The war for peace;the present war as viewed by friends of peace.Comp. by Arthur D. Call, Secretary of the American Peace Society ... Pub. by the Committee on Public Information, Washington, D.C.

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in

WAR INFORMATION SERIES

No. 14

March, 1918

THE WAR FOR
PEACE

THE PRESENT WAR
AS VIEWED BY FRIENDS OF PEACE

COMPILED BY

ARTHUR D. CALL

Secretary of the American Peace Society and Editor of
"The Adcocate of Peace"

PUBLISHED BY

THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

WASHINGTON. D. C.

5^ '5'
C ^5^

Walter Clinton Jackson Library

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Special Collections & Rare Books

World War I Pamphlet Collection

CONTENTS

Page

I. The American Peace Society — •

Editorial: "Win and End the War" . . o

Brief extracts 7

II. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace —

Minute of November 1, 1917 9

III. The League to Enforce Peace —

Official statement 11

IV. The American School Peace League —

Official statement 14

V. The World Peace Foundation —

Official statement 16

VI. Women Peace Workers —

Statement of various leaders, December 29, 1917 17

VII. The Churches —

American Branch of the World Alliance for Promoting Inter-
national Friendship through the Churches 19

Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America 20

"^III. Relief Workers in Belgium —

Cablegram to President Wilson from Herbert C. Hoover,
Chairman of the American Commission for Relief in

Belgium, AprH 3, 1917 23

Vernon Kellogg, in Atlantic Monthly for August, 1917 23

IX. Clarence Darrow, of Chicago —

From an address published in The Santa Fe Magazine, De-
cember, 1917 24

X. William Howard Taft —

From an address before the General Conference of the Uni-
tarian and other Christian Churches at Montreal, Septem-
ber 26, 1917 28

XI. William Jennings Bryan —

Editorials from The Commoner:

"Resisting the Draft" 35

"Abusing Free Speech" 35

"Write to Washington" 36

"Stand by the Government" 36

"A Powerful Document" 37

XII. Theodore Marburg, of Baltimore — •

From an article in The Humanitarian, December, 1917 39

XIII . Samuel Gompers —

Upon accepting the presidency of the American Alliance for
Labor and Democracy 4x

"Between a worthy War-patriotism and a virile Peace-patriotism
there is no essential difference." — (Louis F. Post, in The Public,
December 14, 1917.)

"Now that we are in the War the shortest way out is Forward." — ■
David Starr Jordan.

1. The American Peace Society

The American Peace Society is America's oldest peace organization — dating
back to 1815, definitely organized in 1828, and incorporated under the laws
of Massachusetts in 1848. It enrolled among its officers and members a
large proportion of the men who built up the ideals and institutions of our
nineteenth century period. Since 1911, its headquarters have been in Wash-
ington, D. C. It publishes a monthly magazine, the Advocate of Peace,
which has been published regularly for eighty years . The present officers of
the Society are: President, Hon. James L. Slayden, House of Representatives,
Washington, D. C; Secretary, Arthur Deerin Call, Colorado Building,
Washington, D. C; Treasurer, George W. White, President National Metro-
politan Bank, Washington, D. C; Vice-Presidents, Jackson H. Ralston,
Washington, D. C; Theodore E. Burton, New York City; Andrew Carnegie,
New York City; William Jennings Bryan, Lincoln, Neb.; William H. Taft,
New Haven, Conn.

The leading editorial in the Advocate of Peace for December, 1917, follows:

WIN AND END THE WAR

This is no time for darkening counsel by words. Since it is
true that in time of irreconcilable conflict in welfares the lesser
must succumb to the greater; since it is true that we are now
faced with an irreconcilable conflict between the will to might of
the German Government and the will to right of the United
States; since we believe it to be true that there is therefore an
irreconcilable conflict between the welfare of kings and the
welfare of peoples; since it is true, as we believe, that a tri-
umphant Germany would now destroy every hope we have for a
vv^orld governed by justice, and that what we mean by civiliza-
tion is therefore hanging at this hour in the balance; since it is
true that our country is, by the vote of our representatives duly
elected, at war with the Imperial German Government that
that civilization may be; since it is true that our boys are now
by the thousands on the firing lines of France and that they are
already dying there for us; since it is true that our lawfully
created representatives are, at our bidding, bending every effort
to bring the German Government to terms and to end the destruc-
tion; since these things are true, terribly true, this certainly is
no time for a loyalty of squinting constructions, or for behavior
of a doubtful sort on the part of any one within the United
States. Now of all times in our history is the time for confining
ourselves "within the modest limits of order."

5

6 THE WAR FOR PEACE

We must believe in law. Without law there is chaos. Law
is the instrument by which the majority, individually weak
and right-minded, control the few individually aggressive and
criminal. Where there is no law, might and cunning prevail.
Laws are rules of conduct which we are all morally bound to
obey. If we will to live within the United States we by that
act tacitl}^ agree to obey the laws of the United States.

If we give "aid and comfort" to Germany in these times, we
disobey the most fundamental law of our land. When our
chosen leaders are, in accordance with the law, bending every
effort to bring the German Government to terms, for any of us
to harass these our representatives in authority is to stir up the
dust, befog the issues, prolong the horror, give encouragement to
Germany, do violence to law, and toy with treason.

We state these elementarj^ principles here, not because we
are interested in principles merely, but because many radical
persons, commonly called "pacifists," ignore these principles to
the embarrassing detriment of the very thing they and we be-
lieve in and would advance. The so-called People's Council is
made up largely of just such deluded persons. What has been
known for a time as the American Union Against Militarism
has, we are informed, changed its name to American Union for
a Democratic Peace, and its members are now evidently applying
essentially'- the same obscurantist and disturbing methods as the
People's Council. These perfectly sincere "radicals" are raising
the dust, getting nowhere, bi'inging upon themselves the con-
tempt of healthy-minded men, and by their stupid proceedings
rendering a serious injury to the cause of international peace.
For any body of intelligent persons to organize themselves and
to say as a body at this time, "We are utterly opposed to the
extension of militarism in this country," would be laughable
were it not so counter to the law as it is, treasonable in substance
and tragical. The job of the hour has nothing to do with "an-
nexations," "indemnities," "economic reprisals," unofficial
"German peace proposals." To blur our thinking with such
matters at this time is to distort our perspective, to give comfort
to our enemies, and to prolong the war. The supreme duty of
every man, woman, and child in America today is, avoiding
panics and hatreds of persons , to remember the ghastly offenses

THE WAR FOR PEACE 7

of a might- worshipping aggressor, and to bend every possible
efifort to win and to end this war.

When they ask us of this Society, as frequently they do, how
we can "support war with one hand and peace with the other/'
we reply by pointing to our well-nigh hundred years of con-
sistent effort in behalf of a reign of law. We cannot now turn
against the only law we have left. We must and will support
the only machinery we have for the maintenance of that law,
namely, the United States Government. If some member of the
People's Council pathetically asks us, as one recently did, "Who,
then, is to represent the people?" our reply must be that we can
recognize but one "representative of the people" today, and
that is not the People's Council, but the Government duly elected
and sworn to do precisely that thing.

At eighteen minutes past one o'clock, Friday, April 6, 1917,
something happened in the Avorld. On that day and hour the
President of the United States signed a resolution which had
been passed by both houses of the Congress, a resolution which
officially declared the state of war which had been thrust upon
this country. This momentous act altered completely the bases
upon which we fashioned our daily behavior prior to that action.
It seems difficult for many to grasp this fact, but it is a fact
which must be grasped. With the situation as it is, there can
be no governed world of the kind that rational men would have.
Judicial processes are at the time internationally impossible.
The methods of peaceable settlement must wait, because there
in the way of these things stands the Imperial German Govern-
ment. To go back now would be disastrous. The only way
to the attainment of our aims is forward. Law, justice, common
sense, the world peace we purpose to establish, all call now for a
perfect unity of opinion and purpose, a call which should and
must be heard by us all, whether we are members of this or that
''group" or of no group at all. The clarion, unmistakable call
to us all is, that we must now end this war by winning it.

The following extracts are from editorials in the issue for January, 1918:

. . . "The voices of humanity," to which the President
referred in his message of December 4, are against such conquests
as they are against the cut-throat theory of economic warfare
typified by the proposals of the Economic Congress in Paris.

