -
fitting Calculator (Page 67) if one is available or
use the Horizontal Copy fitting Chart (Page 68) to
determine the number of VariTyper characters
that can be composed in a given line.

Using the Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator

The Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator was used
for this problem as follows:

1. Slide the cursor (of calculator), matching its
pointer with the 18 pica mark of the scale at
the top of the calculator (Figure 97).

2. The “B” window reads 47 as the character
count for an 18 pica line.

Figure 97

Therefore, the average number of DS characters
that can be composed in a line 18 picas wide
using a “B” spacing type is 47.

FINDING THE NUMBER OF
VARITYPER LINES

To illustrate this step the copyfitting formula
will be applied.

1. Total number of typewritten characters (600)

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters in one
line (47)

GIVES

3. Number of VariTyper lines (13) —12 full
lines plus 36 extra characters which require
the same amount of vertical space as a
complete line.

FINDING THE VERTICAL SPACE
REQUIRED FOR COPY

For this particular problem this step can be
calculated instantly because the copy was to be
composed at 12 point (1 pica) line spacing.
13 lines will require 13 picas of vertical space.

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM I

It is true that swords are often beaten into
plowshares, and many developments and in¬
ventions inspired by wartime necessity are
immediately adaptable to peacetime pursuits.

Today, the VariTyper Machine is an accepted
tool in thousands of offices the world over. Forms,
newspapers, catalogues, manuals ... there is not
a composition task that is not being done and
done well, on VariTyper Composing Machines. The
old Hammond typewriter has come a long way. The
descendent of the machine that President Wilson
called his “pen” has become the world’s type
composer —the VariTyper Composing Machine.

Figure 98

SUMMARY-FITTING SPACE TO COPY

Fitting Space to Copy is by far the simplest kind
of copyfitting of text matter because the size of
type, column width and at least the minimum line
spacing (same as type size) are known factors.

This type of copyfitting, therefore, is merely
done to determine how much space to allow for
copy. When the entire layout is figured and it is
found that there is still too much space, the
copy can be leaded accordingly to fill out the
extra space. On the other hand, if there is too
much copy for the layout, it is a simple process
to determine the amount of line reduction neces¬
sary to fit the layout.

FITTING COPY TO SPACE

The essential copyfitting techniques for fitting
text copy into an allocated printing area (Fitting
Copy to Space) have actually been covered in the
preceding pages. They merely require rearranging
in order to be used.

However, before these steps are presented,
compare the two types of problems for copy¬
fitting text matter from the standpoint of known
and unknown factors concerning the finished
copy or its layout.

When Fitting Space to Copy there are two known
factors: (1) the column width, and (2) the horizontal
spacing of the type to be used.

It is therefore, a simple process to use the
Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator (or Horizontal
Copyfitting Chart, Page 68) to determine the
character count per finished line of copy to break
the manuscript down into lines. The unknown
factor is how much vertical space will be required
for the copy. Once the number of copy lines is
known, this is simple to determine.

When Fitting Copy to Space the only known factor
is the column’s width and depth. The unknown
factor which must be determined is the size of
type which will enable the copy to be fitted
into the printing area. This is accomplished by
breaking the manuscript down into lines of copy
and then seeing if the number of lines of copy
will fit in the vertical space.

Remember, in order to break the manuscript
down into lines of copy, it is essential to know:
(1) the column width, and (2) the horizontal
spacing of the type. As the column width is known,
the Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator (or Chart)
can be used to determine the character count
per line, for the four horizontal spacings. An
operator can start by figuring the character count
per line for “A” spacing types. If copy will not
fit, it can be refigured for “B” spacing types,
etc., until the correct size is determined. The
arithmetic calculations for all four spacings will
take only a few minutes. However, even with
only limited practice using this copyfitting method
operators seem to sense which types are too
large or too small. Hence, the trial calculations
usually begin with the spacing which seems to
be the most logical one for the job.

The steps for Fitting Copy to Space occur in two
stages: (1) Preliminary steps, and (2) use of a
copyfitting formula.

PRELIMINARY STEPS

FOR FITTING COPY TO SPACE

The following steps are necessary before using
the Formula for Fitting Copy to Space.

1. Determine total number of characters in
manuscript.

2. Calculate finished printing depth in points.

3. Find a tentative character count for a finished
line of copy —which is necessary to break
the manuscript down into lines of copy.

NOTE: The third step requires that the operator
make a value judgment as to which horizontal
spacing to try first. As mentioned, it can be
based on a logical evaluation, taking into account
the amount of copy in the typewritten manuscript
and the size of type for the column width. For
instance, narrow columns—small types; wide
columns — large types (except for specialized
types of composition).

FORMULA FOR FITTING COPY TO SPACE

1. Total number of characters in manuscript

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters in one line
of the specified column width

GIVES

3. The number of VariTyper lines.

4. Depth of printing area (in points)

DIVIDED BY

5. The number of lines of copy

GIVES

6. The line spacing (in points) for the copy.

FITTING COPY TO SPACE - PROBLEM I

Problem: Fit a manuscript of 600 characters in
an area 18 picas wide by 15 picas deep.

PRELIMINARY STEPS

1. Typewritten manuscript (Figure 95) has 600
characters.

2. Printing area depth (15 picas) is converted
into points —15 picas x 12 points per pica
= 180 points.

3. In determining the most logical size of type
to use, an experienced operator will first
try a 10 point type for an 18 pica column — a
10 point type (most of which write at “B”
spacing) and “B” spacing will be used. Using
the Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator or the
Horizontal Copyfitting Chart (Page 68) it is
found that 47 VariTyper characters can be
composed in a column 18 picas wide, using
“B” spacing.

APPLYING THE FORMULA
FOR FITTING COPY TO SPACE

1. Total number of characters in the manuscript
(600 characters)

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters in one line
(47 characters)

GIVES

3. Number of VariTyper lines (13 lines) —12 full
links plus 36 additional characters which
require the same amount of vertical space
as a complete line.

4. Depth of printing area (180 points)

DIVIDED BY

5. Number of lines of copy (13 lines)

GIVES

6. Line spacing in points (14 points)-actual
calculation is 13 points with 11 extra points.
Since the first line does not require the full
13 points, the remaining 12 can be set at 14
point line spacing and still remain within
the 15 pica depth.

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM I

It is true that swords are often beaten into plow¬
shares, and many developments and inventions
inspired by wartime necessity are immediately
adaptable to peacetime pursuits.

Today, the VariTyper Machine is an accepted
tool in thousands of offices the world over. Forms,
newspapers, catalogues, manuals ... there is not a
composition task that is not being done, and done
well, on VariTyper Composing Machines. The old
Hammond typewriter has come a long way. The
descendent of the machine that President Wilson
called his “pen” has become the world’s type
composer-the VariTyper Composing Machine.

Figure 99

FITTING COPY TO SPACE - PROBLEM 2

Problem: Fit 600 typewritten characters into a
printing area 13 picas wide by 13 picas deep.

PRELIMINARY STEPS

1. Typewritten manuscript (Figure 95) has 600
characters.

2. Printing area depth (13 picas) is converted

into points -13 picas x 12 points per pica
= 156 points.

3. In determining the most logical size of type
to use, it may be possible that a 10 point type
will fit. Therefore, the first attempt will be
figured for a 10 point “B” spacing type.

Using the Horizontal Copyfitting Calculator (or
Horizontal Copyfitting Chart, Page 68) it is found
that 33 VariTyper characters can be composed in
a column width of 13 picas at “B” spacing.

APPLYING THE FORMULA
FOR FITTING COPY TO SPACE

1. Total number of characters in the manuscript
(600)

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters in 1 line (33)

GIVES

3. Number of VariTyper lines (19)

4. Depth of printing area (156 points)

DIVIDED BY

5. Number of lines of copy (19)

GIVES

6. Line spacing (8 points) plus 4 extra points.

STOP: 10 point, “B” spacing type cannot be set
at 8 point line spacing, therefore, the problem
must be re-figured from 4 ‘Preliminary Step No. 3”.

PRELIMINARY STEP (re-figured from 3)

3. Again, referring to the Horizontal Copyfitting
Calculator or Chart, it is found that 37 Vari¬
Typer characters can be composed in a column
width of 13 picas at “C” spacing.

APPLYING THE FORMULA
FOR FITTING COPY TO SPACE

1. Total number of characters in the manuscript
(600)

DIVIDED BY

2. Number of VariTyper characters in 1 line (37)

GIVES

3. Number of VariTyper lines (17)

4. Depth of printing area (156 points)

DIVIDED BY

5. Number of lines of copy (17)

GIVES

6. Line spacing (9 points) plus 3 extra points.
Therefore, the 8 point, “C” spacing type can
be used and the copy will fit in the printing
area by using 9 point line spacing. The extra
3 points can be left between paragraphs.

SUMMARY-COPYFITTING TEXT MATTER

FINISHED COPY-PROBLEM 2

It is true that swords are often beaten
into plowshares, and many developments
and inventions inspired by wartime
necessity are immediately adaptable to
peacetime pursuits.

Today, the VariTyper Machine is an
accepted tool in thousands of offices
the world over. Forms, newspapers,
catalogues, manuals... there is not a
composition task that is not being done,
and done well, on VariTyper Composing
Machines. The old Hammond typewriter
has come a long way. The descendent
of the machine that President Wilson
called his “pen” has become the
world’s type composer —the VariTyper
Composing Machine.

The procedures for copyfitting text matter pre¬
sented thus far are probably the ones which are
most commonly used. However, as in any system,
certain improvements can be implemented when
circumstances permit. The following pages
explain how and when a simpler method for
copyfitting text matter can be used.

ASSIGNMENT

Using Exercise 10 in back of manual change
instructions to read: Copyfit the following para¬
graph into a printing area 23% picas wide and 9
picas deep.

Figure 100

SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR COPYFITTING TEXT MATTER
Controlling the Preparation of the Final Typewritten Manuscript

There is a simpler system for copyfitting text
matter which still employs the basic copyfitting
techniques already presented. This system differs
from the other methods in one major respect. It is
based on exercising control over the preparation
of the final typewritten manuscript furnished to
the VariTyper operator.