8 THE WAR FOR PEACE

It is true that "the voices of humanity" are in the air. It is true
that ''they grow daily more audible, more articulate, more
persuasive, and they come from the hearts of men everywhere.
They insist that the war shall not end in vindictive action of
any kind; that no nation or people shall be robbed or punished
because the irresponsible rulers of a single country have themselves
done deep and abominable wrong." It is this thought that has
been expressed in the formula, "no accessions, no contributions,
no punitive indemnities." The attempt to end the war by acces-
sions and punitive indemnities would not end the war, but prolong
the war, or at least establish a temporary peace which would
be but the forerunner of another and probably more terrible
war. . . .

. . We cannot win this war by any inconclusive, fragile,
or patched-up peace. The peace of exultation of the strong over
the weak, of exploitation and of, revenge, of mere compromise,
of secret diplomacy or intrigue, of a subjection of small nations
against their will, of greed and selfishness, or of any dicker with
German war-lords would be no peace at all.

It is certain that we of America are now at war with the
Imperial German Government and with Austria-Hungary. All
our resources are at the command of the Government, and we
purpose to end this war by winning it. No one can mistake the
military outcome. We shall bring the Imperial German Govern-
ment to terms. Of this there is no doubt whatsoever. But all
this could be done and the war in reality be lost. A nominal mili-
tary victory can easily be turned into a defeat gruesome and ca-
lamitous. But if we clarify our principles and become "debased
by no selfish ambition of conquest or spoilation"; if we keep
prominently before us our "principles of humanity and of knightly
honor"; if we refuse to take part in "intrigue"; if we keep always
in mind not only the welfare of ourselves but of our enemies;
if we view our cause as just and holy and make it both; if we
crystallize our thinking upon the ancient rights and duties of
nations, . . . we as a nation shall rise to our opportunity,
to the clear heights of God's "own justice and merey," and win
the war indeed.

II. Carnegie Endowment for International

Peace

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded by Mr.
Andrew Carnegie, December 14, 1910. Mr. Carnegie created a Board of
Trustees to whom he transferred $10,000,000, the revenue of which is ad-
ministered for hastening the abohtion of international war. The Trustees for
1917 were: President, Elihu Root; Vice-President, the late Joseph H. Choate;
Secretary, James Brown Scott; Treasurer, Charlemagne Tower; Assistant
Treasurer, Andrew J. Montague; Robert Bacon, Robert S. Brookings,
Thomas Burke, Nicholas Murray Butler, Cleveland H. Dodge, Charles
W. Eliot, Arthur William Foster, John W. Foster, Austen G. Fox,
Robert A. Franks, George Gray, William M. Howard, Samuel Mather,
George W. Perkins, Henry S. Pritchett, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, James L.
Slay den, Oscar S. Straus, Charles L. Taylor, Andi'ew D. White, John Sharp
Williams, Robert S. Woodward. James Brown Scott, Secretary of the En-
dowment, is now serving the Government in the capacity of Major and Judge
Advocate, United States Reserves in Active Service, and has been detailed
to the office of Provost-Marshal General Crowder,

The following minute is self-explanatory:

Information has reached this country that a persistent propa-
ganda is in progress in Germany, to the effect that under the
stimulus and direction of peace organizations in the United
States a widespread movement for immediate peace is going
on here. In view of this information, the Executive Committee
of the Carnegie Endowment, at a meeting in New York on
November 1st [1917], unanimously adopted the following resolu-
tion, which was subsequently cabled to all the countries of the
world :

"The Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, assembled in annual meeting at Washington, D, C,
on April 19-20 last, adopted the following resolution by unani-
mous vote:

Resolved, That the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace, assembled for their annual meeting, declare hereby their
belief that the most effectual means of promoting durable international
peace is to prosecute the war against the Imperial German Government
to final victory for democracy, in accordance with the policy declared by
the President of the United States.

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10 THE WAR FOR PEACE

"In view of recent events, emphasized by the widespread
intrigues of the German Government to deceive and mislead
the peace-loving people of the world, the Executive Committee
of the Peace Endowment unanimously reaffirms this declaration
and pledges the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
to the loyal support of those courses of action that will assure
early, complete, and final victory for the arms of the Allied
forces. The path to durable international peace, on which the
liberty-loving nations of the world would so gladly enter, is now
blocked by the blind reliance of Germany upon the invincibility
of German military power and upon its effectiveness as an instru-
ment of international poHcy. This rehance must be broken
before any other effective steps can be taken to secure inter-
national peace. It can only be broken by defeat.

"The Executive Committee of the Carnegie Endowment call
upon all lovers of peace to assist in every possible way in the
effective prosecution of the war which has peace and not con-
quest for its aim."

III. League to Enforce Peace

The League to Enforce Peace was organized in Philadelphia, June 17,
1915. It proposes that a League of Nations be created at the end of the
present war for the purpose of setting up a Judicial Tribunal and a Council
of Conciliation, and of using jointly economic and military force against any
nation belonging to the League that goes to war without first placing the
questions involved either before the Court or Council of Concihation. It
proposes, finally, that Conferences shall be held from time to time for the
purpose of formulating and codifying rules of international law. The head-
quarters of the League are at 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Its officers
are: William H. Taft, President; Alton B. Parker, Vice-President; Herbert S.
Houston, Treasurer; WiUiam H. Short, Secretary; Irwin Smith, Assistant
Secretary and Treasurer; Executive Committee, A. Lawrence LoweU, Chair-
man; Hamilton Holt, Theodore Marburg, Edward A. Filene, Vice-Chairmen.

The League's relation to the present war has been set forth officially as
follows:

The League to Enforce Peace is committed in advance to the
support of the war against Prussian MiHtarism. In June, 1915,
it put forth a series of proposals advocating a permanent League
of Nations, pledged to joint military action against an aggressive
nation that refused to submit its dispute to arbitration. This
poUcy the League has been urging steadily ever since. The
United States has now become a member of what Secretary of
War Baker has called '*a league to enforce peace with justice."
We are engaged with our allies in precisely the kind of a war
the League's program holds to be both justifiable and neces-
sary. Having advanced the principle of joint action against
an aggressor, the League is bound to throw its moral support
behind the war, and to give it all the material support that its
widespread and powerful organization can contribute. An organi-
zation so committed cannot do other than to insist that the war
shall continue until Prussian Militarism is destroyed, either by
Allied force or by the uprising of a German democracy, and a
league of nations is established as a guaranty of permanent peace.

The supreme task before the country is that of conserving
its life and institutions by winnmg the war against Prussian
Militarism. Equally necessary to the interests of humanity is
the preventing in the future of just such assaults on the rights

11

12 THE WAR. FOR PEACE

and liberties of the world as Germany is now making, thus
rendering it virtually impossible for such a catastrophe as the
present war to overwhelm us again.

The President of the League, Hon. William H. Taft, writes:

England, France, Russia, Italy, and now the United States,
as AlHes, are engaged in the greatest war of history to secure
permanent world peace. With twenty or more millions of men
at the colors, with losses in dead, wounded, and captured of
more than twenty-five per cent, with debts piling mountain-
high and reaching many, many billions, they are fighting for a
definite purpose, and that is the defeat of German militarism.

If the Prussian military caste retains its power to control the
military and foreign policy of Germany after the war, peace will
not be permanent, and war will begin again when the chauvinistic
advisers of the Hohenzollern dynasty deem a conquest and
victory possible.

The Allies have made a stupendous effort and have strained
their utmost capacity. Unready for the war, they have concen-
trated their energy in preparation. In this important respect
they have defeated the plan of Germany "in shining armor" to
crush her enemies in their unreadiness.

But the war has not been won. Germany is in possession of
Belgium and part of northern France. She holds Serbia and
Roumania, Poland and the Baltic Provinces of Russia. Peace
now, even though it be made on the basis of the restoration of
the status quo, "without indemnities and without annexations,"
would be a failure to achieve the great purpose for which the
Allies have made heartrending sacrifice. Armaments would
continue for the next war, and this war would have been fought
in vain. The millions of lives lost and the hundreds of billions*
worth of the product of men's labor, would be wasted.

He who proposes peace now, therefore, either does not see the
stake for which the Allies are fighting, or wishes the German
military autocracy still to control the destinies of all of us as
to peace or war. Those who favor permanent world peace must
oppose with might and main the proposals for peace at this
juncture in the war.

The Allies are fighting for a principle the maintenance of which

THE WAR FOR PEACE 13

affects the future of civilization. If they do not achieve it they
have sacrificed the flower of their youth and mortgaged their
future for a century, and all for nothing.

This is not a war in which the stake is territory or the sphere
of influence of one nation over another. The Allies cannot
concede peace until they conquer it. When they do so, it will
be permanent. Otherwise they fail.

There are ware like that between Japan and Russia, in which
President Roosevelt properly and successfully intervened to bring
about a peace that helped the parties to a settlement. The prin-
ciple at stake and the power and territory were of such a char-
acter that a settlement might be made substantially permanent.
But the present issue is like that in our Civil War, which was
whether the Union was to be preserved and the cancer of slavery
was to be cut out. Peace proposals to President Lincoln were
quite as numerous as those of to-day, and were moved by quite
as high motives. But there was no compromise possible.
Slavery and disunion either lost or won. So today the great
moral object of the war must be achieved or defeated.

IV. The American School Peace League

The headquarters of the American School Peace League are in Boston, and
its officers for 1916-17 were: Honorary president, William Howard Taft;
president, Randall J. Condon, Superintendent of Schools, Cincinnati, Ohio;
treasurer, William W. Andrew, Superintendent of Schools, Salem, Mass.;
secretary, Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews; vice-presidents — David Starr Jordan,
Philander P. Claxton, James H. Van Sickle, William H. Maxwell, Ben Blewett,
Charles E. Chadsey, F. E. Spaulding, Mrs. Maiy C. C. Bradford, Miss Mary
E. WooUey, Endicott Peabody, Miss Jane Addams, S. C. Mitchell, Miss
Ellen C. Sabin, Mrs. Josephine C. Preston, Joseph Swain, E. C. Warriner,
L. R. Alderman, Frank B. Cooper.

The following is an official statement of the policy and activities of the
League during the war:

A few days after the United States declared war on the Im-
perial German Government, the Secretary of the American
School Peace League issued "A Call to Patriotic Service," ad-
dressed to the teachers of the United States. This call included
the program of the League during the war, which is as follows:

To maintain a civic and moral stability among the youth of the country.
To inspire anew a love of American institutions and American ideals.
To foster civic service appropriate to youth, consciously entered upon

for the nation's welfare.
To promote an interchange of good-will regardless of race or nationality.
To teach the value of arbitration, conciliation, and judicial settlement.
To hold to the ideal of the ultimate triumph of democracy.

Early in the autumn of 1917, the Executive Committee of
the American School Peace League announced its policy to
cooperate with the President in his aim to safeguard the prin-
ciple of democracy throughout the world. In taking this stand,
the committee acted in line with the general aim of the League,
which has always been to lay the foundation for a durable peace,
for which the United States is now fighting. The members of
the committee assert that nothing should be done which could
not be endorsed by the State Department, and they pledge
their wholehearted support to the Government in this struggle
for freedom.

The League responded to the letter of President Wilson,
addressed to School Officers on August 23, 1917, in which the

14

THE WAR FOR PEACE 15

President appealed for such teaching in the schools as would give
"a new appreciation of the problems of national life and a deeper
understanding of the meaning and aims of democracy." Under
the title, "A Plan to Cooperate with President Wilson in the
Project outhned in his Letter to School Officers on August 23,'
1917," the League issued the announcement of its Prize Essa}-
Contest to the secondary and normal schools of the country, the
subject for the secondary schools being, "How should the World
be Organized so as to Prevent Wars in the Future;" and that for
the normal schools, "The Teaching of Democracy as a Factor in
a League of Nations." In sending out this announcement, the
League asked that the essay contest be incorporated into the
regular work of the school with the distinct aim of cooperating
with the President. Practically every State in the Union is
represented in this patriotic work, and many hundreds of schools
have introduced this study as an integral part of the school
program.

Besides this nation-wide study of the meaning and aims of
democracy, the League is engaged in other forms of cooperative
service included in its program issued at the beginning of the war.

V. The World Peace Foundation

The World Peace Foundation of Boston, Massachusetts, is a corporation
founded by Edwin Ginn in 1910. In the language of its by-laws, its pui'pose
is to educate the people of all nations to a full knowledge of the waste and
destructiveness of war, its evU effects on present social conditions and on the
well-being of future generations, and to promote international justice and the
brotherhood of man; and, generally, by every practical means to promote
peace and good will among all mankind. Its officers are: George A. PUmpton,
President; Edward Cummings, General Secretary; Denys P. Myers, Cor-
responding Secretary. Its Board of Trustees is as follows: George A. Plimp-
ton, President; George W. Anderson, George H. Blakeslee, Samuel T. Button,
Samuel J. Elder, William H. P. Faunce, A. Lawrence Lowell, Samuel W.
McCall, Albert E. Pillsbury, Joseph Swain.

This Foundation officially says that:

It will support the efforts of the United States Government
and the Allies to win the war and set up an international organ-
ization which will guarantee permanent peace with justice, and
so make the world safe for democracy and civilization.

16

VI. Women Peace Workers

The following statement, sent to the American Peace Society under date
of December 29, 1917, was signed by Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, Mrs.
David Cheever, Mrs. J. Malcom Forbes, Miss Katharine McDowell Rice,
Mrs. 'John Richardson, Jr. These women are well known workers for world
peace, prominent in the Woman's Peace Party, in the Massachusetts Peace
Society, and similar organizations. Mrs. Andrews is secretary of the Amer-
ican School Peace League and, as is Mrs. Forbes, a Director of the American
Peace Society. The statement reads:

We believe today, what we have always believed, that civiliza-
tion demands the abolition of the war system, and that men and
women can devote themselves to nothing higher than to work
for this abolition.

Since the world had not advanced far enough toward world
federation to make the present war impossible, we, while hold-
ing the above ideal, find ourselves in agreement with the policy
that it be fought until the German people are able and willing
to make a peace based on the cooperation of law-abiding nations,
leaving no possibility of wor d domination by any imperialistic
autocracy.

We believe that in taldng up arms against the German Govern-
ment the United States is fighting to dethrone a tyranny that
threatens, in the words of the President, '*to master and debase
men everywhere."

We are convinced that our ultimate goal, — the establishment
of a durable peace through international organization, — can
now be reached only after the defeat of German might. We
recognize the unwavering policy of President Wilson, as shown
in his public utterances, to use the instrument of statesmanship
whenever and wherever this may contribute to the realization
of our purpose in this war. Therefore we believe that those who
are working to the end that this shall be the last war, should
declare themselves to be loyal to our Government, and should
support it in every way possible, in its aim to make the world
safe for democracy.

Further, we believe that nothing should be done to obstruct
the waging of this war. We feel that those persons who are
continually rebuking the Government for our entrance into it,

17

18 THE WAR FOR PEACE

and who are constantly calling at this time for peace, are pro-
longing the war. We recognize the necessit}'^ of a rigid regime
during its course, and we are glad to bear a temporary curtail-
ment of our freedom for the ultimate realization of world freedom.
While not relinquishing for a moment the m&ny kinds of war
relief activities to which we all are pledged, we feel that the
imperative duty of every American is to promote the idea of a
League of Nations, and to stimulate the study of the .intricate
problems which the world will have to face at the Great Settle-
ment. We believe that it is to this vital and far-reaching con-
structive and educational work, as well as to relief work, that
peace organizations should devote themselves during the war.

VII. The Churches

The churches of the United States, irrespective of denomination, are
practically a unit in the support of the Government in the prosecution of the
war. The following from the American Branch of the World Alliance for
Promoting International Friendship through the Churches, headquarters
105 East 22d Street, New York City, may be said to be typical of the spirit
of American churches generally, Christian and non-Christian:

As the United States enters the Great War, the forces of the
nation are mobilizing for the conflict. What is the place of the
Church in this hour of crisis and danger? It is to spiritualize the
nation; to keep the war a conflict for righteousness, liberty, and
democracy; to hearten and encourage the men who go to the
front, and their loved ones at home; to build a greater Fellow-
ship of Reconciliation, consisting of millions who while fighting
will love their enemies; to wage this war with the determination
to make an end of war; to so hate war as to be restrained in its
glorification, noble as is this conflict, lest the hold of war upon
the imagination of our youth be strengthened; to give itself
unstintedly to the relief of the suffering at home and abroad
which the war has brought and will yet bring upon the world.

In view of existing world conditions the American Branch of
the World Alliance makes the following declaration in regard to
the duty resting upon the Church:

The Church of Christ in America should prove itself the loyal
and efficient servant of the nation in this time of testing. It
should bear upon the heart the President and other national
leaders and the men in service, ever praying and striving that
the cause to which the Nation has dedicated itself may be car-
ried through to high achievement.

The Church in all its branches should humbly and devoutly
pray for recovery of the lost consciousness of its essential unity
and universality in Christ, establishing in its membership the
feeling of a fellowship that transcends the barriers of nation
and race. It should be the 'flight" and the "leaven" of the
world, a living bond holding the nations together in righteousness
and service.