The concept of controlling the preparation of the
typewritten manuscript can best be explained by
showing how it is related to the main step in the
character count method of measuring copy —that
of determining the average number of characters
that can be composed in a finished line of copy,
preparatory to breaking the manuscript down into
lines of copy.

Instead of leaving the preparation of the final
typewritten manuscript to the discretion of a
typist, the VariTyper operator can specify that
the margins of the typewriter be set for the same
character count as will be contained in a finished
line of copy. The manuscript will then auto¬
matically be broken down into lines of copy
during the typing process.

There are, however, several requisites for using
this system. First, the system is predicated on
the assumption that permission will be given to
exercise control over the typing of the final
draft of the manuscript. Secondly, the system
also depends on knowing two facts concerning
the finished VariTyper copy before the deadline
for preparing the final draft. These are: (1) the
column width, and (2) the horizontal spacing of
the type to be used —both of which are necessary
for determining the character count per line of
finished VariTyper copy.

This procedure is called “Typing Manuscripts
to Specified Character Counts The following
example illustrates the basic steps.

TYPING MANUSCRIPTS
TO SPECIFIED CHARACTER COUNTS

EXAMPLE I

A small pamphlet is to be composed on a DS
VariTyper Machine. The column width picas)
and horizontal spacing for the body type (8 point,
“C” spacing type) are known before the final
draft of the manuscript is prepared. The Horizontal

Copyfitting Calculator indicates that an average
of 30 characters can be composed in a 10Vi pica
line, using a “C” spacing type. The typist was
instructed to set the margins of the typewriter
for 30 characters and not to type more than two
or three characters beyond the right margin
stop. The other instructions included the general
procedures for typing manuscripts. A paragraph
of a sample manuscript, typed according to the
above directions, is shown below (Figure 101).

SAMPLE MANUSCRIPT-Typed to a Specified
Character Count of 30 Characters.

Figure 101

Upon receiving this kind of typewritten manu¬
script the VariTyper operator can quickly count
the number of lines of copy and concentrate on
vertical copyfitting.

For jobs consisting of only a few pages, or when
it is only occasionally necessary to copyfit
a manuscript, this method can be used very
effectively by just typing on plain paper. However,
it can also be refined to accommodate the copy¬
fitting of lengthy publications (such as this
manual) or for jobs which are frequently repetitive
and have standardized formats such as a newspaper
or weekly and monthly bulletins.

PRE-PRINTED MANUSCRIPT LAYOUT SHEETS

The refinement of this system is to have manuscript
paper pre-printed with a layout consisting of
guide lines and numbers for the specific job. A
typical example of a pre-printed manuscript
layout sheet is the one used for this manual
(Figure 102, Page 64).

Analysis of the Layout Sheet (Figure 102)

1. The general information above the typing
area is self-explanatory.

2. The two identical rows of (consecutive)
numbers extending across the page indicate
the character count per line of copy.

3. The vertical numbers in the left margin area
identify the lines of copy (which are double
spaced) and enable an instant tally for each
page of manuscript.

4. The left margin vertical rule is the starting
point for the lines of copy.

5. The right margin (solid) vertical rule indicates
the stopping point for the character count of
the individual job (constructed at the 47th
character for this manual).

6. The broken vertical rule to the left of the
right margin rule indicates the point at which
a line is of sufficient length to be justified
automatically on the DS VariTyper Machine.
Regardless of the column width being used,
this justifying rule should always be con¬
structed seven characters to the left of the
right margin rule.

7. This layout sheet was prepared on and for
an elite typewriter since elite typewriters
were to be used for typing the final manuscript.
Another layout sheet could just as easily
have been prepared on and for a pica
typewriter.

8. The layout sheet was typed on paper for
photo offset reproduction.

An example of how this layout sheet was used for
this manual is shown on Page 65, Figure 103.
Compare the typewritten copy of the layout sheet
to the second and third paragraphs of column one
of this page. Although the finished VariTyper copy
does not match the typewritten manuscript
exactly (line for line) it does contain the same
number of lines.

SUGGESTIONS FOR PREPARING
MANUSCRIPT LAYOUT SHEETS

The following additional information will be
helpful in preparing manuscript layout sheets.

1. The original copy for manuscript layout
sheet may be prepared on paper for photo
offset, on direct image masters or on stencils
for mimeographing.

2. The original copy must be prepared to
accommodate the typewriter(s) to be used
for typing the final draft. If both elite and
pica typewriters are to be used, a master
should be made for each typewriter.

3. Double spacing should be used to allow for
at least 20 lines of copy. The lines should be
numbered consecutively in the left margin.

4. A master layout sheet may be prepared for
individual jobs by drawing the three vertical
lines on the master.

5. A master layout sheet may also be prepared
to accommodate a variety of jobs of different
column widths, in which case the following
instructions may be used:

a. The two rows of numbers (for the character
count per line of copy) can be extended
across the entire page to include the
character count for the maximum column
width that will be used.

b. The left margin rule may be drawn on the
master copy.

c. The right column rule and the “justifying
rule” should be omitted on the master
copy, in lieu of drawing them on the
individual pre-printed manuscript sheets —

(1) The right column rule should be drawn
with a black or blue pen or pencil.

(2) The “justifying rule” may be drawn as
a solid rule, but identified by using a
colored (red, green, etc.) marker.

LAYOUT FOR TYPING MANUSCRIPTS TO SPECIFIED CHARACTER COUNTS

r use with Elite Typewriters )
Title

Page _ of

Finished Column Width

Pages

e Style & Size

No. VT Characters/Column Width

1 2 3 h

123it567890123li567890123U567890123li567890I

5 6 7

.231*567 890l23li567890123U567 890

123U567890123li567896l23'li56'7890l23l£67B90|li3li567|B

1 2 3 h

'90123L567890123U567890

5 6 7

Figure 102

lli

•• -

LAYOUT FOR TYPING MANUSCRIPTS TO SPECIFIED CHARACTER COUNTS

use with Elite Typewriters )
Title

Page _ of

Finished Column Width

Pages

a Style & Size

No. VT Characters/Column Width

1 2 3 U

123U567890123U567890123U567890123U567890123U567|B

5 6 7

'90123U567 8901231x567890

For jobs consisting of only a few pages, or whe
it is only occasionally necessary to copy fit a
manuscript, this method can be used very effec
tively by just typing on plain paper. Hojwever, it
can also be refined to accommodate the copyfit¬
ting of lengthy publications (such as this man¬
ual) or for jobs which are frequently repetitiv
that have standardized formats such as a news¬
paper or weekly and monthly bulletins, j
PRE-PRINTED MANUSCRIPT LAYOUT SHEETS
The refinement of this system is to have manu¬
script paper pre-printed with a layout cpnsistilng
of guide lines and numbers, for the specific job
A typical example of a pre-printed manuscript
layout sheet is the one used for this mahual
(Figure 102, Page 64).

123li567B90l"23li5678 , 90lT3U567890123li567890lL23li567f5

1 2 3 li|

s90l23ii567B'9Ql23ix567690

5 6 7

Figure 103

Supervisors and owners of VariTVper Machines
will readily see the value of saving time and
money by using this system of Typing Manuscripts
to Specified Character Counts. However, its
effectiveness depends upon the typist’s under¬
standing the system and using it accurately.
Therefore, the following suggestions for the use
of the pre-printed manuscript paper are offered
as a guide for instructing typists.

INSTRUCTIONS TO TYPISTS USING
PRE-PRINTED MANUSCRIPT PAPER

1. Make sure the layout sheet matches the
spacing of the typewriter (pica or elite).

2. Place the paper in the carriage so that the
first letter (or character) of each line falls
just inside the left margin rule.

3. Set the margin stops according to the number
of characters indicated.

4. Use double spacing and position the first
line with number “1” in the left margin.

5. Type across the sheet. The broken line
(which is 7 characters before the right margin
rule) indicates a line of sufficient length to
automatically justify on DS VariTyper
Machines. All lines which are to be justified
must touch or extend beyond this broken
line.

6. It is permissible to type lines which extend
2 or 3 characters beyond the right margin
rule; however, this should not become the
general practice.

7. Start each section or chapter on a new sheet.

TYPING ON PLAIN PAPER

If this system is to be used and pre-printed
manuscript paper is not available, the typist
should be instructed in the procedure (Page 62).

HORIZONTAL COPYFITTING CALCULATOR

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(1) The larger figure is for copyfitting calculations. It
indicates the average number of VariTyper characters that

i , . n 1 , j i. i ,i i NOTE: The Horizontal Copy fitting Calculator, Part No. 10-1604-0

can be composed in the selected line length or column companion scale, the Line Spacing Scale, Part No. 10-1605-0 (Page

width. available. Order them through the local VariTyper Branch Sales

HORIZONTAL COPYFITTING CHART

Character Count and Increments for Specified Column Widths

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MEASURING LAYOUTS Notice that the seven lines of copy (Figure 109) are set at 11 point

If a rough or finished layout is furnished, the gauge may be placed on spacing. This was determined by aligning the first graduation of the

the various printing areas and used to measure them as has been various scales with the base line of the first line of copy until the

shown by using a straight edge. The horizontal lines of the layout proper scale was found; i.e., the base lines of subsequent lines will

will show through the slits between the scales (Figure 108). align with line spacing graduations of the scale.

RIBBON CHANGING INSTRUCTIONS

SMALL GROOVED SHIELD HOLDER

FEEDER WHEEL GUIDES Left Prong Right Prong GUIDES

RIBBON GUIDE

TAKE-UP SPOOL

Figure 110

STRAP SPINDLE

A. RIBBON THREADING INSTRUCTIONS

1. Lift metal strap holding the ribbon on the
spindle. Remove empty ribbon core.

2. Place ribbon on spindle as shown in
Figure 110. Note direction of ribbon feed
from spool.

3. Thread ribbon through guides in front of
ribbon shield holder. (Ribbon is threaded
through all guides, carbon side away from
operator.)

4. To remove shield from holder, press right
holder to the left. Reach behind paper table
with left hand and lift right side of shield
off prong. Lift shield off left prong.

5. Hold shield with ribbon holding guides
facing operator. Thread ribbon through
guides (right to left).

6. To replace shield, slip loop over prong of
left holder. Push right holder to the left
and drop loop over prong.

7. Thread ribbon through next two guides.

8. Hold open small grooved feeder wheel and
place ribbon between the two feeder wheels.

9. Thread ribbon through remaining guides.

10. Slide ribbon in slot in left side of take-up
spool, carbon side toward you. Leave about
one inch of ribbon hanging out to the left.