The Church should build in all its branches throughout Chris-

19

20 THE WAR FOR PEACE

tendom a world-fellowship of goodwill and reconciliation. It
should practice self-sacrificing service in the reUef of suffering,
earnestly cultivate love of enemies, and stand ready to share
in the pressing tasks of reconstruction and rehabilitation when
this war is ended.

The Church should teach mankind that God's laws cover the
whole of human life, individual, national, and international. It
should deepen the desire for national righteousness and truth,
unselfishness and brotherliness.

The Church should add its strength to the movement for
establishing right international relations on an enduring basis.
It should vigorously press for a League of Nations, having such
features as periodic conferences, a world court, commissions of
inquiry, boards of conciliation and arbitration, and adequate
administrative agencies, to the end that national sovereignty
shall be more properly related to international judgment and
opinion.

The Churches of America should support the policies announced
by President Wilson in his reply to the Pope : "Punitive damages,
dismemberment of empires, the establishment of selfish and
exclusive economic leagues we deem inexpedient and in the end
worse than futile, no proper basis for a peace of any kind, least of
all for an enduring peace. That must be based upon justice and
fairness and the common rights of mankind."

American Christians have in addition their own special and
personal tasks in the relations of America to the Far East.
They should strive to secure Federal legislation providing for
the adequate protection of aliens, the loyal observance of treaties,
the early removal of all causes of irritation, and a fundamental
solution of the whole Asiatic problem.

These are the principles and the program by which to secure
world justice, goodwill, and enduring peace. All American
churches and Christians should take part in establishing these
principles and in securing these ends.

The following from the War-Time Message of the Federal Council of the
Churches of Christ in America, under date of May 8-9, 1917, is a further
expression of the Christian position:

Almighty God, Father of men. Ruler and Judge of nations,

THE WAR FOR PEACE 21

have mercy upon us, we pray Thee, and strengthen us as mem-
bers of the Church of Christ to meet with courage and fidehty
the special duties of these times. Give us grace, we beseech
Thee:

To purge our own hearts clean of arrogance and selfishness;

To steady and inspire the nation;

To keep ever before the eyes of ourselves and of our AlHes the
ends for which we fight;

To hold our own nation true to its professed aims of justice,
liberty, and brotherhood;

To testif}^ to our fellow-Christians in every land, most of all
to those from whom for the time we are estranged, our conscious-
ness of unbroken unity in Christ;

To unite in the fellowship of service multitudes who love
their enemies and are ready to join with them in rebuilding the
waste places as soon as peace shall come;

To be diligent in works of relief and mercy, not forgetting those
ministries to the spirit to which, as Christians, we are especially
committed;

To keep alive the spirit of prayer, that in these times of strain
and sorrow men may be sustained by the consciousness of the
presence and power of God;

To hearten those who go to the front, and to comfort their
loved ones at home;

To care for the welfare of our young men in the army and
navy, that they may be fortified in character and made strong
to resist temptation;

To be vigilant against every attempt to arouse the spirit of
vengeance and unjust suspicion toward those of foreign birth or
sympathies;

To protect the rights of conscience against every attempt to
invade them;

To maintain our Christian institutions and activities unim-
paired, to be diligent in the observance of the Lord's Day and
in the study of the Holy Scriptures, that the soul of our nation
may be nourished and renewed through the worship and service
of Almighty God;

To guard the gains of education, of social progress and of
economic freedom, won at so great a cost, and to make full use

22 THE WAR FOR PEACE

of the occasion to set them still further forward, even by and
through the war ;

To keep the open mind and the forward look, that the lessons
learned in war may not be forgotten when comes that just and
sacred peace for which we pray;

Above all, to call men everywhere to new obedience to the
will of our Father God, who in Christ has given Himself in
supreme self-sacrifice for the redemption of the world, and who
invites us to share with Him His ministry of reconciliation .

We humbly beseech Thee to hear us through Jesus Christ our
Lord. Amen.

VIII. Belgian Relief Workers

Mr. Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the American Commission for Relief
in Belgium, sent the following cablegram to President Wilson on April 3, 1917:

The members of the American Commission for rehef in Belgium
ask me to transmit to you an expression of united devotion and of
our admiration for the courage and wisdom of your leadership.
We wish to tell you that there is no word in your historic state-
ment to Congress that does not find a response in all our hearts.

For two and a half years we have been obliged to remain silent
witnesses of the character of the forces dominating this war, but
we are now at liberty to say that, although we break with great
regret our association with many German individuals who have
given sympathetic support to our work, yet your message enun-
ciates our conviction, born of our intimate experience and contact
that there is no hope, no democracy or liberalism, and conse-
quently no real peace and safety of our country, unless the system
which brought the world into this unfathomable misery can be
stamped out once for all.

Mr. Vernon Kellogg, who for two years was with the Commission for
Relief in Belgium, writes as follows in the Atlantic Monthly for August, 1917:

. . . I went into Northern France and Belgium to act as
a neutral, and I did act as a neutral all the time I was there.
If I learned there anything of military value which could be used
against the Germans I shall not reveal it. But I came out no
neutral. Also I went in an ardent hater of war and I came out
a more ardent one. I have seen that side of the horror and
waste and outrage of war which is worse than the side revealed
on the battlefield. How I hope for the end of all war!

But I have come out believing that that cannot come until any
people which has dedicated itself to the philosophy and practice
of war as a means of human advancement is put into a position
of impotence to indulge its belief at will. My conviction is that
Germany is such a people, and that it can be put into this position
only by the result of war itself. It knows no other argument and
it will accept no other decision. . . .

23

IX. Clarence Darrow, of Chicago

Clarence Darrcnv, lawyer, pacifist, representative of workiagmen's in-
terests, author and platform speaker, and formerly member of the lUinois
State Legislatm-e, recently delivered an address, published in the Santa Fe
Magazine for December, 1917, from which the following extracts are taken:

. . . I notice that the pro-Germans in the last few months
have changed to pacifists — and a German pacifist makes me
smile. I find the arguments that were once used by German
sympathizers are today the arguments of the pacifists.

We were told that we should be neutral in this great war. For
almost three years America was neutral — while the world was
burning. For nearly three years we contented ourselves with
selling cannon and shot and powder to poor, fighting France.
While America was neutral I was one American who was never
neutral. I knew which side I was on the day that the German
criminal military machine invaded Belgium. I did not stop to
think. I only felt. In a great crisis like that I would be ashamed
to think. I have never been neutral on anything. No doubt
I have often been wrong — but not neutral. And on any great
question that involves the rights and Hberties of men no one
can be so far wrong as to be neutral. If you are a partisan you
have at least once chance in two of being right; if you are neutral
you have no chance to be right.

Our American pacifists sat neutral while Belgium was invaded,
while France was invaded, while the submarines were kilhng
their victims upon the "German ocean," while they were giving
their orders to America, a people of one hundred milhon souls —
although I doubted the souls while we were taking orders. But
we have found them now, at last, late though it be, and our
people will never rest until victory is won.

When I hear a man advising the American people to state
the terms of peace, I know he is working for Germany. He may
not know it, but I know it. I think that we at least should
begin to fight before we tell when we will stop. There is nobody
on earth who knows when or where we will stop the war. Where
we stop, though, I hope will be in Berlin! .

When this war is over we will all know it. When Germany is

24

THE WAR FOR PEACE 25

fairly bei ten we will find it out. She probably won't be re-
pentant, but some day she will be beaten and then we can talk
terms of peace, and not until then.

I want to refer to one thing more. Many of my old friends
— ^that is, those who were my friends — and some of my newer
friends say, "You are fighting to make democracy safe in the
world; you are fighting for liberty on the seas, and you are
losing liberty at home."

I want to say a word about that, and I want to say it per-
fectly truthfully as I see it. I will confess it has given me some
alarm, more in the beginning than it does today. I confess
that we have interfered with meetings and with papers where
we would not have done it had we not been at war, but this
means nothing so far as the fundamental purpose, the traditions,
and the future of America are concerned.

Let us look at this question carefully. Possibly we could
have got along with less of it. I don't know. Those who are
charged with the terrible responsibility of running this govern-
ment know better than I, and the President himself, great and
wise as he is, confessed not long ago in an open letter to a pub-
lisher who complained, that he didn't know where to draw the
line, that he had done the best he could, that he wanted to pre-
serve liberty, but he wanted to preserve the United States and
civihzation, and he admitted that he may have done it bung-
lingly. And everyone must admit this, if he thinks of it at all:
**I believe in liberty; I believe in the greatest possible freedom
of speech and the press; but I know this, that the rules for war
and the rules for peace are not the same and cannot be the
same."

Our liberty is not really founded in our constitution and in our
statutes. These are but the expression of the faith of the people
at the time they are made. Real liberty rests in the end in the
mind and the hearts of the American people.

I have no fear that after the war is over these liberties will
not come back to the people. We have fought too long for
them, we have lived under them too long, and there is no danger
that the American people will forget.

Just one thing more. I am the last person to claim that
everything is right in America. When the pacifists talk with us

26 THE WAR FOR PEACE

about the war they point to the imperfections at home; and there
are imperfections here. I have often criticized many of our
laws, our institutions, and our customs, and I expect to do it
again. This land is not perfect. Nothing is. But, however
imperfect, in spite of all that we should do and I hope will do in
future years, it is still the best, the greatest, and the freest country
on the face of the earth. And even though America is not all
we wish it were and all we hope it some time will be, it is our
business to preserve what we have and make it better than it is
for the generations that are to come after we are gone.

I have no time today to discuss the troubles of America; no
time. I will wait until this war is over. I enjoy discussing
philosophy, or socialism, or single tax, or even religion. But
if I had a neighbor in the house discussing socialism, and some-
body told me the house was on fire, I would stop the argument
until after I had put out the fire.

Labor and capital must treat each other fairly during this
great struggle. They must be considerate of one another, for
we are fighting together. But this is not a time to settle the-
oretical questions or lifelong differences. After the war is over,
if need be, we can take them up again. But let me say this:
I am not naturally an optimist; I don't know whether this war
v/ill be the last or not. It may not be. It has been the most
important. I don't know^ what we may get out of the future.
No one can tell what the future has in store for the human race.
But I have some faith, and I believe that this world will not be
the same world again after this war is done. It will change old
ideas and old institutions, and will build up the new. I am
willing to await smy struggle between capital and labor. It
may be that, as we come together, the rich and the poor, all
shades of opinion, the Catholic, the Protestant, the free-thinker,
all classes of men, as we come together in one great common
cause we may know each other better when the war is done.

It may be, and it ought to be, and I hope it will be, that after
this war is done capital and labor will understand each other
better than they did when the war began, and by working to-
gether, looking into each other's eyes, and living together, dying
together, helping each other in the greatest effort of the human
race, after the rich and the poor and the high and the low have

*

IHE WAR FOR PEACE 27

helped each other in war they may learn the great lesson that,
while mutual helpfulness is good in war, it may be equally goo a
in peace. And I have hopes that we shall learn, and that the world
will be better after the suffering and the trials and the tribulations
have passed, that a better earth will come, for all the blood that
has been poured out and enriched it and mellowed it and hal-
lowed it.

X. William Howard Taft

Ex-President William Howard Taft is president of the League to Enforce
Peace, and vice-president of the American Peace Society. In an addresa
before the General Conference of the Unitarian and other Christian Churches
at Montreal, Canada, September 26, 1917, Mr. Taft said:

. . . He who proposes peace now either does not see the
stake for which the Allies are fighting, or wishes the German
military autocracy still to control the destinies of all of us as to
peace or war. Those who favor permanent world peace must
oppose with might and main the proposals for peace at this
juncture in the war, whether made in socialistic councils, in pro-
German conferences, or by Pope Benedict. That the Pontiff
of the greatest Christian Church should wish to bring to an end
a war in which millions of its communion are on both sides is
to be expected. That he should preserve a difficult neutrality
is also natural. That his high purpose is to save the world from
further suffering goes without saying. But the present is not
the opportunity of an intervening peacemaker, who must assume
that compromise is possible. The Allies are fighting for a
principle the maintenance of which affects the future of civiliza-
tion. If they do not achieve it they have sacrificed the flower
of their youth and mortga^'d their future for a century and all
for nothing. This is not a war in which the stake is territory
or the sphere of influence of one nation over another. The
Allies cannot concede peace until they conquer it. When they
do so, it will be permanent. Otherwise they fail. There are
wars like that between Japan and Russia, in which President
Roosevelt properly and successfully intervened to bring about
a peace, and helped the, parties to a settlement. The principle
at stake and the power and territory were of such a character
that a settlement might be made substantially permanent.
But the present issue is like that in our Civil War, which was
whether the Union was to be preserved and the cancer of slavery
to be cut out. Peace proposals to President Lincoln were quite
as numerous as those of today, and were moved by quite as high
motives. But there was no compromise possible. Either
slavery and disunion won or lost. So today the great moral
object of the war must be achieved or defeated. . . .

28

THE WAR FOR PEACE 29

President Wilson says the Allies are fighting to make the
world safe for democracy. Some misconception has been
created on this head. The Allies are not struggling to force a
particular form of government on Germany. If the German
people continue to wish an Emperor, it is not the purpose of the
Allies to require them to have a republic. Their purpose is to
end the mihtary policy and foreign policy of Germany that looks
to the maintenance of a mihtary and naval machine with its
hair-trigger preparation for use against her neighbors. If this
continues, it will entail on every democratic government the
duty of maintaining a similar armament in self-defense or, what
is more Ukely, the duty will be wholly or partly neglected.
Thus the pohcy of Germany, with her purpose and destiny^ will
threaten every democracy. This is the condition which it is the
determined purpose of the Allies, as interpreted by President
Wilson, to change.

How is the change to be effected? By defeating Germany in
this war. The German people have been very loyal to their
Emperor because his leadership accords with the false philosophy
of the State and German destiny with which they have been
indoctrinated and poisoned. A defeat of the mihtary machine,
a defeat of the Frankenstein of the mihtary dynasty, to which
they have been sacrificed, must open their eyes to the hideous
futility of their political course. The German Government will
then be changed as its people will have it changed, to avoid a
recurrence of such a tragedy as they have deliberately prepared
for themselves.

Men who see clearly the kind of peace which we must have, in
order to be a real and lasting peace, can have no sympathy
therefore with a patched-up peace, one made at a council table,
the result of diplomatic chaffering and bargaining. Men who
look forward to a League of the World to Enforce Peace in the
future can have no patience with a compromise that leaves the
promoting cause of the present awful war unaffected and un-
removed. This war is now being fought by the Allies as a
League to Enforce Peace. Unless they compel it by victory,
they do not enforce it. They do not make the military autoc-
racies of the world into nations fit for a World League, unless
they convince them by a lesson of defeat.

30 THE WAR FOR PEACE

And now what of the United States? When the war came on,
there were a few in the United States who felt that the invasion
of Belgium required a protest on the part of our Government,
and some indeed who felt that we should join in the war at
once, but the great body of the American people, influenced by
our traditional policy of avoiding European quarrels, stood by
the Administration in desiring to maintain a strict neutrality.
I think it is not unfair to say that a very large proportion of the
intelligent and thinking people of the United States — and that
means a majority — sympathized with the Allies in the struggle
which they were making.

But many with us of German descent, prompted by a pride in
the notable advance in the world of German enterprise, German
ingenuity, German discipline, German efficiency, and regarding
the struggle as an issue between Teuton and Slav, extended
their sympathy to their Fatherland. As conscientiously as
possible the Administration and the country pursued the course
laid down by international law as that which a neutral should
take. International law is the rule of conduct of nations toward
one another, accepted and acquiesced in by all nations. It is
not always as definite as one would like, and the acquiescence of
all nations is not always as clearly established as it ought to be.
But in the law of war as to capture at sea of commercial vessels,
the principles have been established clearly by the decision of
prize courts of all nations, English, American, Prussian, and
French. The right of non-combatants on commercial vessels,
officers, crew, and passengers, either enemy or neutral, to be
secure from danger of life has always been recognized and never
contested. Nevertheless, Germany sank without warning 150
American citizens, men, women and children, and sent them to
their death by a submarine torpedo, simply because they hap-
pened to be on English or American commercial vessels. We
protested and Germany halted for a time. We thought that if
we condoned the death of 150, we might still maintain peace
with that power. But it was not to be, and after more than a
year Germany announced her purpose to resume this murderous
and illegal course toward innocent Americans. Had we hesi-
tated, we would have lost our independence as a people. We
would have subscribed abjectly to the doctrine that might makes

THE WAR FOR PEACE 31

right. Germany left no door open to us as a self-respecting
nation except that which led to war. She deliberately forced us
into the ranks of her enemies, and she did it because she was
obsessed with the belief that the submarine was the instrument
of destruction by which she might win the war. She recked
not that, as she used it, it was a weapon of murder of innocents.
Making military efficiency her god, and exalting the appliances
of science in the killing of men, she ignored all other consequences.