11. Hold open small grooved feeder wheel and
turn right side of spool, top away from
operator, about four turns to wind a few
inches of ribbon.

B. REMOVING TAKE-UP SPOOL

1. Hold right side of spool with right hand.

2. Turn left side of spool with left hand, away
from operator, until it stops.

3. Pull spool to the left to remove.

C. ASSEMBLING TAKE-UP SPOOL

1. Place left side of spool on shaft and push
toward right side of spool until it stops.

2. Hold right side of spool.

3. Turn left side, top toward operator, until
it snaps into place.

ENGLISH AND INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE CODERS

The DS VariTyper Machine has a special device
which controls the spacing (increment values) of
each key of the keyboard. It is called a coder
and it can be removed from the machine. The
English coder is used for the majority of English
type fonts.

The basic alphabets of most international
languages vary to such an extent that they cannot
be adapted to the same increment pattern as
English types. Therefore, international language
coders are available to change the keyboard
spacing to accommodate various language types.

When ordering types, check with your local
VariTyper branch sales office to determine if a
coder is required, and which coder to order.
Different sizes and styles of types are available
in approximately sixty languages.

CAP and SMALL CAP CODER

In addition to the many international language
coders there is another coder available which
greatly increases the scope of VariTyper Machine
composition. This coder is called the Cap and
Small Cap Coder. With this coder you can use
the cap and small cap types.

One popular series of cap and small cap types
is the Copperplate Gothic series, known also as
the 2000 series. There are 12 sizes of this design,
3 sizes in each of the four horizontal spacings,
and each type has 2 sizes of capital letters.

These types are ideal for forms composition. The
smaller sizes are especially popular because
they enable more copy to be fit into a small
amount of space.

Other cap and small cap types are available for
Roman styles such as Bodoni Book and Garamond.
These designs are popular for programs, column
headings on price lists and other tabular material,
business cards, and a variety of special uses.

When using the Cap and Small Cap Coder, the
large capitals take the same number of increments
as the capitals of any English type — 4 increments,
except for I, J and S. The small capitals, however,
take 3 increments — except I (2), and W and M (4
each). Thus, copy composed in small capitals
requires less space than that composed in the
large capital letters.

REMOVING THE CODER

1. Move Diff-Std lever to “Std” position.

2. Open cover.

3. Lift “bails” that rest on coder.

4. Lift out coder, using the curved brackets on
each side of coder (Figure 111).

INSERTING THE CODER

1. Place coder in machine. Press down on
curved brackets until it snaps into position.
If this is not done unit spacing will result.

2. Drop bails over coder.

3. Close cover.

4. Move Diff-Std lever to “Diff” position.

VARITYPER AUTO-WIND ROLLER ATTACHMENT

The Auto-Wind Roller Attachment eliminates the
wooden roller previously used to roll paper masters
into the VariTyper Machine. The roller (Figure
113-1) is mounted under the feed rolls and is
controlled by a lever on the left side of carriage.

OPERATING PROCEDURE

1. Hold Auto-Wind Roller release lever (Figure
112-1) forward and slowly rotate right feed
roll knob toward front of machine until the
release lever comes all the way forward
opening the roller.

2. Open feed rolls.

3. Insert paper master. Make sure the master
is fully bottomed in roller.

4. Return release lever to closed position.

5. Close feed rolls.

6. Roll paper master down by rotating feed roll
knobs toward the front of the machine.

7. To remove master, simply feed it out of
the machine.

To reinsert a paper master that has been removed
from the roller, first straighten the bottom edge
of the master then proceed as outlined above.

If necessary, the Auto-Wind Roller Attachment
can be removed and reinstalled by the operator.

Figure 112

1 — Release Lever

2 —Detent Spring Stud

3 — Detent Spring

4 —Feed Roll Hanger

Shaft

5 — Col Iar

6 — Left Roller Bracket

7 — Left Roller Bracket

Mounting Screw

8 — Spacer

9 —Margin Rack Adjusting

Stud Bracket

REMOVAL PROCEDURE

1. Remove the two screws holding right roller
bracket (Figure 113-3,4). Remove roller and
bracket assembly from machine.

2. Remove collar (Figure 112-5) holding release
lever (Figure 112-1) and left roller bracket
(Figure 112-6).

On machines equipped with Linomatic line
feed, the collar (Figure 112-5) cannot be
removed. It is necessary only to loosen the
collar screw and move collar to the left to
remove left roller bracket and release lever.

3. Remove left roller bracket mounting screw
and spacer (Figure 112-7, 8) and slide bracket,
release lever, and release lever hub off feed
roll hanger shaft (Figure 112-4).

On machines equipped with Linomatic line
feed, pull left roller bracket and release
lever off feed roll hanger shaft toward front
of machine.

4. Replace bracket mounting screw.

REINSTALLATION PROCEDURE

Reverse removal procedure.

Figure 113

I — Auto-Wind Rol ler
2-Feed Roll Shaft
Gear

3 —Right Roller Bracket
Mounting Screws

4 —Right Roller Bracket

5 —Auto-Wind Roller

Retaining Col lar

6 —Auto-Wind Roller

Shaft Gear

VARITYPER MODEL 610F

NOMENCLATURE

1. Type Change Key

2. Impression Lever (insert)

3. Repeat Key

4. Increment Space Key

5. Figure Lock Lever

6. Capital Lock Lever

7. Figure Key

8. Capital Key

9. Ruling Switch

10. Type Drawer

11. Space Bar

12. Differential-Standard Lever

13. Three Increment Back
Space Key

14. Increment Back Space Key

15. Tabulator Key

16. Non-Print Lever

18. Horizontal Spacing Lever

19. Front Cover

20. Margin Dial

21. Justifier Dial

22. Anvil

23. Linomatic Mechanism

a. Dial

b. Point Indicator

c. Line Feed Lever

d. Line Feed Control Lever

24. Feed Roll Knob

25. Feed Rolls

26. Paper Basket

27. Margin Scale

a. Justifier Dial
Adjuster Knob

28. VariLine Gear

29. Actuating Bar Lock

30. Feed Roll Release Lever

31. Carriage Release Lever

32. Paper Table

a. Top Metal Rail

33. Paper Guides

34. Horizontal Plotting Scale

35. Gunsight

a. Adjusting Knob

36. Horizontal Centering Scale

37. Paper Table Scale

KEYBOARD —VARITYPER MODEL 610

NOMENCLATURE

1. Type Change Key

12. Differential-Standard

20. Margin Dial

3. Repeat Key

Lever

a. Vertical Line

4. Increment Space Key

13. Three Increment Back

b. Face

5. Figure Lock Lever

Space Key

c. Pointer

6. Capital Lock Lever

14. Increment Back

d. Outer Rim

7. Figure Key

Space Key

21. Justifier Dial

8. Capital Key

15. Tabulator Key

a. Face

10. Type Drawer

16. Non-Print Lever

b. Pointer

11. Space Bar

19. Front Cover

c. Light

©© 0©©©0

MODEL 610 OPERATING CONTROLS

Controls not mentioned are located in same
position as on VariTyper Model 660.

IMPRESSION CONTROL LEVER

Since a great variety of sizes, styles and weights
of types can be used on a VariTyper Machine it
is logical that different types require different
impressions (the force with which the hammer
presses the paper and carbon ribbon against
the type font). The force of the hammer stroke
can be varied by setting the impression control
lever (2), located on left side of machine. These
impression settings range from 1 to 7 (the
heaviest impression). The proper impression
setting varies according to the type style and
size. Large, bold types require a heavy impression
(7), whereas a small, sharp type would need a
light impression (1 or 2).

INCREMENT SPACE KEY

The increment space key (4) 6/3 space) is located
to extreme left of middle row on keyboard. When
pressed will move carriage forward 1 increment.

CAP SHIFT AND FIG SHIFT KEYS

Press cap key (8) to raise type to print a capital
letter, and press fig key (7) to raise type to
print a figure or symbol.

CAP LOCK LEVER AND FIG LOCK LEVER

To lock the type font in position to print all
capital letters; or, characters on the figure row,
press cap key and pull cap lock lever (6) forward;
or, press fig key and pull fig lock lever (5)
forward. To unlock these keys, push their
respective lock levers back.

RULING SWITCH

Ruling mechanism is equipped with a toggle
ruling switch (9). For continuous action push,
and hold switch to left. For individual strokes
push switch to right.

DIFFERENTIAL-STANDARD LEVER

To accommodate both differential and standard
spacing types on the DS VariTyper Machine a
Diff-Std lever (12) is provided. For differential
spacing the lever is pushed in. For standard
spacing it is pulled out.

HORIZONTAL SPACING LEVER

Located on right side of machine is the horizontal
spacing lever (18) consisting of 4 different slots.
Each marked with a letter and a number. Lower
the lever and lift into desired slot.

CHANGING RIBBON ON 610 MODELS

Pull carriage all the way to the right. Remove
front cover carefully by lifting up and towards you.
The ribbon cup is located on left side of machine
in vertical position and is removed by grasping
its top end and lifting with a slight rotating motion.

Turn the cup so that the spindle on which the
ribbon turns is up. Place ribbon spool in cup, so
that it turns counterclockwise.

Replace ribbon cup. Make certain cup is down in
machine as far as it will go. Cup is in proper
operating position when ribbon pulls freely.

To remove ribbon shield from holder, press right
prong of holder to left. Grasp shield and lift it
off holder prongs.

Hold shield with pointer up and the two ribbon
slots facing you. Thread ribbon through guide
(left to right). Then, holding ribbon with carbon
side away from you, thread it through the ribbon
slots.

Replace shield by dropping each loop on holder
prongs. Press right prong to the left when replac¬
ing shield. Pull ribbon through guide on right side
until it reaches two small feeder wheels. Push
back the smaller wheel and slip ribbon between
wheels. Press any key on keyboard several times
to see if ribbon is moving. (Ribbon will not move
when you press space bar or when non-print key
is set for non-print).

On the right side of
the machine, near
the carriage, is a
ribbon control knob
which actuates the
ribbon feed wheels.
Whenever you wish to feed a small amount of rib¬
bon through the machine, turn the control knob
toward you. Turn ribbon feed control knob to check
if ribbon is moving.