Germany's use of the submarine brought us into the war.
But being in, we recognize as fully as any of the Allies do its
far greater issue to be whether German militarism shall con-
tinue after this war to be a threat to the peace of the world, or
whether we shall end that threat by this struggle in which we
are to spend our life's blood. We must not therefore be turned
from the stern necessity of winning this war.

When the war began and its horrible character was soon dis-
closed, there were many religious persons who found their faith
in God shaken by the fact that millions of innocent persons
could be headed into this vortex of blood and destruction with-
out the saving intervention of their Creator. But the progress
of the war has revealed much, and it has stimulated our just
historic sense. It shows what the world has become, through the
initiative of Germany and the following on of the other nations,
afflicted with the cancer of militarism. God reveals the great-
ness of His power and His omnipotence not by fortuitous and
sporadic intervention, but by the working out of His inexorable
law. A cancer if it is not to consume the body must be cut out,
and the cutting of it necessarily involves suffering and pain in
the body. The sacrifices of lives and treasure are inevitable in
the working out of the cure of the World Malady. But we must
win the war to vindicate this view.

We are now able to see the Providential punishment and weak-
ness that follows the violation of moral law. The crass mate-
rialism of the German philosophy that exalts force above mo-
rality, power above honor and decency, success above humanity,
has blinded the German ruling caste to the strength of moral
motives that control other peoples, and involved them in the
fundamental mistakes that will cause their downfall. They
assumed that England, burdened with Ireland, would violate

32 THE WAR FOR PEACE

her own obligation and abandon Belgium and would leave her
Ally France to be deprived of all her colonial possessions. They
assumed that France was decadent, permeated with socialism,
and unable to make a contest in her state of unpreparedness.
They assumed that Elngland's colonies, attached only by the
lightest tie, and entirely independent if they chose to be, would
not sacrifice themselves to help the mother land in her struggle.
How false the German conclusion as to England's national
conscience and fighting power, as to France's decadence and
patriotic fervor and strength, and as to the filial loyalty of
England's daughters! And now, at the crisis of the war, when
the victory must abide the weight of wealth, resources, food,
equipment, and fighting men, the German military dynasty,
contemptuous of a peace-loving people, brings into the contest a
nation fresh in its strength, which can furnish more money,
more food, and more fighting men, if need be, than any other
nation in the world.

But we are at a danger point. England and France and
Russia since 1914 have been fighting the battle of the world,
and fighting for us of America. The three years or more of war
have drained their vitality, strained their credit, exhausted
their man-power, subjected many of their non-combatants to
suffering and destruction, and they have the war- weariness
which dulls the earlier eager enthusiasm for the principles at
stake. Now specious proposals for peace are likely to be most
alluring to the faint-hearted, and most powerful in the hands
of traitors. Russia rid of the Czar is torn with dissensions, and
the extreme socialists and impractical theorists, blind to the
ultimate destruction of their hopes that a loss of this war will
entail, are many of them turning to a separate peace.

The intervention of the United States by her financial aid has
helped much, but her armies are needed, and she, a republic
unprepared, must have time to prepare. The war is now to
be determined by the active tenacity of purpose of the con-
testants. England showed that tenacity in the wars of Napo-
leon. Napoleon succumbed. General Grant in his memoirs
says that the battle is won not in the first day, but by the com-
mander and the army that is ready, even after apparent defeat,
to begin the next day. It is the side that has the nerve that

THE WAR FOR PEACE 33

will win. The intervention of the United States has strength-
ened that nerve in England, France, and Italy. But delay and
disappointment give full opportunity to the lethargic, the
cowardly, the factionahst to make the task of the patriot and
the loyal men doubly heavy. This is the temper of the situation
among the European Allies.

With us at home the great body of our people are loyal and
strong for the war. Of course a people, however intelhgent,
when very prosperous and comfortable, and not well advised as
to the vital concern that they have in the issue of a war across a
wide ocean and thousands of miles away,— it takes time to
convince. But we have, for the first time in the history of our
Republic, begun a war right. We have begun with a conscrip-
tion law, which requires service from men of a certain age from
every walk of life. It is democratic in principle, and yet it
offers to the Government the means of selection so that those
who shall be sent to the front may be best fitted to represent the
nation there, and those best able to do the work in the fields
and factory essential to our winning at the front may be re-
tained. We have adopted a merit system of selecting from the
intelligent and educated youth of the country the company
oflacers of an army of a million and a half or two million that we
are now preparing. The machinery of the draft naturally has
creaked some because it had to be so hastily constructed, but on
the whole it has worked well. Those who devised it and have
carried it through are entitled to great credit. The lessons of
the three years of the war are being learned and applied in our
war equipment and in neutralizing, by new construction, the
submarine destruction of commercial transports. Adequate
measures for the raising of the money needed to finance our
Allies have been carried through Congress or are so near enact-
ment as to be practically on the statute book. Food conserva-
tion is provided for. But of course it takes time for a hundred
million of peace lovers and non-militarists to get ready, however
apt, however patriotic, however determined. It is in the period
of the year before the United States can begin to fight that the
strain is to come in Europe. But Germany is stopped on the
Western and Italian fronts. The winter coming will be harder
on her than on the Allies. 'Tt is dogged that does it." Stamp

34 TKE WAR FOR PEACE

on all proposals of peace as ill advised or seditious, and then time
will make for our certain victory.

While there has been pro-German sentiment in the United
States, and while the paid emissaries of Germany have been busy
trying to create as much opposition to the war as possible, and
have found a number of weak dupes and unintelligent persons
who don't understand the importance of the war, to aid them,
our Alhes should know that the whole body of the American
people will earnestly support the President and Congress in
carrying out the measures which have been adopted by the
United States to win this war.

When the war is won, the United States will wish to be heard
and will have a right to be heard as to the terms of peace — not
one of material conquest. It is a moral victory the world should
win. I think I do not mistake the current of public sentiment
throughout our entire country, in saying that our people will
favor an international agreement by which the peace brought
about through such blood and suffering and destruction and
enormous sacrifices shall be preserved by the joint power of the
world. Whether the terms of the League to Enforce Peace as
they are will be taken as a basis for agreement, or a modified
form, something of the kind must be attempted. Meantime,
let us hope and pray that all the Allies will reject all proposals
for settlement and compromise and adhere rigidly and rehgiously
to the principle that, until a victorious result gives security that
the world shall not be again drenched in blood through the
insanely selfish policy of a military caste of a nation ruling a
deluded people intoxicated with material success and power,
there will be no peace.

XL William Jennings Bryan

Mr. Bryan's views upon the general questions of war and peace are too
familiar to need a restatement here. His position relative to our present
situation leaves no doubt in the mind of any one interested to know. In
The Commoner, for August, 1917, Mr. Bryan wrote:

RESISTING THE DRAFT

The number of those resisting the draft is, fortunately, very
few: there should be none. Some are conscientiously opposed
to war — any war — and may prefer to submit to any punishment
the Government sees fit to inflict rather than to take up arms,
but even such cannot justify resistance or the giving of en-
couragement to those who do resist. Still less can tolerance be
shown to those who, while opposing conscription, attempt to
draft others to join them in opposing conscription. War is a
last resort — it is a reflection upon civilization that it still red-
dens the earth — but so long as nations go to war the citizen can-
not escape a citizen's duty. If his conscience forbids him to do
what his Government demands, he must submit without com-
plaint to any punishment inflicted, whether the punishment be
imprisonment or death.

This is the best government on earth — the one most respon-
sive to the will of the people, but it is a government of the people
— not of one or a few men. If a few are permitted to resist a
law — any law — because they do not like it, government becomes
a farce. The law must be enforced — resistance is anarchy.

In the same number we also read:

ABUSING FREE SPEECH

Before our Nation enters a war it is perfectly proper to discuss
the wisdom of going to war, but the discussion is closed when
Congress acts. After that, no one should be permitted to cloak
attacks upon his Government or aid to the enemy under the
claim that he is exercising freedom of speech. No sympathy,
therefore, will be wasted upon those who have been arrested for
unpatriotic utterances. They abuse free speech. And this
applies to attacks on the Allies as well as to attacks upon the

35

36 THE WAR FOR PEACE

United States. We can no more allow our Allies to be crushed
than we can afford to be crushed ourselves. The defeat of our
Allies would throw the whole burden of the war upon us. We
must stand together and fight it through. There are only two
sides to a war — every American must be on the side of the
United States.

Again:

WRITE TO WASHINGTON

Unity throughout the Nation is imperatively necessary during
the war — dissension would be disastrous, we must win — and
division among us would only prolong the war and increase its
cost. Those who advised against entering the war should be
even more anxious for peace than those who advised entrance
into the war — and the shortest road to peace is the road straight
ahead.