VARITYPER MODELS TO MEET SPECIFIC NEEDS

VARITYPER MODELS 519* and 565*

The primary function of the Model 519 and 565
VariTyper Machines is the composition of forms.
As an aid to more uniform impression these models
employ character suppression in addition to the
regular suppression of the comma, period and
hyphen punctuation marks.

These models do not have the automatic justifier
mechanism. Justification is accomplished by
using the “manual method” (Page 43).

Basic instructions for the operation of VariTyper
Model 519 are the same as for VariTyper Model
610 and instructions for Model 565 are the same
as for Model 660. Both Model 519 and 565 have
several modifications.

1. Spacing mechanism allows for one-increment
characters in addition to the existing two,
three, and four increment characters on
conventional DS machines.

a. Special type fonts (5000 series) are
designed to take advantage of this one-
increment spacing (Figure 114).

b. Special one-increment coder is supplied
to accommodate one-increment type fonts.

c. Engage one-increment spacing attachment
by setting one-increment control lever in
horizontal position (Figure 115).

2. Not limited to one-increment type fonts.

a. Replace one-increment coder with
“modified” English coder (or international
language type fonts and their appropriate
coders).

b. Disengage one-increment spacing attach¬
ment by raising control lever to vertical
position.

Lower Case

Cap Shift
Fig Shift

INCREMENT CHART

1 Inc.

2 Inc.

3 Inc.

4 Inc.

fijlrt,.;

abcdeghkno

pqsuvxyz-

m w

1..:!

BE FJKLP

R ST X Y Z

ACDGH
NOQU V

M W

1 234567890

#$«*/£?

- & @

% V4 1/2 3,4

Space bar takes two increments

Figure 114

Figure 115

VARITYPER MODELS 530* 584* and 570*

Basic instructions for the operation of Models
530 and 584 are the same as for Model 610. Models
530 and 584 do not have the automatic justifier.
Justification is accomplished by using the
“manual method” (Page 43). Either model would
suffice where the major work load would be
other than justified text matter. These models
differ only in carriage length. Model 530 is
equipped with a 20 inch, open-end carriage
suitable for oversize material. Model 584 is
equipped with the conventional 16 inch, open-end
carriage (Figure 116).

Model 570 comprises all the features of the
Model 530, plus automatic ribbon rewind and
on-off switch. Operator instructions are the same
as for the Model 660. (No justifying mechanism).

Figure 116

* “F” after model number indicates ruling attachment

VARITYPER MODELS 582* and 595*

Basic instructions for the operation of Model 582
are the same as for VariTyper Model 610. In¬
structions for the operation of Model 595 are
the same as for Model 660. Models 582 and 595
do not have the automatic justifier mechanism
and have only two (2) character spacings, they
are “A” and “C”. Therefore, only A and C
spacing type fonts will space properly on these
models. Justification is accomplished by the
“manual method” (Page 43). These models would
suffice when VariTyper Machine would be used
for a specific job requiring only A or C spacing
and a limited amount of justification.

Figure 117

VARITYPER MODEL 585*

The VariTyper Engineering Model 585 (Figure 117)
is used primarily in drafting rooms. It is designed
especially for composing copy on engineering
tracings or drawings. Basic instructions for the
operation of this model are the same as for
Model 610. In addition to the features of the
Model 610 (minus justifier mechanism), the Model
585. is equipped with:

1. 24 inch, open-end carriage .

2. Upper paper basket to support upper portion
of drawing or tracing during typing operation.

3. Extended levers — Carriage release lever,
line feed lever and feed roll release lever
are extended so they can be reached above
the upper paper basket.

4. Both carbon ribbon and fabric ribbon holders.

a. Carbon ribbon insertion same as Model 610.

b. Fabric ribbon insertion.

(1) Remove knobs from both ribbon cups.

(2) Attach hook on end of fabric ribbon to
center of empty spool.

(3) With full spool at left and empty spool
at right insert ribbon into fabric ribbon
shield (06-0166-1) (Figure 118).

(a) Lift entire assembly and place in
machine (shield insertion same as
Model 610).

(4) Ribbon control knob (Page 77) controls
direction of ribbon motion.

5. Long rollers to handle large drawings and
tracings, one in paper basket to control
bottom and one in upper basket to receive
material as it is composed.

6. Stanchions and interlocking plastic rollers
to accommodate large tracings (over 6 feet
in width).

QStt^TliO

Figure 118

VARITYPER MODELS 681* and 695*

VariTyper Models 681 and 695 have reverse
carriages to accommodate Hebrew and Arabic
type composition. Both Model 681 and 695 have
3 horizontal spacings-A, B and C. Basic operation
of Model 681 corresponds to operation of Model
610 and Model 695 corresponds to Model 660;
both with reverse structure:

1. Marginal dial rotates counter-clockwise.

2. Marginal stops reversed—permanent stop
on right side of marginal scale and removable
stop on left side of scale.

3. Actuating bar lock located at left end of
carriage.

Other parts remain same as on conventional
DS VariTyper Machines.

VARITYPER MODELS 900F and 940F

Models 900F and 940F were designed to meet
the needs of the VariTyper FotoList Camera.
Operation of these 2 VariTyper Machines are
covered in a separate manual.

* “F” after model number indicates ruling attachment

VARITYPER RIBBON SHIELDS

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13-1011-0* CARBON PAPER AND VARICLEAR RIBBON
SHIELD for use on all Differential Spacing models and all
Unit Spacing models except VariTyper Branding Machine
and Unit Spacing machines below Serial No. 517007.

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7 -

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06-0187-0* CARBON PAPER AND VARICLEAR RIBBON
SHIELD for use on VariTyper Branding Machine and all
Unit Spacing models below Serial No. 517007.

06-0127-0 CLOTH RIBBON SHIELD for use on all Unit
Spacing and Differential Spacing models equipped with a
cloth ribbon mechanism.

06-0144-0 TWO-COLOR CLOTH RIBBON SHIELD for use
on all Unit Spacing and Differential Spacing models equip¬
ped with a two-color cloth ribbon mechanism.

06-0166-1 CLOTH RIBBON SHIELD for use with silk
ribbon or heavily inked cotton ribbon on Engineering
Lettering Machine and other VariTyper machines equip¬
ped with a cloth ribbon mechanism.

06-0166-0 TWO-COLOR CLOTH RIBBON SHIELD for

use with two-color silk ribbon or heavily inked two-color
cotton ribbon on Engineering Lettering Machine and other
VariTyper machines equipped with two-color cloth ribbon
mechanism.

06-0236-0 CARBON PAPER AND VARICLEAR RIBBON
SHIELD for use on all VariTyper models when used to
prepare masters for reproduction on spirit duplicators. Also
all VariTyper models when used for cutting wax stencils.

*NOTE: The opening in shield 06-0787-0 is wider than the opening
in shield 13-1011-0. As a means of quick identification, shield
06-0187-0 has a hole punched through the metal below the opening.

WHEN ORDERING SPECIFY NUMBER AS WELL AS NAME OF SHIELD

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1 —

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PROOFREADER’S MARKS

Insert space(or more space)
Delete, take out

I ■... 3 Em quad space or indention
Indent 2 em quads
Indent 3 em quads
Let it stand
Begin a paragraph
No paragraph
Run in or run on
Period
Comma

i §

Semicolon and Colon
Apostrophe or single quote

\^f y y

Quotation marks quotes
Question mark or “Query”
Exclamation point or “bang”
Hyphen (fifty one)

Reverse (upside-down type jo cut)
Spell out (20 gr.)

X ( Broken letter

Set in roman (or regular) type
Move to right

Move to left

Straighten line (horizontally)

Align type (vertically)

Transpose enclosed in ring matter
or paragarph
Take out lead or space

Close up en tirely (take out space)

Equalize space between words

LETTER-SP A CE

Wrong font (size or style of type)
Set in LOWER CASE

Set in capitals

Lower case with Initial Caps

SET IN small capitals

Set in italic (or oblique type)
Set in lightface type
Set in boldface type

CORRECTIONS AND PASTE-UP

CORRECTIONS

“To err is human” applies to VariTyper operators.
All copy can be corrected, the method to use is
determined by the type of material being used
for the job.

STENCILS •

1. Burnish error (burnisher furnished with bottle
of correction fluid sold by stencil manu¬
facturers).

2. Align and type correction.

DIRECT IMAGE PAPER MASTERS, VELLUM
OR TRACING CLOTH

1. With Multilith eraser, use straight stroke and
clean eraser often.

2. After erasing, align and type correct character,
word, etc.

COMPOSITION PAPER

Copy prepared on composition paper is reproduced
by the photo-offset process. From the “master
copy” a negative is made and from the negative
a metal plate is made for the offset press.

Due to the sensitivity of the camera erasures
are not made on the master copy. The following
“tools” are recommended to aid in correcting
copy:

1. Light table

2. X-acto knife or single edge razor blade

3. Straight edge

4. Rubber cement or special wax

5. White scotch tape

Corrections are made by one of two methods:
1. Mortise (definition: to cut a hole; fasten
securely).

a. Correction is typed on side of copy or
on another sheet of paper.

b. Using light table, place correction over
error (align accurately).

c. Correction and error are cut out together
using X-acto knife or single edge razor
blade.

d. Discard error and tape correction in opening
from back of sheet (use white scotch tape).

2. Paste-over

a. Correction is typed on side of copy or
on another sheet of paper.

b. Apply a light coat of rubber cement or
special wax* to back of correction.

c. Trim correction to fit over error.

d. Place correction on top of error, align
and firmly press into place.

• Detailed instructions for use of stencils will be
found in the Unit Spacing VariTyper Machine manual.

* If wax is used it is usually applied with a coating
machine which by the use of a cylinder turning in a
trough of hot melted wax leaves a thin coating on the
paper when it is run through the machine (copy side up).