But this does not mean that the citizen shall cease to think or
to have opinions. Neither does it mean that he shall not express
himself, if he expresses himself in such a way as to aid his own
country and not the enem3^ Ours is a representative govern-
ment, a government in which the people rule through repre-
sentatives. The President, no less than Congress, is a servant
of the people. He is elected by the people, and the authority
conferred upon him is conferred by the constitution — the people
speaking through their organic law. The people are supreme.
That is what democracy means — a government in which the
people rule.

In the same paper for September, 1917, Mr. Bryan said:

STAND BY THE GOVERNMENT

The constitution — our organic law — vests in Congress the
right to declare war — and Congress has declared a state of war
to exist.

The constitution makes the President commander-in-chief of
the army and the navy, and the President is directing the war
on land and sea.

The constitution gives to Congress the right to levy taxes and
to borrow money, and Congress is doing both.

THE WAR FOR; PEACE .: - 37

The President and Congress were elected by the people and
are responsible to the people; they speak for the people— the
people have no other spokesmen. Acquiescence in the will of
the people, expressed through their authorized representatives,
is "the first law of the Repubhc." There is no alternative but
anarchy. Before the Government acts, discussion is proper;
after action, obedience is a duty.

Again, in the October number, Mr. Bryan expressed himself thus:

With the citizen the question of duty is sometimes more im-
portant than the question of rights. The vital question is not
what he can do but what he ought to do. The legislator must
discuss questions before Congress — this is necessary to intelligent
action by Congress, but this necessity does not confront the
citizen in private hfe. There is no reason why anyone should -
discuss that which has been done — when final action is taken,
acquiescence on the part of the citizen becomes a duty.

In the case of proposed legislation, it is beHer that the citizen
should communicate directly with those empowered to act — the
President, senators and congressmen — than to speak through the
press, on the platform, or on the street. If one is really anxious
to serve his country, he will choose the method of expression
that promises the maximum of good and the minimum of risk
of doing his countrj' harm. Patriotism requires some to give
their lives; it requires others to give their mone}'^; it may require
some to hold their peace rather than risk creating dissension or
discord by public expression of opinion when such expression is
unnecessar}'.

Finally, in the issue for December, 1917, above Mr. Bryan's signature, we
read:

A POWERFUL DOCUMENT

In this issue will be found the full text of the President's
annual message. It is a powerful document . While the request
for a declaration of war against Austria will command immediate
attention and action, the parts which are most vital and far-
reaching are the appeal to the German people and the reference
to the Russian situation. The argument addressed to the

38 THE WAR FOR PEACE

masses whom the Kaiser is using to forward his ambitious plans
ought to be translated into the German language and distributed
by airships. If the assurance given does not stir revolt against
autocratic authority, the people must be strangely blind to
their own welfare.

The President is patient with Russia and hopeful that her
people now freed from despotism will yet use their power to
check the land-hunger of Germany's militarists. It is the clearest
statement yet made of the terms of peace and ought to make a
profound impression on the world.

XII. Theodore Marburg, of Baltimore

United States Minister to Belgium, 1912-13, President of the American
Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, 1915, promi-
nent among the organizers of the League to Enforce Peace, Mr. Theodore
Marburg's views relative to the present war are significant . In The Humani-
tarian for December, 1917, he writes:

Can we afford to shake hands with the unholy thing — dripping
with blood of innocents — known as Germany?

Can we afford to make a pact with a deliberate violator of law,
human and divine?

What semblance of reality would attach to sitting at the
council table with a creature false to its express and solemn
promise — its promise not to violate Belgium? What value
would lie in an agreement with such a State?

In the intercourse of men, certain things are taken for granted:
that they will keep their word, that they will respect the law,
that they will observe the common dictates of humanity, that
they will act as gentlemen. When they fail us in any of these
fundamentals, the situation becomes impossible.

What of a Nation that fails in all of them? A league of
nations which should include a State motived as Germany is
motived today would be a rope of sand. Intellectual honesty
— honesty to one's self — is a highly important quality. Nations
making a compact with a perjured^Germany would not be honest
to themselves. For they would know that she could not be
counted upon to keep her word. When confidence in the good
intentions of the neighbor is destroyed, we have feud, not society.
A league composed of nations which Jacked confidence in one
another would be shadow, not substance. From the very be-
ginning it would move in a false atmosphere. Who can doubt
the result?

And what of a league from which German}- and her allies
were left out?

For the period of the war,, yes! Organization of the Allies
into a working league now would be of incalculable advantage.
It should be formed at once; is, in fact, already in being, so far
as relates to community of aims and loose cooperation, though
to accomplish its tremendous task it needs close cooperation.

39

40 THF WAR FOR PEACE

It is urged that if a league is formed now by the AUies it will be
looked upon by Germany after the war as directed against her
interests and therefore less likely to win her approval and adhe-
sion. On the other hand it has been pointed out that permanent
unions, such as the American Union, are born of the needs of the
day, that the Allies need now the machinery which will make
their cooperation effective, and that we are therefore likely to
encounter less opposition among them to the formation of a
working league now than if we wait until this pressure of ne-
cessity has passed. Two considerations may be advanced in
this connection:

1. It will be far more difficult to set up an effective and en-
during league if Germany wins the war; and the able organization
of the Allies in a working league now will help prevent this
catastrophe.

2. If Germany is regenerated it will be by reason of the fact
that she has recognized in her present leaders the real enemies of
the German State and people.

Just as the new France, which followed the fall of Napoleon,
was soon accepted by the European world as an entirely friendly
Power, and in its turn harbored no animosity against the coali-
tion which had overthrown Napoleon, so, it is to be presumed,
the new Germany will sit as a friend at the council table of
Europe and of the world, enjoying the friendship of, and enter-
taining friendly feelings for, her sister nations.

But in order to succeed after the war, a league which plans
the use of force in any contingencies whatsoever must embrace
all or nearly all the Great Powers. Less than this would con-
stitute but little advance on the present system of opposing
alliances. It might postpone war, as did the existence of the
Entente and the Triple Alliance. But, like them, it would run
the risk of making war universal if it did come. . . .

XIII. Samuel Gompers

As president of the American Federation of Labor for thirty-five years and
editor of its official magazine The Federationist, Samuel Gompers is the most
widely known and representative leader of organized labor in America. He
was elected president of the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy
upon the formation of that organization at Minneapolis, September 5 to 7,
1917. The following extracts are from the address which he delivered on accept-
ing that office:

I have counted myself happy in the companionship of the men
and women who called themselves pacifists. There was not a
State or national or international peace society of which I was
not a member, and in many instances an officer. As a trade
unionist, with its practices and its philosophies, I have been in
happy accord with our movement for international peace.

At a great gathering in Faneuil Hall, Boston, some years ago,
I gave utterance to my soul's conviction that the time had come
when great international wars had been put to an end, and I
expressed the opinion that in the last analysis, if those who are
the profit-mongers by "war" undertook to create a war, the
working people of the countries of the world would stop work
simultaneously, if necessary, in order to prevent international
war. ...

. . . I was sent as a delegate from the American Federation
of Labor to the International Congress of Labor in 1909, held at
Paris, France, and there at that conference, incidental to it,
there was arranged one of the greatest mass-meetings I have
ever attended, at which the representatives of the labor move-
ment of each country declared that there would not be another
international war.

And I went home, happy in the further proof that the time of
universal peace had come. And I attended more peace con-
ferences. I was still firmly persuaded that the time had come,
and until 1914 I was in that Fool's Paradise. I doubt if there
were many who were so thoroughly shocked to the innermost
depths of their being as I was with the breaking out of the
European War. But it had come! And as it went on, ruth-
lessly, we saw a terrific conflict in which the dominating spirit

41

42 THE WAR FOR PEACE

was that the people attacked must be subjugated to the will of
the great autocrat of his time regardless of how our sympathies
ran, and that men who had given the best years of their lives in
the effort to find some means, some secret of science or of nature,
so that the slighest ill or pain of the most insignificant of the
race might be assuaged, turned to purposes of destruction. At
the call of this autocrat. His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of
Germany, men were set at attack, and we found that these very
men were clutching at each other's throats and seeking each
other's destruction. . . ,

The United States has declared that she can no longer live in
safety when there is stalking throughout the earth this thunder-
ous machine of murder. The United States authoritatively has
declared that peace is desirable and should be brought about, but
that peace is impossible so long as life and liberty are challenged
and menaced. The Republic of the United States has cast her
lot with the Allied countries fighting against the greatest military
machine ever erected in the history of the world.