1 — White Scotch Tape

and Dispenser

2 —Rubber Cement

3 — Dividers

4 — Triangle

5 —X-acto Knife

6—White Water Color
Paint

7 — Brushes

8 — Stylus Pin

9 — Blue PenciIs

10 —Pica and Inch Rule
I I — Scissors
12 —Single Edge Razor
Blade

I 3 — Burnisher

14 — T-square

15 — Parallel Rule

Figure 119

LAYOUT AND PASTE-UP

After correcting copy the next step is the paste¬
up. The copy is first coated on the back with a
light coat of rubber cement or special wax*. Then
by the careful use of a paper cutter, X-acto
knife, razor blade or scissors the waxed copy
will be cut apart. Skill will be developed in
cutting very close to the type where it is required
that the copy be placed in a small space such as
between rules or in small boxes.

As the copy is cut apart it should be placed in a
safe location to eliminate losing small pieces.

Forget the copy for a moment and prepare layout
sheet (or board). The page size, margins and
copy area have been determined before the copy
was composed (usually specified by the editor).

Using a light blue pencil (as the camera and film
used will not reproduce blue) mark the margins,
center, gutter between columns and any other
points to assist in positioning copy correctly.

A layout sheet graduated in picas both horizontally
and vertically will aid in paste-up. However, if
not available, the plain paper or board can be
attached to the drawing board, straightened with
T-square or parallel rule and secured with thumb
tacks.

From this point on the important thing is to have
copy in its proper location and properly aligned.

Tools for paste-up work are used to insure
straight copy both horizontally and vertically.

Copy will be lifted, piece by piece, and placed
in proper position on layout sheet or board.
Lifting can be done by using' point of X-acto
knife or stylus pins. The parallel rule or T-
square aid in aligning copy. Dividers can be
opened to exact distance between two points
and then compared to copy in other areas that
must be the same. By squaring parallel rule,
holding bottom rule firmly and moving top rule to
different lines of copy the alignment can be
checked and straightened.

Until copy has been burnished it can be moved.
When alignment is correct, burnish copy. This
is done by placing tissue paper over copy and
pressing copy down with a rubbing motion. The
reason for the tissue is to prevent copy from
smearing and also to prevent copy from moving
out of position.

After copy is positioned properly any dirt or
unwanted marks can be removed by using either:

1. Rubber cement pick-up (which can be pur¬
chased at art supply stores; or, can be made
by allowing some rubber cement to solidify
and making a ball out of it).

2. White paint and brush (cover dirt, etc. up).

When layout is complete, protect with acetate
cover. It is now ready for camera.

* If wax is used it is usually applied with a coating machine which by the use of a cylinder turning in a trough of
hot melted wax leaves a thin coating on the paper when it is run through the machine (copy side up).

CARE OF VARITYPER MACHINES

The quality of the final copy produced on the
VariTyper Machine is dependent to a great degree
upon the care given the machine.

WHEN MACHINE IS NOT IN USE

1. Open feed rolls (platens, when subjected to
continuous pressure on a small area have a
tendency to develop flat spots).

2. Machines equipped with the “on-off” switch
should be off when not in use.

3. Set the impression control lever at 1.

4. Remove type fonts from machine and place
in type font drawer (owner’s option).

5. Lower anvil.

6 . Cover machine (at night or when not being
used for any long period of time).

CLEANING MACHINE AND TYPE

1 . Clean feed rolls at least once a week. Lack
of frequent cleaning may cause slippage of
paper, inaccurate alignment, unevenness of
feed rolls and other unsatisfactory conditions.

2. Clean type fonts and anvil as often as
necessary, using a soft cloth.

a. Clean back of type thoroughly with a
cloth. (Most dirt on a type collects on
the back). Never soak types in alcohol
or other cleaning agents.

b. Insert card stock in anvil slot. Run it
back and forth in slot several times and
around on sides of anvil.

c. Turn anvil around and clean other side
in same manner. (A sheet of paper folded
twice may be substituted for card.)

d. Clean outer surface of anvil with cloth.
PRECAUTION: When replacing types in type
drawer, place them carefully in slot. Careless
handling may cause damage to web and result
in type “sticking” in anvil; or worse yet, damage
beyond repair. If type sticks in anvil after both
anvil and type are perfectly clean, contact Vari¬
Typer Service Representative. Do not attempt
to bend or adjust type.

3 . Clean paper basket by wrapping cloth around
end of split wooden roller and pushing it
through basket.

4. Reach behind paper table and wipe alignment
guides with cloth.

5. Clean ribbon shield as often as required to
assure top performance of the machine,
a. If shield becomes damaged around window

opening, replace with new shield. A
damaged shield may cause frequent ribbon
breakage, shield marks around letters,
incomplete characters, or carbon flaking
on copy.

6 . Brush the grooves in both wheels of carbon
ribbon feed. A dry brush will usually clean
the wheels sufficiently. Hold a piece of
paper under wheels while cleaning to prevent
carbon from dropping into machine.

SOURCE OF POWER

Most VariTyper Machines are equipped with a
Universal 110-volt motor, which will operate on
AC or DC current. For 220-volt current a 220-volt
motor must be used.

When ordering VariTyper Machines equipped
with the ruling device it is imperative that
voltage and cycle be specified.

VariTyper Machines being used near electronic
equipment may have the motors “shielded” to
eliminate interference with other equipment.

While typing a slight “whirring” sound will be
heard after every 19 strokes on the keyboard. This
sound is the winding of a tension spring that
gives the machine mechanical power for the next
19 strokes.

Make certain that the machine is plugged in and
when equipped with “off-on” switch, that switch
is “on” (designated by lumination of on-off
switch light).

OPERATOR’S CHECK LIST BEFORE CONTACTING SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

1. If machine stops during typing operation

1 . Check to see if machine is plugged into
electrical outlet. If machine is equipped
with “off-on” switch check to see if it
is “on”.

2. If letters appear too crowded

2. Check to see if horizontal spacing lever
is set at correct spacing for the type.

3. If letters are irregularly spaced

3. Check Differential — Standard Lever. Lever
must be pushed to the left for differential
types (style numbers of 600 or above).
Also, if Coder has been removed check
to see if it is properly re-inserted.

4. If copy is too light

4. Set impression control lever to heavier
impression setting. Check ribbon; be sure
it is moving through machine.

5. If type sticks in anvil (does not return to
center after a letter is struck)

5. Clean outside of anvil and anvil slot.
Clean back of type.

6 . If feed rolls appear shiny or glossy

6 . This is usually the result of improper
cleaning. Clean feed rolls thoroughly with
cloth dampened with denatured alcohol.

Rub well until rolls show a dull finish.

7 . If paper slips in feed rolls

7. Clean feed rolls thoroughly. If paper
continues to slip, have rolls adjusted by
VariTyper Service Representative.

8 . If machine does not justify

8 . Check actuating bar lock; pull lever
to right.

9. If ruled lines do not join when using
forms ruling device

9. Check horizontal spacing lever to see
if it is set at correct spacing for segment
type being used.

10. Shield marks on copy

10. Impression too high. Dirty or damaged
shield. Shield not properly positioned
on prongs.

EXERCISE I

This exercise is designed to establish the proper speed at which beginning operators should compose
copy and to develop the correct technique of bottoming each key, which enables the machine to do its job.

INSTRUCTIONS:

Type the combinations of letters as shown, all caps, using an “A” or “B” spacing type.

VTB XNS YLF GPE FKN QMJ IRZ CWA FTV
UKL WSE PTS VWF GLN YMI RTC BWA EZQ

QYUT IERO PWQU AHLS DJGK ZNVM XCMJ
QJND PBIK NTYL 1MIC XIQU PZWH EOAI

DQOKN GPAMS XLENY CNTLQ OZWMI ZXUHT
YEDWT NPKOM URIEB FYRLX IKAHG IEAOZ

KAW FNEPZL PBN MWAOSTIH NQAMOPE NT RGUA US A ALNOKW
ID RGW ARTOW ID RTOW XINOIAIS IB RGW CLEUR0T1E NISWK

YJOD OD YJR Y0,R GPT S:: HPPF ,RM YP YP,R YP YJR SOFP
PG JOD QSTYU

BUN

AREWWR BYNVERS

AREW1R BYNVWEA XIBRAUB DUFYEWA WQUEOPTYEU
CLEURTOWE XIEOIELRUIB YQO DEWKUBFGYTAWB LC1BYW
BWQLEJM BWQ HWEAWT

FORM DS1 12/64

EXERCISE 2

INSTRUCTIONS: (Strive for perfect copy)

Compose this paragraph, line for line, using A, B, C and D spacing types. Set Linomatic on line spacing
indicated on each type. There will be four paragraphs when finished.

NOTE: Save these paragraphs for future use.

A DEDICATION

When the newspapers reported General Alfred
Gruenther's gift of President Wilson's typewriter
to President Kennedy, there were many who felt that
the full story should be told . . . the story of
the machine's conception and birth, of its years of
inactivity and of its colorful resurrection. And
what could be more logical than to tell this story
on the very machine that is the direct descendant
of Mr. Wilson's typewriter. This book, therefore,
is dedicated to the President of the United States,

John F. Kennedy, whose sense of history permitted
him to give of his valuable time that the event may
be known to the world at large. Grateful acknow¬
ledgement is made, also, to those history-conscious
individuals who, appreciating the significance of
the full story, urged it into print.

STOP! BEGIN NOW, TO LEARN HOW TO EXAMINE COPY CRITICALLY.

Before proceeding to the next exercise, compare the spacing of letters in copy you composed to the
spacing in the samples below.

If the letter spacing in your copy is not nearly perfect, chances are you are trying to type too fast. This
will be noticeable in combinations of letters in words most frequently used, such as: the, of, to there,
who, that, be, its, etc.; or similar letter combinations in longer words.

A DEDICATION 1000-12A

When the newspapers reported General Alfred
Gruenther’s gift of President Wilson’s typewriter
to President Kennedy, there were many who felt that
the full story should be told ... the story of
the machine’s conception and birth, of its years of
inactivity and of its colorful resurrection. And
what could be more logical than to tell this story
on the very machine that is the direct descendant
of Mr. Wilson’s typewriter. This book, therefore,
is dedicated to the President of the United States,
John F. Kennedy, whose sense of history permitted
him to give of his valuable time that the event may
be known to the world at large. Grateful acknow¬
ledgement is made, also, to those history-conscious
individuals who, appreciating the significance of
the full story, urged it into print.

A DEDICATION 1000-8C

A DEDICATION 1010-7D

John F. Kennedy, whose sense of history permitted

FORM DS2 12/64

EXERCISE 3

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Select a C spacing type and set machine as indicated on type font.