I am made ill when I see or hear anyone suffering the slightest
pain or anguish, and yet I hold that it is essential that the sacri-
fice must be made that humanity shall never again be cursed by
a war such as the one which has been thrust upon us.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

(Established by Order of the President, April I4, 1917)

Yotir Government is willing to send you WITHOUT CHARGE (except as
noted) any TWO of the Pamphlets listed below.

I. RED WHITE AND BLUE SERIES

1. How the War Came to America.

Contents: Developments of our policy reviewed and explained from August,
1914, to April, 1917. Appendix: the President's address to the Senate, January
22, 1917; his War Message to Congress, April 2, 1917; his Flag Day address at
Washington, June 14, 1917. 32 pages. (Translations into German, Polish,
Bohemian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Portuguese, Croatian and Yiddish. 48
pages.)

2. National Service Handbook. {Price 16 cents.)

Contents: Description of aU civic and military organizations directly or in-
directly connected with war work. 246 pages.

3. The Battle Line of Democracy. (Price 15 cents.)

Contents: The best collection of patriotic prose and poetry bearing on the war
and our ideals. 134 pages.

4. The President's Flag Day Address, with Evidence of Germany's Plans.

Contents: The President's speech with the facts to which he alludes explained
by carefully selected notes. 32 pages.

5. Conquest and Kultur. Edited by Wallace Notestein and Elmer E. StoU

(University of Minnesota) .

Contents: Quotations from German writers revealing the plans and purposes of
pan-Germany. One chapter is devoted entirely to the German attitude toward
America. 160 pages.

( 6* German War Practices: Part I — Treatment of Civilians. Edited by
Dana C . Munro (Princeton University) , George C . Sellery (University
of Wisconsin) , and August C . Krey (University of Minnesota) .

Contents: Methods of the German military machine in Belgium and Northern
France; facts stated on the basis of American and German evidence only. 91 pages.

^^ 7. War Cyclopedia: A Handbook for Ready Reference on the Great War.

(Price 25 cents.) Edited by Frederic L. Paxson (University of Wis-
consin), Edward S. Corwin (Princeton University), and Samuel B.
Harding (Indiana University) .

Contents: Over 1000 articles covering all phases of the war, with special reference
to America's policy, interests, and activities; colored map, chronological outline.
THE BEST SINGLE BOOK ON THE WAR. 321 pages.

8. German Treatment of Conquered Territory: Part II of "German War
Practices." Edited by Dana C. Munro (Princeton University), George
C. Sellery (University of Wisconsin), and August C. Krey (University
of Minnesota) .

Contents: Continuation of No. 6; deals with the systematic exploitation of
occupied territory by the Germans imder the Rathenau Plan, the burning of
Louvain, and their wanton destruction in the evacuated districts of Northern
France. 61 pages.

43

44 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

9. War, Labor, and Peace: Some Recent Addresses and ■Writings of the
President.

Cnntenls: The American reply to the Pope's Peace Proposals (August 27, 1917);
Address to the American Federation of Labor, at Buffalo, N. Y. (November 12.
1917); Annual Message to Congress, asking a declaration of war with Austria-
Hungary, dealing with the Russian situation, and requesting Congress to pass ad-
ditional war legislation (December 4, 1917); Address setting forth the American
peace program (January 8, 1918); Reply to Chancellor von Hertling and Count
Czemin (February 11, 1918). {In press.)

(Other' issues in preparation.)

II. WAR INFORMATION SERIES

101. The War Message and Facts Behind It. By William Stearns Davis

(University of Minnesota) and others.
Contents: The President's Message of April 2. 1917. with notes explaining in
further detail the events to which he refers; also including historical data and
setting forth in clear, simple language, the fundamentals underlying the Presi-
dent's important message. 32 i)ages.

102. The Nation in Arms.

Contents: Two addresses by Secretaries Lane and Baker showing why we are
at war. These are two of the most forceful and widely quoted speeches the war
has produced. 16 pages.

103. The Government of Germany. By Charles D. Hazen (Columbia

University) .
Contents: Explanation of the constitution of the German Empire and of
Prussia, showing the way in which the Prussian monarch controls Germany.
16 pages. (Translation into German published by the Society of Friends of
German Democracy, 32 Union Square, New York.)

104. The Great War: From Spectator to Participant. By Andrew C.

McLaughlin (University of Chicago) .
Contents: A review of the attitude of the American public in passing from
spectator to participant, showing how events transformed the temper of a
pacific nation which finally found war unavoidable. 16 pages.

105. A War of Self-Defense.

Contents: Addresses by Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Assistant
Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post, showing how war was forced upon us. These
two eloquent speeches give a lucid review of events. 22 pages.

106. American Loyalty. By Citizens of German Descent.

Contents: Expressions by American citizens of German descent who have
found in America their highest ideal of political liberty and feel that America ia
now fighting the battle of liberalism in Germany as well as in the rest of the
world. 24 pages.

107. Amerikanische Biirgertreue. German translation of No. 6.

108. American Interest in Popular Government Abroad. By E. B. Greene

(University of Illinois).
Contents: A clear historical account, with quotations from Washington,
Monroe, Webster, Lincoln and other public men showing Anaerica's continuous
recognition of her vital interest in the cause of liberalism throughout the world .
Unpublished material from the Government archives throws an interesting light
on our policy during the great German democratic revolution of 1848. 16 pages.

109. Home Reading Cotu-se for Citizen Soldiers. Prepared by the War

Department.
Contents: A course of 30 daily lessons offered to the men selected for service
in the National Army as a practical help in getting started in the right way.
62 pages.

110. First Session of the War Congress. Compiled by Charles Merz.

Contents: A complete summary of all legislation passed by the First Session
of the 65th Congress. 48 pages.

111. The German War Code. By George W. Scott (formerly of Columbia

University) and J. W. Gamer (University of IlHnois).
Contents: An ilhmiinating comparisor of the official German War Manual
{Kriegsbraiich im Landkriege) with the oflicia' war manuals of the United
States, Great Britain and France 16 pages

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 4:

112. American and Allied Ideals. By Stuart P. Sherman (University of

Illinois.)
Contents: Addressed to those who are "neither hot nor cold" in the war, this
pamphlet presents the reasons why all who believe in the principles of FREE-
DOM, RIGHT, AND JUSTICE, which are the ideals of America and of the
Allies, should aid their caiise. 23 pages.

113. German Militarism and Its German Critics. By Charles Altschul.

Contents: A careful study of German INIilitarism before the war, based on
evidence drawn from newspapers published in Germany; helps to explain the
CRIMES and ATROCITIES committed by Germany in the present war.
40 pages.

A German edition of No. 113 is also in press.

114. The War for Peace. By Arthur D. Call, Secretary of the American

Peace Society.
Contents: A compilation of the official statements and other utterances of
the leading Peace organizations and leaders, showing how the present war ia
viewed by American friends of Peace. 42 pages.

115. Why America Fights Germany. By John S. P. Tatlock (Stanford Uni-

versity) .
Contents: A brief statement of why the United States entered the war; con-
crete yet comprehensive. 13 pages.

116. The Study of the Great War. By Samuel B. Harding (Indiana Uni-

versity) .
Contents. A topical outline with extensive extracts from the sources and
reading references; intended for college and high school classes, clubs, and
others. 96 pages.

117. The Activities of the Committee on Public Information.

Contents: A report made to the President, January 7, 1918. 20 pages.

(Other issues in preparation.)

III. LOYALTY LEAFLETS

A series of leaflets of ordinary envelope size. Designed especially for the
busy man or woman who wants the important facts concerning the war and
our participation in it put SIMPLY, BRIEFLY and FORCIBLY.

201. Friendly Words to the Foreign Bom. By Hon. Joseph Buffington,

Senior United States Circuit Judge of the Third Circuit. (Transla-
tions into the principal foreign languages are in press.)

202. The Prussian System. By F. C. Walcott, of the United States Food

Administration .

203. Labor and the War. President Wilson's address to the American Fed-

eration of Labor, November 12, 1917.

204. A War Message to the Farmer. By President Wilson.

205. Plain Issues of the War. By Elihu Root, Ex-Secretary of State.

206. Ways to Serve the Nation. A Proclamation by the President, April 16,

1917.

207. What Really Matters. By a well-known newspaper writer.

(Other issues in preparation.)

IV. OFFICIAL BULLETIN (Published Daily)

Acciu"ate daily statements of what all agencies of Government are doing in
war times, sent free to newspapers and postmasters (to be put on bulletin
boards). Subscription price, $5 per year.

Address"

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION,
10 Jackson Place,

Washington, D. C.