2. Select an A spacing type for heading, to be set flush with left margin.

NOTE: Do not change machine settings.

3. Set heading with A spacing type, inserting one increment between letters and six increments
between words.

4. Space two line spaces after heading before starting body copy. Type paragraph.

METHODS OF COMPOSING COPY

The type casting machine utilizes a reservoir of molten metal
from which selected type characters are automatically cast. The
resulting product is further processed for printing through the
skill of "compositors” before it can actually be used in the
printing press.

The VariTyper Machine makes direct impressions of selected
type characters on paper for layout paste-up or on direct image
masters, stencils and other duplicating surfaces. The VariTyper
Machine provides master copy for reproduction by any duplicating
or printing process.

FORM DS3 12/64

EXERCISE 4

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Select two B spacing types. Roman type for heading and body copy, and its matching italic for
underlined words in manuscript.

2. Set machine as indicated on type fonts.

3 . Insert Roman style on 1-dot side of anvil. Insert Roman Italic on 2-dot side of anvil.

4. Compose heading flush with left margin. Space two line spaces after heading before starting body
copy.

5. Compose paragraph line for line. Remember to swing types around by using anvil knob.

CONCEIVED IN WAR

A young Civil War correspondent read his own dispatches in the newspapers
and was dismayed and angered at the garbled way in which they had reached print.
His handwritten reports had been completely misread and the printed stories were
a source of embarrassment to him. There was little he could do about it; the
urgency of getting his stories to the telegraph stations afforded little time
for exercises in penmanship. Resignedly, he consigned his hastily written reports
to the indifference of the telegraphers and typesetters. Dissatisfaction often
breeds creativity, and during lulls in military action he daydreamed, conjuring
up mental images of " miracle machines ” that would write mechanically with
printer's type. The writing would be so clear that even a careless telegrapher
could transmit his stories without error. The Civil War dragged on. James B.
Hammond, the young correspondent, continued to see his stories misinterpreted
and misprinted. His dreams of a miraculous writing machine crystalized to the
extent that he began to put them down on paper in the form of sketches. That was
the beginning of the Hammond Typewriter, one of the earliest practical writing
machines, the machine which was to become so closely identified with President
Wilson . It was conceived in war and destined to serve in war as in peace with
great distinction.

FORM DS4 12/64

EXERCISE 5

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Select two D spacing types; a Roman style for body copy, and a Sans Serif style for words underlined.

2. Set machine as indicated on D spacing type font.

3. Select a B spacing type for heading. Leave machine at D spacing settings. “Letter Space” heading:
add 1 increment between letters, 6 increments between words.

4. Compose heading and space 2 line spaces before beginning paragraph.

COLD TYPE COMPOSITION

" COLD TYPE " is a name first applied to copy which
comes from a VariTyper Machine, by professional
printers, to differentiate this method of type
composition from type casting methods using molten
metal or " Hot Type ". The absence of heat in the
VariTyper Method has gained for it the descriptive
title " Cold Type ".

FORM DS5 12/64

EXERCISE 6

An excellent exercise to assist in learning the increment values of characters on the DS VariTyper
Machine keyboard.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Do not use margin stop.

2. Compose copy near center of paper.

3. Set machine for proper horizontal and vertical spacings for type being used (type style and size
optional).

4. Set margin pointer (20c) even with vertical line (20a) of margin dial.

a. Count number of increments in each word (or, if group of words, words and spaces); press
increment back space key (14) once for each increment counted.

b. Type word (or words)—the pointer will be aligned with the vertical line on margin dial when
word is completed — unless, of course, increment count was not correct.

c. Feed paper for next word and repeat procedure.

If, after the third attempt, the count is still wrong go on to the next word. When another word does not
come out correctly, compare this word with the other incorrect word(s) to see if they contain some
identical letters for which the wrong increment count may have been given.

Wm Flit, Jr.
$980.72
High Fidelity

TOTAL

SPARE

JOINS

guide

shoes

Schooner

(Notes)

Leaving?

TWICE

Switch

Danger!

Notice:

4/2%

Justice
P.A. SYSTEM
“No”

SALE 30th
14 Sale
A. T. & T.

A & P
LE 2-0300
Justifier
Cheque

8/24/64

l-%

grim

Steam

$98.50

Japan

JAPAN

walls

WALLS

Hi-Fi

hi-fi

John, Jr.

(NOTE)

Whereas

Abraham Lincoln

Roman

Sans-Serif

Model 660

TOTAL TIME

Anvil

“Dream”

Initiate
initial
water
WATER
9:00 A.M.

The sample below shows the desired result from this exercise-even right hand margin.

TOTAL

SPARE

JOINS

guide

shoes

Schooner
Wm Flit, Jr.
$980.72
High Fidelity
(Notes)
Leaving?

TWICE

Switch

FORM DS6 12/64

EXERCISE 7

INSTRUCTIONS:

Heading above each pre-ruled box is to be centered within that box. Select the indicated spacing types
(A, B, C or D) for each group of boxes.

Shield point method of centering headings horizontally in pre-ruled boxes.

1 . Align the point of the shield with the left margin of the box.

2. Engage non-print lever and blind type the heading.

3. Count the number of “m’s” and/or increments used to fill out the space until the shield is aligned
with the right margin of the box, and mentally divide it in half.

4. Re-align the shield point with the left margin of the box, space in two increments plus half the
amount of space figured above.

5. Disengage non-print lever and compose copy. It will be centered horizontally within the box.

When Exercise 7 is used for both Horizontal and Vertical centering follow instructions for vertical
centering, Page 36 and 37.

-A SPACING-

- B SPACING -

MANAGER-VANDERBILT CHEF’S SPECIAL

ALL THE NEWS
THAT’S FIT
TO PRINT

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT _

BULLETIN OPERATOR TRAINING SCHOOL

NOMIC

REVIEW

-C SPACING -

BASIC TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR VARITYPER OPERATORS

COMMERCE

AND

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

WASH AND WEAR REGULAR FABRICS

NEWARK, N.J.

-D SPACING -

1960-1961
ADVANCED CLASS
FOR SUPERVISORS
AND CHIEF OPERATORS

POLICE DEPT. COUNTY OF ESSEX

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
PILLSBURY BULLETIN

FORM DS7 12/64

EXERCISE 8

w B-IO

^ *! > ^Vi

lO'tXttcs, /Zr ^

PJ&ct l /*/ o^j *- 1 ^/

PART A

INSTRUCTIONS:

I tfl/**' ‘

PART C

INSTRUCTIONS:

Using any available “B” type font and leader
segment compose the following in a 2% inch
column.

Using any available “D” type font and leader
segment compose the following in a 2 inch
column.

HOUSEHOLD INVENTORY

Air Conditioner. 1

Chairs. 15

China (pieces).150

Cupboards. 1

Dinette Set. 1

Dish Washer. 1

Radio. 5

Refrigerator. 1

Rugs. 7

Sofa. 2

Silver (pieces).150

Stove. 1

Television. 2

PART B

GROCERY STOCK SHEET

Canned Goods CASES

Asparagus. 1

Beans.10

Carrots. 12

Corn.10

Onions. 5

Red Cabbage. 5

Small Potatoes. 12

Ready-Mix

Angel Food Cake. 5

Blueberry Muffins.10

Buttermilk Biscuit.10

Chocolate Cake.10

Coffee Cake. 15

Orange Cake.10

INSTRUCTIONS:

Using any available “C” type font and leader segment compose the following in a

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

ARTICLE I - Establishment of the Plan. 1

ARTICLE II - Definitions. 1

ARTICLE III- Eligibility for Retirement and

Amount of Pensions. 2

Section 1. Normal Retirement. 5

Section 2. Early Retirement. 4

Section 3. Automatic Retirement. 5

Section 4. Total and Permanent Disability Retirement. 5

Section 5. Employees Not Actively at Work.

ARTICLE IV - Credited Service. 8

Section 1. Credited Service Prior to the Effective

24 pica column.

y* £ £*>V

Date of the Plan. 8

Section 2. Credited Service Subsequent to Effective

Date of Plan... 8

Section 3. Loss of Credited Service. 11

ARTICLE V - Deductions on Account of Social Legislation. 12

Section 1. Determination of Deductions for Federal

Social Security Primary Insurance Amount. 12

Section 2. Deductions for Workmen's Compensation

and Disability Benefits. 14

ARTICLE VI - Financing. 14

ARTICLE VII- Administration... 16

FORM DS8 12/64

EXERCISE 9

This exercise is for practice and to help gain proficiency in plotting and composing tabular copy.

PART A

INSTRUCTIONS:

Choosing the correct size type, set in a column width approximately 4 inches wide.

RECORD OF SCHOOL EXPENDITURES PER PUPIL
FOR ONE YEAR

TOWN

STATE AID

LOCAL FUNDS

TOTAL

Branford

■ | 41.40

$ 98.42

$139.82

North Branford

64.88

107. 32

Chester

73.02

121.31

194.33

Clinton m

61. 61

98.42

160.03

Deep River

63.88

124. 60

188.48

East Haddam

69.88

70.45

139.43

East Lynne

62.55

91.57

154.12

Essex

63.43

176.48

239. 91

Guilford

58. 86

122. 84'

181.70

Haddam

63.87

60.82

124. 69

Killingworth

105. 95

30.56

136.51

Lynne

97.59

66.82

164.41

PART B

INSTRUCTIONS:

Choose a type size that will fit horizontally in a column approximately 3% inches wide.

APPROXIMATE SIZES OF FLAT PAPERS - BOND, LAID, WOVE,

LINEN, ETC.

Short

Long

Short

Long

Cuts

Way

Cuts

Way

Cap

4—

Folio Post

Size 14x17

4-3

Size 17x22

7—

4
^ 2

' 4

Demy

10 g

Double Cap

Size 16x21

Size 17x28

2—

FORM DS9 12/64

EXERCISE 10

INSTRUCTIONS:

Automatically justify the following paragraph-24 picas wide.

The modern homemaker is an artist at heart. Her gentle, skillful touch gives life
and loveliness to her home. She selects each treasured furnishing and each valued
appliance with an eye for beauty as well as utility. That T s why so many homemakers
everywhere have made automatic washers their choice. The flowing, graceful lines
. . . the pure white enamel finish . . . the bright and sparkling-clean metal trim
—all make these washers fairly shine with beauty on every spotless surface. But
performance in a washer is important, too. And that's another convincing reason for
the overwhelming preference for automatics all over the land. Through the years,
more than million washers have been sold. Your nearby dealer will be glad to
give you a demonstration of any of the famous trade names and models. Why not give
him a -call today?

FORM DS10 12/64

/. „

ii r

« r v y a

Jl 1 “V'5.

“U*

l •'■

EXERCISE II

U'* M

This exercise provides practice in setting the machine and composing copy requiring both automatic
justification and “run-arounds” For detailed instructions see Page 48.

PART A

INSTRUCTIONS:

Justify the following paragraph 3Vi inches wide, allowing for a picture ( IV 2 " x V/ 2 ") to be located in line
with left margin.

One of the challenges to almost any company, while serving the existing needs of
an industry, is to maintain a certain visionary attitude about the prospects for that
industry's future. For example, we have been serving the pipeline industry for many
years. Everyone knows that water, steam, sewage, gas, oil and its derivatives are
traditional materials transported underground by pipeline throughout the country -
some of them for a century or more. What many people do not realize is that the
industry is quietly at work exploring the possibility of moving materials previously
never even dreamed of as candidates for pipeline movement. Everything from metallic
ores to milk, limestone to liquid detergents, cement, clay and grain are under study.
Some of these are in their natural state, others are in slurries. Some of these -
powdered coal for instance-are already being pipelined commercially in sizable
tonnages. Thus, a method of moving materials that perhaps seemed fully developed
may, in reality, be only in its infancy. What does this mean to the suppliers of
equipment to this industry?

PART B

INSTRUCTIONS:

Justify the following paragraph 15 picas wide. After composing 8 lines the full 15 picas wide, allow for
a picture (6 picas wide by 8 picas deep) to be located flush right of column. Complete remainder of
paragraph the full width of column.

U.S. Savings Bonds- The man who wants to put his money into U. S. savings bonds
has two choices - a series E bond, on which the interest is received at the time the
bond is cashed, or a series H bond, on which interest is paid twice yearly by check.
In each case, the yield is 3if the bond is held to maturity. An E bond matures
in 7 years and 9 months, an H bond in 10 years. Savings bonds appeal mostly to
smaller investors. For people who have more substantial sms to put into Government
bonds, long term U. S. Treasury Issues now yield, on the average, a little more than
4%. Government obligations of another type, with somewhat higher return, are at¬
tractive to many investors. These are the issues of such federal agencies as the
Federal Land Bank or the Federal National Mortgage Association. Their current yield
is somewhat over 4 ifo.

FORM DS 11 12/64

EXERCISE 12

This exercise will aid students who will be composing exceptionally narrow or extra wide column widths.

PART A

INSTRUCTIONS:

Using a D spacing type automatically justify the following paragraph (or a portion thereof) in a column

6 picas wide (1"). Instructions for setting machine, etc. on Page 50.

SERVICE IN THE COLD WAR
Again the world entered into a period of
turmoil in a conflict between two ideologies,
and an alert United States bent every effort
to maintain the peace through world education.

The chief weapon, in this new type of war, is
the printed word. The U. S. Army f s Office of
Special Services asked for a machine which
could produce copy in scores of languages, a
machine small enough to be operated in the
field where ordinary type-composing machines
were impractical. The goal was an on-the-scene
printing plant which could be quickly set up
and operated in the field to meet the fast
changing events of the "Cold War". The goal was
-met with VariTyper composing machines as an
integral part of field printing plants, housed
in trailers, ready to speed to the scene of any
new ideological skirmish.

PART B

INSTRUCTIONS:

Using a B spacing type automatically justify the following paragraph in a column 54 picas (9") wide.
Instructions for justifying wide column widths will be found on Pages 50, 51 and 52; either the “blind
typing method” or “line butting method” may be used.

New Thought in Education - Many new concepts have arisen in the field of educational
philosophy, especially in the United States. The "spare the rod and spoil the child"
theory has been proved disastrous as well as inefficient. Maria Montessori, the
eminent Italian educator, showed that a repressive system of education inhibited
the child and that more satisfactory results could be obtained by allowing him to
develop naturally and spontaneously. Each child, she maintained, should be treated
as an individual with distinctive potentialities and interests. According to her
theory, punishment should not be meted out, for the failure of the child to accomplish
an assignment indicated his mental ability or unpreparedness to grasp the subject
at that time.

The potentialities of the child have been determined by the use of intelligence
tests, while vocational tests are administered to help him make a rational decision
as to the kind of employment best suited to his abilities and temperament. Another
important step has been taken in educational philosophy with the introduction of _
such new programs as "integration" and "fusion". Among other features is the emphasis
placed upon integrating such subjects as history, civics, economics, and literature
into a basic social-studies course, rather than treating them as unrelated and
separate.

FORM DS 12 12/64

EXERCISE 13

Exercises to gain proficiency in copyfitting non-text matter.

PART A

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fit the following 30 entries into one single column 3 3 A" deep.

5410

1432

4128

9871

9011

8591

7249

7344

4195

4373

1264

1121

8291

9258

2864

9416

6485

2284

1264

0041

7634

9165

7428

7628

3290

8944

0177

9060

8429

6972

PART B

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fit the following 23 entries into one single column 2114 picas deep.

Candy

Ice Cream

Potatoes

Onions

Carrots

Celery

Pickles

Olives

Lettuce

Tomatoes

Cheese

Meat

Oranges

Sugar

Salt

Coffee

Soap

Ice

Milk

Butter

Peas

Cereal

Pepper

FORM DS1 3 12/64

VARITYPER FAMILY OF COMPOSING MACHINES

VARITYPER CORPORATION introduced the world’s first office type-composing
machine. Its world-wide fame as the pioneer of “Cold-Type” has long since been capped
with acknowledged leadership in this important phase of the Graphic Arts. In addition to
producing the type for a staggering bulk of the world’s reading matter — in almost every
country of the world — in as many languages — VariTyper equipment today is producing
lettering for engineering drawings, rules and sype for forms, type for visual aids, and embossed
circuit identifications on vinyl wire covering for electrical systems. There is even VariTyper
equipment for automatically producing sequential lists from source file cards.

A FEW VARITYPER AFFILIATED COMPANIES & DISTRIBUTORS

VariTyper products are distributed and serviced in almost every large city of the world through
affiliated companies and qualified dealers. Below are listed the head offices of VariTyper affiliates
— branches are located in all principal cities.

ALASKA, Anchorage

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.

1020 E. 4th Ave.

ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.

San Jose 1535/45

AUSTRALIA, Melbourne, C.l, Victoria

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.

of Australia Pty., Ltd.

41 1-423 Swanston St.

AUSTRIA, Vienna 8

Addressograph-Multigraph Ges.m.b.H.
Auerspergstrasse 15-17

GERMANY, Frankfurt/Main

Addressograph-Multigraph G.m.b.H.

6079 Sprendlingen

HAWAII, Honolulu 14

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.

2 50 Ward Ave.

ITALY, Milan

GALLO, POMI & C. S.p.A.

Via Rasori 1-3

JAPAN, Tokyo

Addressograph-Multigraph of Japan, Ltd.
Sanko Daiichi Bldg.No. 6, Sakuragawa-cho
Minato-ku

BELGIUM, Brussels

Addressograph-Multigraph (Belgium) S.A.
18 Rue des Chevaliers

BRAZIL, Rio De Janeiro

Addressograph-Multigraph do Brasil S/A
Avenida Rio Branco 277-4 Andar

CANADA, Toronto, Ont.

VariTyper Corporation of Canada Ltd.

42 Hollinger Road

MEXICO, Mexico 6, D.F.

Addressograph-Multigraph de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
General Prim No. 118, Esquina con Viena

NETHERLANDS, The Hague

Addressograph-Multigraph (Netherlands) N.V.
Bezuidenhoutseweg 41

PUERTO RICO, Santurce

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.

1861 Fernandez Juncos

DENMARK, Copenhagen V

Addressograph-Multigraph A/S
Vesterbrogade 84

SOUTH AFRICA, Johannesburg

Addressograph-Multigraph (Pty.) Ltd.
218 Commissioner St.

ENGLAND, London E.C. I

VariTyper Limited

City Wall House, 79 Chiswell St.

FINLAND, Helsinki

Oy Addressograph-Multigraph A B
Eerikinkatu 27 Eriksgatan

SWEDEN, Stockholm

Addressograph-Multigraph A B
Drottninggatan 32

SWITZERLAND, Zurich 2/38

Addressograph-Multigraph A G
Albisstrasse 152

FRANCE, Paris 2e

Samaceta

92, Rue de Richelieu

In addition to the above there are authorized
International distributors in 55 other countries.

SOME OF THE MANY LANGUAGES AVAILABLE

ALBANIAN

ARMENIAN

AZERBAIJANI

BULGARIAN

BURMESE

BYELORUSSIAN

CAMBODIAN

CROATIAN

CZECH

DANISH

ESTONIAN

FINNISH

FRENCH

GEORGIAN

GERMAN

HUNGARIAN

ITALIAN

KAZAK

KIRGHIZ

KOREAN

LAOTIAN

LATVIAN

LITHUANIAN

NORWEGIAN

POLISH

PORTUGUESE

RUMANIAN

RUSSIAN

SERBIAN

SLOVAK

SLOVENIAN

SPANISH

SWEDISH

TADJIK

THAI

TURKISH

TURKMEN

UKRANIAN

UZBEK

VIETNAMESE

Y our

VariTyper
Representative is

NAME

ADDRESS

PHONE

INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OFFICE - 720 FRELINGHUYSEN AVENUE, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A. 07114

VARITYPER BRANCH OFFICES

SERVICE MAY BE OBTAINED FROM, AND PURCHASE ORDERS MAY BE PLACED THRU
THE BRANCH SALES OFFICES LISTED BELOW. ALL INVOICES WILL BE ISSUED
FROM VARITYPER CORPORATION, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

AKRON, Ohio 44304

212 East Exchange St.

ALBANY, N.Y. 12203

1535 Western Ave.

ALBUQUERQUE, N. Mex., 871 10

4619 Lomas Blvd. N.E.

AMARILLO, Texas 79101

509 East 3rd St.

ATLANTA, Ga 30309

1240 W. Peachtree St. N.W.

BALTIMORE, Md. 21218

2631 N. Charles St.

BIRMINGHAM, Ala. 35205

1401 2 1st St. South

BOSTON, Mass. 02116

221 Columbus Ave.

BUFFALO, N.Y. 14202

570 Delaware Ave.

CHARLESTON, W. Va. 25311

Address ograph-Multigraph Corp.
1606 Washington St. E.

CHARLOTTE, N.C. 28207

1002 Kings Dr.

CHICAGO, III. 6061 t

444 N. Wabash Ave.

CINCINNATI, Ohio 45220

3333 Vine St., Suite 201

CLEVELAND, Ohio 441 15

2450 Prospect Ave.

COLUMBIA, S.C. 29201

2400 Devine St.

COLUMBUS, Ohio

1460 Dublin Road

DALLAS, Texas 75219

3434 Fairmount St.

DAVENPORT, Iowa 52805

3538 Brady St.

DAYTON, Ohio 45402

12 7 S. Main St.

DENVER, Colo. 80203

770 Grant St.

DES MOINES, Iowa 50312

2 411 Grand Ave.

DETROIT, Mich. 48202

804 5 2nd Ave.

EL PASO, Texas 79901

543 Magoffin St.

ERIE, Pa. 16501

23 W. 18th St.

EVANSTON, III. 60201

2602 Gross Point Rd.

FARGO, N. Dak. 58101

Address ograph-Multigraph Corp.
1617 S. University Dr.

FORT WAYNE, Ind. 46807

1814 Bluffton Rd.

FORT WORTH, Texas 76107

3230 Camp Bowie Blvd.

GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. 49507

22 4 4 S. Division Ave.

GREEN BAY, Wise. 54302

1444 Main St.

GREENSBORO, N.C. 27402

618 W. Gaston St.

HAMMOND, Ind. 46320

5900 Hohman Ave.

HARRISBURG, Pa. 17102

103 7 N. 7th St.

HARTFORD, Conn. 06105

631 Farmington Ave.

HELENA, Mont. 59601

Ad dress ograph-Multigraph Corp.
143 7 Helena Ave.

HOUSTON, Texas 77006

3814 S. Shepherd Dr.

INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. 46202

1214-1216 N. Pennsylvania St.

JACKSON, Miss. 39206

32 9 North Mart Plaza

JACKSONVILLE, Fla. 32207

4030 Boulevard Center Dr.

KANSAS CITY, Mo. 64108

1 724 Main St.

KNOXVILLE, Tenn. 37915

2461 McCalla Ave.

LANSING, Mich. 48910

2609-1 1 S. Cedar(P.O.Box 9005)

LITTLE ROCK, Ark. 72201

900 Center St.

LONG BEACH, Calif. 90805

5837 Atlantic Ave.

LONG ISLAND, N.Y. t 1532

Roosevelt Fid., Garden City

LOS ANGELES, Calif. 90005

3020 Wilshire Blvd.

LOUISVILLE, Ky. 40203

1018 S. 4th St.

MEMPHIS, Tenn. 38104

1594 Madison Ave.

MIAMI, Fla. 33145

1674 S. W. 22nd St.

MILWAUKEE. Wise. 53202

790 N. Jackson St.

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. 55404

2430 Nicollet Ave. S.

MOBILE, Ala. 36606

2650 Government Blvd.

NASHVILLE, Tenn. 37203

1903 West End Ave.

NEWARK, N.J. 07092

1130 Rt.22, Mountainside, N.J.

NEW HAVEN, Conn. 0651 I

1533 State St.

NEW ORLEANS, La. 70130

1820 St. Charles Ave.

NEW YORK, N.Y. 10006 (Downtown)

39 Broadway

NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 (Uptown)

219 E. 42nd St.

OAKLAND, Calif. 94610

3014 Lakeshore Ave.

OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. 73103

1611 N. Broadway

OMAHA, Neb. 68102

1416 Howard St.

ORLANDO, Fla. 32801

211 E. Robinson Ave.

PEORIA, III. 61603

701A N. E. Jefferson St.

PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 19103

17th and Vine Sts.

PHOENIX, Ariz. 85013

124 W. Thomas Rd.

PITTSBURGH, Pa. 15216

1231 Banksville Rd.

PORTLAND, Me. 04101

Address ograph-Multigraph Corp.
431 Marginal Way

PORTLAND, Ore. 97201

2510 S. W. 1st Ave..

PROVIDENCE, R.l. 02914

965 Waterman Ave ., E . Providence

RICHMOND, Va. 23230

4301 W. Broad St.

ROCHESTER, N.Y. 14609

913 Culver Rd.

ROCKFORD, III. 61 108

718 Broadway

SACRAMENTO, Calif. 95819

3400 Elvas Ave . ,(P.O. Box 2007)

ST. LOUIS, Mo. 63139

23 75 Hampton Ave.

ST. PAUL, Minn. 55101

500 N. Robert St.

SALT LAKE CITY. Utah 84110

Addressograph-Multigraph Corp.
346 S. 5th E.

SAN ANTONIO, Texas 78204

53 7 S. Main Ave.

SAN DIEGO, Calif. 92103

3820 5th Ave.

SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. 94105

39 2nd St.

SAN JOSE, Calif. 951 10

42 0 Park Ave.

SCRANTON, Penn. 18508

916 Oak St.

SEATTLE, Wash. 98119

510 2nd Ave. W.

SHREVEPORT, La. 71 101

719 Common St.

SPRINGFIELD. Mass. 01089

181 Park Ave., W. Springfield

SYRACUSE, N.Y. 13224

2540 Erie Blvd. E.

TAMPA, Fla. 33609

4501 W. Kennedy Blvd.

TOLEDO, Ohio 43624

2313 Madison Ave.

TRENTON, N.J. 08610

42 W. Taylor Ave.

TULSA, Okla. 74119

1612 S. Main

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036

1206 New Hampshire Ave. N.W.

WESTCHESTER BRANCH 10523

133 E. Main St., Elmsford, N.Y.

WICHITA, Kan. 67203

940 N. Waco Ave.

WILMINGTON, Del. 19809

708 Philadelphia Pike

Your

VariTyper
B ranch Office is at

ADDRESS

PHONE

Your VariTyper Sales Representative is

NAME

VARITYPER

MAINTENANCE

AGREEMENT

is a complete preventive maintenance plan
designed to help proyide a longer and more
efficient life for VariTyper equipment.

The plan will:

• REDUCE COSTLY DOWNTIME THROUGH PERIODIC
MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS

• KEEP MACHINES AT HIGHEST LEVEL OF
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY

• HELP ASSURE FULL LIFE EXPECTANCY OF
EQUIPMENT

• PROVIDE PROMPT REPLACEMENT OF WORN-OUT
PARTS AT NO EXTRA CHARGE

• INCREASE OPERATOR SKILLS BY INSTRUCTIONS ON
IMPROVED METHODS AND NEW TECHNIQUES

In addition, the plan will reduce to a minimum the

PAPER WORK INVOLVED IN HANDLING OUR SERVICE
ACCOUNT BECAUSE:

• ONLY ONE PURCHASE ORDER IS ISSUED

• ONLY ONE INVOICE IS RECEIVED

• ONLY ONE PAYMENT IS MADE, AND THIS PAYMENT

IS A GUARANTEED PRICE FOR THE ENTIRE PREPAID
SERVICE PERIOD-KNOWN IN ADVANCE

Contact the VariTyper Corporation Branch Office in your
city for additional information about the VariTyper Preventive
Maintenance Plan — the most effective means of protecting
your investment in VariTyper equipment.

VARITYPER MODEL 660 F

NOMENCLATURE

1. Type Change Lever

17. Indicator Window (Horizontal Spacing)

28. VariLine Gear

2. Impression Control Lever

18. Horizontal Spacing Lever

29. Actuating Bar Lock

3. Repeat Key

19. Front Cover

30. Feed Roll Release Lever

4. Increment Space Key

20. Margin Dial

31. Carriage Release Lever

5. Figure Lock Key

21. Justifier Dial

32. Paper Table

6. Capital Lock Key

22. Anvil

a. Top Metal Rail

7. Figure Key

23. Linomatic Mechanism

33. Paper Guides

8. Capital Key

a. Dial

34. Horizontal Plotting Scale

9. Ruling Switch

b. Point Indicator

35. Gunsight

10. Type Drawer

c. Line Feed Lever

a. Adjusting Knob

11. Space Bar

d. Line Feed Control Lever

36. Horizontal Centering Scale

12. Differential-Standard Lever

24. Feed Roll Knob

37. Paper Table Scale

13. Three Increment Back Space Key

25. Feed Rolls

38. Alignment Guides

14. Increment Back Space Key

26. Paper Basket

*39. On-Off Switch

15. Tabulator Key

27. Margin Scale

*40. On-Off Indicator Light

16. Non-Print Lever

a. Justifier Dial Adjuster Knob

* NOTE*. Before typing, VariTyper Machine must be turned on by pressing On-Off Switch (39). On-Off Indicator Light (40)
is illuminated when machine is on.

KEYBOARD —VARITYPER MODEL 660F

NOMENCLATURE

1. Type Change Lever 11.

2. Impression Control Lever 12.

3. Repeat Key 13.

4. Increment Space Key 14.

5. Figure Lock Key 15.

6. Capital Lock Key 16.

7. Figure Key 17.

8. Capital Key 18.

9. Ruling Switch 19.

10. Type Drawer 20.

Space Bar

Differential-Standard Lever
Three Increment Back Space Key
Increment Back Space Key
Tabulator Key
Non-Print Lever

Indicator Window (Horizontal Spacing)
Horizontal Spacing Lever
Front Cover
Margin Dial

a. Vertical Line

b. Face

c. Pointer

d. Outer Rim
21. Justifier Dial

a. Face

b. Pointer

c. Light

*39. On-Off Switch
*40. On-Off Indicator Light

*N0TE: Before typing, VariTyper Machine must be turned on by pressing On-Off Switch (39). On-Off Indicator
Light (40) is illuminated when machine is on.

3200 12/64

LITHO IN U.S.A.

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